Difference between revisions of "Language/Spanish/Culture/Costa-Rica-Timeline"

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In this article, I present to you the great stories of the life of our last generations. It will be about liberalism, democracy and civil war, but I invite you before that to read the two articles which summarize the history of Costa Rica and the discovery of this country with before Christopher Columbus and after.
-1100 BC AD ➡ First traces of the settlement of Costa Rica. It is assumed that the first inhabitants were attracted by the potential resources of the coasts.


==Liberalism, Democracy and Civil War==
-1000 BC  ➡ Construction of the Huetar city of Guayabo which attests to the seizure of power of this Indian community in Costa Rica but the city is abandoned around 1400; the reasons for this abandonment are still unknown.
* I start with liberalism. It is important to know that from 1880, the Costa Rican political classes sought to emancipate themselves, to withdraw from the clerical conservatism that had always reigned. And in 1884, the bishop was even expelled from Costa Rica.


* In 1889, a hundred years before my birth, the first democratic elections with popular participation were organized by the liberals, who were not elected! They were still the first in Central America. Thereafter, only one president, thus elected, will betray the confidence of the people in 1917: the president Joaquín Tinoco. In fact, he had instituted a dictatorial regime immediately after the elections, but he was quickly driven out of the country.
-100 BC AD ➡ Development of Costa Rica's trade with other Central American countries such as Mexico. Costa Rica mainly sells gold.


* We arrive in 1940, and it is on this date that Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia was elected President of the Republic. He put in place the social assistance system, the right of workers to regroup, land reform and a guaranteed minimum income, as well as the creation of the University of Costa Rica.
1502 ➡ Christopher Columbus discovers a new land, the island of Uvita off Limón.


* In 1944 was elected Teodoro Picado, “puppet of Calderón”, who himself will be beaten in 1948 by Otilio Ulate; only, he refused to leave his place. There will be muddy controversies over the elections, but coffee producer Pepe Figueres has long been planning his offensive. He used El General's San Isidro airport as a transit base for weapons he had of course purchased before, but Picado declared a state of siege and called for the rescue of Nicaraguan soldiers and Communist banana workers. . It will take forty days of clashes and still two thousand dead for Picado to cede power to José Figueres.
1509 ➡ The recognized territory is attached to Castilla del Oro in Panama.


==History of Costa Rica, Modern times==
1519 ➡ Arrival of the first Spanish settlers in the Gulf of Nicoya and the first clashes with the Chorotegas and Huetares Indians.
Here we are. Modern times will begin with José Figueres, in 1948, who will govern only 18 months but who will develop a new constitution, one which is still valid in the country. It begins with the ban on immediate re-election to the presidency. He declared illegal the Communist Party (still officially banned) and the workers' unions that followed it, abolished the army, granted the right to vote to women and blacks.


It is also nationalizing the banks, 10% of which are to be used for reconstruction. He also founded the ICE (the electricity company, still unique in the country for electricity, landlines and mobile phones ...). Otilio Ulate will succeed him, and will also be re-elected as President in 1954 and 1970.
1524 ➡ On the Nicoya peninsula, foundation of Bruselas by Francisco de Cordóba.


But the country went through major difficulties in the years 1960-1970. The government was aiming for agricultural and then industrial self-sufficiency: purchase of high-performance equipment, construction of factories, generalization of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. As we are well aware, this is all expensive and the debts are mounting. Since Costa Rica is dependent on oil, it suffered the full force of the 1970 oil crisis.
1525 ➡ Victory of Juan de Cavallón over the Indians.


* In 1974, the fall in prices for the three basic products (bananas, coffee and sugar cane) was catastrophic. And in 1979, the collapse of the coffee market was almost fatal for the country. In addition, Costa Rica is plunged into insecurity and economic slump.
1526 ➡ Foundation of Cartago which becomes the capital of the territory.
* In 1978, the country took a stand in the civil war in Nicaragua (a very agitated country with political precariousness) by welcoming Sandinista bases. It also refuses to pay its debt to the IMF (thus being the first Central American country to stand up to the IMF) under the presidency of Rodrigo Carazo.
* It was not until 1986 that Arias Sánchez, economist and lawyer elected to the presidency, respectful of the principles of neutrality, stepped up the peace effort in Central America. He will put in place basic bans established in the north of the country and will arrive at a peace plan: Esquipulas II (peace plan for Central America).
* In 1987 Arias Sánchez received the Nobel Peace Prize for having initiated this peace process in Central America. This ultimately encouraged the country's economic take-off of Costa Rica.
* In 1998, the new president (moderate right), Miguel Angel Rodríguez, was confronted with very strong and very high expectations of the population, and he chose to revive the economy and the social by putting forward new technologies. A democratic tool par excellence, it made it possible to build a consensus which helped the country's economic recovery. But we should not be deluded, the debt still weighs heavily on the economy and social issues remain the poor relatives of the Costa Rican recovery.
* On April 7, 2002, new president: “gift” Abel Pacheco takes over. Coming from the party of Christian social unity, much appreciated by the population, his task is understood by all but the expectations are immense. In his actions, he must take care of a very heavy file, that of drugs, which passes through the territory a lot (from the Colombian sector), but also of money laundering, drug-dollars, the fiscal deficit, agricultural modernization and privatization of public services. Time goes by, and two years later, the population is very disappointed by the positions taken by the president - who in 2003 supported the United States - and discovered financial scandals every day.
* In 2006, Oscar Arias Sánchez (remember, Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1987) was elected President of the Republic for a second term. And in 2007, following a referendum on the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), the "yes" narrowly won. But Costa Rica has yet to ratify it.


I am going to end this article on this agreement, which is very divided… Because of course, the president is for this treaty but Otton Solis, who was defeated in the elections by 39.8% against 40.9% by Arias Sánchez, has a whole another version: he says he is not totally against it, but he wants to negotiate it with Washington. He declared on this subject: "The law of the Jungle benefits large animals, we are only insects", and he criticizes in particular this treaty for opening the way to the privatization of state monopolies and to beautiful to subsidized agricultural exports from the United States. But the President rules, and to rule is to decide. And a year and a half after the elections, the ratification is carried out. Not without criticism from its detractors who see in this treaty the death of small farmers and certain industrial sectors who will not be able to face increased competition.
1570 ➡ The portion of land called Costa Rica is integrated into the general captaincy of Guatemala.


==Laura-Chinchilla - President in Costa Rican History==
1600 ➡ The colonists discover the Central Valley.
Today, for the first time in Costa Rican history, a woman is president. Her name is Laura Chinchilla Miranda, born March 28, 1959 in San José, member of the National Liberation Party (PLN), elected in 2010 President of the Republic of Costa Rica in the first round with 47% of the vote.
 
1706 ➡ Foundation of Heredia which is then called Cobujuquí.
 
1737 ➡ Foundation of Villa Nueva de la Boca del Monte which will become San José.
 
1782 ➡ Foundation of Alajuela under the name of Villa Hermosa.
 
1821 ➡ On September 15, Costa Rica becomes an independent republic.
 
1823 ➡ Costa Rica is part of the Federation of United Provinces of America until 1838.
 
1824 ➡ Juan Mora Fernández is the first president of the young Republic, slavery is abolished.
 
1828 ➡ Annexation by referendum of Guanacaste, a region until then independent.
 
1848 ➡ Costa Rica formalizes its independence.
 
1857 ➡ Liberation of Nicaragua occupied by William Walker's troops by a Central American coalition.
 
1882 ➡ Abolition of the death penalty. The following year, the length of the working day is limited to 8 hours.
 
1940 ➡ Costa Rica declares war on Germany and asks German residents to leave the territory.
 
1941 ➡ Women obtain the right to vote; we pass a law on social guarantees (Social Security) which prefigures the environmental guarantees voted in 2002.
 
1943 ➡ Edition of the Labor Code.
 
1949 ➡ Abolition of the army and nationalization of the banks.
 
1963 ➡ Eruption of the Irazú volcano which spits ash for two years.
 
1979 ➡ Massive arrival of 300,000 Nicaraguans fleeing the new Sandinista regime.
 
1983 ➡ Costa Rica proclaims its "perpetual, active and unarmed" neutrality. The same year, the hero Franklin Chang Díaz's first trip to space.
 
1986 ➡ Oscar Arias Sánchez becomes President of the Republic.
 
1987 ➡ Oscar Arias Sánchez receives the Nobel Peace Prize for his action in favor of peace in Central America (EsquipulasII).
 
1995 ➡ Economic slowdown, social movements. Entry of Costa Rica into the WTO.
 
1998 ➡ Election to the presidency of the Republic of Miguel Angel Rodríguez who undertakes an economic recovery plan.
 
2002 ➡ Abel Pacheco, the former director of the San José psychiatric hospital, is elected President of the Republic.
 
2006 ➡ Oscar Arias Sánchez, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1987), is elected President of the Republic for a second term.
 
2007 ➡ Referendum on the Free Trade Agreement for Central America (CAFTA in English which means Central American Free Trade Agreement), the "yes" wins by little.
 
2008 ➡ Entry into force of the free trade agreement which is still controversial as to the advantages and disadvantages of opening up markets, especially that of the United States.
 
2009 ➡ Costa Rica resumes diplomatic relations with Cuba, which broke off in 1961.
 
2009 ➡ Costa Rica is committed to respecting OECD tax standards, and has thus been removed from the blacklist of tax havens.
 
2010 ➡ Election of Laura Chinchilla as President of Costa Rica. On February 7, 2010, Ms. Laura Chinchilla was elected President of Costa Rica in the first round. She is the first woman president of this country. She is an activist of the National Liberation Party.
 
2012 ➡ Signature of a free trade treaty between the European Union and the countries of Central America in Tegucigalpa (Honduras). Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama sign a Comprehensive Association Agreement that also includes a region-to-region trade component that will help establish trade opportunities for all parties.
 
2011 ➡ The border dispute with Nicaragua in the Calero Island region, over the San Juan River that separates the two countries, has come to an end. Nicaragua is authorized to continue dredging the river, but Costa Rica has the right to send observers to ascertain possible damage to the environment.
 
2013 ➡ The president ofs United States Barack Obama is received in May by the President of the Republic, Laura Chinchilla, with whom he discusses the issues of the fight against drug trafficking and the distribution of natural gas.
 
2013 ➡ On May 31, the assassination of Jairo Mora Sandoval, a volunteer who saved turtle eggs in the province of Limon, on the Caribbean coast. Hundreds of demonstrators take to the streets. In tribute to the young activist, the NGO Sea Shepherd named a ship in his name.
 
2013 ➡ In June, cooperation agreements between China and Costa Rica were signed with Chinese President Xi Jinping. They amount to nearly two billion dollars, or 4% of Costa Rica's GDP, and relate to the construction of an oil refinery and a highway.
 
2014 ➡ Leader of the opposition, political scientist Luis Guillermos Solís Rivera was elected on May 8 at the head of the country.
 
2014 ➡ In July, Ban Ki Moon, the UN Secretary General, was on an official visit to Costa Rica. He called the country a "symbol of peace", before taking a symbolic bike ride around the Foreign Ministry in the Amon barrio.
 
2014 ➡ Costa Rica assumed the pro tempore presidency of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (Celac) in 2014. He is studying the possibility of joining the Pacific Alliance, a forum of Latin American countries favorable to free trade.
 
2015 ➡ On Thursday April 9, the Council of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) unanimously decided to invite Costa Rica to initiate the process of joining the organization: a major milestone achieved in strengthening Costa Rica's ties with the OECD.
 
2015 ➡ In January, the 7 people indicted in the Sandoval case were finally acquitted by the Limon Criminal Court, which sparked the anger of environmentalists around the world.
 
2015 ➡ Also in January, President Solis traveled to China for a state visit. This also marked the inauguration of the China-CELAC forum. This visit marks a little more the strengthened bond with China, to the detriment of Taiwan.
 
2016 ➡ The country's green policy continues since the entire country has operated at 98% thanks to renewable energies, throughout the year.
 
2017 ➡ In response to the crisis in Venezuela, Costa Rica is one of 12 Latin American countries not to recognize the constituent assembly desired by President Maduro and just elected.


==Source==
==Source==


https://www.vert-costa-rica.fr/decouverte/temps-modernes-du-costa-rica
https://www.petitfute.com/p53-costa-rica/guide-touristique/c69729-histoire.html

Revision as of 15:01, 11 December 2021

1850 to the Present Day Costa Rica History Chronology
Costa-Rica-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png

World Timelines

-1100 BC AD ➡ First traces of the settlement of Costa Rica. It is assumed that the first inhabitants were attracted by the potential resources of the coasts.

-1000 BC ➡ Construction of the Huetar city of Guayabo which attests to the seizure of power of this Indian community in Costa Rica but the city is abandoned around 1400; the reasons for this abandonment are still unknown.

-100 BC AD ➡ Development of Costa Rica's trade with other Central American countries such as Mexico. Costa Rica mainly sells gold.

1502 ➡ Christopher Columbus discovers a new land, the island of Uvita off Limón.

1509 ➡ The recognized territory is attached to Castilla del Oro in Panama.

1519 ➡ Arrival of the first Spanish settlers in the Gulf of Nicoya and the first clashes with the Chorotegas and Huetares Indians.

1524 ➡ On the Nicoya peninsula, foundation of Bruselas by Francisco de Cordóba.

1525 ➡ Victory of Juan de Cavallón over the Indians.

1526 ➡ Foundation of Cartago which becomes the capital of the territory.

1570 ➡ The portion of land called Costa Rica is integrated into the general captaincy of Guatemala.

1600 ➡ The colonists discover the Central Valley.

1706 ➡ Foundation of Heredia which is then called Cobujuquí.

1737 ➡ Foundation of Villa Nueva de la Boca del Monte which will become San José.

1782 ➡ Foundation of Alajuela under the name of Villa Hermosa.

1821 ➡ On September 15, Costa Rica becomes an independent republic.

1823 ➡ Costa Rica is part of the Federation of United Provinces of America until 1838.

1824 ➡ Juan Mora Fernández is the first president of the young Republic, slavery is abolished.

1828 ➡ Annexation by referendum of Guanacaste, a region until then independent.

1848 ➡ Costa Rica formalizes its independence.

1857 ➡ Liberation of Nicaragua occupied by William Walker's troops by a Central American coalition.

1882 ➡ Abolition of the death penalty. The following year, the length of the working day is limited to 8 hours.

1940 ➡ Costa Rica declares war on Germany and asks German residents to leave the territory.

1941 ➡ Women obtain the right to vote; we pass a law on social guarantees (Social Security) which prefigures the environmental guarantees voted in 2002.

1943 ➡ Edition of the Labor Code.

1949 ➡ Abolition of the army and nationalization of the banks.

1963 ➡ Eruption of the Irazú volcano which spits ash for two years.

1979 ➡ Massive arrival of 300,000 Nicaraguans fleeing the new Sandinista regime.

1983 ➡ Costa Rica proclaims its "perpetual, active and unarmed" neutrality. The same year, the hero Franklin Chang Díaz's first trip to space.

1986 ➡ Oscar Arias Sánchez becomes President of the Republic.

1987 ➡ Oscar Arias Sánchez receives the Nobel Peace Prize for his action in favor of peace in Central America (EsquipulasII).

1995 ➡ Economic slowdown, social movements. Entry of Costa Rica into the WTO.

1998 ➡ Election to the presidency of the Republic of Miguel Angel Rodríguez who undertakes an economic recovery plan.

2002 ➡ Abel Pacheco, the former director of the San José psychiatric hospital, is elected President of the Republic.

2006 ➡ Oscar Arias Sánchez, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1987), is elected President of the Republic for a second term.

2007 ➡ Referendum on the Free Trade Agreement for Central America (CAFTA in English which means Central American Free Trade Agreement), the "yes" wins by little.

2008 ➡ Entry into force of the free trade agreement which is still controversial as to the advantages and disadvantages of opening up markets, especially that of the United States.

2009 ➡ Costa Rica resumes diplomatic relations with Cuba, which broke off in 1961.

2009 ➡ Costa Rica is committed to respecting OECD tax standards, and has thus been removed from the blacklist of tax havens.

2010 ➡ Election of Laura Chinchilla as President of Costa Rica. On February 7, 2010, Ms. Laura Chinchilla was elected President of Costa Rica in the first round. She is the first woman president of this country. She is an activist of the National Liberation Party.

2012 ➡ Signature of a free trade treaty between the European Union and the countries of Central America in Tegucigalpa (Honduras). Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama sign a Comprehensive Association Agreement that also includes a region-to-region trade component that will help establish trade opportunities for all parties.

2011 ➡ The border dispute with Nicaragua in the Calero Island region, over the San Juan River that separates the two countries, has come to an end. Nicaragua is authorized to continue dredging the river, but Costa Rica has the right to send observers to ascertain possible damage to the environment.

2013 ➡ The president ofs United States Barack Obama is received in May by the President of the Republic, Laura Chinchilla, with whom he discusses the issues of the fight against drug trafficking and the distribution of natural gas.

2013 ➡ On May 31, the assassination of Jairo Mora Sandoval, a volunteer who saved turtle eggs in the province of Limon, on the Caribbean coast. Hundreds of demonstrators take to the streets. In tribute to the young activist, the NGO Sea Shepherd named a ship in his name.

2013 ➡ In June, cooperation agreements between China and Costa Rica were signed with Chinese President Xi Jinping. They amount to nearly two billion dollars, or 4% of Costa Rica's GDP, and relate to the construction of an oil refinery and a highway.

2014 ➡ Leader of the opposition, political scientist Luis Guillermos Solís Rivera was elected on May 8 at the head of the country.

2014 ➡ In July, Ban Ki Moon, the UN Secretary General, was on an official visit to Costa Rica. He called the country a "symbol of peace", before taking a symbolic bike ride around the Foreign Ministry in the Amon barrio.

2014 ➡ Costa Rica assumed the pro tempore presidency of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (Celac) in 2014. He is studying the possibility of joining the Pacific Alliance, a forum of Latin American countries favorable to free trade.

2015 ➡ On Thursday April 9, the Council of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) unanimously decided to invite Costa Rica to initiate the process of joining the organization: a major milestone achieved in strengthening Costa Rica's ties with the OECD.

2015 ➡ In January, the 7 people indicted in the Sandoval case were finally acquitted by the Limon Criminal Court, which sparked the anger of environmentalists around the world.

2015 ➡ Also in January, President Solis traveled to China for a state visit. This also marked the inauguration of the China-CELAC forum. This visit marks a little more the strengthened bond with China, to the detriment of Taiwan.

2016 ➡ The country's green policy continues since the entire country has operated at 98% thanks to renewable energies, throughout the year.

2017 ➡ In response to the crisis in Venezuela, Costa Rica is one of 12 Latin American countries not to recognize the constituent assembly desired by President Maduro and just elected.

Source

https://www.petitfute.com/p53-costa-rica/guide-touristique/c69729-histoire.html

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