Language/Algerian-arabic/Culture/Algeria-Timeline

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Historical Timeline for Algeria - A chronology of key events
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Algeria Timeline

The conquest

3rd century BC. AD Massinissa unites the Numidian (Berber) kingdoms of the Massyles and the Massaesyles and makes Cirta (Constantine) its capital.

112-105 BC J. - C. Rebellion of Jughurta, grandson of Massinissa, against Rome.

347. The insurgent Berber tribes allied with the Donatists, a Christian sect opposed to Rome.

354. Birth of Saint Augustine in Thagaste (Souk Ahras), in northeastern Algeria.

439-533. The Vandals rule over the Roman Maghreb.

533. Byzantine domination.

711. The Arabs are masters of the whole of the Maghreb, which becomes an Umayyad province. The populations convert to Islam.

742. Kharijite revolt against the central power.

911. Destruction of the Berber kingdom of Tahert (Oran region) by the Fatimid armies.

1453. Capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans.

1587. Algeria becomes a regency dependent on the Ottoman Empire.

1804-1827. Tribal and brotherhood uprisings across Algeria.

1827. On April 29, following a dispute over an unpaid French debt, the dey of Algiers summons the French consul. Franco-Algerian diplomatic crisis.

1830. French troops land at Siddi-Ferruch on June 14. After the capture of Algiers, on July 5, the dey Hussein Khodja signed the capitulation.

1832. In November, Emir Abd El-Kader proclaims jihad against the French.

1837. France recognizes by the Treaty of Tafna, signed on May 30, the sovereignty of Abd El-Kader over two thirds of Algeria. However, it retains several “  possessions  ”, including Algiers, Blida and Oran. On October 13, French troops seized Constantine.

1843. Capture of the smalah of Abd El-Kader by the Duke of Aumale, in May, and massacres of civilian populations by the French.

1844. French victory at the Battle of Isly, near Oujda, August 14.

1847. Abd El-Kader surrenders on December 23.

1848. Algeria is officially proclaimed “  French territory  ” on November 12th.

Francization

1850-1870. Insurrections in Aurès and Kabylia, repressed in the blood. Famine ravaged Algeria between 1866 and 1868.

1870. The Crémieux decree, promulgated on October 24, grants French nationality to the Jews of Algeria.

1871. Beginning of the Kabyle revolt of the Mokrani brothers, in March, against land confiscation projects. Mokrani was killed on May 5. Almost 500,000 hectares of land were confiscated and allocated to settlers.

1881. Jules Ferry had the code of the native population adopted in June, which established a special legal regime for Algerians of Muslim faith. Algeria is fully integrated into France by the "  system of attachments  ".

1889. The law of June 26 grants French nationality to all descendants of Europeans present in Algeria, but not to Muslims.

1912. Muslims are required to perform military service under decrees promulgated in January.

1914-1918. Of the 173,000 soldiers called up and hired from Algeria, 25,000 Algerian Muslims and 22,000 Europeans were killed during the First World War.

1916. Uprisings in the Constantine region.

1926. Creation, on June 20 in Paris, of the North African Star (ENA), of which Ahmed Messali (Messali Hadj) is elected secretary general. The movement, which called for "  independence for North Africa  ", was banned in 1929.

1927. Birth of the Association of North African Muslim Students (AEMNA), chaired by Ferhat Abbas.

1933. Messali Hadj reconstitutes the North African Star, which will be dissolved again in 1937 by the Popular Front government.

1936. In November, the Blum-Viollette project on the granting of full French citizenship to an elite of 21,000 Muslim Algerians was refused by the settlers and by the separatists.

1937. Messali Hadj creates on March 11, in Algiers, the Algerian People's Party (PPA).

1939. In September, the PPA is dissolved, and its main leaders are arrested.

1940. The Crémieux decree was abolished by the Vichy regime in October.

1942. Allied landing in Algiers.

1943. In May, Ferhat Abbas presents the Manifesto of the Algerian People, which demands total equality between Muslims and Europeans in Algeria. The text was rejected by the French Committee for National Liberation (CFLN), formed in Algiers on June 3. In December, General de Gaulle announced in a speech in Constantine a series of reforms concerning the civil rights of Algerians.

1944. On March 7, de Gaulle signs an ordinance which abolishes the code of nativity and grants French citizenship to 65,000 Algerians.

The war

1945. On May 8, the repression of insurrectional riots in which a hundred Europeans were killed caused several thousand deaths (between 15,000 and 45,000 according to estimates) among Algerians in the regions of Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata. .

1946. Ferhat Abbas founded the Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA) in May, and Messali Hadj the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms (MTLD) in October.

1954. In April, a group of PPA militants determined to join the armed struggle by constituting a common front created the Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action (CRUA), transformed into the National Liberation Front (FLN) on the 1st. November: start of the Algerian war of independence. In December, supporters of Messali Hadj created the Algerian National Movement (MNA).

1955. The French Parliament votes for a state of emergency in April. On August 20, thousands of peasants in the Constantine region rose up. Debates at the United Nations (September 27-30) on the “  Algerian question  ”.

1956. On March 16, the National Assembly grants special powers to the government of Guy Mollet. The first FLN congress, in the Soummam valley in August, led to the creation of the National Committee of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA). At the end of the year, there were more than half a million French soldiers in Algeria.

1957. January-October: Battle of Algiers. The French army generalizes the use of torture.

1958. On May 13, the army seizes power in Algeria and creates the Committee of Public Safety, headed by General Massu. On June 1, in Paris, General de Gaulle was invested as President of the Council (Prime Minister). The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA), headed by Ferhat Abbas, was formed on September 19. De Gaulle offers the “  peace of the brave  ” to the Algerian insurgents in October. He becomes the first president of the Fifth Republic on December 21.

1959. De Gaulle recognizes, during a speech delivered on September 16, the right to self-determination of Algerians by way of referendum.

1960. “  Week of the barricades  ” in Algiers: on January 24, settlers led by Pierre Lagaillarde call for the uprising of Europeans on behalf of French Algeria. They surrender on February 1. On September 5, the trial of the FLN aid network led by Francis Jeanson begins. Intellectuals in favor of independence publish the "  Manifesto of 121  ". On December 19, the United Nations General Assembly recognizes Algeria's right to independence.

Independence

1961. On January 8, the referendum on the policy of self-determination sees a great success of the “  yes  ”, in France as in Algeria. In February, European activists form the Secret Armed Organization (OAS). Failure of the "  generals ' putsch  " in April. On October 17, the police repression of a peaceful Algerian demonstration in Paris left around a hundred dead.

1962.On February 8, in Paris, the police force a rally against the OAS, killing nine French people. The funeral of the victims on the 13th brought together half a million demonstrators. The signing of the Evian accords on March 18 was followed by a ceasefire the next day. The independence of Algeria will be ratified by referendum, in France on April 8, 1962 and in Algeria on July 1. On July 5, Algeria proclaimed its independence. Beginning of the exodus of Europeans from Algeria. The toll of the war is 300,000 to 600,000 dead depending on the sources. On July 22, Mr. Ahmed Ben Bella, supported by Colonel Houari Boumediène, who commands the National People's Army (ANP), forms in Tlemcen a Political Bureau against the GPRA, based in Algiers. In September, the ANP enters the capital. Mr. Ben Bella takes the head of government on September 29.

1963. The Constitution is adopted by referendum on September 8. Establishment of a one-party regime. Mr. Ben Bella was elected President of the Republic on September 15. Hocine Aït Ahmed created the Front des forces socialistes (FFS) a few days later and entered into dissidence in Kabylia.

1964. The French troops withdraw from Algeria in June, but remain present in Mers El-Kébir and in the Sahara.

1965. Colonel Boumediène overthrows Mr. Ben Bella on June 19. The Constitution is repealed in July.

1966. Nationalization of mines and foreign insurance companies in May. Signature of cooperation agreements with France.

1967. The French army leaves the bases of Reggane and Bechar in May. In June, Algeria severed diplomatic relations with the United States following the six-day war between Israel and the Arab armies. Aborted coup against Boumediène in December.

1968. The French evacuate the base at Mers El-Kébir in January.

1971. Nationalization of hydrocarbons on February 24: the State acquires 51  % of the assets of French oil companies present in Algeria. In November, the government launched the “  agrarian revolution  ” and the “  socialist management of enterprises  ” (GSE).

1973. The fourth summit of non-aligned countries is held in Algiers in September.

1974. In a speech delivered to the United Nations in April, Boumediène advocates the establishment of a new international economic order.

1975. Visit by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in April, the first by a French president since independence.

1976. The National Charter is approved on June 27 by referendum and the Constitution on November 27. Boumediène, the only candidate in the running, was elected president in December.

Islamism

1978. Death of Boumediène on December 27.

1979. Colonel Chadli Bendjedid is elected president on February 7.

1980. “  Berber Spring  ”: riots throughout Kabylia, in April, for the recognition of Berber culture.

1981. François Mitterrand, who goes to Algiers in November, proposes that Franco-Algerian relations be "  a symbol of new relations between North and South  " . Three months later, the two countries sign a gas agreement.

1983. Visit of President Chadli to Paris in November, the first by an Algerian head of state since independence.

1984. Mr. Bendjedid is re-elected on January 12. Adoption in June of the “  personal and family status code  ”.

1986. Student demonstrations in Sétif and Constantine in November.

1988. Violent riots in Algiers and the rest of the country, from October 4 to 10, claim several hundred victims (600 dead according to an unofficial report). The state of siege is declared. Mr Bendjedid was re-elected in December after promising political and economic reforms.

1989. A new Constitution, which opens the way to a multiparty system, is adopted by referendum on February 23. The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), created on February 18 and led by Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj, was legalized in September.

1990. The FIS wins a large victory in the municipal and regional elections of June 12, the first free ballot since independence. General Khaled Nezzar was appointed Minister of Defense in July.

1991. On May 23, the FIS calls for an indefinite strike. Clashes between security forces and FIS activists claim dozens of deaths. Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche, who resigned, was replaced by Sid Ahmed Ghozali on June 5. The elections are postponed. Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj were arrested on June 30.

1992. President Bendjedid, suspected of complacency towards the FIS, was forced to resign on January 11 and replaced on January 14 by a High Committee of State (HCE), headed by Mohamed Boudiaf. The second round of elections is canceled. The ensuing violence killed nearly 70 people. The HCE proclaimed a state of emergency on February 9 and dissolved the FIS on March 4. On June 29, Mohamed Boudiaf was assassinated in Annaba. On August 26, a bomb attack in the Algiers terminal, attributed to the Islamists, left eight dead and a hundred injured.

1993. The state of emergency is extended indefinitely on February 7. An estimated 15,000 people are killed in one year.

Reconciliation

1994. General Liamine Zeroual is appointed to command of the State on January 30 by the HCE. Appearance of Islamic Armed Groups (GIA), from which the ex-FIS stands out.

1995. On January 13, the main opposition groups, including Islamists, sign a “  national contract ” in Rome  calling in particular for an end to the violence. Power rejects the text. General Zeroual won the presidential election in the first round, on November 16, with more than 60  % of the vote.

1996. The constitutional reform strengthening the powers of the President of the Republic and banning religious and regionalist parties is approved by referendum on November 13, with more than 85  % of the vote.

1997. On September 24, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS), the armed wing of the ex-FIS and opposed to the GIA, announces a truce from October 1. On October 23, after winning the legislative elections in June, Mr. Zeroual's National Democratic Rally (RND) won more than 55  % of the seats in communal assemblies. The repression is growing.

1998. In September, Mr. Zeroual announced his desire to resign and the holding of an early presidential election.

1999. On April 15, Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika wins the presidential election with 73.8  % of the vote. The opposition denounces massive fraud. On June 6, the AIS proclaimed the final cessation of its operations. On August 18, the Algerian Movement of Free Officers (MAOL), created in 1998, called for the prosecution of the generals "  responsible for the  Algerian tragedy " . The law of "  civil harmony  " is approved by referendum on September 16, by more than 98  % of the votes.

2000. Mr. Bouteflika instructs Mr. Ali Benflis to form a new government on August 26.

2001. Bloody riots in Kabylia, in April, after the death of a high school student in a gendarmerie. Important demonstrations take place in Tizi-Ouzou and Algiers. On October 3, the government presented a reform project aimed at formalizing the Berber language ( Tamazight ). Signature, on December 19, of an association agreement between Algeria and the European Union.

2002. On April 8, Tamazight is recognized as a national - but not official - language by Parliament. The FLN won the legislative elections of May 30, boycotted by the Kabyle parties.

2003. Mr. Ahmed Ouyahia replaces Mr. Benflis as head of government in May. Mr. Madani, released in July with Mr. Belhadj, calls for an end to the armed struggle on August 25.

2004. Mr. Bouteflika obtains 85  % of the votes in the presidential election of April 8. The government signs a strategic partnership agreement with France in July.

2005. The draft “  Charter for peace and national reconciliation  ” is approved by referendum on September 29, with more than 97  % of the votes. The toll of thirteen years of violence is 150,000 dead and thousands missing. 

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