Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Hanisation

introduction	variants	parts	Restructure
Hanisation	texts	idioms	place names

Hi polyglots.

From 1970s till 2000s, when people like Samantha Reed Smith and Michael Jackson were active, many people were open to the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, as time goes by, people choose to hole up, instead of diving into the ocean of unfamiliar parts of the world. There is a popular story in the Bible: tower of Babble, where the God plays the trick of “divide and conquer” on the human. What if all humans can understand each other?

This is already partially achieved: mathematical and physics notations, chemical notations, technical drawings, musical notations, phonetic notations, traffic signs, safety signs, computer languages, and so on. The unity in literature can be achieved in a similar manner. Following the globalisation through European colonisation, almost all languages can be written in Latin script. Because Latin characters are phonograms, people around the world can try to read a foreign name without knowing about another writing system.

In 2020s, when China becomes much more influential worldwide, people start to notice a different approach. In the field of languages, because Han characters are logograms, which can be read differently in Chinese varieties and other languages than Chinese, people around the world can try to understand a foreign text without knowing about pronunciations in that language.

In pre-modern times, there was something called “brushtalk”, where people speaking mutually unintelligible language varieties can communicate with each other through texts written in Han script. In the modern time, “Pseudo-Chinese”, which is Japanese in Han script without syllables, emerged since 2009. Simply after getting familiar with Japanese syntax and some Japanese lexicon, Chinese users who have not learned Japanese can also understand texts written in it. There is a Pseudo-Chinese messaging app 対多 online, which shows viability of the notion of sharing the same logogram writing system for different languages.

How about translators? One has to understand both languages to do the work, and third parties are always able to behave astray. Comparing the transliterations with translations, 7100 languages require 7100 × 7099 = 50402900 translations and only 7100 transliterations.

The goal of a unified semantic writing system is creating one-on-one mappings for every sense; the two sides of the mapping are phrases in the language and phrases in the semantic script. The method is

1. represent a sense by all commonly used phrases that contains that sense in the language;
2. represent a sense by a monoseme or the intersection of two polysemes or a polyseme with the only predominant sense being that sense in the semantic script;
3. couple the phrases in the language and the phrase in the semantic script by the sense.

In a unified semantic writing system,

• the sense of a phrase in lexicon is unified;
• the usage of a phrase in lexicon is preserved;
• the syntax is preserved;
• the pronunciation is preserved or omitted.

There are a series of lessons under construction, where all approaches in the syntax will be included: Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Language-comparisons.

The core principle of Hanisation is approaching unity while preserving diversity. There can be stylised calligraphies and typefaces that conform other scripts. For example, the blackletter font for 黒執事 Black Butler.

To preserve the phrase-forming practices in non-Sinospheric languages, a phrase consisting of multiple semantic components is transliterated by those components; the phrase is linked to existing Sinospheric phrases as synonyms. For example, « divertir » in all of its senses in French is written as 離轉 (turn away), “entertain” in all of its senses in English is written as 間持 (hold in between); both are regarded as synonyms of the Sinospheric form 娱樂 (give pleasure and amuse) in the sense of “to amuse”.

Concepts absent in Sinosphere need to be created. For example, there are two phrases “pigeon” and “dove” in English to denote bigger and smaller ones of such similar birds, while there is one phrase „Taube“ in German without distinguishing them; in Han script, “pigeon” is written as 鴿, “dove” is written as 鳩, „Taube“ is written as 鴿鳩, which is a new phrase formed by combining the two phrases. For another example, “blossom” in English is written in a new-created phrase 叢華 (bush-like flowers) to preserve its connotations instead of the more definition-styled phrase 核果花 (flowers of a stone fruit).

There is a repository for Haniseation lexicon under way.

What makes Hanised text different from texts in Blissymbols, iConji and sitelen pona? It preserves most of the grammar in any language, while each of those constructed scripts are used for one constructed language only. In addition, Han script is already optimised for handwriting through the creation of clerical script.

When will people around the world get eager to learn Han script? The possible scenario is when countries/regions in Sinosphere get united economically, then culturally, which still takes three to four decades to happen from 2025 on. Then it will be widely considered among the intellectuals. It is discovered that when reading and writing in logograms, the brain is activated differently than using phonetic writings. It takes time and effort to make it widely-known.

Below introduced is a counterpart to International Phonetic Alphabet, named Common Semantic Writing (公義書). The name of International Phonetic Alphabet is derived from the International Phonetic Association, however, the phrase “international” implies the division on people by nation-states, which may be considered reinforcing the nationalist narrative, while the phrase “common” is more neutral, so the phrase “common” is preferred over “international”; the phrase “alphabet” or “logogram” refers to characters only, while there are actually rules in addition, so the phrase “writing” is preferred over “logogram”.

In cases where texts need to be brief, Literary Chinese is used.

Demonstration

Texts in various directions

original script	Han script with ruby
Θεσσαλονίκη	帖撒羅尼迦專Θεσσαλονίκη
شیراز‎	設拉子專 شیراز‎
ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ	上都專ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ

Proper nouns

original script	Han script with ruby
Bristol	橋邊專Bristol
Greenville	翠鄉專Greenville
Hamilton	兀丘專Hamilton
Manchester	母營專Manchester
Montgomery	君山專Montgomery
Oxford	牛津專Oxford
Portland	埠地專Portland
Springfield	春田專Springfield

Polysemes

meaning	original script	Han script with ruby in native form	Han script with ruby in Sinospheric form
polygon with four equal sides and four right angles	square	方形名square	正方形名square
rectangular cell in a grid	square	方型名square	方格名square
flat cuboid object	square	方體名square	方片名square
tool for drawing right angles	square	方具名square	曲尺名square
calculation of multiplying a number itself	square	方算名square	平方名square
open space for multiple purposes	square	方場名square	廣場名square
military formation	square	方陣名square	方陣名square
in a manner of speaking directly	square	方質形square	率直形square

field of study	original script	Han script with ruby
classical thermodynamics	Entropie	熵於經典熱力學名Entropie
statistical mechanics	Entropie	熵於統計力學名Entropie
astrophysics	Entropie	熵於天體物理學名Entropie
information theory	Entropie	熵於信息論名Entropie
sociology	Entropie	熵於社會學名Entropie

Separable words

original script	Han script with ruby in native form	Han script with ruby in Sinospheric form
Es kommt darauf an.	其代三Es 來動三【kommt 彼上副darauf 至】an 。	其代三Es 存動三【kommt 彼上副darauf 依】an 。

Agglutinated phrases

original script	Han script with ruby
Usaopuspe aeyaykotuymasiramsuypa.	各樣形風聞名Usaopuspe 己遠副一適己心名適搖動復aeyaykotuymasiramsuypa 。

Texts

O Fortuna

Latin script	Han script with ruby
O Fortuna velut luna statu variabilis, semper crescis aut decrescis; vita detestabilis nunc obdurat et tunc curat ludo mentis aciem, egestatem, potestatem dissolvit ut glaciem.	嗚呼嘆O 福圖納專Fortuna 如副velut 月名luna 狀名離statu 變形variabilis ， 常副semper 盈動二crescis 或連aut 虛動二decrescis ； 生活名vita 可憎形detestabilis 今副nunc 硬動三obdurat 而連et 後副tunc 顧動三curat 戲名ludo 念名屬mentis 爭名對aciem ， 賤名對egestatem ， 貴名對potestatem 溶動三dissolvit 似連ut 冰凌名對glaciem 。
Sors immanis et inanis, rota tu volubilis, status malus, vana salus semper dissolubilis, obumbrata et velata michi quoque niteris; nunc per ludum dorsum nudum fero tui sceleris.	命名Sors 龐形immanis 而連et 空形inanis ， 輪名rota 汝代二tu 轉形volubilis ， 狀名status 否形malus ， 無形vana 泰名salus 常副semper 可溶形dissolubilis ， 冥動形obumbrata 而連et 蔽動形velata 吾代與michi 亦副quoque 殫力動二niteris ； 今副nunc 以介per 戲名對ludum 脊名dorsum 袒形對nudum 負動一fero 汝代二屬tui 劣跡名sceleris 。
Sors salutis et virtutis michi nunc contraria, est affectus et defectus semper in angaria. Hac in hora sine mora corde pulsum tangite; quod per sortem sternit fortem, mecum omnes plangite!	命名Sors 健名屬salutis 而連et 德名屬virtutis 吾代與michi 今副nunc 逆形contraria ， 乃動三est 感動形affectus 而連et 敗形defectus 常副semper 於介in 驛役名angaria。 故副Hac 於介in 時名hora 靡介sine 滯名mora 心名離corde 搏名對pulsum 動動二複令tangite ； 因連quod 以介per 命名對sortem 平動三sternit 強形對fortem ， 吾與副mecum 皆形呼複omnes 慟動二複令plangite ！

Severem ben seni candan içeri

Latin script	Han script with ruby
Severem ben seni candan içeri Yolum vardır bu erkândan içeri Beni sorma bana benden değilem Suretim boş yürür dondan içeri	愛動過Severem 我代一ben 卿代二對seni 靈名離candan 中副içeri 途名有Yolum 存係形vardır 此定bu 諦名離erkândan 中副içeri 我代一對Beni 勿問動令sorma 我代一與bana 我代一離benden 非我動değilim 我形名Suretim 空形boş 走動三過yürür 表名離dondan 中副içeri
Tecelliden nasib erdi kimine Kiminin maksudu bundan içeri Senin aşkın beni benden alıptır Ne şirin dert bu dermandan içeri	示名離Tecelliden 份名nasib 封動三去erdi 誰代向kimine 誰代對Kiminin 圖名三有maksudu 此代離bundan 中副içeri 卿代二屬Senin 愛名二有aşkın 我代一對beni 我代一離benden 挈係動二alıptır 何代Ne 恬形şirin 苦名dert 此定bu 補藥名離dermandan 中副içeri
Şeriat tarikat yoldur varana Hakikat Marifet andan içeri Süleyman kuş dili bilir dediler Süleyman var Süleyman'dan içeri	教法名Şeriat 道乘名tarikat 途係名yoldur 及名屬varana 真理名Hakikat 知識名Marifet 念名離andan 中副içeri 寧專Süleyman 鳥名kuş 語名三有dili 知動三過bilir 謂動三複去dediler 寧專Süleyman 存形var 寧專離Süleyman'dan 中副içeri
Unuttum din diyanet kaldı benden Bu ne mezheptir, dinden içeri Dinin terk edenin küfürdür işi Bu ne küfürdür imandan içeri Geçer iken Yunus şeş oldu dosta Ki kaldı kapıda andan içeri	忘動去Unuttum 道名din 信名diyanet 留動三去kaldı 我代一離benden 何定代Bu ne 宗係名mezheptir 道名離dinden 中副içeri 道名屬Dinin 棄名作者動形零屬terk edenin 瀆係名küfürdür 爲名三有işi 此定Bu 何代ne 瀆係名küfürdür 正信名離imandan 中副içeri 通動三過Geçer 時副iken 鴿鳩專Yunus 六出動三去şeş oldu 友名屬dosta 誰代Ki 留動三去kaldı 門名處kapıda 念名離andan 中副içeri

註：六出，偶逢之謂，源於骰擲。

सुभाषितरत्नकोश ५०.३२

Latin script	Han script with ruby
vahati na puraḥ kaścit paścān na ko‘py anuyāti māṃ na ca navapadakṣuṇṇo mārgaḥ kathaṃ nv aham ekakaḥ | bhavatu viditaṃ pūrvavyūḍho ‘dhunā khilatāṃ gataḥ sa khalu bahalo vāmaḥ panthā mayā sphuṭam ūrjitaḥ |	行動三vahati 無助na 先介puraḥ 孰代kaścit 後形對複paścān 無助na 誰代ko‘py 循動三anuyāti 我代對māṃ 無助na 並連ca 新形跡名navapadakṣuṇṇo 道名mārgaḥ 如何助kathaṃ 兹副nv 我代aham 孑立形ekakaḥ 。 成動三令bhavatu 識動形viditaṃ 古形列動形去pūrvavyūḍho 今副‘dhunā 荒名屬複khilatāṃ 徑名gataḥ 其代三sa 是副khalu 廣闊形bahalo 甘苦形vāmaḥ 途名panthā 我代具mayā 分明副sphuṭam 離棄形ūrjitaḥ 。

卜算子・咏梅（陸游）

Latin script	Han script with ruby
yek ngwajH dwanX gjew pen, dzek mak khoj mju tsyuX. yiX dzyeX hwang xwon duwk dzijH dzrjuw, kaeng trjak pjuwng hwa hjuX. mju 'iH khuX tsreang tsyhwin, 'jit nyimH gjun phjang tuH. leng lak dzyeng nej nrjenH tsuH drin, tsye hjuwX xjang nyo kuH.	驛名yek 外助ngwajH 斷橋名dwanX gjew 邊助pen ， 寂寞副dzek mak 開動khoj 無主副mju tsyuX 。 已副yiX 是動dzyeX 黃昏名hwang xwon 獨自副duwk dzijH 愁動dzrjuw ， 更副kaeng 著動trjak 風名pjuwng 和連hwa 雨名hjuX 。 無意動mju 'iH 苦動khuX 爭春名tsreang tsyhwin ， 一任動'jit nyimH 群芳名gjun phjang 妒動tuH 。 零落動leng lak 成助dzyeng 泥名nej 碾動被nrjenH 作助tsuH 塵名drin ， 只有連tsye hjuwX 香名xjang 如故動nyo kuH 。

Dream of Home and Mother / 旅愁 / 送別（李叔同）

Dream of Home and Mother

Latin script	Han script with ruby
Dreaming of home, dear old home. Home of childhood and mother- Oft when I wake 'tis sweet to find I've been dreaming of home and mother. Home, dear home, childhood's happy home! When I played with sister and with brother 'Twas the sweetest joy when we did roam Over hill and through dale with mother.	夢見動持Dreaming of 家名home ， 挚愛形dear 老形old 家名home 。 家名Home 屬於介of 童年名childhood 和連and 母親名mother — 頻副Oft 每時副when 我代一I 睡醒動wake 其代三係動三'tis 甜美形sweet 感動to find 我代一夢見動持I've been dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。 家名Home ， 挚愛形dear 家名home ， 童年名有childhood's 快樂形happy 家名home ！ 每時副When 我代一I 玩耍動去played 與介with 姊妹名sister 並連and 與介with 兄弟名brother 其代三係動三去'Twas 至甜美形the sweetest 喜悅名joy 每時副when 我們代一複we 漫步動去did roam 越丘貫谷副Over hill and through dale 與介with 母親名mother 。
Sleep, balmy sleep, close mine eyes, Keep me still thinking of mother- Hark! It's her voice I seem to hear- Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother. Angels come soothing me to rest, I can feel their presence as none other, For they sweetly say I shall be blest With bright visions of home and mother.	睡名Sleep ， 惬意形balmy 睡名sleep ， 閉動close 我定mine 眼睛名複eyes ， 保持動令Keep 我代一對me 依然副still 想起動持thinking of 母親名mother — 細聽動令Hark ！ 其代三係動三It's 伊代三有her 音名voice 我代一I 似動seem 聞動to hear — 是嘆Yes ， 我代一夢見動持I'm dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。 天使名複Angels 來動三複come 撫慰動持soothing 我代一對me 休息動to rest ， 我代一I 可以動can 感受動feel 其代三複有their 存在名presence 如介as 無他形名none other ， 因爲連For 其代三複they 甜美副sweetly 說動三複say 我代一I 應要動shall 受動祝福動形be blest 以介With 明亮形bright 異象名複visions 屬於連of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。
Childhood has come, come again, Sleeping, I see my dear mother --- See her loved form beside me kneel While I'm dreaming of home and mother. Mother dear, whisper to me now, Tell me of my sister and brother, --- Now I feel thy hand upon my brow --- Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.	童年名Childhood 來動三完has come ， 再來嘆come again 。 睡動持Sleeping ， 我代一I 看見動see 我代一有my 挚愛形dear 母親名mother ——— 看見動See 伊代三有her 心愛形loved 身形名form 傍介beside 我代一對me 跪坐動kneel 當時連While 我代一夢見動持I'm dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。 母親名Mother 挚愛形dear ， 細語動令whisper 於介to 我代一對me 此刻副now ， 話動令Tell 我代一對me 關於介of 我代一有my 姊妹名sister 和連and 兄弟名brother ，——— 此刻副Now 我代一I 感覺動feel 你代二有thy 手名hand 上於介upon 我代一有my 眉名brow ——— 是嘆Yes ， 我代一夢見動持I'm dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。

註：越丘貫谷，滿處之謂。

旅愁

Latin script	Han script with ruby
Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no, wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu. Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha, yumeji ni tadoru wa, kokyō no ieji. Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no, wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.	更行動Fukeyuku 秋名aki 之助no 夜名yo ， 旅名tabi 之助no 空名sora 之助no ， 侘形wabishiki 想名omoi 於助ni ， 獨副hitori 惱動nayamu 。 戀形Koishiya 故里名furusato ， 懷形natsukashi 父母名chichihaha ， 夢路名yumeji 於助ni 辿動tadoru 乃助wa ， 故鄉名kokyō 之助no 家路名ieji 。 更行動Fukeyuku 秋名aki 之助no 夜名yo ， 旅名tabi 之助no 空名sora 之助no ， 侘形wabishiki 想名omoi 於助ni ， 獨副hitori 惱動nayamu 。
Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure, harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu. Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha, omoi ni ukabu wa, mori no kozue. Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure, harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.	窻名Mado 打動utsu 嵐名arashi 於助ni ， 夢名yume 亦助mo 破動yabure ， 遙形harukeki 彼方名kanata 於助ni ， 心名kokoro 運動hakobu 。 戀形Koishiya 故里名furusato ， 懷形natsukashi 父母名chichihaha ， 思名omoi 於助ni 浮動ukabu 乃助wa ， 杜名mori 之助no 木名kozue 。 窻名Mado 打動utsu 嵐名arashi 於助ni ， 夢名yume 亦助mo 破動yabure ， 遙形harukeki 彼方名kanata 於助ni ， 心名kokoro 運動hakobu 。

送別（李叔同）

Latin script	Han script with ruby
Chángtíng wài, gǔdào biān, fāngcǎo bì liántiān Wǎnfēng fú liǔ díshēng cán, xīyáng shān wài shān Tiān zhī yá, dì zhī jiǎo, zhījiāo bàn língluò Yī piáo zhuójiǔ jìn yúhuān, jīnxiāo biémèng hán	長亭名Chángtíng 外助wài ， 古道名gǔdào 邊助biān ， 芳草名fāngcǎo 碧動bì 連天副liántiān 晚風名Wǎnfēng 拂動fú 柳名liǔ 笛聲名díshēng 殘動cán ， 夕陽名xīyáng 山名shān 外助wài 山名shān 天名Tiān 之助zhī 涯名yá ， 地名dì 之助zhī 角名jiǎo ， 知交名zhījiāo 半副bàn 零落動língluò 一數形Yī 瓢類piáo 濁酒名zhuójiǔ 盡動jìn 餘歡名yúhuān ， 今宵副jīnxiāo 別夢名biémèng 寒動hán

Rules

The format of a Hanised phrase is 甲_乙^丙丁, where

• 甲: sense of the phrase;
• 乙: sense specifier of the phrase if the context is insufficient to clarify;
• 丙: “part of speech” and grammatical category types of the phrase;
• 丁: phrase in a script that is not Han script.

Once a sense specifier is provided, the context is considered sufficient to clarify when the same phrase reappears, where the sense specifier is no longer required.

The “part of speech” is more function-based than the part of speech in the common sense: participles are written as verb-adjectives, gerunds are written as verb-nouns, noun adjuncts are written as noun-adjectives, and so on.

The “script that is not Han script” can be any script for audio, visual, tactile or any other sensibility for communication.

In cases where there is already a 丁 text beside the Hanised text, 丁 may be omitted.

For agglutinations and syntheses, 甲乙丙 for multiple parts of the phrase may be placed under one 丁.

Grammatical category or its types that can be omitted:

• genders;
• present tense;
• single number;
• indicative mood;
• active voice;
• simple aspect;
• nominative case.

Parts of speech

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
noun	名	名詞
proper noun	專	專有名詞、固有名詞
verb	動	動詞
adjective	形	形容詞
adverb	副	副詞、狀詞
pronoun	代	代名詞、代詞
adposition	介	介詞、接置詞、側置詞、附置詞
conjunction	連	連接詞、連詞、接續詞
interjection	嘆	感嘆詞、感動詞、間投詞、嘆詞
number	數	數詞
determiner	定	限定詞
article	冠	冠詞、帽詞
demonstrative	指	指示詞
classifier	類	量詞、分類詞、單位詞、類別詞、類詞
particle	助	助詞、質詞、小品詞、不變化詞

Grammatical categories

Persons

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
zeroth	〇
first	一	第一人稱、一人稱
second	二	第二人稱、二人稱
third	三	第三人稱、三人稱
fourth	四
fifth	五

Genders

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
masculine	陽	陽性、男性
feminine	陰	陰性、女性
neuter	中	中性
common	通	通性
animate	生	有生性、有情性
inanimate	⽍	無生性、無情性
rational	智
non-rational	愚

Tenses

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
present	現	現在時、現在時制、時現在
past	去	過去時、過去時制、時過去
future	來	將來時、未来時制、時將來
aorist	過	不定過去時

Numbers

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
singular	單	單數
plural	複	複數
greater plural	眾
paucal	微	微數
greater paucal	毫
dual	雙	雙數、兩數
trial	叄	三數
quadral	肆
quintal	伍

Moods

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
indicative	陳	直陳語氣、陳述語氣、直說法
subjunctive	擬	虛擬語氣、接續法、假定法
conditional	條	條件語氣、条件法、式條件
imperative	令	祈使語氣、命令法、命令式
optative	願	祈願語氣、希求法、願望法
intensive	強

Voices

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
active	能	主動語態、能動態
passive	被	被動語態、受動態、被動態
antipassive	逆	反被動語態、逆受動態
causative	使	使動語態、致使語態、使役態
middle	間	中間語態、中動態
applicative	適	應動語態、適用態、充當態

Aspects

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
simple	當	現時體
perfect	完	完成體、完了相
imperfect	曾	非完成體、非完了相
prospective	望	展望體、前望相、豫定相
perfective	整	完整體、完結相、完望相
imperfective	零	非完整體、未完結相、非完望相
iterative	復	反覆體、反復相
distributive	佈
frequentative	頻	頻繁相
progressive	進	進行相
continuous	持	持續體、継續相、連續相
delimitative	短	短時體
completive	成	完成相
resultative	果	結果相
gnomic	普
habitual	慣	習慣體、習慣相
inchoative	起
cessative	止

Cases

type in English	indicator	type in Han script
abessive	欠	欠格、不在格
ablative	離	離格、奪格、從格
absolutive	絕	通格、絕對格
accusative	對	賓格、對格、受格、目的格
adessive	接	接格
adverbial	狀	狀語格
allative	向	向格
antessive	前	前格
apudessive	側	側格
associative	附	附格
aversive	避	避格
benefactive	益	益格
causal	因	因格
comitative	共	共格、伴隨格、隨同格、共同格
comparative	比	比較格
dative	與	與格、給格、爲格
delative	上	上格、離格
direct	直	直接格
egressive	始	始格
elative	出	出格
equative	同	等同格
ergative	作	作格、能格、施格
essive	樣	樣格
exessive	變	轉變格
formal	質	質格
genetive	屬	屬格、領格、生格
identical	等	等格
illative	入	入格
inessive	內	內格
initiative	起	起點格
instructive	手	手段格
instrumental	具	工具格、具格、造格、道具格
intransitive	己	不及物格
intrative	圍	包圍格
lative	方	攜格、方向格
limitative	限	限格
locative	處	方位格、處格、位置格、處所格、所格、地格、位格、依格、於格
nominative	主	主格
oblique	斜	斜格
orientative	轉	轉向格
ornative	梱	梱格
partitive	部	部分格
perlative	穿	穿越格
pertingent	觸	觸碰格
possessive	有	擁有格、所有格
postessive	後	後格
prepositional	先	前置格
postpositional	繼	後置格
prolative	延	延展格
revertive	反	反格
semblative	似	類格
sociative	協	協同格
stative	態	狀態格
subessive	底	底格
sublative	落	上下格
superessive	頂	頂格
superlative	越	跨越格
temporal	時	時格、時間格
terminative	終	到格、终止格、終點格
transitive	及	及物格
translative	換	轉換格
vocative	呼	呼格

Specific Vocabulary

Table of correlatives

Esperanto

	ki- 何-	ti- 彼-	i- 某-	ĉi- 各-	neni- 無-	ĉi ti- 此-
‑a -類	kia 何類	tia 彼類	ia 某類	ĉia 各類	nenia 無類	ĉi tia 此類
‑al -故	kial 何故	tial 彼故	ial 某故	ĉial 各故	nenial 無故	ĉi tial 此故
-am -時	kiam 何時	tiam 彼時	iam 某時	ĉiam 各時	neniam 無時	ĉi tiam 此時
‑e -處	kie 何處	tie 彼處	ie 某處	ĉie 各處	nenie 無處	ĉi tie 此處
‑en -向	kien 何向	tien 彼向	ien 某向	ĉien 各向	nenien 無向	ĉi tien 此向
‑el -式	kiel 何式	tiel 彼式	iel 某式	ĉiel 各式	neniel 無式	ĉi tiel 此式
‑es -有	kies 何有	ties 彼有	ies 某有	ĉies 各有	nenies 無有	ĉi ties 此有
-o -件	kio 何件	tio 彼件	io 某件	ĉio 各件	nenio 無件	ĉi tio 此件
-om -量	kiom 何量	tiom 彼量	iom 某量	ĉiom 各量	neniom 無量	ĉi tiom 此量
-u -者	kiu 何者	tiu 彼者	iu 某者	ĉiu 各者	neniu 無者	ĉi tiu 此者

Ido

	qua- 何-	ita- 彼-	ula- 某-	irga- 凡-	altra- 他-	nula- 無-	omna- 各-
-u -者	qua 何者	ita 彼者	ulu 某者	irgu 凡者	altru 他者	nulu 無者	omnu 各者
-o -件	quo 何件	ito 彼件	ulo 某件	irgo 凡件	altro 他件	nulo 無件	omno 各件
-i -眾	qui 何眾	iti 彼眾	uli 某眾	irgi 凡眾	altri 他眾	nuli 無眾	omni 各眾
-loke -處	ube 何處	ibe 彼處	ulloke 某處	irgaloke 凡處	altrube 他處	nulloke 無處	omnaloke 各處
-tempe -時	kande 何時	lore 彼時	ultempe 某時	irgatempe 凡時	altratempe 他時	nultempe 無時	sempre 各時
-a, -speca -質	quala 何質	tala 彼質	ula, ulaspeca 某質	irga, irgaspeca 凡質	altra, altraspeca 他質	nula, nulaspeca 無質	omna, omnaspeca 各質
-e, -maniere -式	quale 何式	tale 彼式	ule, ulmaniere 某式	irge, irgamaniere 凡式	altre, altramaniere 他式	nule, nulmaniere 無式	omne, omnamaniere 各式
-o, -quanto -量	quanto 何量	tanto 彼量	kelko 某量	irgo, irgaquanto 凡量	altro, altra quanto 他量	nulo, nulaquanto 無量	omno, omnaquanto 各量

Interlingue

	qu- 何-	t- 其-	alqu- 某-	nequ- 無-	qu- -cunc 凡-
-i -人	qui 何人		alqui 某人	nequi 無人	quicunc 凡人
-o -件	quo 何件		alquo 某件	nequo 無件	quocunc 凡件
-el -兩	quel 何兩	tel 其兩	alquel 某兩	nequel 無兩	quelcunc 凡兩
-al -質	qual 何質	tal 其質	alqual 某質	nequal 無質	qualcunc 凡質
-am -式	quam 何式	tam 其式	alquam 某式	nequam 無式	quamcunc 凡式
-ant -量	quant 何量	tant 其量	alquant 某量	nequant 無量	quantcunc 凡量
-ande -時	quande 何時	tande 其時	alquande 某時	nequande 無時	quandecunc 凡時
-u -處	u 何處		alcu 某處	necu 無處	ucunc 凡處

Lojban

	von- 此-	nin- 彼-	tan- 遐-	nont- 無-	licun- 某-	sum- 全-
-per -者	vonper 此者	ninper 彼者	tanper 遐者	nontper 無者	licunper 某者	sumper 全者
-per no -有	vonper no 此有	ninper no 彼有	tanper no 遐有	nontper no 無有	licunper no 某有	sumper no 全有
-padart -件	vonpadart 此件	ninpadart 彼件	tanpadart 遐件	nontpadart 無件	licunpadart 某件	sumpadart 全件
-cals je -類	voncals je 此類	nincals je 彼類	tancals je 遐類	nontcals je 無類	licuncals je 某類	sumcals je 全類
-mest -處	vonmest 此處	ninmest 彼處	tanmest 遐處	nontmest 無處	licunmest 某處	summest 全處
-metode -式	vonmetode 此式	ninmetode 彼式	tanmetode 遐式	nontmetode 無式	licunmetode 某式	summetode 全式
-rizone -故	vonrizone 此故	ninrizone 彼故	tanrizone 遐故	nontrizone 無故	licunrizone 某故	sumrizone 全故
-tempe -時	vontempe 此時	nintempe 彼時	tantempe 遐時	nonttempe 無時	licuntempe 某時	sumtempe 全時
-calih -量	voncalih 此量	nincalih 彼量	tancalih 遐量	nontcalih 無量	licuncalih 某量	sumcalih 全量

Complete word list

aUI

Latin script	Han script
a	空
e	動
i	光
o	生
u	人
A	時
E	物
I	聲
O	感
U	意
Ø	狀
Y	非
b	共
c	存
d	貫
f	此
g	內
h	問
j	同
k	上
L	周
m	質
n	量
p	前
r	正
s	事
t	向
v	活
w	能
x	係
z	分

Toki Pona

Latin script	Han script
a	啊
akesi	爬行類
ala	無
alasa	獵
ale, ali	全
anpa	底
ante	異
anu	或
awen	留
e	對
en	共
esun	市
ijo	物
ike	劣
ilo	具
insa	內
jaki	汙
jan	人
jelo	黃
jo	有
kala	魚
kalama	聲
kama	來
kasi	植
ken	能
kepeken	用
kili	果
kin	且
kipisi	分
kiwen	堅
ko	柔
kon	氣
kule	色
kulupu	群
kute	聞
la	然
lape	眠
laso	藍
lawa	首
len	衣
lete	寒
li	並
lili	小
linja	細
lipu	紙
loje	紅
lon	在
luka	手
lukin	見
lupa	孔
ma	地
mama	親
mani	錢
meli	女
mi	我
mije	男
moku	食
moli	死
monsi	後
mu	鳴
mun	月
musi	嬉
mute	多
namako	料
nanpa	數
nasa	愚
nasin	道
nena	丘
ni	其
nimi	名
noka	足
o	噢
oko	目
olin	愛
ona	其人
open	開
pakala	毁
pali	活
palisa	杖
pan	穀
pana	予
pi	屬
pilin	感
pimeja	黑
pini	末
pipi	蟲
poka	側
poki	皿
pona	佳
pu	檢語本
sama	同
seli	火
selo	外
seme	何
sewi	高
sijelo	身
sike	圓
sin	新
sina	你
sinpin	前
sitelen	圖
sona	知
soweli	動物
suli	大
suno	日
supa	水平面
suwi	飴
tan	由
taso	只
tawa	去
telo	水
tenpo	時
toki	言
tomo	室
tonsi	非二元
tu	二
unpa	性
uta	口
utala	爭
walo	白
wan	一
waso	鳥
wawa	能
weka	離
wile	欲