Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Traditional-Concepts-and-Values"

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This page has a sibling: [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Texts-of-Philosophies-and-Religions]] and a cousin: [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Religions-and-Folklores]].
{{Traditions}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!concept
!concept/value
!description
!description
!religion/folklore
!place of origin
!time of origin
!philosophy/religion
|-
|
* chevalerie [fra]
|a code of conduct for knights
|France
|1170 – 1220
|
|-
|
* ''wabi-sabi'' 侘び寂び [jpn]
|a worldview of accepting the transience and imperfection
|Japan
|15<sup>th</sup> century
|
* Chán school
|-
|
* impressionnisme [fra]
|an art form that emphasises on depicting the atmosphere of ordinary matters with crude strokes
|France
|1874
|
|-
|-
|
|
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|determination
|determination
|
|
* Theravāda
|
|
* Buddhism
|-
|-
|
|
* ''al-ḡayb'' الغيب [arb]
* ''al-ḡayb'' الغيب [arb]
|something that is concealed
|something that is concealed
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''anātman'' अनात्मन् [san]
* ''anātman'' अनात्मन् [san]
|no-self: no unchanging, permanent self or essence can be found in any phenomenon
|no-self: no unchanging, permanent self or essence can be found in any phenomenon
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
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* Ascensio Iesu [lat]
* Ascensio Iesu [lat]
* ''Análipsi tou Iēsoû'' Ανάληψη του Ιησού [ell]
* ''Análipsi tou Iēsoû'' Ανάληψη του Ιησού [ell]
|Ascension of Jesus: belief that Jesus ascended to Heaven
|ascension of yēšûa: belief that yēšûaʿ ascended to Heaven
|
|
|
* Christianity
* Islam
|-
|
* ''aséret hadib'rót'' עשרת הדיברות [heb]
|ten commandments (by YHWH to moshé); slightly different according to different traditions
|
|
|
|
* Judaism
* Christianity
* Christianity
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''ātman'' आत्मन् [san]
* ''ātman'' आत्मन् [san]
|self
|self
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
|-
|
* ''bàdào'' 霸道 霸道 [cmn]
|way of the hegemon: to govern by autocracy and military expansion
|
|
|
* Legalism
|-
|-
|
|
* ''bāṭin'' باطن [arb]
* ''bāṭin'' باطن [arb]
|interior; used to describe things hidden inside
|interior; used to describe things hidden inside
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''bilā kayf'' بلا كيف [arb]
* ''bilā kayf'' بلا كيف [arb]
|without knowing how: belief that the verses of the Qur'an with an "unapparent meaning" should be accepted as they have come without saying how they are meant or what is meant
|without knowing how: belief that the verses of the Qur'an with an "unapparent meaning" should be accepted as they have come without saying how they are meant or what is meant
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''jurodstvo'' юродство [rus]
* ''jurodstvo'' юродство [rus]
|foolishness for Christ: ascetic behaviour that contests the society's order by being abnormal.
|foolishness for Christ: ascetic behaviour that contests the society's order by being abnormal.
|
|
|
|
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Eastern Orthodoxy
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|church: true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus Christ
|church: true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus Christ
|
|
* Christianity
|-
|
|
* ''euangélion'' εὐαγγέλιον [grc]
* ēvangelium [lat]
|gospel: message
|
|
* Christianity
* Christianity
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* ''fēi gōng'' 非攻 非攻 [cmn]
* ''fēi gōng'' 非攻 非攻 [cmn]
|non-aggression: the attack on another country is considered unjust unless there is a just cause
|non-aggression: the attack on another country is considered unjust unless there is a just cause
|
|
|
|
* Mohism
* Mohism
|-
|
* ''filósofos vasiliás'' φιλόσοφος βασιλιάς [ell]
|philosopher king: ruler who combines political skill with philosophical knowledge
|
|
|
* Platoism
|-
|-
|
|
* ''gé wù zhì zhī'' 格物致知 格物致知 [cmn]
* ''gé wù zhì zhī'' 格物致知 格物致知 [cmn]
|gaining knowledge by intense studying of the object
|gaining knowledge by intense studying of the object
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
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* ''gnóthi seautón'' γνώθι σεαυτόν [ell]
* ''gnóthi seautón'' γνώθι σεαυτόν [ell]
|know thyself
|know thyself
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
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* Gott ist tot [deu]
* Gott ist tot [deu]
|God is dead: God is not the source of all meanings in one's life
|God is dead: God is not the source of all meanings in one's life
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
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* ''hé ér bù tóng'' 和而不同 [cmn]
* ''hé ér bù tóng'' 和而不同 [cmn]
|keep harmonious when there exists differences
|keep harmonious when there exists differences
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
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* ''ʾīmān'' إِيمَان [arb]
* ''ʾīmān'' إِيمَان [arb]
|recognition of faith and deeds
|recognition of faith and deeds
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''jiān ài'' 兼愛 兼爱 [cmn]
* ''jiān ài'' 兼愛 兼爱 [cmn]
|love everyone equally even at the cost of own life
|love everyone equally even at the cost of own life
|
|
|
|
* Mohism
* Mohism
|-
|
* ''jìng'' 敬 敬 [cmn]
|reverence: stay careful towards others
|
|
|
* Ruism
|-
|-
|
|
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* ''kárma'' कर्म [san]
* ''kárma'' कर्म [san]
|one's actions can effect the future
|one's actions can effect the future
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
* Hinduism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Jainism
|-
|
* ''liúbái'' 留白 留白 [cmn]
|leaving a blank space: an art technique where a blank space is arranged in the layout to create a profound artistic conception
|China
|
|
* Daoism
* Chán school
|-
|-
|
|
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* ''Majjhimāpaṭipadā'' [pli]
* ''Majjhimāpaṭipadā'' [pli]
|Middle Way: spiritual practice that steers clear of both extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence
|Middle Way: spiritual practice that steers clear of both extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
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* ''prajñā'' प्रज्ञा [san]
* ''prajñā'' प्रज्ञा [san]
|understanding of the true nature of phenomena
|understanding of the true nature of phenomena
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
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* ''pāramitā'' पारमिता [san]
* ''pāramitā'' पारमिता [san]
|a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings
|a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
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* ''phrónēsis'' φρόνησις [grc]
* ''phrónēsis'' φρόνησις [grc]
|wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action
|wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
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* ''punarjanman'' पुनर्जन्मन् [san]
* ''punarjanman'' पुनर्जन्मन् [san]
|reincarnation: living being begins a new lifespan in a different physical form after biological death
|reincarnation: living being begins a new lifespan in a different physical form after biological death
|
|
|
|
* Buddhism
* Buddhism
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* ''qadar'' قدر [arb]
* ''qadar'' قدر [arb]
|divine power: predestination
|divine power: predestination
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''qì'' 氣 气 [cmn]
* ''qì'' 氣 气 [cmn]
|vital energy
|vital energy
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
* Daoism
* Daoism
* Han Buddhism
* Han Buddhism
|-
|
* ''sān cóng sì dé'' 三從四德 三从四德 [cmn]
|three obediences and four virtues (for females): obey her father at home before getting married, obey her husband after getting married, obey her sons in widowhood after her husband's death; virtues of feminine conduct, feminine speech, feminine comportment, feminine works
|
|
|
* Ruism
|-
|
* ''sān gāng wǔ cháng'' 三綱五常 三纲五常 [cmn]
|three fundamental bonds and five constant virtues: bonds between father and son, lord and retainer, husband and wife; virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trustworthiness
|
|
|
* Ruism
|-
|-
|
|
* septem peccata mortalia [lat]
* septem peccata mortalia [lat]
|seven deadly sins: pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, sloth
|seven deadly sins: pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, sloth
|
|
|
* Catholicism
|-
|
* septem virtutes principales [lat]
|seven capital virtues: chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, humility
|
|
|
|
* Catholicism
* Catholicism
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* ''širk'' شرك [arb]
* ''širk'' شرك [arb]
|association: sin of accepting other divinities alongside the God
|association: sin of accepting other divinities alongside the God
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''shàng shàn ruò shuǐ'' 上善若水 上善若水 [cmn]
* ''shàng shàn ruò shuǐ'' 上善若水 上善若水 [cmn]
|the highest goodness is like water (for water is excellent in benefiting all things, and it does not strive)
|the highest goodness is like water (for water is excellent in benefiting all things, and it does not strive)
|
|
|
|
* Philosophical Daoism
* Philosophical Daoism
|-
|
* ''shéva' mitsvót b'né nóakh'' שבע מצוות בני נח [heb]
|seven laws of Noah: Not to worship idols; Not to curse God; Not to commit murder; Not to commit adultery or sexual immorality; Not to steal; Not to eat flesh torn from a living animal; To establish courts of justice
|
|
|
* Judaism
|-
|
* ''sì wéi bā dé'' 四維八德 四维八德 [cmn]
|four cardinal principles and eight virtues: principles of propriety, righteousness, integrity, shame; virtues of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, honesty, justice, harmony, peace
|
|
|
* Ruism
|-
|-
|
|
* sola fide [lat]
* sola fide [lat]
|faith alone: sinners are forgiven and declared “not guilty” by God's grace through faith
|faith alone: sinners are forgiven and declared “not guilty” by God's grace through faith
|
|
|
|
* Protestant Christianity
* Protestant Christianity
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* salus [lat]
* salus [lat]
|salvation: saving of human beings from sin and its consequences
|salvation: saving of human beings from sin and its consequences
|
|
|
|
* Christianity
* Christianity
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* ''tàijí'' 太極 太极 [cmn]
* ''tàijí'' 太極 太极 [cmn]
|supreme polarity: cosmological state of the universe and its affairs on all levels
|supreme polarity: cosmological state of the universe and its affairs on all levels
|
|
|
|
* Daoism
* Daoism
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* ''tawḥīd'' تَوْحِيد‎ [arb]
* ''tawḥīd'' تَوْحِيد‎ [arb]
|monotheism: oneness of God
|monotheism: oneness of God
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
|-
|
* ''theoría ton morfón'' θεωρία των μορφών [ell]
|theory of forms: everything in the world resemble some always-immutable forms.
|
|
|
* Platonism
|-
|-
|
|
* ''tiānlǐ'' 天理 天理 [cmn]
* ''tiānlǐ'' 天理 天理 [cmn]
|heavenly reason: underlying reason and order of nature as reflected in its organic forms
|heavenly reason: underlying reason and order of nature as reflected in its organic forms
|
|
|
|
* School of Principle
* School of Principle
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* ''tiān-rén héyī'' 天人合一 天人合一 [cmn]
* ''tiān-rén héyī'' 天人合一 天人合一 [cmn]
|unity of Heaven and humanity: societal phenomena are direct reflections of the nature
|unity of Heaven and humanity: societal phenomena are direct reflections of the nature
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
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* trinitas [lat]
* trinitas [lat]
|Trinity: three distinct persons God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit sharing the same essence
|Trinity: three distinct persons God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit sharing the same essence
|
|
|
|
* Christianity
* Christianity
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|
|
* Übermensch [deu]
* Übermensch [deu]
|overman: one who has gone through nihilism and got over it
|overhuman: one who has gone through nihilism and got over it
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
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* ''waḥdat al-fikr'' وحدة الفكر [arb]
* ''waḥdat al-fikr'' وحدة الفكر [arb]
|unity of intellect: all humans share the same intellect
|unity of intellect: all humans share the same intellect
|
|
|
|
* Aristotelianism
* Aristotelianism
|-
|
* ''wángdào'' 王道 王道 [cmn]
|way of the king: to govern with benevolence and justice
|
|
|
* Ruism
|-
|-
|
|
* ''wasaṭīyat'' وسطية [arb]
* ''wasaṭīyat'' وسطية [arb]
|moderation: justly balanced way of life
|moderation: justly balanced way of life
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''wú wéi'' 無為 无为 [cmn]
* ''wú wéi'' 無為 无为 [cmn]
|take no action and let the nature take its course
|take no action and let the nature take its course
|
|
|
|
* Philosophical Daoism
* Philosophical Daoism
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* ''wú wéi ér zhì'' 無為而治 无为而治 [cmn]
* ''wú wéi ér zhì'' 無為而治 无为而治 [cmn]
|govern by non-interference (philosophical Daoism); govern by rule of virtue (Ruism)
|govern by non-interference (philosophical Daoism); govern by rule of virtue (Ruism)
|
|
|
|
* Philosophical Daoism
* Philosophical Daoism
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* ''wúyòng zhī yòng'' 無用之用 无用之用 [cmn]
* ''wúyòng zhī yòng'' 無用之用 无用之用 [cmn]
|use of the useless: things without recognised values are kept away from attention and are preserved
|use of the useless: things without recognised values are kept away from attention and are preserved
|
|
|
|
* Philosophical Daoism
* Philosophical Daoism
|-
|-
|
|
* ''xìng è lùn'' 性惡論 性恶论 [cmn]
* ''xiào'' 孝 孝 [cmn]
|theory of evil human nature: human nature tends to be evil
|filial piety: virtue of exhibiting love and respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Chinese Buddhism
* Daoism
|-
|
* ''xìng è lùn'' 性惡論 性恶论 [cmn]
|theory of evil human nature: the human nature tends to be evil
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
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|
|
* ''xìng shàn lùn'' 性善論 性善论 [cmn]
* ''xìng shàn lùn'' 性善論 性善论 [cmn]
|theory of good human nature: human nature tends to be good
|theory of good human nature: the human nature tends to be good
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
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|
|
* ''yawm al-qiyāma'' یوم القيامة [arb]
* ''yawm al-qiyāma'' یوم القيامة [arb]
|Judgement Day: the day when all bodies will be resurrected, all people are called to account for their deeds and their faith during their life on Earth
|judgement day: the day when all bodies will be resurrected, all people are called to account for their deeds and their faith during their life on Earth
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''yǒu jiào wú lèi'' 有教無類 有教无类 [cmn]
* ''yǒu jiào wú lèi'' 有教無類 有教无类 [cmn]
|provide education to all without class discriminations
|provide education to all without class discriminations
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
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* ''ẓāhir'' ظاهر [arb]
* ''ẓāhir'' ظاهر [arb]
|exterior; used to describe things manifested outside
|exterior; used to describe things manifested outside
|
|
|
|
* Islam
* Islam
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* ''zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dài'' 知己知彼，百戰不殆 知己知彼，百战不殆 [cmn]
* ''zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dài'' 知己知彼，百戰不殆 知己知彼，百战不殆 [cmn]
|if one knows oneself and the opponent, the one won't worry about the results in a hundred battles
|if one knows oneself and the opponent, the one won't worry about the results in a hundred battles
|
|
|
|
* School of Military
* School of Military
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* ''zhì liángzhī'' 致良知 致良知 [cmn]
* ''zhì liángzhī'' 致良知 致良知 [cmn]
|approaching conscience by self-reflections
|approaching conscience by self-reflections
|
|
|
|
* School of Mind
* School of Mind
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* ''zhī-xíng héyī'' 知行合一 知行合一 [cmn]
* ''zhī-xíng héyī'' 知行合一 知行合一 [cmn]
|unity of knowledge and action: one's cognition and deeds are consistent
|unity of knowledge and action: one's cognition and deeds are consistent
|
|
|
|
* School of Mind
* School of Mind
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* ''zhōngyōng'' 中庸 中庸 [cmn]
* ''zhōngyōng'' 中庸 中庸 [cmn]
|moderation: being average
|moderation: being average
|
|
|
|
* Ruism
* Ruism
|-
|
*
|
|
|
|
*
|}
|}
{{Traditions}}

Latest revision as of 01:15, 7 May 2026

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* contains entries that can also belong to other articles

960px-United_Nations_geographical_subregions.png

concept/value description place of origin time of origin philosophy/religion
  • chevalerie [fra]
 a code of conduct for knights France 1170 – 1220
  • wabi-sabi 侘び寂び [jpn]
 a worldview of accepting the transience and imperfection Japan 15th century
  • Chán school
  • impressionnisme [fra]
 an art form that emphasises on depicting the atmosphere of ordinary matters with crude strokes France 1874
  • adhiṣṭhāna अधिष्ठान [san]
  • adhiṭṭhāna 𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀦 [pli]
 determination
  • Buddhism
  • al-ḡayb الغيب [arb]
 something that is concealed
  • Islam
  • anattā 𑀅𑀦𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 [pli]
  • anātman अनात्मन् [san]
 no-self: no unchanging, permanent self or essence can be found in any phenomenon
  • Buddhism
  • Ascensio Iesu [lat]
  • Análipsi tou Iēsoû Ανάληψη του Ιησού [ell]
 ascension of yēšûa: belief that yēšûaʿ ascended to Heaven
  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • aséret hadib'rót עשרת הדיברות [heb]
 ten commandments (by YHWH to moshé); slightly different according to different traditions
  • Judaism
  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • ātman आत्मन् [san]
 self
  • Buddhism
  • bàdào 霸道 霸道 [cmn]
 way of the hegemon: to govern by autocracy and military expansion
  • Legalism
  • bāṭin باطن [arb]
 interior; used to describe things hidden inside
  • Islam
  • bilā kayf بلا كيف [arb]
 without knowing how: belief that the verses of the Qur'an with an "unapparent meaning" should be accepted as they have come without saying how they are meant or what is meant
  • Islam
  • diá Christón salótita διά Χριστόν σαλότητα [ell]
  • jurodstvo юродство [rus]
 foolishness for Christ: ascetic behaviour that contests the society's order by being abnormal.
  • Eastern Orthodoxy
  • ecclesia [lat]
  • ekklisía εκκλησία [ell]
  • ekklēsía ἐκκλησία [grc]
 church: true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus Christ
  • Christianity
  • fēi gōng 非攻 非攻 [cmn]
 non-aggression: the attack on another country is considered unjust unless there is a just cause
  • Mohism
  • filósofos vasiliás φιλόσοφος βασιλιάς [ell]
 philosopher king: ruler who combines political skill with philosophical knowledge
  • Platoism
  • gé wù zhì zhī 格物致知 格物致知 [cmn]
 gaining knowledge by intense studying of the object
  • Ruism
  • gnôthĭ seautón γνῶθι σεαυτόν [grc]
  • gnóthi seautón γνώθι σεαυτόν [ell]
 know thyself
  • Gott ist tot [deu]
 God is dead: God is not the source of all meanings in one's life
  • hé ér bù tóng 和而不同 [cmn]
 keep harmonious when there exists differences
  • Ruism
  • ʾīmān إِيمَان [arb]
 recognition of faith and deeds
  • Islam
  • jiān ài 兼愛 兼爱 [cmn]
 love everyone equally even at the cost of own life
  • Mohism
  • jìng 敬 敬 [cmn]
 reverence: stay careful towards others
  • Ruism
  • kamma [pli]
  • kárma कर्म [san]
 one's actions can effect the future
  • Buddhism
  • Hinduism
  • Jainism
  • liúbái 留白 留白 [cmn]
 leaving a blank space: an art technique where a blank space is arranged in the layout to create a profound artistic conception China
  • Daoism
  • Chán school
  • Madhyamāpratipada [san]
  • Majjhimāpaṭipadā [pli]
 Middle Way: spiritual practice that steers clear of both extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence
  • Buddhism
  • paññā 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀸 [pli]
  • prajñā प्रज्ञा [san]
 understanding of the true nature of phenomena
  • Buddhism
  • pāramitā पारमिता [san]
 a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings
  • Buddhism
  • phrónēsis φρόνησις [grc]
 wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action
  • punarjanm पुनर्जन्म [hin]
  • punarjanman पुनर्जन्मन् [san]
 reincarnation: living being begins a new lifespan in a different physical form after biological death
  • Buddhism
  • Hinduism
  • Jainism
  • Sikhism
  • Catharism
  • Alawism
  • Hasidism
  • Druze
  • Rastafari
  • qadar قدر [arb]
 divine power: predestination
  • Islam
  • qì 氣 气 [cmn]
 vital energy
  • Ruism
  • Daoism
  • Han Buddhism
  • sān cóng sì dé 三從四德 三从四德 [cmn]
 three obediences and four virtues (for females): obey her father at home before getting married, obey her husband after getting married, obey her sons in widowhood after her husband's death; virtues of feminine conduct, feminine speech, feminine comportment, feminine works
  • Ruism
  • sān gāng wǔ cháng 三綱五常 三纲五常 [cmn]
 three fundamental bonds and five constant virtues: bonds between father and son, lord and retainer, husband and wife; virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trustworthiness
  • Ruism
  • septem peccata mortalia [lat]
 seven deadly sins: pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, sloth
  • Catholicism
  • septem virtutes principales [lat]
 seven capital virtues: chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, humility
  • Catholicism
  • širk شرك [arb]
 association: sin of accepting other divinities alongside the God
  • Islam
  • shàng shàn ruò shuǐ 上善若水 上善若水 [cmn]
 the highest goodness is like water (for water is excellent in benefiting all things, and it does not strive)
  • Philosophical Daoism
  • shéva' mitsvót b'né nóakh שבע מצוות בני נח [heb]
 seven laws of Noah: Not to worship idols; Not to curse God; Not to commit murder; Not to commit adultery or sexual immorality; Not to steal; Not to eat flesh torn from a living animal; To establish courts of justice
  • Judaism
  • sì wéi bā dé 四維八德 四维八德 [cmn]
 four cardinal principles and eight virtues: principles of propriety, righteousness, integrity, shame; virtues of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, honesty, justice, harmony, peace
  • Ruism
  • sola fide [lat]
 faith alone: sinners are forgiven and declared “not guilty” by God's grace through faith
  • Protestant Christianity
  • sōtēría σωτηρία [grc]
  • sotiría σωτηρία [ell]
  • salus [lat]
 salvation: saving of human beings from sin and its consequences
  • Christianity
  • tàijí 太極 太极 [cmn]
 supreme polarity: cosmological state of the universe and its affairs on all levels
  • Daoism
  • Ruism
  • Chinese folk religion
  • tawḥīd تَوْحِيد‎ [arb]
 monotheism: oneness of God
  • Islam
  • theoría ton morfón θεωρία των μορφών [ell]
 theory of forms: everything in the world resemble some always-immutable forms.
  • Platonism
  • tiānlǐ 天理 天理 [cmn]
 heavenly reason: underlying reason and order of nature as reflected in its organic forms
  • School of Principle
  • tiān-rén héyī 天人合一 天人合一 [cmn]
 unity of Heaven and humanity: societal phenomena are direct reflections of the nature
  • Ruism
  • Daoism
  • Han Buddhism
  • trinitas [lat]
 Trinity: three distinct persons God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit sharing the same essence
  • Christianity
  • Übermensch [deu]
 overhuman: one who has gone through nihilism and got over it
  • waḥdat al-fikr وحدة الفكر [arb]
 unity of intellect: all humans share the same intellect
  • Aristotelianism
  • wángdào 王道 王道 [cmn]
 way of the king: to govern with benevolence and justice
  • Ruism
  • wasaṭīyat وسطية [arb]
 moderation: justly balanced way of life
  • Islam
  • wú wéi 無為 无为 [cmn]
 take no action and let the nature take its course
  • Philosophical Daoism
  • wú wéi ér zhì 無為而治 无为而治 [cmn]
 govern by non-interference (philosophical Daoism); govern by rule of virtue (Ruism)
  • Philosophical Daoism
  • Ruism
  • wúyòng zhī yòng 無用之用 无用之用 [cmn]
 use of the useless: things without recognised values are kept away from attention and are preserved
  • Philosophical Daoism
  • xiào 孝 孝 [cmn]
 filial piety: virtue of exhibiting love and respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors
  • Ruism
  • Chinese Buddhism
  • Daoism
  • xìng è lùn 性惡論 性恶论 [cmn]
 theory of evil human nature: the human nature tends to be evil
  • Ruism
  • xìng shàn lùn 性善論 性善论 [cmn]
 theory of good human nature: the human nature tends to be good
  • Ruism
  • yawm al-qiyāma یوم القيامة [arb]
 judgement day: the day when all bodies will be resurrected, all people are called to account for their deeds and their faith during their life on Earth
  • Islam
  • yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 有教无类 [cmn]
 provide education to all without class discriminations
  • Ruism
  • ẓāhir ظاهر [arb]
 exterior; used to describe things manifested outside
  • Islam
  • zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dài 知己知彼，百戰不殆 知己知彼，百战不殆 [cmn]
 if one knows oneself and the opponent, the one won't worry about the results in a hundred battles
  • School of Military
  • zhì liángzhī 致良知 致良知 [cmn]
 approaching conscience by self-reflections
  • School of Mind
  • zhī-xíng héyī 知行合一 知行合一 [cmn]
 unity of knowledge and action: one's cognition and deeds are consistent
  • School of Mind
  • zhōngyōng 中庸 中庸 [cmn]
 moderation: being average
  • Ruism
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