Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Introduction-to-Han-script

introduction	variants	parts	Restructure
Hanisation	texts	idioms	place names

Hi, polyglots!

Every time you see Han characters, you may see them as random strokes and wonder how other people memorise them. Once you have payed attention for a while and learned about the basics of Han script, they will become crystal clear to you.

in progress

Evolution of Han script

There is an evolution: Egyptian → Proto-Sinaitic → Phoenician → … → most scripts used today. Han script has its own: oracle bone script [甲骨文], bronze script [金文] and other scripts → seal script [篆書] → clerical script [隸書] → regular script [楷書].

There are artistic scripts derived from the regular script:

• running script [行書] (a.k.a. semi-cursive script)
• grass script [草書] (a.k.a. cursive script)

There are also typefaces for printing:

• Song [宋體] / Ming [明體] (a.k.a. sans-serif)
• Imitation Song [仿宋體]
• Gothic [黑體] (a.k.a. sans)

Glyph forms of early scripts are highly diverse. After the unification of China by Qin dynasty, glyph forms other than the ones used in the State of Qin are abolished. In the modern time, character glyph forms are standarised differently in different sovereign states and dependent territories.

Simplifications of Han characters take place in different times. Systematic simplifications include the creation of the clerical script in the State of Qin and the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme in the People's Republic of China. In Japan, there is also a reform that simplified the characters. Some character forms have gone through multiple changes, for example, 云 originally means “cloud”, then it was used for “say” and 雲 is used in substitute; then in the PRC's simplification, its meaning of “cloud” is restored. If one puts more value on its cultural heritage, then the Traditional variants are more preferred; if one puts more value on its nature of tools, then the Simplified variants are preferred.

There are glyph forms considered more orthodoxy for preserving the original characteristics of the characters. Characters of these forms are called Inherited Characters [傳承字]. Open-source fonts include the following:

• I.明體
• 霞鶩文楷 TC
• 尚古
• 華英明朝
• 传承糖圆体
• 朱古力黑體

There are website for searching characters:

• Wiktionary
• 字統网
• 字源
• グリフウィキ

script	image
oracle bone script [甲骨文]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oracle_bone_script
bronze script [金文]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bronze_script
seal script [篆書]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seal_script
clerical script [隸書]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clerical_script
regular script [楷書]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regular_script
running script [行書]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semi-cursive_script
grass script [草書]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_cursive_script

typeface	image
Song [宋體] / Ming [明體]	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ming_(typefaces)
Imitation Song [仿宋體]
Gothic [黑體]

Creation and use of Han characters

It is mentioned that there are six categories of characters [六書] in the Rites of Zhōu [《周禮》] without explanation; later explanations are disputed. There are undisputed four categories of method to form characters and two disputed categories of method to use characters. The four undisputed categories:

creation of characters

category of characters	explanation of the category	example	meaning of the example	explanation of the example
pictographs [象形字]	a character where concrete objects are depicted in pictorial form	日 月 山 水	sun moon mountain water	shape of a sun shape of a crescent moon shape of a mountain shape of a water stream
simple ideographs [指事字]	a character where abstract ideas are depicted in pictorial form	上 下 本 末	above below root, origin tip, end	a line above another line a line below another line root of a tree apex of a tree
compound ideographs [會意字]	a character consisting of two or more semantic components	武 信 采 比	martial message, trust pick compare	a dagger-axe and a foot a person with a speech a palm over a bush two persons side by side
phono-semantic compounds [形聲字]	a character consisting of a phonetic and a semantic components	時 場 銀 動	season, time place silver move	a sun and the reading of the word “office, temple” a soil and the reading of the word “sunlight” a metal and the reading of the word “blunt” the reading of the word “heavy” and a force

They can be found at Wiktionary Category:Han characters by formation type.

In practice, there is also a rare category: phonetic compounds [會音字].

There may be multiple variants for a character. A form is chosen as the standard one in an orthography. An example is 龜 `tortoise`:

A character may be used differently than its original use. In some cases, the meaning of a character is diverted and a new character is created to bear that original meaning; in some other cases, a character is used to represent a homophone intentionally. There are disputes over those cases on how to classify them.

Strokes of a character

The elementary components of characters are strokes [筆畫]. Basic strokes [基本筆畫] are

stroke	modern name of stroke	writing direction
㇐	horizontal [橫]
㇑	vertical [豎]
㇒	throw [撇]
㇏	press [捺]
㇔	dot [點]
㇀	raise [提]
㇚	hook [鉤]
㇁	curve [彎]

additional

stroke	modern name of stroke	writing direction
㇄	slant [曲]
㇣	circle [圈]

A compound stroke [複合筆畫] is a stroke that is combined by multiple basic strokes. They can be defined differently by different approaches. For example:

The character 永 `eternal` has all eight traditional basic strokes, so it is often used to practice calligraphy.

Components of a character

A character is made of one or more components. Those components are made of one or more strokes.

Those components are written one by one from left to right, from top to bottom, in order to make the character look good.

The components used for indexing in a dictionary are called radicals [部首]. In some cases, a character may be assigned multiple radicals. Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters [《說文解字》] and Kāngxī Dictionary [《康熙字典》] published in c. 100 and 1716 are two of the most authoritative dictionaries, where 540 and 214 radicals are listed.

The compositions of a characters are the followings:

composition	common radicals
⿰	(many)
⿱	(many)
⿲	(many)
⿳	(many)
⿴	囗
⿵	冂、几、門、鬥
⿶	凵
⿷	匚、匸
⿼
⿸	厂、尸、手、广、戶、疒、羊、老
⿹	乙、勹、弋、气
⿺	大、尢、廴、⽑、⽖、⾛、瓜、辵、鬼、麥、鼠
⿽	水
⿻	木
⿾
⿿
〾
㇯

There are also ways to pick up a type in printing quickly. After the popularisation of computers, shape-based input methods emerged. Those components of such input methods are called roots [字根].

shape-based input method	time	layout
四角	1925
三角	1971
倉頡	1976
大易	1988
嘸蝦米	1990
行列	1992
縱橫	1993

Readings of a character

In pre-modern times, readings of characters by the officials are called the elegant pronunciations [雅音]. They were de facto standard pronunciations.

For Chinese language, each character has phonetically and semantically identical readings; for non-Chinese languages, each character has two types of reading: one being phonetically similar to the Chinese reading, which is called the sound reading [音讀], the other being the semantically corresponding native word's reading, which is called the instructed reading [訓讀].

The ancient method to note readings is called reverse cutting [反切], where each character's reading is denoted by a character's initial consonant and the rest of another character's syllable. For example, the reading of 東 is denoted by the initial consonant of 德 and the rest of 紅:

It is similar to a dictionary's approach: each word is defined by other words.

Before the widespread of Romanisations, other writing systems emerged to record readings: Kana, Nüshu, Hangul. For Mandarin Chinese, Bopomofo was developed in 1910s.

To address a single character while differentiating it from its homophones, one may say its components first and then say the character. For example, “bow–long stretch” (弓長張) for 張.

Calligraphy

There are tens of thousands of characters in Han script, and even more glyphs, in Han script. The calligraphy of it is also developed.

There is a website for searching characters in calligraphy 集古作书法字典.

Set phrases

Set phrases [成語] are a kind of idiomatic expressions in Han script. They are mostly as short as four characters. There are

• Chinese set phrases on Let's Travel To China
• Japanese set phrases on IMABI
• Korean set phrases on KoreanLII.

For languages other than Chinese, it is also possible to build set phrases in the same manner.

Example of popularised English idioms in Chinese set phrases:

• tip of the iceberg 冰山一角 : iceberg + a + corner
• kill two birds with one stone 一石二鳥 : one + stone + two + birds

introduction	variants	parts	Restructure
Hanisation	texts	idioms	place names