| character
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English zh [s:etymology_text]
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English zh [ld:sounds ls:tags,s:zh-pron]
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English zh [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English ja [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ja [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English ko [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ko [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English vi [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English vi [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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character
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| 一
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Ideogram (指事) : a horizontal stroke, indicating the number “one”. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔit. Descendants from the *ʔit etymon account for the majority of the dialectal forms for “one” in Chinese (Mandarin, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Hui, Xiang, Yue, Wu groups, etc.). ‖ ‖ Form used as the colloquial reading for “one” in most Min varieties: Fuzhou/Fuding suoʔ⁸, Fuqing θyo⁸, Gutian syøʔ⁸, Ningde søʔ⁸, Zhouning sɔʔ⁸, Putian ɬoʔ⁸, Xiamen/Quanzhou/Yongchun/Zhangzhou tsit̚⁸, Leizhou/Haikou ziak⁸, Longyan tse⁴, Youxi ɕie⁷, Jian'ou/Songxi tsi⁵, Jianyang tsi⁸. Whether all of the forms above are related and their origins remain unelucidated; they may be derived from 蜀 (shǔ) (cf. 獨／独 (dú, “single, alone”); often written when read with the colloquial reading), 隻／只 (zhī) (< *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik) or 禃 (zhí). Some Fujian dialects use 個／个 and 寡 (guǎ) for “one”. ‖ Contraction of 一個／一个 (yīgè) (Zhou, 1998).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : it • Hokkien · Tai-lo : et • Middle-Chinese : 'jit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ
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one • each; every • single; alone • whole; entire; all: throughout • same; identical • (Classical) another; alternative • (formal) certain aforementioned • With the verb modified reduplicated, expressing the transience of the verb: · Indicating that the action has occurred only once • With the verb modified reduplicated, expressing the transience of the verb: · Indicating the intention to try • once; as soon as; upon • for the first time; at the beginning • surprisingly; unexpectedly • (gay slang) top • (Cantonese, cant, euphemistic) to die • (Xiamen Hokkien) extremely; very; highly ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low ti (7̣). ‖ one • each; every • whole; entire; all ‖ (Beijing Mandarin) one
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‖ 一(いち) • (ichi) ‖ 一(いち) • (ichi) ‖ 一(いち) • (-ichi) ‖ 一(いち) • (ichi) ‖ 一(いち) • (Ichi) ‖ 一(いつ) • (itsu) ‖ 一(いつ) • (itsu) ‖ 一(いつ) • (Itsu) ‖ 一(ひと) • (hito) ‖ 一(ひと) • (hito-) ‖ 一(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 一(ひい) • (hī) ‖ 一(イー) • (ī) ‖ 一(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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‖ one, 1 ‖ one, 1 • term relating to the number one: · the first in order, foremost • term relating to the number one: · the beginning • term relating to the number one: · the best • term relating to the number one: · a kind of; one of something • term relating to the number one: · (card games) an ace • unity • the bottom string of a shamisen or other Japanese musical instrument ‖ the best in …; the most in … ‖ one, 1 • first, foremost • once • best, number one • bunch, bundle • entirely, wholly • certain one • merely, only ‖ a surname ‖ one • the same ‖ one, 1 • first, foremost • group • entirely, wholly • other • merely, only ‖ a female given name ‖ one, 1 ‖ one, single • all • a bit • a certain time ‖ one, 1 ‖ one, 1 ‖ one, 1 ‖ a unisex given name • a surname
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一 (eumhun 한 일 (han il))
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hanja form of 일 (“one”)
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canonical : 一: Hán Việt readings: nhất • canonical : nhứt 一: Nôm readings: nhất • canonical : nhắt • canonical : nhứt
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chữ Hán form of nhất (“one”). • chữ Hán form of nhất (“first; most”). • Nôm form of nhắt (“teeny; tiny”).
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一
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| 丁
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Pictogram (象形) – different theories exist: \ * a city wall. The derivative 成 and later 城 is now used to represent this sense. Characters like 邑， 正／征 contains it as a semantic component. \ * a head. The derivative 天 and 頂 is now used to represent this sense. Characters like 元 contains it as a semantic component. \ * a nail. The derivative 釘 is now used to represent this sense. ‖ ‖ From the orthographic similarity of J (zei¹, “penis”), an initialism of jer (zoe¹, “penis”), which is a romanisation of 脧 (zoe¹).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Middle-Chinese : teng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Middle-Chinese : treang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ding¹
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the fourth of the ten heavenly stems • fourth; D • robust; vigorous • male adult; man • person; may specifically refer to member of a family • small cube • (literary) to encounter • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 出前一丁 (“Demae Itcho”), a type of instant noodles. • a surname ‖ Only used in 丁丁 (zhēngzhēng). ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang, euphemistic) penis (Classifier: 條／条) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang) to masturbate; to have sexual fantasy towards another individual
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‖ 丁(てい) • (Tei) ‖ 丁(ちょう) • (chō) ‖ 丁(ちょう) • (-chō) ‖ 丁(ひのと) • (Hinoto)
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leaf, block, classifier for cake • something D • something D · fourth in rank • street • even ‖ fourth of the Ten Heavenly stems • fourth in rank • fourth in rank · something D ‖ street, district • even (especially of dice) • (historical) a measure of length approximately 109 meters (also written 町) ‖ counter for long and thin things, e.g. guns, hoes, candles. • counter for foods such as tofu. ‖ the fourth of the ten heavenly stems
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丁 (eumhun 넷째 천간(天干) 정) · 丁 (eumhun 고무래 정 (gomurae jeong)) · 丁 (eumhun 장정 정 (jangjeong jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“the fourth of the ten heavenly stems; something D”) • hanja form of 정 (“male adult; man”)
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canonical : 丁: Hán Việt readings: đinh 丁: Nôm readings: đứa • canonical : đinh • canonical : đềnh • canonical : tênh • canonical : tranh • canonical : đĩnh
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chữ Hán form of Đinh (“fourth of the ten heavenly stems”). • chữ Hán form of Đinh (“a surname”). • Nôm form of đứa (“indicates young person, child or inferior person”).
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丁
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| 七
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Characters in the same phonetic series (七) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a vertical stroke and a horizontal stroke bisecting each other – original character of 切 (OC *sn̥ʰiːds, *sn̥ʰiːd, “to cut”). \ The top-most horizontal stroke is done from left to right. The vertical stroke and bottom-most horizontal stroke are done as one stroke, from top-left to bottom-right. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni-s (“seven”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshet • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Middle-Chinese : tshit
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seven • (printing) agate: The size of type between 小六 (xiǎoliù, “little 6”) and 八 (bā, “8”), standardized as 5½ point.
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‖ 七(なな) • (nana) ‖ 七(なな) • (nana) ‖ 七(なな) • (Nana) ‖ 七(しち) • (shichi) ‖ 七(な) • (na) ‖ 七(チー) • (chī)
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seven • seventh • seven times ‖ seven, 7 ‖ a seven • a gambler ‖ a surname ‖ seven, 7 ‖ (colloquial) seven, 7 ‖ seven, 7
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hanja form of 칠 (“seven”)
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canonical : 七: Hán Việt readings: thất 七: Nôm readings: thất • canonical : sất
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七
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| 丈
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 十 (“ten”) + 又 (“hand”) – ten chi (尺) is one zhang (丈). \ ;"gentleman, older man, husband" \ ;"unit of measurement"
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǒng • Middle-Chinese : drjangX
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A unit of measurement. · The zhang, a traditional Chinese unit of length equal to 10 chi (尺) • A unit of measurement. · The mainland zhang, a unit of length standardized in 1984 as 3 ¹/₃ meters. • A unit of measurement. · The Taiwanese zhang, a unit of length standardized as 3 ¹/₃₃ meters, identical to the Japanese jō. • A unit of measurement. · The Hong Kong jeuhng, standardized as 3.71475 meters. • to survey (land); to measure • gentleman; man; husband
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‖ 丈(じょう) • (jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?) ‖ 丈(たけ) • (take) ‖ 丈(じょう) • (Jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?)
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‖ jō, a traditional Japanese unit of length based on 10 shaku, standardized as equal to 3+¹⁄₃₃ meters. ‖ height ‖ a male given name
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丈 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))
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A unit of measurement equal to the Chinese zhang
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canonical : 丈: Hán Việt readings: trượng 丈: Nôm readings: trượng
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丈
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| 三
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Characters in the same phonetic series (三) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) - three parallel strokes. Compare with 一, one stroke meaning “one”, 二, two strokes meaning “two”, and 亖, four strokes meaning “four”. \ Triplication of 一 (“one”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (三) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) - three parallel strokes. Compare with 一, one stroke meaning “one”, 二, two strokes meaning “two”, and 亖, four strokes meaning “four”. \ Triplication of 一 (“one”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sam • Middle-Chinese : sam ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saam³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàm • Middle-Chinese : samH
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three • (Mainland China, slang, neologism) the other woman; the other man • (Mainland China, slang, neologism) · a surname ‖ repeatedly; thrice
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‖ 三(さん) • (san) ‖ 三(サン) • (san) ‖ 三(み) • (mi) ‖ 三(みい) • (mī)
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three ‖ three, 3 • third ‖ three ‖ three ‖ (colloquial) three
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三 (eumhun 셋 삼 (set sam))
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hanja form of 삼 (“three”)
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canonical : 三: Hán Việt readings: tam 三: Nôm readings: tam • canonical : ba • canonical : tám
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chữ Hán form of tam (“three”).
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三
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| 上
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Ideogram (指事) : a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT). \ Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations. ‖ Ideogram (指事) : a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT). \ Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations. ‖ Ideogram (指事) : a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT). \ Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thōng • Middle-Chinese : dzyangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiǔnn • Middle-Chinese : dzyangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáng • Middle-Chinese : dzyangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saang³
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upper part; high position; up • emperor • on; above • superior; senior; top • preceding; previous; last; former • first of several (usually two or three) partitions • within; in; from the standpoint of; according to • (Southern Min) most; extremely ‖ to go up; to ascend • to charge; to advance • to go to; to leave for (a place) (usually to a more developed place) • to board; to get on • to serve; to present; to offer • to attend (class, work) • to enter (a field); to appear (on stage, TV) • to fit; to install; to apply • to screw; to tighten, to twist • (colloquial) Short for 上線 (“to go online”). • to connect to; browse (a website) • (Cantonese) to go north • (Min) to pull upwards or hang with a rope • (Southern Min) to grow and attach • (Xiamen Hokkien) to pile up • (vulgar, usually of a male) to fuck; to have intercourse (usually with a female) • Particle following verbs, indicating direction or achievement. • 7th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ascension" (𝌌) • (mahjong, Cantonese) chow; to call a discarded tile to produce a chow ‖ (～聲) (Chinese phonetics) rising tone in Chinese phonetics ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note do (1). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note do (1).
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‖ 上(うえ) • (ue) ^(←うへ (ufe)?)
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above, high, up • earlier • excellent, top • certain time or place in the past • limit • climb, rise • offer • go to the center • raise, bring up • one of the four tones of Middle Chinese • short for 上野国 (Kōzuke no kuni): Kōzuke Province ‖ the above • the top (position or direction) • the surface of • superior in skill, age, level, etc.
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hanja form of 상 (“up; top; first; best”)
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canonical : 上: Hán Việt readings: thượng 上: Nôm readings: thượng
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chữ Hán form of thượng (“upper; higher; top”).
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上
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| 下
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Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT): \ * inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”); \ * outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”). \ Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations: \ * 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.); \ * 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : haa⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiěe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ěe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiěe • Middle-Chinese : haeX • Middle-Chinese : haeH
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(lower; inferior; located below) · low position • (lower; inferior; located below) · lower part of; under • (lower; inferior; located below) · lower part of; under · under the influence of; with • (lower; inferior; located below) · later; next • (lower; inferior; located below) · inferior, poor • (lower; inferior; located below) · (Eastern Min, Southern Min, Xiang) low (quantity or absolute position) • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down · (as complement) completely, thoroughly • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off · to finish, to complete • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”). • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down · to put food into boiling water • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down · to rain or snow • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down · to give birth (as an animal) • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down · (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”). • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · to give or issue something to an inferior person • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · to give or issue something to an inferior person · to send an invitation • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · to conquer • (a short time) · (historical, obsolete) Synonym of 點／点 (diǎn): an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes • (a short time) · (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下. · for a short time; for one moment • (a short time) · (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下. · give something a go • (a short time) · (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下. • (a short time) · Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
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‖ 下(した) • (shita) ‖ 下(しも) • (shimo) ‖ 下(もと) • (moto) ‖ 下(げ) • (ge) ‖ 下(か) • (ka) ‖ 下(か) • (-ka)
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‖ the underneath ‖ the lower portion, end • lowness in degree or rank • the downstream portion of a river • the downriver area • the area farther from the capital • the last part of a month, year, etc. • the lower half of the body • (euphemistic) private parts • (euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement ‖ the lower portion, base • under the influence of ‖ the last volume in a two- or three-volume set ‖ down; below; beneath ‖ under a situation
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(only used in compounds) hanja form of 하 (“below; bottom; lower; underneath”)
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canonical : 下: Hán Việt readings: hạ 下: Nôm readings: hạ
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chữ Hán form of hạ (“to lower; to bring down; to take down”).
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下
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| 不
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Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx. \ Following Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation. \ Old Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system: \ Takahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons). \ In the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs. \ It is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”). \ The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà). \ 不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category: \ * 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”); \ * 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”); \ * 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”); \ * 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and \ * 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”). \ Cognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : put • Middle-Chinese : pjuw • Middle-Chinese : pjuwX • Middle-Chinese : pjut ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau² • Middle-Chinese : pjuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄡ • Middle-Chinese : pjuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : m̄
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(preceding verbs and adjectives) not • (between a verb and a complement) cannot • Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question) • Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives. • (regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question. • (colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence. • (colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo). • ^† Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts. ‖ ^† Alternative form of 否 (“negation and question particle”) ‖ a surname ‖ Original form of 柎 (fū, “calyx”). ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 毋
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‖ 不(ふ) or 不(ぶ) • (fu- or bu-)
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not, non-, un- ‖ un-, non-, in- • bad, poor
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不 (eumhun 아닐 불 (anil bul)) ‖ 不 (eumhun 아닐 부 (anil bu))
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hanja form of 불 (“not”) ‖ hanja form of 부 (“not”)
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canonical : 不: Hán Việt readings: bất • canonical : bưu • canonical : bỉ • canonical : phi • canonical : phu • canonical : phầu • canonical : phủ 不: Nôm readings: bất
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chữ Hán form of bất (“un-; in-”).
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不
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| 且
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Pictogram (象形) . Multiple interpretations: \ * A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ). \ * An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ * A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script. \ ; “and; also; almost; be going to” ‖ Pictogram (象形) . Multiple interpretations: \ * A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ). \ * An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ * A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script. \ ; “and; also; almost; be going to” ‖ Pictogram (象形) . Multiple interpretations: \ * A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ). \ * An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ * A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script. \ ; “and; also; almost; be going to” ‖ Pictogram (象形) . Multiple interpretations: \ * A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ). \ * An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ * A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). \ In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script. \ ; “and; also; almost; be going to”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiá • Middle-Chinese : tshjaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Middle-Chinese : tsjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou⁴
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this • almost; nearly • be going to; will; shall • just; for the time being • even (used for emphasis, often with a hypothetical extreme scenario) • (dialectal Mandarin) for a long time • and; also (for juxtaposition) • both ... and ... • or (to list alternatives) • moreover (to indicate progression) • if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality) • sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 俎 (zǔ, “chopping board”) • many; numerous; flourishing • sixth month in the lunar calendar • sentence-final modal particle • Alternative form of 駔／驵 (“steed”) ‖ Alternative form of 徂 (cú, “to go to”) ‖ Only used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).
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moreover • also • furthermore
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且 (eumhun 또 차 (tto cha)) ‖ 且 (eumhun 도마 조 (doma jo)) ‖ 且 (eumhun 공경할 저 (gonggyeonghal jeo))
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hanja form of 차 (“moreover; also”) ‖ Alternative form of 俎 (“hanja form of 조 (“a sacrificial altar; a cutting board, a chopping board”)”) ‖ (obsolete) hanja form of 저 (“respect”)
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canonical : 且: Hán Việt readings: thả • canonical : thư • canonical : tồ 且: Nôm readings: thả • canonical : vã • canonical : vả
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(literary) besides, again, moreover
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且
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| 世
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* Pictogram (象形) – three leaves on a branch. The derivative 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb) refers to the original word. \ * Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 十 (“ten”) - thirty, such as a variant form 丗. Thirty years make one generation (thirty times twelve months gives 360 months). Compare 廿 (OC *njɯb, “id-2”). \ 世 (OC *hljebs) is derived from iterative devoicing of 葉 (OC *leb, “leaf”) + *-s suffix, meaning successive foliages of a tree > generations. Compare Tibetan ལོ་མ (lo ma, “leaf”), Western Tibetan ལོབ་མ (lob ma, “leaf”) and Tibetan ལོ (lo, “year”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sè • Middle-Chinese : syejH
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generation • (literary, or in compounds) for many generations; spanning many generations • (in terms of address) longstanding friendship between two families; generations of family friendship • lifetime; all one's life; one's whole life • era; period; time • (geology) epoch (geochronologic unit) • world; people in the world • (literary, or in compounds) dynasty; regime • (literary, or in compounds) year; age • (literary, or in compounds) worldly; profane; secular • a surname
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‖ 世(よ) • (yo) ‖ 世(せい) • (-sei) ‖ 世(せい) • (-sei) ‖ 世(せい) • (Sei)
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‖ world, society • this world, this life • (archaic) generation, age, era • lifetime • lifespan • time of year, season • relationship between a man and a woman • period of a person leading as a patriarch ‖ generation ‖ (geology) epoch ‖ a female given name
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世 (eumhun 인간(人間) 세)
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hanja form of 세 (“world”) • hanja form of 세 (“lineage; generation”)
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canonical : 世: Hán Việt readings: thế 世: Nôm readings: thế • canonical : thá • canonical : thé • canonical : thể
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世
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| 丘
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Characters in the same phonetic series (丘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) – hill. Earlier form closer to 丠, as in 虛 (OC *kʰa, *qʰa). Compare 山. \ Wang (1982) relates this word to 墟 (xū) "ruin-mound". However, Schuessler (2007) disagrees. \ Schuessler considers two homophones 丘, "hill, mound" and 丘 "village, district" to be the same word as settlements were often built on elevated grounds (for a parallel see 京 (jīng)) and traces this word's etymology to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/g-wa (“village”); within Sinitic, 丘 (OC *kʰʷɯ) is cognate with 里 (OC *rɯʔ) "village" and 街 (OC *kreː, *kreː) "road crossing, street"; outsides Sinitic, cognate with Mizo khua (“village”), Lai khûa (“village, cosmos”), and Burmese ရွာ (rwa, “village”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiu • Middle-Chinese : khjuw
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mound; hill • grave • to place a coffin in a temporary shelter pending burial • (dialectal) Classifier for fields: plot • (obsolete) ruins • (obsolete) empty • a surname
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丘 (eumhun 언덕 구 (eondeok gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“small hill”)
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canonical : 丘: Hán Việt readings: khiêu • canonical : khâu • canonical : khưu 丘: Nôm readings: khâu • canonical : kheo • canonical : khưu
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丘
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| 丙
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Various theories: \ * Pictogram (象形) – shoulders (Shuowen). \ * Pictogram (象形) – the tail of a fish (Erya). \ * Pictogram (象形) – pedestal. \ * Pictogram (象形) – small table. \ * Original form of 柄 (OC *praŋʔ, *praŋs). \ Whatever its original sense may be, it has been lost and replaced by its early use as a heavenly stem. \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) note the phonological relationship between 丙 (OC *praŋʔ) and 兩 (OC *p.raŋʔ, “a pair”); how these two are graphically related is noted in Baxter (1992). Smith (2011) suggests that these two words are not only phonologically similar but also etymologically related, with 丙, meaning "couplet" or "bivalve", referring to an asterism.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : píng • Middle-Chinese : pjaengX
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the third of the ten heavenly stems • third; C • a surname
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‖ 丙(へい) • (hei) ‖ 丙(ひのえ) • (hinoe)
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the third of the ten heavenly stems • third in rank ‖ the third of the ten heavenly stems; something of the third rank ‖ the third of the ten heavenly stems
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丙 (eumhun 셋째 천간 병 (setjjae cheon'gan byeong)) · 丙 (eumhun 남녘 병 (namnyeok byeong))
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hanja form of 병 (“third heavenly stem”) • hanja form of 병 (“third”) • hanja form of 병 (“south, southern”)
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canonical : 丙: Hán Việt readings: bính 丙: Nôm readings: biếng • canonical : bính
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chữ Hán form of Bính (“third of the ten heavenly stems”).
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丙
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| 中
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Pictogram (象形) – a flagpole. Based on archaeological evidence, the middle box has been interpreted as a drum (建鼓). This flagpole with a drum was placed in the center of a field to gather people and to detect the direction of the wind. In addition, the pronunciation of 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) is reminiscent of the beating of a drum. \ Shuowen interprets the character as a vertical stroke 丨 passing through the center of 口, indicating the center. \ It has also been interpreted as an arrow in the center of a target. \ “Middle; centre” (Pronunciation 1) > “to hit the centre; to attain” (Pronunciation 2). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t/duŋ. Cognate with Tibetan གཞུང (gzhung, “middle, center”). \ Related to: \ * 衷 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle; inner garment; inner feelings”); \ * 仲 (OC *duŋs, “second (of the brothers or months)”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a flagpole. Based on archaeological evidence, the middle box has been interpreted as a drum (建鼓). This flagpole with a drum was placed in the center of a field to gather people and to detect the direction of the wind. In addition, the pronunciation of 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) is reminiscent of the beating of a drum. \ Shuowen interprets the character as a vertical stroke 丨 passing through the center of 口, indicating the center. \ It has also been interpreted as an arrow in the center of a target. \ “Middle; centre” (Pronunciation 1) > “to hit the centre; to attain” (Pronunciation 2). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t/duŋ. Cognate with Tibetan གཞུང (gzhung, “middle, center”). \ Related to: \ * 衷 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle; inner garment; inner feelings”); \ * 仲 (OC *duŋs, “second (of the brothers or months)”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thang • Middle-Chinese : trjuwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàng • Middle-Chinese : trjuwngH
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middle; center • medium; intermediary • within; among; in • while; in the process of; during; in the middle of • to be fit for • heart; innermost being • intermediary • (dialectal) all right; OK • (Cantonese) · Short for 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “China; Chinese”). • Short for 中學／中学 (zhōngxué, “middle school”). Used only in the abbreviation of the name. • 1st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "the center" (𝌆) • a surname ‖ to hit the mark; to be correct; to be successful • to be hit by; to suffer; to be affected by • to win (a prize, a lottery)
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‖ 中(ちゅう) • (chū) ‖ 中(ちゅう) • (chū) ‖ 中(ちゅう) • (-chū) ‖ 中(じゅう) • (-jū) ^(←ぢゆう (dyuu)?) ‖ 中(チュン) • (chun) ‖ 中(あたり) • (Atari) · 中(あたる) • (Ataru) · 中(なかば) • (Nakaba)
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‖ the middle, medium • an average, neither good nor poor mark • the second volume of a three-volume set ‖ center, middle • medium, intermediate, middle(-level) • neutral, middle • within (a specific range) • among (friends, company, etc.) • hitting (the center, mark, etc.) • Short for 中国 (Chūgoku): China, Chinese • Short for 中学生 (chūgakusei): junior high school student ‖ during..., being in the process of doing... ‖ during, in the course of, throughout • all over, everywhere ‖ (mahjong) Short for 紅中 (honchun): a red dragon tile • (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand combination”) with a meld of red dragon tiles, worth 1 翻 (han, “double”) ‖ a surname • a female given name • a surname
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中 (eumhun 가운데 중 (gaunde jung)) ‖ 中 • (Jung) (hangeul 중)
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Hanja form of 중 (“average (grade or class)”). • Hanja form of 중 (“middle; medium”). • Hanja form of 중 (“amongst”). • Hanja form of 중 (“in the course of; during”). • Hanja form of 중 (“China (in compounds or in news media)”). ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 中(중)國(국) (Jungguk, “China”).
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canonical : 中: Hán Việt readings: trung • canonical : trúng 中: Nôm readings: trúng • canonical : trong • canonical : trung • canonical : truồng • canonical : đúng • canonical : truông
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Chữ Hán form of trung (“middle”). • Chữ Hán form of Trung (“Sino-”). • Chữ Hán form of trúng (“to hit”). • Nôm form of trong (“in; inside; within”).
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中
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| 丸
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Shuowen suggests that it is an ideogram (指事) from 仄 (“to tilt”) flipped – something that can be tilted and turned; something round. \ Unrelated to the right component of characters like 執 and 孰, which comes from 丮. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : înn • Middle-Chinese : hwan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁴
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small round object; ball; pellet • (medicine) pill • (obsolete) egg (of a bird) • (obsolete) to roll into a ball • Classifier for pills of Chinese medicine. • a surname: Wan ‖ Used in 烏丸／乌丸.
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‖ 丸(まる) • (maru) ‖ 丸(まる) • (maru-) ‖ 丸(まる) • (-maru) ‖ 丸(まる) • (Maru) ‖ 丸(まる) • (-maru) ‖ 丸(まる) • (maru) ‖ 丸(まろ) • (maro) ^†-nari ‖ 丸(まろ) • (maro) ‖ 丸(まろ) • (Maro) ‖ 丸(がん) • (gan) ^(←ぐわん (gwan)?) ‖ 丸(がん) • (gan) ^(←ぐわん (gwan)?) ‖ 丸(がん) • (Gan) ^(←ぐわん (gwan)?)
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circle • round • whole • pill ‖ any round object: · a circle • any round object: · a sphere, ball • any round object: · (by extension) any non-perfectly round objects, such as an oval • any round object: · the "○" symbol, equivalent to a check mark in some other languages • any round object: · (by extension) something correct, good, or right • (colloquial) money • enclosure inside a castle's walls • (colloquial) the 。 mark, or 句点 (kuten, “full stop, period”) • (colloquial) the ゜ mark, or 半濁点 (handakuten, “semi-voicing mark”) • the circular outline of a Japanese crest • (Kansai) a soft-shell turtle • term relating to completeness: · fullness, wholeness • term relating to completeness: · meeting specific conditions • a Japanese unit of weight • a Japanese unit of counting washi • a day where prices are doubled in a red-light district ‖ whole, complete ‖ suffix for ship names ‖ a surname ‖ Alternative spelling of 麻呂 (maru): attaches to names of persons or objects expressing dearness ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) Alternative spelling of 麻呂 (maru): first-person singular, I, me ‖ round • plump and thick • all, whole ‖ a round object • all, whole • coins, money ‖ a surname ‖ round; circular ‖ a meatball, fishball • a pill ‖ a surname
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丸 (eumhun 둥글 환 (dunggeul hwan))
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Hán-Nôm : hoàn • Hán-Nôm : hòn • Hán-Nôm : giúp • Hán-Nôm : xắp • Hán-Nôm : xóp
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丸
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| 丹
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Schuessler (2007) suggests a Kam-Tai origin, comparing it to Proto-Kam-Sui *h-lanꟲ (“red”). 矸, as in 丹矸, may be a variant; see there for more. \ Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)a-n ~ *tsa-n (“red”), whence Burmese တာ (ta, “very red”) (Matisoff, 2003; Hill, 2014); however, STEDT currently does not compare this to 丹. \ Possibly related to 旃 (OC *tjan, “a plain red flag”), as well as 袒 (OC *daːnʔ, “to bare; to strip oneself naked to the waist”), as skin color is often associated with "red". See these entries for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tan • Middle-Chinese : tan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daan¹
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cinnabar • red • refined medical substance • a surname ‖ (Catholicism) Dan
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‖ 丹(に) • (ni) ‖ 丹(たん) • (tan) ‖ 丹(たん) • (Tan)
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cinnabar • red • elixir made with cinnabar (e.g. Chinese elixir of life) • improvised medicine • devotion • Short for 丹波国 (Tanba-koku, “Tanba Province”) ‖ the color red • red earth ‖ cinnabar • a yellowish-red pigment made from lead oxide, used, for example, in nihonga • medicine, especially one for inducing immortality • a yellow-red color, as of cinnabar ‖ a surname
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丹 (eumhun 붉을 단 (bulgeul dan)) ‖ 丹 (eumhun 정성스러울 란 (jeongseongseureoul ran), word-initial (South Korea) 정성스러울 난 (jeongseongseureoul nan))
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hanja form of 단 (“red”) ‖ hanja form of 란 (“devotion”)
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canonical : 丹: Hán Việt readings: đan • canonical : đơn 丹: Nôm readings: đơn • canonical : đan
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chữ Hán form of đan/đơn (“cinnabar”). • chữ Hán form of đan/đơn (“red color”).
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丹
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| 主
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Pictogram (象形) : A picture of a lamp or a torch with a flame at the top. \ Original form of 炷. Current meaning acquired by sound loan. \ Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007) ‖ Pictogram (象形) : A picture of a lamp or a torch with a flame at the top. \ Original form of 炷. Current meaning acquired by sound loan. \ Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ
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owner; master • host • (archaic, honorific) you (honorific second-person pronoun addressing a "senior official" [大夫] or his spouse) • (Christianity, Islam) Lord • emperor • (colloquial, derogatory) person of a specified type • agent; agency • party; entity • main; primary; principal; major • to be in charge; to lead; to command • to indicate; to signify • (grammar) Short for 主語／主语 (zhǔyǔ). • (historical) Short for 公主 (gōngzhǔ). • a surname ‖ Classifier for events. • Alternative form of 注 (zhù, “to pour into”)
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‖ 主(しゅ) • (shu) ^(←しゆ (syu)?) ‖ 主(しゅ) • (Shu) ^(←しゆ (syu)?)
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lord, master • main, principal ‖ head of the family • master, mistress • one's husband • proprietor, landlord ‖ the Lord
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主 (eumhun 임금 주 (imgeum ju)) · 主 (eumhun 주인 주 (ju'in ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“king”) • hanja form of 주 (“master; host; main”)
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canonical : 主: Hán Việt readings: chủ • canonical : chúa 主: Nôm readings: chúa • canonical : chủ
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chữ Hán form of chủ (“owner”). • Nôm form of chúa (“retired father of a king”). • Nôm form of Chúa (“God; Christ; Lord”).
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主
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| 久
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Pictogram (象形) - a man receiving moxibustion. The derivative 灸 (OC *kʷlɯʔ, *kʷlɯs) refers to the original word. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Bantawa [script needed] (kʰokpa, “old man”) (Sagart, 2017d), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwak (“old”). \ 舊 (OC *N-kʷəʔ-s) may be a derivative (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiú • Middle-Chinese : kjuwX
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(of time) long • a surname
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‖ 久(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
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long time ‖ a male given name
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久 (eumhun 오랠 구 (orael gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“to be long”)
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canonical : 久: Hán Việt readings: cửu 久: Nôm readings: cửu
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chữ Hán form of cửu (“for a long time”).
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久
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| 乙
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Unknown. Different ancient texts propose different origins. \ * Pictogram (象形) – a developing plant (Shuowen). \ * Pictogram (象形) – the intestine of a fish (Erya). \ * Pictogram (象形) – the gill bone of a fish (Liji Zhengyi (《禮記正義》) \ The character should not be confused with 𠃉 > 鳦. ‖ Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 乙(おつ) (otsu). ‖ ‖ From 笏.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jyut³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyut⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : it • Middle-Chinese : 'it ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁶ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wat¹
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The second of the ten heavenly stems (天干 (tiāngān)) • second; 2; B; II; beta (used for unnamed people or objects, to enumerate headings in a list, for grades, etc.) • (chemistry) eth-; ethyl • (literary, formal) one • a surname • (Cantonese) (Classifier: 隻／只 c) ‖ (ACG, sometimes sarcastic) thank you for the hard work in (doing something) ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note ti (7). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low ti (7̣). ‖ (Cantonese) Only used in 山雞乙／山鸡乙. (a place in Hong Kong)
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‖ 乙(おつ) • (Otsu) ‖ 乙(おつ) • (otsu) ‖ 乙(おつ) • (otsu) -na (adnominal 乙(おつ)な (otsu na), adverbial 乙(おつ)に (otsu ni)) ‖ 乙(おつ) • (otsu) ‖ 乙(きのと) • (Kinoto) ‖ 乙(おと) • (oto) ‖ 乙(おと) • (oto-)
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‖ the second of the ten Celestial Stems ‖ something B · the second item of any ordered list • something B · (music) one tone lower than the note indicated by 甲 (kō, “something A”) • something B · (by extension from the musical sense) a lower, sonorous and moving sound or tone • something B · (noh theater) in noh musical accompaniment, a specific kind of muffled drum beat played by striking the head of the taiko drum and keeping the mallet pressed against the head • (Kansai dialect, slang) a stupid person, someone who is slow on the uptake • (rare, possibly archaic) the state or circumstances of a thing • (rare, possibly archaic) dressing up in an odd fashion ‖ out of the ordinary, strange or unusual in an interesting or stylish way • strange, odd, weird ‖ (Internet slang) Clipping of お疲れ様です (otsukaresama desu). ‖ the second of the ten heavenly stems ‖ (archaic) a younger sibling • (archaic) the youngest sibling • (archaic) clipping of 乙娘 (oto musume) a young woman • (archaic, Noh theater) clipping of 乙御前 (oto goze): a stock character in 狂言 (kyōgen) comic interludes, played as a plump and clumsy but earnest young woman ‖ applied to a noun denoting a person, or to a person's name: · next, younger, youngest • applied to a noun denoting a person, or to a person's name: · beautiful, beloved, cute, dear
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乙 (eumhun 새 을 (sae eul))
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bird
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Hán-Nôm : ất • Hán-Nôm : át • Hán-Nôm : ắc • Hán-Nôm : ắt • Hán-Nôm : hắt • Hán-Nôm : ặc • Hán-Nôm : lớt
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chữ Hán form of Ất (“second of the ten heavenly stems”).
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乙
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| 九
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Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手 (shǒu), 寸 (cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ). \ After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiú • Middle-Chinese : kjuwX
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nine • (figurative) many • (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice • (Cantonese, minced oath, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”)
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‖ 九(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きう (kiu)?) ‖ 九(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きう (kiu)?) ‖ 九(く) • (ku) ‖ 九(く) • (ku) ‖ 九(ここの) • (kokono) ‖ 九(この) • (kono)
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nine ‖ nine ‖ nine • 究: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many • (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin ‖ nine • ninth ‖ nine • the ninth ‖ nine ‖ nine
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九 (eumhun 아홉 구 (ahop gu)) ‖ 九 (eumhun 모을 규 (mo'eul gyu))
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hanja form of 구 (“nine”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 규 (“to gather; to collect”)
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canonical : 九: Hán Việt readings: cửu 九: Nôm readings: cửu
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Chữ Hán form of cửu (“nine”).
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九
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| 乞
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Variant of 气 (OC *kʰɯds), distinguished to indicate a phonetically borrowed meaning “to beg”. ‖ Variant of 气 (OC *kʰɯds), distinguished to indicate a phonetically borrowed meaning “to beg”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khit • Middle-Chinese : khj+t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì • Middle-Chinese : khj+jH
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to beg • to request • a surname ‖ (obsolete or Eastern Min, Teochew) to give • (Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) by • (Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) Used before a verb to indicate passive voice.
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beg • invite • ask
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乞 (eumhun 빌 걸 (bil geol))
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hanja form of 걸 (“to beg”)
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Hán-Nôm : khất • Hán-Nôm : khắt • Hán-Nôm : gật • Hán-Nôm : khật
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乞
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| 乳
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Pictogram (象形) : A woman breastfeeding a child. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəw.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Middle-Chinese : nyuX
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(literary) to breastfeed; to suckle • breast; nipples • milk; breast milk • milk- or cheese-like substance • newborn; young and small • to multiply; to proliferate; to reproduce; to breed
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‖ 乳(ちち) • (chichi) ‖ 乳(ち) • (chi)
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‖ (dated) milk • breast (of a woman, of a female mammal) ‖ (archaic) milk • (archaic) breast
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乳 (eumhun 젖 유 (jeot yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“breast”) • hanja form of 유 (“milk”)
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canonical : 乳: Hán Việt readings: nhũ 乳: Nôm readings: vú • canonical : nhỏ • canonical : nhủ • canonical : nhũ • canonical : nhả • canonical : nhỗ • canonical : nhú
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chữ Hán form of nhũ (“breast”). • Nôm form of vú (“breast”).
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乳
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| 乾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡran) : phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 乙. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kan (“to dry; to dry up”). Cognate with Burmese ခန်း (hkan:, “to dry up; to evaporate”). \ The sense “lacking sweetness” is a semantic loan from French sec or English dry. ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ka-n (“heaven; sky; sun”). Cognate with Tibetan མཁའ (mkha'), ནམ་མཁའ (nam mkha', “sky; heaven”) and Namuyi nɛ⁵⁵ ŋkhɛ³³ mu³³ (“sky”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gon¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Middle-Chinese : kan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiân • Middle-Chinese : gjen ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta • Hokkien · Tai-lo : na
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dry; moistureless; waterless; arid • to dry; to exhaust • to neglect; to snub • (colloquial) to drain one's glass; bottoms up • dried up; exhausted; drained • (of voice) dry and coarse • dried-up food • adopted; adoptive; foster • in vain; for nothing • falsely; superficially • not sweet; lacking sweetness ‖ first of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol ☰ • first hexagram of the I Ching, represented by the symbol ䷀ • (figurative) sky; heaven • (figurative) emperor; monarch • (figurative) sun • (figurative) northwest • (figurative) man; male • a surname ‖ (Min) Alternative form of 焦 (“dry”)
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‖ 乾(いぬい) • (inui) ^(←いぬゐ (i'nwi)?) ‖ 乾(いぬい) • (Inui) ^(←いぬゐ (i'nwi)?) ‖ 乾(かん) • (kan) ‖ 乾(けん) • (ken)
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northwest • dehydrate • arid • drought • imbibe • paradise • the emperor ‖ (obsolete) northwest ‖ a surname ‖ dry ‖ the sky
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乾 (eumhun 하늘 건 (haneul geon)) ‖ 乾 (eumhun 마를 건 (mareul geon))
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hanja form of 건 (“sky”) • hanja form of 건 (“☷ or the first of the eight trigrams (bagua) (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae, “Bagua”))”) • hanja form of 건 (“king”) ‖ (prefix) hanja form of 건 (“dry”) • hanja form of 건 (“moistureless; waterless; arid”) • hanja form of 건 (“in vain; for nothing; superficially”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiền • Hán-Nôm : cạn • Hán-Nôm : can • Hán-Nôm : càn • Hán-Nôm : khan • Hán-Nôm : gàn
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乾
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| 了
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According to the Shuowen Jiezi, a pictogram (象形) of a baby without arms. Compare with 子, where the arms are visible. The Shuowen defines 了 as "the crossing of lower legs". \ In the Shuowen Jiezi Zhu, it is said that the pictogram instead depicts entangled legs (了戾). \ Its relation with the meaning "to finish" is likely via sound loan, but an argument can be made about "entangled legs" → "tie"→ "finish" \ Verb “to finish; to be completed” > perfective aspect particle (了₁, weakened form) > change-of-state modal particle (了₂). It eventually replaced classical 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ). \ Two kinds of particle uses of 了 can be distinguished: the perfective aspect particle after verbs (conventionally written as 了₁) and the sentence-final modal particle (了₂). It is generally accepted (Wu, 1998) that these two uses of 了 are derived from the concrete verb “to finish”. The grammaticalisation of this verb had become common in the Tang Dynasty, initially in the form of ‹verb + (object) + perfective 了› to indicate the completion of an action. \ The perfective particle subsequently underwent further grammaticalisation to become the sentence-final change-of-state modal particle; Liu (1985) has demonstrated that this last step may have involved the coalescence of sentence-final 了 with 也 in certain Mandarin dialects, as the pronunciations of 了₁ and 了₂ are distinct in these dialects, with 了₂ rhyming with 也. \ Contrary to the suggestion in (Schuessler, 2007), this word is not related to Vietnamese rồi, due to the non-existent correspondence between any given phonemes. Thai แล้ว (lɛ́ɛo, “to be finished; already; then, afterwards”), Lao ແລ້ວ (lǣu, “to finish; to be completed; perfective particle”) are loans from Chinese. ‖ According to the Shuowen Jiezi, a pictogram (象形) of a baby without arms. Compare with 子, where the arms are visible. The Shuowen defines 了 as "the crossing of lower legs". \ In the Shuowen Jiezi Zhu, it is said that the pictogram instead depicts entangled legs (了戾). \ Its relation with the meaning "to finish" is likely via sound loan, but an argument can be made about "entangled legs" → "tie"→ "finish" \ Verb “to finish; to be completed” > perfective aspect particle (了₁, weakened form) > change-of-state modal particle (了₂). It eventually replaced classical 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ). \ Two kinds of particle uses of 了 can be distinguished: the perfective aspect particle after verbs (conventionally written as 了₁) and the sentence-final modal particle (了₂). It is generally accepted (Wu, 1998) that these two uses of 了 are derived from the concrete verb “to finish”. The grammaticalisation of this verb had become common in the Tang Dynasty, initially in the form of ‹verb + (object) + perfective 了› to indicate the completion of an action. \ The perfective particle subsequently underwent further grammaticalisation to become the sentence-final change-of-state modal particle; Liu (1985) has demonstrated that this last step may have involved the coalescence of sentence-final 了 with 也 in certain Mandarin dialects, as the pronunciations of 了₁ and 了₂ are distinct in these dialects, with 了₂ rhyming with 也. \ Contrary to the suggestion in (Schuessler, 2007), this word is not related to Vietnamese rồi, due to the non-existent correspondence between any given phonemes. Thai แล้ว (lɛ́ɛo, “to be finished; already; then, afterwards”), Lao ແລ້ວ (lǣu, “to finish; to be completed; perfective particle”) are loans from Chinese.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄌㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄌㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liáu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liáu • Middle-Chinese : lewX
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Used after a verb to indicate perfective aspect (action completion). • Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state. • Used at the end of a sentence to inform the beginning of an action. • (contemporary Shanghainese) Used to indicate the present tense. ‖ to be finished; to be completed • to end; to finish • to understand; to comprehend • clear; plain; understandable • bright; intelligent; smart • (in negative sentences) completely; utterly; entirely • Used with 不 (bù) or 得 (de) after verbs to express possibility. • (Hokkien) to use up; to lose; to waste; to squander
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‖ 了(りょう) • (ryō) ‖ 了(さとる) • (Satoru)
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to end ‖ end • (art works): concluded ‖ a male given name
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了 (eumhun 마칠 료 (machil ryo), word-initial (South Korea) 마칠 요 (machil yo))
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hanja form of 료/요 (“finish, complete”)
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canonical : 了: Hán Việt readings: liễu • canonical : kiết 了: Nôm readings: lểu • canonical : lẽo • canonical : liễu • canonical : lẻo • canonical : léo • canonical : líu • canonical : lếu • canonical : sáu • canonical : lèo • canonical : tréo
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了
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| 予
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Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事) . Originally 吕 (OC *ɡ·raʔ) borrowed for sound, later 亅 was added as a distinguishing mark. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la (“to pay; to give for”). ‖ 與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1. \ Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與. \ Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial: \ * Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007); \ * Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008); \ * /tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education). \ Sagart (2017c) considers 與／与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002). ‖ Traditionally considered a variant of 余 (OC *la), however Shijing and Chuci rhymes suggests that the expected tone reflex was rising tone, similar to Pronunciation 1 (Mattos, 1971; Pulleyblank, 1995), which corresponds to a glottal stop coda in Old Chinese. It could thus be reanalyzed an emphatic form of the *l- series of first-person pronouns, similar to 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “me, us”) compared to 吾 (OC *ŋaː, “I, we”) in the *ŋ- series. \ Cognate with 余 (OC *la), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”), 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ). Further etymology is obscure (Schuessler, 2007). Li F. (1976) reconstructs Old Chinese *rag, and compares it to Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“first person plural pronoun”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”). However, Schuessler considers this etymon belonging to 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs, “both”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : yoX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo
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(alt. form 與／与) to give • to praise; to esteem ‖ (Hokkien) to give • (Teochew) to deliver; to give • (Hokkien) to allow • (Hokkien) to cause; to make • (Hokkien, Teochew) by (used in constructing the passive) • (Penang Hokkien) to pay ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 余 (“I, me”) • a surname
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‖ ‖ 予(よ) • (yo)
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beforehand, in advance ‖ I; me • to give ‖ first-person personal pronoun; I, me
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予 (eum 여 (yeo))
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Hán-Nôm : nhừ • Hán-Nôm : dư
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予
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| 事
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 中 (“flag or hunting weapon”) – flag or hunting weapon in hand > to perform one's job. Compare 史, 吏. \ Exopassive of 士 (OC *zrɯʔ, “to give or carry out an assignment; to serve”), literally “what has been assigned” (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, based on Gong (2000), STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-dzas (“thing”), whence Burmese စာ (ca, “thing”) and Tibetan རྫས (rdzas, “thing, object, matter”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 中 (“flag or hunting weapon”) – flag or hunting weapon in hand > to perform one's job. Compare 史, 吏. \ Exopassive of 士 (OC *zrɯʔ, “to give or carry out an assignment; to serve”), literally “what has been assigned” (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, based on Gong (2000), STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-dzas (“thing”), whence Burmese စာ (ca, “thing”) and Tibetan རྫས (rdzas, “thing, object, matter”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Middle-Chinese : dzriH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˋ • Middle-Chinese : tsriH
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thing; matter (Classifier: 件 m c; 樁／桩 m; 回 m) • task; work; job; career • misfortune; mishap; accident; incident • responsibility; involvement • (dialectal Hakka, Northern Min, Central Min) speech; words; language • (literary) to serve; to attend to someone • to be engaged in • (Beijing Mandarin, erhua-ed) fussy; pernickety; troublesome • 27th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "duties" (𝌠) ‖ Alternative form of 倳 (zì, “to establish”) • Alternative form of 剚 (zì, “to stab”)
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事
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| 二
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Ideogram (指事) - two parallel strokes. Compare with 一, one stroke meaning one, 三, three strokes meaning three, and 亖 (sì), four strokes meaning four. Duplication of 一 (“one”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-ni-s. Cognate to Tibetan གཉིས (gnyis), Sikkimese ཉི (nyi), Tangut 𗍫 (*njɨ̱¹), Burmese နှစ် (hnac), and Nuosu ꑍ (nyip). See also: 次 (OC *sn̥ʰis, “second; next”), a cognate within Chinese languages.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li • Middle-Chinese : nyijH
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two • second • secondary, vice- • again, once more • two-fold, double • fold, times • different; other, else • (handwritten, dated, now informal) An iteration mark denoting the repetition of the previous hanzi; often written at a smaller size when used for this purpose. • Short for "twenty, two hundred or two thousand" after hundreds, thousands and ten thousands. • Short for "twenty cents". • (dialectal Mandarin) stupid, dumb; silly, thick, lacking mental agility (often in a cute way) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, school slang) to obtain a level two in a subject in DSE (exam) (usually implies failing the subject) • (Classical) Alternative form of 貳／贰 (èr); usually limited to the simplified script
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‖ 二(に) • (ni) ‖ 二(に) • (ni) ‖ 二(ふた) • (futa) ‖ 二(アル) • (aru)
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‖ two, 2 • second ‖ two, 2 ‖ two ‖ two, 2
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二 (eumhun 두 이 (du i))
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hanja form of 이 (“two”)
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canonical : 二: Hán Việt readings: nhị 二: Nôm readings: nhì • canonical : nhị • canonical : nhẹ
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chữ Hán form of nhị (“two”). • Nôm form of nhì (“second”).
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二
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| 互
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Pictogram (象形) . A spool to wind up rope (like a modern garden hose spool). Original character for 䇘 ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Middle-Chinese : huH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo
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mutually; reciprocally • mutual • crisscrossing; intertwining • Alternative form of 䇘 (hù, “a tool to wind up cord”) • Alternative form of 枑 (hù, “wooden rack”) • error; mistake • gate • crustacean • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 予
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mutually, reciprocally
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互 (eum 호 (ho))
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Hán-Nôm : hỗ • Hán-Nôm : hổ
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互
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| 五
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Originally written 𠄡, consisting of 㐅 with a bar on the top and bottom. One hypothesis explains that this may have meant five because when counting on a single hand, one first counts to five and then crosses back the other way to ten. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l/b-ŋa (“five”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : góo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gú • Middle-Chinese : nguX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu¹
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five • a surname. Wu (mainland China, Taiwan), Ng (Hong Kong) • (printing) The size of type between 小五 (xiǎowǔ) (little 5) and 小四 (xiǎosì) (little 4), standardized as 10½ point. ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note la (6). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note la (6).
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‖ 五(いつ) • (itsu) ‖ 五(ご) • (go) ‖ 五(い) • (i)
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five ‖ five ‖ five • a name of a hole of a wind instrument ‖ five
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五 (eumhun 다섯 오 (daseot o))
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hanja form of 오 (“five”)
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canonical : 五: Hán Việt readings: ngũ 五: Nôm readings: ngũ • canonical : ngủ • canonical : ngỗ
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chữ Hán form of ngũ (“five”).
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五
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| 井
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Pictogram (象形) – a square well, with supports on four sides. \ Some forms have a stone inside the well, as in 丼.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsénn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsíng • Middle-Chinese : tsjengX
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well (a hole sunk into the ground) (Classifier: 口; 眼) • well-shaped object; mineshaft, pit • hometown • neat; tidy • 48th hexagram of the I Ching • a surname
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‖ 井(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 井(い) • (I) ‖ 井(せい) • (sei) ‖ 井(せい) • (Sei)
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well ‖ well (water source) ‖ a surname ‖ well, well curb ‖ Well (Chinese constellation)
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井 (eumhun 우물 정 (umul jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“well (a hole sunk into the ground)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tỉnh
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井
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| 亡
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Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”). \ The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995). ‖ Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”). \ The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Middle-Chinese : mjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴
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to run away; to flee; to escape • to lose • (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out • (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate • to die • Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”) ‖ Alternative form of 無／无 (“not have”) • Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)
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destroy • fall; collapse • not exist; nonexistent • run away
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亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang)) ‖ 亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))
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hanja form of 망 (“destroy; collapse”) ‖ Alternative form of 無 (“hanja form of 무 (“not”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : vong • Hán-Nôm : vô
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亡
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| 交
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Pictogram (象形) – a human with crossed legs. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rjaw (“mix”); cognate with Burmese ရော (rau:, “to mix”), Jingpho yau (“be mixed”), kəjau (“to mix, intermix”), compare Chepang [script needed] (ljawh-ʔo, “mixed”) and Proto-Mienic *klaau³ (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 交 – see 跤 (“tumble; fall; leg; foot; lower limb; etc.”). \ (This character is the second-round simplified form of 跤). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka̍h • Middle-Chinese : kaew ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiau
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to intersect; to cross • to reach (a certain time) • time or place where two things meet • to hand over; to turn in; to submit • to make (friends) • friendship; relationship • to have sexual intercourse; to mate • mutually; reciprocally • simultaneously; at the same time • 16th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "contact" (𝌕) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 跤 • (Hokkien, dated) Used to refer to a private wholesale trading company ‖ (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) and • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) with; accompanying
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‖
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to intersect • to keep company with; to mix with • to cross ‖
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交 (eumhun 사귈 교 (sagwil gyo))
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hanja form of 교 (“to intersect”)
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Hán-Nôm : giao
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交
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| 享
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See 亯.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoeng² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiáng
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to enjoy • (obsolete) to offer (to a superior); to present; to pay (a tribute)
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to enjoy • to receive • to undergo • to answer (the phone)
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享 (eumhun 누릴 향 (nuril hyang))
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hanja form of 향 (“to enjoy”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : hưởng
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享
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| 京
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According to Shuowen, from 高 (gāo), where the lower 口 (kǒu) is reduced to 丨 (gǔn). \ Either from: \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”) (STEDT), cognate with 岡 (OC *klaːŋ, “hill, crest”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”), Tibetan སྒང་ (sgang, “ridge; mound”), Burmese ခင် (hkang, “ridge”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “summit”), Lahu qhɔ³³ (“mountain”), Sulung gɹaŋ³³ (“mountain”), Proto-Tamangic *ᴬgaŋ ("hill, mountain"); or \ * of Austroasiatic origin, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *graŋ (“hill, peak”) (Schuessler, 2007), whence Mon ဂြၚ် (krɛ̀aŋ, “peak”) and Old Khmer grāṅ (“hill on flat land”). \ Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From Vietnamese Kinh, via Cantonese. \ * Mandarin \ *:(Pinyin): jīng (jing¹) \ *:(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ \ * Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng \ *** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: jing \ *** Wade–Giles: ching¹ \ *** Yale: jīng \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing \ *** Palladius: цзин (czin) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ \ * Cantonese \ ** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong) \ *** Jyutping: ging¹ \ *** Yale: gīng \ *** Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ \ *** Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɪŋ⁵⁵/ \ ---- \ * Dialectal data
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Middle-Chinese : kjaeng ‖
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^⁜ capital (city) • Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949 • Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). between 1927–1948 • Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics • tall mound • large barn • large; great • ten million, 10⁷ • ten quadrillion, 10¹⁶ • septillion, 10²⁴ • A hundred nonillion, 10³² ‖ ethnic Vietnamese from China
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‖ 京(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?) ‖ 京(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?) ‖ 京(みやこ) • (miyako) ‖ 京(けい) • (kei)
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capital city • ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 10¹⁶ • Tokyo • Kyoto ‖ capital city • Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”). ‖ capital city • (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan) • (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan) ‖ the place where the emperor resides • a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital • metropolis ‖ 10,000,000,000,000,000, 10¹⁶, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion
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京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong)) · 京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“capital”) • hanja form of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 10¹⁶, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”)
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canonical : 京: Hán Việt readings: kinh • canonical : nguyên 京: Nôm readings: kinh • canonical : kiêng • canonical : kềnh • canonical : kình ‖ romanization : kinh ‖ romanization : Kinh ‖ romanization : kiêng
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‖ chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”). ‖ chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”). ‖ Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).
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京
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| 亭
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-diŋ (“settled; fixed; established”), whence Proto-Lolo-Burmese *m-diŋ¹ ⪤ ʔ-diŋ¹ (“settled; come to rest”) and 定 (OC *deːŋs) (STEDT). Schuessle (2007) also compares 亭 (OC *deːŋ) to Mizo ding (“to stand; to stop; to halt”) and Lepcha ᰌᰧᰵ (diŋ, “to be erect”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ting⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ting⁴⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tân • Middle-Chinese : deng
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(historical) inn • pavilion • kiosk • (obsolete) erect • (historical) a local administrative agency during the Qin and Han dynasties
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‖ 亭(ちん) • (chin) ^(←ちん (tin)?) ‖ 亭(てい) • (tei) ^(←てい (tei)?)
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arbor • pavilion ‖ arbor ‖ Alternative form of 亭 (chin)
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亭 • (jeong) · 亭 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng)
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Hán-Nôm : đình • Hán-Nôm : đứa
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亭
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| 人
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Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – side view of a standing man, highlighting the arms and legs. Compare 大. \ Sagart (1999) relates it to Tibetan ཉེན (nyen, “relative”), from ཉེ (nye, “near”) + nominalizing suffix -n; if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːj ~ s-nej (“near”). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes two etymologies: \ * Same etymon as 仁 (OC *njin, “to be kind; to be good”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”). The semantic association of 仁 with 人 was somewhat late, dated to Mencius's time; later on, 仁 would be usually interpreted as "humane, acting like a human being". \ ** If so, semantically parallel with Tibetan སེམས་ཅན (sems can, “living being, human, animal”, literally “possessor of mind”); and Latin animalis (“living, having soul”) from anima (“soul”). \ * Related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɲaʔ ~ *ɲah (“person”) with a nominalizing suffix -n, from the auto-ethnonym of a hostile, possibly Austroasiatic-speaking, eastern people, whom the Sinitic-speaking Shang referred to as 人方 (OC *njin paŋ). ‖ The Min native word for “person”; used as a replacement character for 儂／侬 (nóng). Use of 人 is recommended by Taiwan's Ministry of Education. ‖ The Min native word for “person”; used as a replacement character for 儂／侬 (nóng). Use of 人 is recommended by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Middle-Chinese : nyin ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâng ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǎng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâng
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man; person; people (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 h) • a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er • body • everybody; everyone • other people; others • physical, psychological or moral quality or condition; character; personality (Classifier: 份 c; 個／个 c) • manpower; worker; employee • talent; person of talent • (obsolete) common people; commoner • adult; grown-up • artificial; man-made • (fantasy, mythology) were- (indicates a person who changes shape into an animal) • (Cantonese) used as a dummy pronoun; someone; others • (Zhao'an Hakka) pluralizes a personal pronoun • (obsolete) sexual intercourse • (obsolete) company; companion; friend • (obsolete) human affairs; ways of the world • (obsolete) mortal world; earthly word • (obsolete) Alternative form of 仁 (rén, “kernel”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 仁 (rén, “charity”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 仁 (rén, “loving; kind”) • (Beijing Mandarin) Lenition of 人家 (rénjia). • (Taishanese) paternal grandmother • a surname ‖ man; person; people; human being; Homo sapiens (Classifier: 個／个 mn; 隻／只 md) • a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er • physical, psychological or moral quality or condition ‖ other people • I; me
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‖ 人(ひと) or 人(ヒト) • (hito) (counter 人) ‖ 人(ひと) • (hito) ‖ 人(にん) • (nin) ‖ 人(にん) • (-nin) ‖ 人(にん) • (nin) ‖ 人(じん) • (-jin) ‖ 人(じん) • (jin) ‖ 人(り) • (-ri)
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‖ a person, human • an individual • mankind, people • character, personality • an average person • (law) legal person • an adult • someone (else) ‖ (archaic) second-person personal pronoun: you ‖ a personality • the role of that person ‖ counter for number of people ‖ man ‖ person from that group • person who does the activity of the suffixed word ‖ man • Short for 人造 (jinzō): artificial, synthetic ‖ counter for number of people
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人 (eumhun 사람 인 (saram in))
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hanja form of 인 (“human; person”)
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canonical : 人: Hán Việt readings: nhân 人: Nôm readings: nhơn • canonical : nhân • canonical : người
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(Northern Vietnam) chữ Hán form of nhân (“human”). • (Southern Vietnam) chữ Hán form of nhơn (“human”).
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人
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| 仁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njin) : phonetic 人 (OC *njin) + semantic 二. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Tangkhul Naga ning (“mind”), Manipuri ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ (pookneeng, “heart; mind”), Kinnauri [script needed] (stiŋ, “heart”), Garo taning (“brain”), Ngochang Achang nhaiqlom (“heart”), Bisu นืงบา (nɨŋba, “heart”). Possibly related to Tibetan ཉིང (nying, “pith, essence”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ For a parallel semantic development, compare Tibetan སྙིང་རྗེ (snying rje, “compassion; kindness; mercy”), from Tibetan སྙིང (snying, “heart; mind”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jan⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngan⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jîn • Middle-Chinese : nyin
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compassionate; humane • humaneness; benevolence; kindness • (literary) person of virtue • kernel
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‖ 仁(ひとし) or 仁(じん) or 仁(まさし) • (Hitoshi or Jin or Masashi)
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benevolence ‖ a male given name
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仁 (eumhun 어질 인 (eojil in))
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hanja form of 인 (“benevolence”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhân • Hán-Nôm : nhơn
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benevolence
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仁
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| 今
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Ideogram (指事) – An inverted 曰 (yuē) ("to speak"), so the inverted one means "not to speak". Another theory suggests that it depicts something in the mouth. Maybe the original form of 噤 (OC *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms) or 吟 (OC *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms). The derivative 含 (OC *ɡɯːm) refers to the original word. \ \ Etymology not clear. The word's root may be 其 (OC *ɡɯ, “this”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kim • Middle-Chinese : kim ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tann
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now; at present; current • modern times • this • (literary) thus; promptly • (literary) if • a surname ‖ (Southern Min, Puxian Min) now • (Southern Min) then; in that case • (Taiwanese Hokkien) nowadays
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‖ 今(いま) • (ima) ‖ 今(いま) • (ima) ‖ 今(こん) • (kon-) ‖ 今(こん) • (Kon)
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now; at present ‖ now • just now • soon ‖ now; present • just now ‖ (temporal) this ‖ a surname
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今 (eumhun 이제 금 (ije geum))
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(literary) Hanja form of 금 (“this”). • (literary) Hanja form of 금 (“now; at present”).
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canonical : 今: Hán Việt readings: kim • canonical : câm 今: Nôm readings: kim • canonical : câm • canonical : căm • canonical : cầm • canonical : ngấm
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今
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| 介
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + two marks encompassing, indicating "in between" \ ; "to assist" ‖ From 個／个, attested since the Song Dynasty. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Middle-Chinese : keajH ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gai¹ ‖
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to lie between • to relate two things; to connect; to link; to introduce • to assist; to help • to hang; to suspend • to rely on; to depend on • firm; persistent; unswerving • such; like this; this kind of • Original form of 界 (jiè, “boundary; role; duty”). • iota; tiny bit. Alternative form of 芥 • Classifier for people or copper coins. • seashell; shell • to wear armour • (Eastern Min) again; re- • (Taiwan) zepto- (SI unit prefix) ‖ used to indicate a great degree • an adverbialiser; in the manner of ‖ (Hong Kong) Informal shorthand for 雞／鸡 (gai1). ‖ (Hakka) Alternative form of 個／个 (“(particle; classifier)”)
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‖ 介(かい) • (kai)
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‖ to be between, mediate • assist; help • shell, shellfish • armor
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介 (eum 개 (gae))
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forerunner, herald, harbinger • to lie between • sea shell • to wear armor
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Hán-Nôm : giới
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介
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| 他
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). \ Corrupted form of 佗 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *l'aːl), which is found in Zuozhuan. \ Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps cognate with 誃 (OC *l'al, *l̥ʰjalʔ, “to separate”). \ The modern sense of "he, she, it" only emerged after the Han period in colloquial passages, and displaced classical 其 (OC *ɡɯ) and 之 (OC *tjɯ) in mandarin dialects. (Pulleyblank, 1995) \ The phonological development from Middle Chinese was irregular. The expected reflex is tuō, which is sometimes used in literary contexts for the classical "other" sense, but in most Mandarin dialects it is read like tā.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Middle-Chinese : tha
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(chiefly Mandarin, Jin, Xiang, dialectal Wu, originally gender-neutral; nowadays usually referring to males) he; him; she; her • A dummy pronoun. Compare object pronoun 之 (zhī) • other; another • a surname
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‖ 他(ほか) or 他(た) • (hoka or ta)
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‖ another, other, some other
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他 (eumhun 남 타 (nam ta))
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hanja form of 타 (“another, other, some other”)
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Hán-Nôm : tha • Hán-Nôm : thà • Hán-Nôm : thè • Hán-Nôm : thơ
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他
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| 付
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亻 (“person”) + 又 (“hand”) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亻 (“person”) + 寸 (“hand”) – to deliver, to give to someone.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Middle-Chinese : pjuH
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to give; to deliver; to hand over • to pay • to entrust • Alternative form of 副 (“a pair; a set; a classifier for facial expressions”) • a surname
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‖ 付(つけ) • (tsuke) ‖ 付(づけ) • (-zuke) ‖ 付(つき) • (-tsuki) ‖ 付(づき) • (-zuki)
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‖ paying on credit ‖ dated ‖ with, including • appearance, state, condition ‖ attached to
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付 (eumhun 줄 부 (jul bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“give, deliver, pay, hand over”) • hanja form of 부 (“entrust”)
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Hán-Nôm : phó • Hán-Nôm : phú • Hán-Nôm : pho
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付
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| 仙
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sen) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 山 (OC *sreːn, “mountain”) — a person moving into a mountain to practise becoming immortal. \ Originally 僊. The current form is first attested in the clerical script of the Han dynasty. \ A relatively late word, perhaps Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Tibetan གཤེན (gshen, “shaman”), as in Tibetan གཤེན་རབ (gshen rab, “Shenrab”), the founder of the Tibetan religion Bon, although this might be a loan from Chinese (ibid.). Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s[ă]n (“a kind of demon”), comparing it to Tibetan བསེན་མོ (bsen mo, “female devil”) and Jingpho sawn (“malignant female nat”). ‖ Borrowed from English cent. ‖ From clipping of English senior.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sian • Middle-Chinese : sjen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sian ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sin¹
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(Taoism) xian (an immortal; celestial being) • (figurative) extraordinary person • (agent affix, chiefly Southern Min, honorific) expert; a title for a person with a specific expertise • (agent affix, chiefly Southern Min, ironic) person with some specific hobby or addiction • a euphemism for the deceased • (Southern Min) Classifier for deity, idol, statue, doll. Alternative form of 身 (sian) • (Southern Min) (with negative) whatsoever, any way • a surname ‖ (Cantonese, Southern Min, Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin) cent (Classifier: 個／个 c) ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, university slang) senior
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‖ 仙(せん) • (sen)
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‖ a sage or hermit, an enlightened person, usually immortal and ageless • (mythology) short for 仙人 (sennin): a wizard or mage; an immortal living as a hermit in the mountains • by extension, the region or area where a sennin lives • the supernatural techniques for becoming immortal and ageless • a person of exceptional talent
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仙 (eumhun 신선 선 (sinseon seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“a sage or hermit, an enlightened person, usually immortal and ageless”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiên ‖
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‖ xian, Immortal (Taoism) • fairy • celestial
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仙
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| 代
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ) \ ;state's name → toponym \ Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters. ‖ From 事 (OC *zrɯs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tài • Middle-Chinese : dojH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi
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to replace; to take the place of • to act for; to do something on behalf of • to act as; to be the acting (president etc.) • generation; age group • historical period; era • date; age • dynasty; line of rulers • (geology) era (geochronologic unit) • (grammar) Short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”). • (historical geography) Short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”). • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) affair; matter
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‖ 代(しろ) • (shiro) ‖ 代(だい) • (dai) ‖ 代(だい) • (-dai) ‖ 代(だい) • (-dai)
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‖ (archaic) substitution • (archaic) price, cost, charge • (historical) shiro, a unit of land ‖ price • generation of a family • reign of a royal • decade • era ‖ generation of a royal family • era, age, decade ‖ charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent • (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
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代 (eumhun 대신할 대 (daesinhal dae)) · 代 (eumhun 세대 대 (sedae dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“to replace”) [prefix; affix] • hanja form of 대 (“generation”) [noun; suffix; affix]
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canonical : 代: Hán Việt readings: đại 代: Nôm readings: đời • canonical : đãi • canonical : đại • canonical : dạy • canonical : dậy • canonical : rượi • canonical : đười • canonical : đợi
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chữ Hán form of đại (“representative”). • Nôm form of đời (“life; world; generation; era”).
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代
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| 令
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亼 + 卩. \ Usually thought to be related to 命 (OC *mreŋs, “order”) (Schuessler, 2007). As a surname, 令 has many origins, one of them is 令狐 (Línghú). ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English ream. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līng • Middle-Chinese : ljeng • Middle-Chinese : ljengH • Middle-Chinese : lengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Middle-Chinese : leng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Middle-Chinese : ljen
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to order; to command • order; command; directive • to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow • (historical) governor; magistrate (official title) • (literary, or in compounds) good; excellent • (literary, or in compounds) time; season • (literary, or in compounds) drinker's wager game; drinking game • (respectful) your • (poetry) Short for 小令 (“ditty”). • a surname ‖ Used in 令狐 (Línghú). • Used in 令利. • Used in 令俜. • Used in 令星. • Used in 脊令. • Original form of 瓴 (líng). ‖ Classifier for reams of paper. ‖ Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).
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‖ 令(れい) • (rei) ‖ 令(れい) • (rei) ‖ 令(れい) • (Rei) ‖ 令(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?) ‖ 令(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?) ‖ 令(りょう) • (Ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?)
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‖ an order, command, decree • (historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate • (historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, “prefectural governor”) • (historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, “office of financial affairs”) • (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, • (rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system ‖ act, law, ordinance, rule • law, ordinance, regulation • (historical) high-ranking official or magistrate • (obsolete) admonition, teaching • (rare) beautiful, excellent, fine, good • honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative ‖ a female given name ‖ (law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system ‖ order, command, decree • law, ordinance, rule ‖ a female given name
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令 (eumhun 하여금 령 (hayeogeum ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 하여금 영 (hayeogeum yeong))
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hanja form of 령/영 (“an order; a command”) • hanja form of 령/영 (“to cause; to allow”) • hanja form of 령/영 (“to order; to command”)
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Hán-Nôm : lệnh • Hán-Nôm : linh • Hán-Nôm : lanh • Hán-Nôm : lành • Hán-Nôm : lênh • Hán-Nôm : lình • Hán-Nôm : liệng • Hán-Nôm : lịnh • Hán-Nôm : loanh
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令
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| 以
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Pictogram (象形) – a person (人) carrying something. It is often simplified to 㠯 in pre-Qin ancient scripts. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-k (“to take; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with 式 (OC *hljɯɡ, “model; form; rule”), 試 (OC *hljɯɡs, “to test; to try”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : yiX
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a preposition that expresses a boundary in time, orientation, direction or quantity • by; with; by means of • according to • so as to; in order to • because; because of • (literary) therefore; thus • to use • (literary) to consider as • Short for 以色列 (Yǐsèliè, “Israel”). • a surname • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 以 (MC yiX), equivalent to the 4th 等 (děng) of the initial 喻 (MC yuH)
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‖ 以(い) • (i-)
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compared to • than • by means of • because • in view of • compared with ‖ from (this reference point) and (more) • by, with, by means of
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以 (eumhun 써 이 (sseo i))
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hanja form of 이 (“compared to”) • hanja form of 이 (“than”) • hanja form of 이 (“by means of”) • hanja form of 이 (“because”) • hanja form of 이 (“in view of”) • hanja form of 이 (“compared with”)
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Hán-Nôm : dĩ
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以
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| 仰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaŋʔ, *ŋaŋs) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngong⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giáng • Middle-Chinese : ngjangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˋ • Middle-Chinese : ngjangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄤˊ ‖
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to raise the head to look • to look up to; to admire • to face upward; to flip • to trace back • Used in official documents in the old days; shows deference to a superior, and hope to a subordinate. • a surname ‖ to rely on ‖ Alternative form of 昂 (“high”) ‖ (Hakka) how
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face-up • look up • depend • seek • respect • revere • drink • take
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仰 (eum 앙 (ang))
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to raise the head to look • to look up; to rely on; to admire
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Hán-Nôm : ngưỡng • Hán-Nôm : ngẳng • Hán-Nôm : ngẵng • Hán-Nôm : ngãng • Hán-Nôm : khưỡng • Hán-Nôm : ngẩng • Hán-Nôm : ngẫng • Hán-Nôm : ngửng
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仰
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| 仲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *duŋs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle”). \ Derived from 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle”). ‖ Probably from 重.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōng • Middle-Chinese : drjuwngH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶
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second, especially when referring to seniority of siblings. See usage notes of 伯. • middle • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) still (referring to time) • (Cantonese) even more • (Cantonese) also; as well
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仲 (eum 중 (jung))
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Hán-Nôm : trọng
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仲
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| 件
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 牛 (“cow”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiǎnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiǎn • Middle-Chinese : gjenX
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(literary) to separate; to distinguish • item; component • document; letter • Classifier for things which can be numerically counted, such as pieces of luggage, clothes, events: piece • a surname
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‖ 件(けん) • (ken) ‖ 件(くだん) • (kudan) ‖ 件(くだり) • (kudari)
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‖ case • matter • subject • (informal, always modified with a verb phrase) incident; happening ‖ example • precedent • kudan; half-human, half-ox mythical creature ‖ clause, passage, paragraph • precedent
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件 (eumhun 물건 건 (mulgeon geon))
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hanja form of 건 (“case”) • hanja form of 건 (“matter”) • hanja form of 건 (“subject”) • hanja form of 건 (“example”) • hanja form of 건 (“precedent”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiện • Hán-Nôm : kịn • Hán-Nôm : kẹn
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件
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| 任
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Characters in the same phonetic series (壬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯm, *njɯms) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 壬 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *njɯm) – to carry on a shoulder pole. \ Note that its phonetic part 壬 (OC *njɯm) may be the graphical representation of 任, depicting a shoulder pole rotated by 90 degrees. \ Cognate with 妊 (OC *njɯms, “pregnant”) and Tibetan སྣོམ་པ (snom pa, “to take; seize; hold”). May also be cognate with Proto-Kam-Sui *ȵam¹ (“to hold”) and Old Khmer nāṃ (“to carry”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (壬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯm, *njɯms) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 壬 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *njɯm) – to carry on a shoulder pole. \ Note that its phonetic part 壬 (OC *njɯm) may be the graphical representation of 任, depicting a shoulder pole rotated by 90 degrees. \ Cognate with 妊 (OC *njɯms, “pregnant”) and Tibetan སྣོམ་པ (snom pa, “to take; seize; hold”). May also be cognate with Proto-Kam-Sui *ȵam¹ (“to hold”) and Old Khmer nāṃ (“to carry”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīm • Middle-Chinese : nyimH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jîm • Middle-Chinese : nyim
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to carry on a shoulder pole; to carry • to bear; to endure; to put up with • to take charge of; to assume the post of; to be in charge of • to trust to; to rely on; to believe; to guarantee • to appoint; to assign someone to a post • to indulge; to be self-indulgent; to allow • load; burden; luggage; baggage • duty; responsibility; obligation • tenure; term of office; incumbency • office; post; position • officeholder; postholder • even if; even though • no matter how; regardless of • Classifier for terms of office. ‖ (historical) an ancient woman's rank of nobility • (historical) an ancient music of the southern indigenous people • Alternative form of 壬 (rén, “artful; fawning”) • a surname
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‖ 任(にん) • (nin) ‖ 任(まき) • (maki) ‖ 任(まけ) • (make)
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responsibility • duty • term • entrust to • appoint ‖ duty, responsibility, obligation ‖ ‖
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任 (eumhun 맡길 임 (matgil im))
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hanja form of 임 (“duty; responsibility”)
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canonical : 任: Hán Việt readings: nhậm • canonical : nhiệm • canonical : nhâm 任: Nôm readings: nhậm • canonical : nhằm • canonical : nhầm • canonical : nhẩm • canonical : nhăm • canonical : nhặm • canonical : vững
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任
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| 企
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‖ See 屋企.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thì • Middle-Chinese : khjeX • Middle-Chinese : khjieH ‖
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^†(alternative form 跂) to stand on one's tiptoes • (Cantonese, Hakka) to stand • ^⁜ to expect anxiously • ^⁜ to plan • (chiefly in compounds) Short for 企業／企业 (qǐyè, “enterprise”). • a surname • (Shanghainese) straight; steep ‖ Used in 屋企 (“home”).
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plan, undertake, design
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企 (eumhun 꾀할 기 (kkoehal gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“plan”)
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Hán-Nôm : xí
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企
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| 伏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 犬 (“dog”) – meaning “prostrate”. \ * A dog at the side of a person. \ * A person adopting the position of a dog. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 犬 (“dog”) – meaning “prostrate”. \ * A dog at the side of a person. \ * A person adopting the position of a dog.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : buk⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k • Middle-Chinese : bjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bjuwH
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to lie prostrate • to crouch; to crawl • to ambush; to lie hidden • to hide; to conceal • to surrender; to yield • to accept; to submit; to bear; to endure • to subdue • to go down; to fall down • to remain; to wait for • to remove • residence • hottest days of summer • (Hong Kong Cantonese) below expectation; worse than anticipated; trappy • (obsolete) horizontal wooden bar in front of a carriage chair • Short for 伏特 (fútè, “volt”). • Alternative form of 服 • a surname: Fu ‖ (archaic or dialectal) to hatch
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prostrated • bend down • bow • cover • lay pipes
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伏 (eumhun 엎드릴 복 (eopdeuril bok)) · 伏 (eumhun 안을 부 (aneul bu))
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hanja form of 복 (“crouch, crawl, lie hidden, conceal”) • hanja form of 복 (“embrace, hold something in one's arms”)
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Hán-Nôm : phục
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伏
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| 伐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjot
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to kill; to slaughter; to behead • to hack; to fell; to cut down; to hew • to knock; to strike; to hit • to send troops to suppress; to attack • to remove; to eliminate; to take away • to damage; to harm; to endanger • to defeat; to thwart • to criticize; to blame • (Chinese astronomy) the name of three stars in the Three Stars mansion: 42 Orionis, θ2 Orionis and ι Orionis • ridge soil • Alternative form of 閥／阀 (fá, “merit; achievement”) • to brag about (oneself); to flaunt • Alternative form of 瞂 (fá, “shield”) • Alternative form of 罰／罚 (fá, “to punish”) • (Min) to stride; to take a stride; to step forward; to step over • (Min) step; footstep; stride • (Min) Classifier for footsteps: step • (Wu) Alternative form of 𠲎 (⁰va, “final interrogative particle on a yes/no question”) • (Wu) Alternative form of 勿 (“not”) • a surname
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to attack, to strike, to cut
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伐 (eumhun 칠 벌 (chil beol))
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hanja form of 벌 (“to attack, to strike, to cut”)
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Hán-Nôm : phạt
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伐
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| 休
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 木 (“tree”) – a man leaning against a tree, resting.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jau¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiu • Middle-Chinese : xjuw
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to rest; to relax • joyous; happy • (archaic, literary) glory; virtue; goodness (what is worthy of praise and celebration) • (archaic, literary) bliss; auspicious omen • to stop; to cease • to retire • (historical) to cast off one’s wife and send her home; to divorce one's wife • do not; don't • a surname • A transliteration of the English male given name Hugh
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‖ 休(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きう (kiu)?)
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‖ rest; vacation
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休 (eumhun 쉴 휴 (swil hyu))
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hanja form of 휴 (“rest; relax”)
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Hán-Nôm : hưu
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休
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| 伯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːɡ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ). \ Unclear. Possibly an areal word (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mru [script needed] (rak, “eldest brother”) and Kukish prak (“eldest brother”) (Löffler, 1966), as well as Lahu phâ (“god; lord”) < Thai พระ (prá) < Old Khmer bra or Angkorian Old Khmer braḥ, braḥh, brah (“distinguished; divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc.”) (see Khmer ព្រះ (preăh) for more). \ Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), in turn possibly related to 兄 (OC *hmraŋ, “elder brother”) (Benedict, 1972). \ Alternatively, from 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”); compare 皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl, “white”), which underwent parallel semantic shift to "white-haired", though this is possibly folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007). \ Pronunciation 2 is the exoactive/transitive of pronunciation 1 (ibid.). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pit • Middle-Chinese : paek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pà
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(archaic) eldest brother • paternal uncle; father's elder brother • form of address for senior males • (historical) count (rank) • (Jilu Mandarin) mother • (Jilu Mandarin) paternal aunt (wife of father's elder brother) • (Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister) • a surname ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 霸 (“feudal chief”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 霸 (“to dominate; to lead”)
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‖ 伯(はく) • (haku)
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count; earl • eldest brother; eldest uncle • chief official • (abbreviation) Brazil ‖ count; earl • Short for ブラジル／伯剌西爾 (Burajiru, “Brazil (a country)”).
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伯 (eumhun 맏 백 (mat baek)) · 伯 (eumhun 큰아버지 백 (keunabeoji baek)) ‖ 伯 (eumhun 두목 패 (dumok pae)) · 伯 (eumhun 우두머리 패 (udumeori pae)) ‖ 伯 (eumhun 길 맥 (gil maek))
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hanja form of 백 (“eldest brother”) • hanja form of 백 (“father's elder brother”) ‖ hanja form of 패 (“feudal chief; chieftain; feudal rank count; earl (abolished in the late 14th century)”) ‖ (Literary Chinese) Alternative form of 陌 (맥 (maek))
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canonical : 伯: Hán Việt readings: bá • canonical : bác 伯: Nôm readings: bá • canonical : bác
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chữ Hán form of bá (“paternal uncle; father's older brother”).
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伯
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| 伴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːnʔ, *baːns) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːnʔ, *baːns) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun⁶⁻² • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun⁵⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuǎnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuān • Middle-Chinese : banX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun³ • Middle-Chinese : banH
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companion • to accompany • a surname ‖ Used in 伴奐／伴奂 (pànhuàn, “relaxed; free; unrestrained”). • Alternative form of 叛 (pàn, “to rebel”)
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‖ 伴(ばん) • (Ban)
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consort ‖ a surname
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伴 (eumhun 짝 반 (jjak ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“companion”)
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canonical : 伴: Hán Việt readings: bạn 伴: Nôm readings: bạn
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chữ Hán form of bạn (“friend”).
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伴
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| 伸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hlin) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Middle-Chinese : syin
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to extend; to stretch out • to report • (Hakka, Hokkien) to be left; to remain • a surname
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‖ 伸(しん) • (Shin) · 伸(のぶる) • (Noburu)
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lengthen ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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伸 (eumhun 펼 신 (pyeol sin))
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Hán-Nôm : thân
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伸
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| 似
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯʔ) : semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 以 (OC *lɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯʔ) : semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 以 (OC *lɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : ziX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ
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to be like; to be similar to; to resemble • Used in conjunction with another adjective in a comparison that the first object/person is in a better position than the second. • as if; it seems that... • to give; to present • Alternative form of 嗣 (sì, “to inherit”) • Alternative form of 以 (yǐ) ‖ Only used in 似的 (shìde, “like”).
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becoming • resemble • counterfeit • imitate • suitable
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似 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : tự • Hán-Nôm : tợ • Hán-Nôm : tựa • Hán-Nôm : từa
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似
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| 但
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 旦 (OC *taːns). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/t)a(n/j) (“single; one; whole; only”). Cognate with 單 (OC *taːn, “single”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nā • Middle-Chinese : dan • Middle-Chinese : danX • Middle-Chinese : danH
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only • but; however; yet; still • a surname • (Protestantism) Dan
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‖ 但(ただし) or 但(たゞし) • (Tadashi)
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‖ a male given name
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但 (eumhun 다만 단 (daman dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“only”) • hanja form of 단 (“but, however, yet, still”)
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canonical : 但: Hán Việt readings: đãn • canonical : đán 但: Nôm readings: giản • canonical : đản • canonical : đởn
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(literary) only • (literary) but, however
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但
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| 位
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷrɯbs) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb, “stand”). Often simply written as 立 in idiomatic expressions such as 即位 (jíwèi) in Western Zhou inscriptions. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-r(j)ap (“to stand”). Derived from 立 (OC *rɯb). Mei (2012) lists it among the possible nasal-prefixed verb forms (Old Chinese *N-k- > Middle Chinese *ɦ-, possibly forming a stative). Suffixed with a nominalizing *-s, it takes the sense "the place/rank/status one holds".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Middle-Chinese : hwijH
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position; location; spot • title; official position • seat; seating • throne; royal seat • rank; grade; status • standard; rule • (honorific) people • (mathematics) digit; place • (often polite) Classifier for persons. • to be situated at; to be located at • to arrange; to set out • (Cantonese) space • (information theory) bit (the smallest unit of storage in a digital computer) • a surname: Wei
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‖ 位(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 位(い) • (-i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ rank, place ‖ rank, place • decimal place • ghosts
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位 (eumhun 자리 위 (jari wi))
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hanja form of 위 (“status, position”) [noun] • hanja form of 위 (“rank, place”) [counter]
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Hán-Nôm : vị • Hán-Nôm : vì
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chữ Hán form of vị (“location; place”). • chữ Hán form of vị (“position; rank”). • (honorific, formal classifier) chữ Hán form of vị (“person; a/an (important person)”). • (archaic) chữ Hán form of vì (“throne, royal rule”).
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位
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| 低
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiːl) : semantic 亻 (“man, person”) + phonetic 氐 (OC *tiːl, *til) – a person lowering themselves, bowing. \ Cognate with 底 (OC *tiːlʔ, “bottom”), 柢 (OC *tiːl, *tiːlʔ, *tiːls, “root of a tree; base”), Tibetan མཐིལ (mthil, “bottom; floor”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : te • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti • Middle-Chinese : tej ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kēe
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low (of height) • low (of quantity); behind average • low (of voice); quiet; soft • (Cantonese) down (adverb) • (dialectal Mandarin, Jin) short (in stature) • to lower; to hang (one's head); to bend; to bow ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 下 (“low”)
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low • short • humble
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低 (eumhun 낮을 저 (najeul jeo))
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hanja form of 저 (“low”) • hanja form of 저 (“cheap”)
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Hán-Nôm : đây • Hán-Nôm : đay • Hán-Nôm : đê
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低
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| 住
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tos, *dos) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiū • Middle-Chinese : drjuH • Middle-Chinese : trjuH
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to live; to dwell; to reside • to stay • to stop; to cease • Verb suffix indicating firmness, steadiness or coming to a halt. • (Cantonese) Verb suffix indicating ongoing action's status.
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‖ 住(じゅう) • (jū) ^(←ぢゆう (dyuu)?) ‖ 住(じゅう) • (-jū) ^(←ぢゆう (dyuu)?)
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dwelling, reside ‖ the act of dwelling, residing, living in a place • abode, residence ‖ added after a placename to indicate where someone lives
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住 (eumhun 살 주 (sal ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“to reside”) • hanja form of 주 (“to stay at”) • hanja form of 주 (“to stop”) • hanja form of 주 (“to pick up, to raise”) • hanja form of 주 (“whereabouts, house”) • hanja form of 주 (“resident”)
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Hán-Nôm : trú • Hán-Nôm : trọ • Hán-Nôm : giọ
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住
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| 佐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːls) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls). \ Compare 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist; to help; to protect”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zo³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsô • Middle-Chinese : tsaH
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to assist; to aid; to second • assistant; aide; subordinate
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aid • help • field officer (Military)
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佐 (eumhun 도울 좌 (doul jwa))
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hanja form of 좌 (“(literary) subordinate”) • hanja form of 좌 (“(military) commander; a field grade officer in the Korean People's Army”)
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Hán-Nôm : tá • Hán-Nôm : tớ
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佐
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| 何
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In the oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) : a man carrying something on their shoulder – the original form of 荷 (OC *ɡaːlʔ, “to carry”). \ The object being carried may have been 戈 (gē), in which case the character is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl, “dagger-axe”). \ In the bronze inscriptions, some forms of the character were phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), from which the modern form derives. \ Cognate with the following interrogative pronouns: \ * 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “what; why”) \ * 奚 (OC *ɡeː, “what; why; where”) \ * 曷 (OC *ɡaːd, “why”) \ * 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “why not”): from the fusion of 何不 (OC *ɡaːl pɯ, “why not”) \ In Sino-Tibetan, cognate with Tibetan ག་ན (ga na, “where; how”), Tibetan ག་རུ (ga ru, “to where”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT, on the other hand, compares 何 (OC *ɡaːlʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”), to which 幾 (OC *kɯlʔ, “how many”) and 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “how”) are also compared. ‖ In the oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) : a man carrying something on their shoulder – the original form of 荷 (OC *ɡaːlʔ, “to carry”). \ The object being carried may have been 戈 (gē), in which case the character is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl, “dagger-axe”). \ In the bronze inscriptions, some forms of the character were phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), from which the modern form derives. \ Cognate with the following interrogative pronouns: \ * 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “what; why”) \ * 奚 (OC *ɡeː, “what; why; where”) \ * 曷 (OC *ɡaːd, “why”) \ * 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “why not”): from the fusion of 何不 (OC *ɡaːl pɯ, “why not”) \ In Sino-Tibetan, cognate with Tibetan ག་ན (ga na, “where; how”), Tibetan ག་རུ (ga ru, “to where”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT, on the other hand, compares 何 (OC *ɡaːlʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”), to which 幾 (OC *kɯlʔ, “how many”) and 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “how”) are also compared. ‖ In the oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) : a man carrying something on their shoulder – the original form of 荷 (OC *ɡaːlʔ, “to carry”). \ The object being carried may have been 戈 (gē), in which case the character is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl, “dagger-axe”). \ In the bronze inscriptions, some forms of the character were phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), from which the modern form derives. \ Cognate with the following interrogative pronouns: \ * 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “what; why”) \ * 奚 (OC *ɡeː, “what; why; where”) \ * 曷 (OC *ɡaːd, “why”) \ * 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “why not”): from the fusion of 何不 (OC *ɡaːl pɯ, “why not”) \ In Sino-Tibetan, cognate with Tibetan ག་ན (ga na, “where; how”), Tibetan ག་རུ (ga ru, “to where”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT, on the other hand, compares 何 (OC *ɡaːlʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”), to which 幾 (OC *kɯlʔ, “how many”) and 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “how”) are also compared.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uâ • Middle-Chinese : ha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho⁶ • Middle-Chinese : haX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho¹
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(literary, interrogative pronoun asking for the specification of an identity, quantity, quality, etc. of something) what; which • (literary) where; what place • (literary, interrogative pronoun asking for reason, manner, etc. of an action) why; how • (literary) (forming emphatic sentences) so; such; what; how • a surname ‖ Original form of 荷 (“to carry”). ‖ Original form of 呵 (“to scold; to criticise; to denounce”).
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‖ 何(なに) • (nani) ‖ 何(なに) • (nani) ‖ 何(なに) • (nani) ‖ 何(なん) • (nan-)
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what ‖ What?, Huh? ‖ what • that thing (used in place of words you can't remember at the moment.) ‖ (in the negative) any, whatsoever, at all ‖ what number, how many (used with a counter) • (used with も) many (used with a counter)
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何 (eumhun 어찌 하 (eojji ha))
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hanja form of 하 (“how; what”)
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Hán-Nôm : hà • Hán-Nôm : gã • Hán-Nôm : há
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何
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| 余
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‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 余 – see 佘. \ (This character is a variant form of 佘). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo
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(literary) I; me • (obsolete) the fourth month of the Chinese calendar • a surname: Yu ‖ Only used in 接余 and 檮余 (Chóutú). ‖ Only used in 余吾. ‖ Only used in 褒余.
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‖ ‖ 余(よ) • (yo) ‖ 余(よ) • (-yo) ‖ 余(よ) • (yo)
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a personal pronoun ‖ ‖ over, more than, a little more than, plus, upwards of • other • remainder ‖ over, more than, a little more than, plus, upwards of ‖ I, me (first-person pronoun)
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余 (eum 여 (yeo))
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Hán-Nôm : dư • Hán-Nôm : dờ
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余
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| 作
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs). \ Derivative: 做 (“to do”) (the departing-tone variant). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs). \ Derivative: 做 (“to do”) (the departing-tone variant).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsoh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Middle-Chinese : tsuH • Middle-Chinese : tsaH • Middle-Chinese : tsak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛ • Middle-Chinese : tsak
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to get up (from a place) • to get up (in the morning) and go to work • to begin to grow; to come into being • to arise; to come about; to happen; to occur; to break out • to do; to perform; to carry out • to work; to exert oneself • to make; to manufacture • to compose; to write • to brace oneself; to boost • to feign; to pretend • to work as; to serve as • to build; to construct • to play; to perform • to emit; to give out • to start; to launch • to be like; similar • Alternative form of 詛／诅 (zǔ, “to curse; to damn”) • work; composition; article • affair; matter • measure; action • (Hokkien) to farm; to plow; to till ‖ workshop; studio; workroom • (neologism, originally dialectal) contrived; artificial; affected; pretentious; dramatic; high-maintenance
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‖ 作(さく) • (saku) ‖ 作(さく) • (saku) ‖ 作(つくり) • (tsukuri) ‖ 作(づくり) • (-zukuri)
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‖ a work, a production (particularly a cultural work, such as a work of art, of literature, or of theatre) ‖ a crop, a harvest ‖ the workmanship or make of something, how something is made • make-up, dress, comportment: how one dresses and comports oneself • a helping or serving of fresh sashimi, usually several slices ‖ the making of something, particularly as in cultivation
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作 (eumhun 지을 작 (jieul jak)) ‖ 作 (eumhun 만들 주 (mandeul ju)) · 作 (eumhun 만들 자 (mandeul ja)) ‖ 作 (eumhun 저주할 저 (jeojuhal jeo))
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hanja form of 작 (“composition”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 做 (“hanja form of 주/자 (“to make”)”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 詛 (“hanja form of 저 (“to curse”)”)
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canonical : 作: Hán Việt readings: tác • canonical : tố 作: Nôm readings: tác • canonical : sã
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chữ Hán form of tác (“to do; to perform; to carry out”).
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作
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| 佳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreː) : semantic 人 (“man; person”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kee • Middle-Chinese : kea
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good; auspicious • beautiful • of quality • (～日) (telegraphy) the ninth day of a month • a surname: Jia
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‖ 佳(か) • (ka)
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‖ beautiful, good • excellent
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佳 (eumhun 아름다울 가 (areumdaul ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“good; auspicious, beautiful, delightful”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : giai • Hán-Nôm : trai • Hán-Nôm : dai • Hán-Nôm : lai
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佳
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| 使
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 吏 (OC *rɯs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 吏 (OC *rɯs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Middle-Chinese : sriX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Middle-Chinese : sriH
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to order (somebody to do something); to send (somebody) • (literary) to put (people) to work • to let; to make; to cause to • to use; to employ • to play; to play with; to resort to; to dally with • to indulge • (literary) if • (Cantonese, always negated or interrogative) need to [do something]; have to • (Cantonese, always negated or interrogative) need [something]; require; want strongly • (Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck ‖ to be sent as an envoy • envoy; messenger
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‖ 使(し) • (shi)
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‖ messenger
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使 (eumhun 부릴 사 (buril sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“to use; to employ”) • hanja form of 사 (“in order to do”) • hanja form of 사 (“envoy; messenger”)
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Hán-Nôm : sứ • Hán-Nôm : sử • Hán-Nôm : sửa • Hán-Nôm : thửa
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使
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| 例
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reds) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 列 (OC *red).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Middle-Chinese : ljejH
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example; instance • case; instance • precedent • rule; regulation • regular • (literary) to compare; to contrast
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‖ 例(れい) • (rei) ‖ 例(ためし) • (tameshi)
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‖ a custom, usual practice, habit • a precedent • the aforementioned • a case, an instance, an illustration, an example ‖ an instance, an example, a precedent
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例 (eumhun 법식(法式) 례, word-initial (South Korea) 법식(法式) 예)
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hanja form of 례/예 (“example”) • hanja form of 례/예 (“rule; formalities; process”)
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Hán-Nôm : lệ
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例
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| 侍
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Middle-Chinese : dzyiH
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to wait upon; to serve • attendant; servant • a surname: Shi
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‖ 侍(さむらい) • (samurai) ^(←さむらひ (samurafi)?) ‖ 侍(さぶらい) • (saburai) ^(←さぶらひ (saburafi)?)
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samurai • wait upon, serve ‖ (historical) a warrior class in medieval and pre-modern Japan; samurai • one who serves nearby: · a servant • one who serves nearby: · a retainer • Short for 侍所 (samurai-dokoro): the Board of Retainers in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. • an above-average person ‖ (archaic) one who serves nearby: · a servant • (archaic) one who serves nearby: · a retainer • (archaic) one who serves nearby: · a warrior; particularly, a samurai • Synonym of 下侍 (shimosaburai, “office attendants to the emperor gathered in, on the south side of the 清涼殿 (Seiryōden, “Emperor's dwelling”)”) • Short for 侍所 (saburai-dokoro): a samurai guardhouse in the Heian period
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侍 (eum 시 (si))
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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to be close, near • to serve, to take care of, to look after • attendant; servant • short of 侍生, humble pronoun when speaking to a superior • a surname: Shi
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侍
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| 供
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Middle-Chinese : kjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Middle-Chinese : kjowngH
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to supply; to provide for • to provide certain convenience or support • to pay in installments • Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “to respect”) • a surname ‖ to present incense or offerings before the image of a god or the deceased; to enshrine and worship • offering; tribute; sacrifice • to assume office • to confess; to own up; to make a confession of • confession; admission; owning up • to look after (one's parents or children etc.); to support • (Hakka) to raise (children or animals); to feed (livestocks)
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‖ 供(とも) • (tomo)
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companion • offer ‖ attendant, servant • companion • entourage
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供 (eumhun 이바지할 공 (ibajihal gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“contribute, supply, provide”)
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Hán-Nôm : cung • Hán-Nôm : cúng • Hán-Nôm : củng • Hán-Nôm : cũng
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供
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| 依
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯl) : semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 衣 (OC *qɯl, *qɯls). \ Probably cognate with 倚 (OC *qralʔ, *qrals) (Wang, 1982). Perhaps 因 (OC *qin) is an allofam (Pulleyblank, 1991), though the vowels do not agree (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Dialectal variant of 呢 (ni1). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ji¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Middle-Chinese : 'j+j ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ji¹ ‖
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to lean on • to rely on; to depend on • to obey; to comply with; to agree to • according to; in accordance with; in light of; in a manner conforming to; in compliance with • Used in 依稀 (yīxī). • a surname: Yi ‖ (Cantonese) this; these ‖ (Eastern Min) Used in front of persons' given names or kinship terms to express familiarity.
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‖ 依(い) • (i) ‖ 依(え) • (e)
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‖ rely on; depend on • according to • as before ‖ rely on; depend on
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依 (eum 의 (ui))
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Hán-Nôm : y • Hán-Nôm : e • Hán-Nôm : ỷ • Hán-Nôm : ỉa
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依
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| 侮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bú • Middle-Chinese : mjuX
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to insult; to ridicule; to disgrace
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contempt, disdain, scorn
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侮 (eumhun 업신여길 모 (eopsinyeogil mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“insult, ridicule, disgrace”)
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Hán-Nôm : vũ • Hán-Nôm : vụ • Hán-Nôm : vẫu • Hán-Nôm : vỗi • Hán-Nôm : vậu
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侮
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| 侯
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Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows. \ ;"target" > "prince, marquis" \ :Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”). \ :When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021). \ :Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives.. \ ;"to be; to have" ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows. \ ;"target" > "prince, marquis" \ :Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”). \ :When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021). \ :Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives.. \ ;"to be; to have"
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hau⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâu • Middle-Chinese : huw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu
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marquis; lord • (obsolete) target • (obsolete) to be, to have • a surname ‖ Only used in 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).
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marquis • lord • daimyo
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侯 (eumhun 제후 후 (jehu hu))
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hanja form of 후 (“marquis; lord”) • hanja form of 후 (“target in archery”)
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Hán-Nôm : hậu • Hán-Nôm : hầu
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侯
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| 侵
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According to Shuowen, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 帚 (“broom”) + 又 (“hand”) – a person with a broom in hand. \ Two Sino-Tibetan etymologies are possible: \ * Cognate with Tibetan སྟིམ་པ (stim pa, “to enter; to penetrate”), Tibetan ཐིམ་པ (thim pa, “to dissolve; to disappear; absorbed”), though the two terms agree just as well with 浸 (OC *ʔsims, *sʰim) (Schuessler, 2007), or \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *syim (“sweep”) (STEDT); cognate with Anong śim (“to sweep”), Lhao Vo śam (“to sweep”), Burmese သိမ်း (sim:, “to gather in; to take possession of”). Note the graph 侵 shows a broom (帚) which may carry a semantic function (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshim • Middle-Chinese : tshim ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cam¹
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(literary) to gradually go in • to invade; to encroach • approaching • a surname ‖ to add in (water or other fluid) • to allow (somebody) to join
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to invade • to raid • to encroach, to trespass • to violate
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侵 (eum 침 (chim))
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Hán-Nôm : xâm • Hán-Nôm : xăm • Hán-Nôm : xơm
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侵
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| 便
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According to Shuowen, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亻 (“person”) + 更 (“to change”) – to change one's posture to make oneself comfortable. \ Alternatively, this may be the original character for 鞭 (OC *pen, “to whip”), from 人 (“person”) + 𠓥 (“whip”), as seen in the bronze script. ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bin⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piān • Middle-Chinese : bjienH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piân • Middle-Chinese : bjien ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : bin⁶
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convenient; handy • to go a long way in; to serve the interests of; to benefit; to make convenient • nimble; agile • informal; ordinary; plain • human waste; excretion • soon afterward; as soon as • then • even if; even though ‖ quiet and comfortable • slim and graceful • nimble • eloquent • cheap; inexpensive ‖ (Cantonese, non-productive) Suffix for locational nouns; side
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‖ 便(べん) • (ben) -na (adnominal 便(べん)な (ben na), adverbial 便(べん)に (ben ni)) ‖ 便(べん) • (ben) ^†-nari ‖ 便(べん) • (ben) ‖ 便(びん) • (bin)
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‖ convenient ‖ convenient ‖ a convenience • facilities • bowel movement ‖ a flight • mail • (bus) service
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便 (eumhun 편할 편 (pyeonhal pyeon)) ‖ 便 (eumhun 똥오줌 변 (ttong'ojum byeon))
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hanja form of 편 (“convenience; ease; comfortability”) ‖ hanja form of 변 (“feces and urine”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiện • Hán-Nôm : biền
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便
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| 促
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰoɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Middle-Chinese : tshjowk
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short; hurried; urgent (of time) • to come close to; to become near • to urge; to promote • (Hokkien) to shorten the distance • (Mainland China Hokkien) to limply tie a knot
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‖ 促(そく) • (soku)
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‖
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促 (eum 촉 (chok))
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Hán-Nôm : xúc • Hán-Nôm : thúc
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促
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| 俊
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsùn • Middle-Chinese : tswinH
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person of outstanding talent • unusually talented • good-looking; pretty; beautiful; handsome • a surname: Jun
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‖ 俊(しゅん) • (Shun)
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sagacious • genius • excellence ‖ a male given name
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俊 (eumhun 준걸(俊傑) 준)
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hanja form of 준 (“person of outstanding talent”) • hanja form of 준 (“beautiful; handsome”) • hanja form of 준 (“a surname.”)
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canonical : 俊: Hán Việt readings: tuấn 俊: Nôm readings: tuấn • canonical : toáng
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俊
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| 俗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljoɡ) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍h • Middle-Chinese : zjowk
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vulgar; unrefined; common; popular; vernacular • (Hokkien) cheap; inexpensive • custom; practice; habit • (Buddhism) those of the secular world; non-monks • (Mainland China Hokkien) boring; dull; uninteresting; drab • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) lonely; desolate; lonesome • (Xiamen Hokkien) ordinary; common; mediocre
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‖ 俗(ぞく) • (zoku) -na (adnominal 俗(ぞく)な (zoku na), adverbial 俗(ぞく)に (zoku ni)) ‖ 俗(ぞく) • (zoku)
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‖ worldly • vulgar • common, lay ‖ worldliness • vulgarity • the laity, mundane things, common man • customs
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俗 (eumhun 풍속 속 (pungsok sok))
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hanja form of 속 (“vulgar; unrefined; common; popular; vernacular”)
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Hán-Nôm : tục
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俗
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| 保
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In the oracle script, this character was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 子 (“child”) – a person carrying a child on his back; to carry (a child) > to protect. \ In early bronze inscriptions, 爪 (“hand”) was added to the person to emphasize that the person was carrying the child. This was later simplified into one or two strokes. The current form has two.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Middle-Chinese : pawX
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to raise; to rear • to keep; to maintain • to protect; to safeguard; to defend • to ensure; to guarantee • guarantor • Short for 保釋／保释 (bǎoshì, “to bail”). • (historical) bao (a unit of the ancient administrative system, consisting of some 100 households) • a surname: Bao
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‖ 保(たもつ) • (Tamotsu)
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protection • guarantee ‖ a male given name
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保 (eumhun 지킬 보 (jikil bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“protection”) • hanja form of 보 (“guarantee”)
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Hán-Nôm : bảo • Hán-Nôm : bầu • Hán-Nôm : bửu
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保
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| 信
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and \ phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljins) : phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”). \ Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *sin and suggests possible derivation from 允 (OC *winʔ, “to trust; to be true”). \ Alternatively, Sagart and Baxter (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s (*s-ni[ŋ]-s in Baxter and Sagart, 2014) and suggest a derivation from 仁 (OC *niŋ, “kind”) with the prefix *s-, probably used to increase its valency. ‖ Via 假借 (jiǎjiè, “borrowing”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàn • Middle-Chinese : sinH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹
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true; accurate; verifiable • truly; indeed • trustworthy • to believe; to trust in something • to believe in (a faith); to be religious in • trust; confidence; faith • at will • letter (written communication) (Classifier: 封 m c mn) • message; information; news • evidence • courier; messenger • Short for 信州 (Xìnzhōu). • (mineralogy) Short for 信石 (xìnshí, “arsenolite”). • a surname: Xin ‖ Alternative form of 申 (shēn, “to express; to state”) • Alternative form of 伸 (shēn, “to extend”) • Alternative form of 身 (“body”)
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‖ 信(しん) • (shin)
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‖ trust, faith
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信 (eumhun 믿을 신 (mideul sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“believe; trust”)
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Hán-Nôm : tín • Hán-Nôm : tin
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|
信
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| 修
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯw) : phonetic 攸 (OC *lɯw) + semantic 彡.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siu • Middle-Chinese : sjuw
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to decorate; to embellish • to repair; to mend • to build; to construct • to revise; to write; to compile • (education) to study; to cultivate; to take a course • (obsolete) tall; slim; long • Short for 修正主義／修正主义 (xiūzhèng zhǔyì). revisionism • a surname
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‖ 修(おさむ) • (Osamu)
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discipline • conduct oneself well • study • master ‖ a male given name
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修 (eumhun 닦을 수 (dakkeul su))
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hanja form of 수 (“discipline”)
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canonical : 修: Hán Việt readings: tu 修: Nôm readings: tu
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修
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| 倍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːʔ) : semantic 人 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːʔ) : semantic 人 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːʔ) : semantic 人 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pěr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puě • Middle-Chinese : bojX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui⁴
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to double • Classifier for the number of times a value is multiplied: times; -fold • exceptionally; especially • (Mandarin, colloquial) very; extremely ‖ Alternative form of 背 (“to give up; to betray; to violate; to have one's back towards”) ‖ Original form of 陪 (péi). • Alternative form of 賠／赔 (péi)
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‖ 倍(ばい) • (bai) ‖ 倍(ばい) • (-bai)
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‖ twice, double, two times ‖ times, -fold • (typography) a multiple of 全角 (zenkaku, “fullwidth/-height”) or 1 em in Western typography • (typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 88 mils, ⁸⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 8 U (U) and ¹⁄₁₆ 段 (dan)
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倍 (eumhun 곱 배 (gop bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“twice; double”)
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Hán-Nôm : bội • Hán-Nôm : bạu • Hán-Nôm : bậu • Hán-Nôm : bụa • Hán-Nôm : buạ • Hán-Nôm : vội
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|
倍
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| 倒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːwʔ, *taːws) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 到 (OC *taːws). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːwʔ, *taːws) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 到 (OC *taːws).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : táu • Middle-Chinese : tawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàu • Middle-Chinese : tawH
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to fall; to fall over; to fall down • to collapse; to fall in • to lie down; to recline • to fail; to be on the decline • to be damaged; to malfunction • to go bankrupt; to close down • to sell out; to sell up; to give up for money • to buy and resell for a profit • to stop; to discontinue • to move; to move around • to change; to switch over • (Cantonese) to pour out; to tip; to dump • (neologism, slang) to be astonished (to the extent that one feels dizzy and falls); to be left speechless ‖ (Southwestern Mandarin) · to put upside down; to invert; to be inverted • to reverse; to move backwards; to turn back • upside down; inverted; flipped; reversed • to pour out; to dump; to empty • to cast; to mould • contrary to expectation; conversely; on the contrary; instead • particle indicating contrast; but; however • particle used after a ‹verb + 得› structure to indicate it is contrary to the actual situation, implying blame; then • particle used in a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence to indicate concession; quite • particle used in an imperative sentence to indicate impatience • particle used to soften the tone • (Southern Min) left (direction)
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overthrow
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倒 (eumhun 넘어질 도 (neomeojil do))
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hanja form of 도 (“fall over”) • hanja form of 도 (“lie down”) • hanja form of 도 (“take turns”)
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Hán-Nôm : đảo
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倒
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| 候
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː), as 𠊱. The 矦 component (here in modified form where the first 丿 stroke is omitted and the second 丿 stroke is written as a 丨 stroke) is an ancient form of 侯 (hóu).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu • Middle-Chinese : huwH
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to reconnoitre; to scout • to observe; to survey • to wait for; to await • to respectfully await • to visit; to send one's respects to • to wait on; to attend to; to take care of • to forecast; to predict (by divination) • (historical) scout; lookout; vanguard • (historical) Alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”) • (historical) official • (historical) posthouse; station • (historical) pentad (ancient time unit composed of five days) • climate; season • omen; sign; portent • (traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse) • (traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom • (dialectal) to pay for (a bill)
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‖ 候(こう) • (kō) ‖ 候(うかみ) • (ukami) ‖ 候(そうろう) • (sōrou) ^(←さうらふ (saurafu)?)godan (stem 候(そうろい) (sōroi), past 候(そうろっ)た (sōrotta)) ‖ 候(そろ) • (soro) ‖ 候(ぞうろ) • (zōro) ^(←ざうろ (zauro)?)
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climate • season • weather ‖ (literary) the season, the weather of the current season ‖ (obsolete) Alternative spelling of 窺見 (“lookout, scout”) ‖ (archaic) Alternative form of 候う (“to serve; to be”) ‖ (archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula • (archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb ‖ service • doing
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候 (eumhun 기후 후 (gihu hu))
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hanja form of 후 (“climate; season”) • hanja form of 후 (“to forecast; to wait”)
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Hán-Nôm : hầu • Hán-Nôm : hậu • Hán-Nôm : thoắng
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候
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| 借
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ze³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsià • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Middle-Chinese : tsjaeH • Middle-Chinese : tsjek
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to lend • to borrow • (alt. form 藉) to make use of; to take advantage of (an opportunity) • (alt. form 藉) to rely on; to depend on • (alt. form 藉) to use as a pretext
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‖ 借(かり) • (kari)
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to borrow ‖ borrowing, a debt, a loan (for the borrower, not the lender) • (obsolete) in the Edo period, a system for arranging house calls by prostitutes • (accounting, abbreviation) borrower, debtor: short for 借り方 (karikata)
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借 (eum 차 (cha)) · 借 (eum 적 (jeok))
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Hán-Nôm : tá
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借
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| 偏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰen, *pʰens) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 扁 (OC *pʰen, *benʔ, *peːnʔ, *beːnʔ). ‖ From Teochew 便 (pin1).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phenn • Middle-Chinese : phjien • Middle-Chinese : phjienH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phinn
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inclined on one side; slanting; askew • partial; biased; prejudiced; unjust • uncommon; rare; esoteric • remote; faraway; isolated • subordinate; assistant • to deviate from the correct course; to veer from • to deviate from the normal standard • (humble, dialectal) to have meal or drink before others; to use meal; to eat first • wilfully; stubbornly ‖ (Singapore Hokkien) cheap; inexpensive
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‖ 偏(へん) • (hen)
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‖ the left-hand component of a kanji
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偏 (eum 편 (pyeon))
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Hán-Nôm : thiên • Hán-Nôm : xiên • Hán-Nôm : xen • Hán-Nôm : biến
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偏
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| 停
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deːŋ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 亭 (OC *deːŋ). \ From 亭 (tíng) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Middle-Chinese : deng
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to stop; to halt • to stay; to remain • to place (an object somewhere); to park (a vehicle); to anchor (a ship) • (literary, or in compounds) reliable; safe; secure; proper • (colloquial) Classifier for portions (parts of a total). • a surname: Ting
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to stop
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停 (eumhun 머무를 정 (meomureul jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“to stop”)
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Hán-Nôm : đình • Hán-Nôm : dành • Hán-Nôm : đành • Hán-Nôm : đừng • Hán-Nôm : dừng • Hán-Nôm : rành
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停
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| 健
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡans) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiān • Middle-Chinese : gjonH
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strong; robust; vigorous • healthy; in good health • adeptly; energetically • a surname
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‖ 健(けん) • (Ken) · 健(たけし) • (Takeshi)
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strong, robust, healthy • strength ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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健 (eumhun 굳셀 건 (gutsel geon)) · 健 (eumhun 건강할 건 (geon'ganghal geon))
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hanja form of 건 (“strong; firm”) • hanja form of 건 (“used to form nouns related to health”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiện • Hán-Nôm : kẹn • Hán-Nôm : lương
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健
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| 偶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋoːʔ, *ŋoːs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 禺 (OC *ŋo, *ŋos) – a statue of a person, an idol. ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ngau⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngóo • Middle-Chinese : nguwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngau⁵ • Middle-Chinese : nguwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngauh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nga̍uh
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idol • couple; pair • even (number) • (slang, cute-sounding) Pronunciation spelling of 我. ‖ accidentally, coincidentally, by accident, by chance, occasionally ‖ (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to stand side by side • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for pairs of horseshoe crabs.
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‖ 偶(たま) • (tama) -na (adnominal 偶(たま)な (tama na), adverbial 偶(たま)に (tama ni)) ‖ 偶(たま) • (tama) ‖ 偶(ぐう) • (gū)
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‖ occasional ‖ rarity ‖ (mathematics) even
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偶 (eumhun 짝 우 (jjak u)) ‖ 偶 (eumhun 마침 우 (machim u))
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hanja form of 우 (“idol; pair”) • hanja form of 우 (“even (number)”) ‖ hanja form of 우 (“by chance; accidentally; coincidentally”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngẫu • Hán-Nôm : ngẩu • Hán-Nôm : ngậu
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偶
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| 傍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːŋ, *baːŋs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 旁 (OC *baːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːŋ, *baːŋs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 旁 (OC *baːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːŋ, *baːŋs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 旁 (OC *baːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōng • Middle-Chinese : bangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥ
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to draw near; to be beside; to approach; to be by the side of • to be close to; to be almost (in time) • to rely on; to depend on • to assist • (slang) to have an intimate relationship with someone • (Cantonese) to accompany • (Cantonese) to look after; to look out for somebody • (Hokkien) to receive benefit or evils through dependence on someone or something • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to share; to apportion (a room, costs, etc.) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to add; to augment ‖ Alternative form of 旁 (“side; extensive; other”) ‖ Only used in 傍傍.
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bystander • side • besides • while • nearby • 3rd person
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傍 (eumhun 곁 방 (gyeot bang)) · 傍 (eumhun 마지못할 팽 (majimothal paeng))
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hanja form of 방 (“by side of, beside, near, close”) • hanja form of 팽 (“compel”) • hanja form of 팽 (“rely on, depend on”)
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Hán-Nôm : bàng • Hán-Nôm : phành • Hán-Nôm : vàng
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傍
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| 催
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰluːl) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 崔 (OC *zluːl, *sʰluːl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshui • Middle-Chinese : tshwoj
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to urge; to push someone to do something • to speed up; to accelerate
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encourage; urge; persuade • hold (a meeting), throw (a party), etc.
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催 (eum 최 (choe))
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Hán-Nôm : thôi • Hán-Nôm : thòi • Hán-Nôm : thui
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催
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| 傲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːws) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːws) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gō • Middle-Chinese : ngawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˊ
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arrogant; proud; haughty; disdainful; supercilious • to despise; to look down on • impetuous • stubborn • to bend (one's body) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 遨 (áo, “to ramble; to stroll”) • Alternative form of 熬 (“to endure; to get through”)
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be proud
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傲 (eum 오 (o))
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Hán-Nôm : ngạo • Hán-Nôm : nghệu • Hán-Nôm : ngáo • Hán-Nôm : ngão
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傲
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| 像
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋʔ) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 象 (OC *ljaŋʔ, “elephant; image”). \ Traditionally thought to be the same word as Old Chinese 象 (*ljaŋʔ, “elephant”) (Han Feizihttps://ctext.org/hanfeizi/jie-lao#n2005, Karlgren, 1957). \ Schuessler (2007) posits that Old Chinese *z- and *s-l- / *s-j- might have merged in Zuo Zhuan and thinks Old Chinese 像 (*ljaŋʔ, “image”) possibly derives from Sino-Tibetan root *la, making it cognate with Tibetan ལད་མོ (lad mo, “imitation, to imitate, mimic”) & ལྷ (lha, “gods, image of a deity”) (however, see there for other etymology), Lepcha ᰗᰰ (klan, “similar”) & ᰗᰰᰜᰶ (klan-lă, “imitation”), Jingpho [script needed] (sum³¹-la³³, “picture, image”) & [script needed] (num³¹-la³³, “ghost”). Geilich (1994) adds Tibetan ལྡེམ (ldem, “statue, idol”) yet connects the Tibeto-Burman items to Old Chinese 似 (*ljɯʔ). \ Doublet of 佯 (yáng, “to feign”) and 樣／样 (yàng, “appearance”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāng • Middle-Chinese : zjangX
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picture; image; photograph; figure • statue; figure; sculpture • to resemble; to be like • to take for example; for example; for instance; such as • (mathematics) image (of a function)
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‖ 像(ぞう) • (zō) ^(←ざう (zau)?)
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‖ a form of a thing, including god; a figure; a statue; an idol • an image, a vision
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像 (eumhun 형상 상 (hyeongsang sang))
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canonical : 像: Hán Việt readings: tượng • canonical : tương 像: Nôm readings: tượng
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chữ Hán form of tương (“to resemble; to be like”). • chữ Hán form of tượng (“a figure; a statue; an idol; an image”).
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像
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| 僚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rewʔ, *reːw) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rewʔ, *reːw) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rewʔ, *reːw) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 尞 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : lew • Middle-Chinese : ljewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁵ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁵
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official; bureaucrat • colleague; associate; companion • a surname ‖ good; beautiful ‖ (historical) Alternative form of 䝤 (lǎo, “an ancient tribe in southwestern China”)
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‖ 僚(りょう) • (ryō)
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colleague • official • companion ‖ colleague
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僚 (eumhun 동료 료 (dongnyo ryo), word-initial (South Korea) 동료 요 (dongnyo yo))
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hanja form of 료/요 (“colleague”)
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Hán-Nôm : liêu
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僚
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| 僧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɯːŋ) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – a kind of person (a Buddhist monk). \ Clipping of 僧伽 (MC song gja, “sangha; community of monks, nuns, novices and laity”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : song
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(Buddhism) monk; bonze • (Buddhism) sangha • (Church of the East, historical) priest • a surname
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‖ 僧(そう) • (sō)
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Buddhist priest • monk ‖ a (Buddhist) priest, bonze
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僧 (eumhun 중 승 (jung seung))
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hanja form of 승 (“a Buddhist monk”)
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canonical : 僧: Hán Việt readings: tăng
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(Buddhism) priest, bonze
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僧
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| 儒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njo) : semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 需 (OC *sno). \ Origin obscure. Chen (2013) – following Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, etc. – links 儒 (OC *njo, “sorcerers, intellectuals, government officials, Confucians”) to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) and 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “weak, timid”) "probably derived from the nature of the profession, registered by softness, suppleness, and flexibility".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Middle-Chinese : nyu
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scholar; learned person • Confucian; Ruist • Confucianism; Ruism • weak; cowardly • a surname
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Confucianism • Confucianist
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儒 (eumhun 선비 유 (seonbi yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“scholar”) • hanja form of 유 (“Confucianism”)
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Hán-Nôm : nho • Hán-Nôm : nhu • Hán-Nôm : nhô
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scholar • Ruism, Confucianism
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儒
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| 元
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Pictogram (象形) – a figure with two lines 二 for a head (one connected to body, one above it), emphasizing the head. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”), with a noun-forming suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2003; STEDT). If so, cognate with 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, “ruler; lord; queen”), Tibetan མགོ (mgo, “head; summit; beginning”), མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”), Garo sko (“skull”), Northern Tujia kho⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ (“head”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “source; origin; basic; primary”) and 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) may be the same word (Schuessler, 2007). It may also be related to 君 (OC *klun, “lord; prince; ruler”), 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “magistrate; governor”), 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “marquis”) (Mei, 1985). \ The name of the dynasty comes from the I Ching: \ : \ 大哉乾元，萬物資始，乃統天。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]大哉干元，万物资始，乃统天。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version \ Dà zāi qián yuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān. [Pinyin] \ Vast is the ‘great and originating (power)’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning: - it contains all the meaning belonging to (the name) heaven. \ Part of the people with this surname are Xianbei descendants. It was changed from 拓跋 (Tuòbá) as ordered by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân • Middle-Chinese : ngjwon
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head • first; primary; head; chief • basic; fundamental • origin; source • meta- • Classifier for yuan or dollars. • (mathematics) variable; unknown; element • (mathematics) element (an infinitesimal interval of a quantity, a differential) • (～朝) Yuan Dynasty • (～日) (telegraphy) the thirteenth day of a month • a surname • (Taoism) kalpa, a cosmic or supreme cycle of 129,000 years • (Hong Kong) Short for 元朗 (Yuánlǎng, “Yuen Long”). • Alternative form of 玄 (xuán) (contained in the name of 玄燁)
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‖ 元(もと) • (moto) ‖ 元(もと) • (moto-) ‖ 元(げん) • (Gen) ‖ 元(げん) • (gen) ‖ 元(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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‖ cause, origin • basis, foundation • cost • (finance) capital • principal ‖ former, erstwhile ‖ the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ‖ yuan (currency) ‖ a male given name
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元 (eumhun 으뜸 원 (eutteum won))
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Hanja form of 원 (“chief”).
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Hán-Nôm : nguyên • Hán-Nôm : nguyễn
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source, origin, base • a family name
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元
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| 兄
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 + 儿. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *maŋ (“big; old; elder (brother, uncle)”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT). Related to 孟 (OC *mraːŋs, “great; eldest brother; first”); see there for more. \ Schuessler (2007), instead, connects it to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔwyik (“elder sibling”), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“elder brother”). \ Alternatively, Benedict (1972) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), which is possibly also related to 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “paternal uncle; eldest brother”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hing¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hing • Middle-Chinese : xjwaeng
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elder brother • elder male cousin • brother (male friend of the same generation) • (Hokkien, familiar) respectful honorific used after a name for an elder brother or any male senior: Mister; Brother
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‖ 兄(あに) • (ani) ‖ 兄(けい) • (kei) ‖ 兄(けい) • (kei) ‖ 兄(けい) • (-kei) ‖ 兄(え) • (e) ‖ 兄(せ) • (se) ‖ 兄(このかみ) • (konokami)
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elder/older brother • honorific referencing an older brother figure ‖ elder brother • elder brother-in-law • Short for 花の兄 (hana no ani): alternative name for the 梅 (ume), the Japanese plum (Prunus mume) ‖ (rare) an elder brother ‖ pronoun referencing an older brother figure: you, he ‖ attaches to a name referencing an older brother figure: Mister, Mr. ‖ (archaic) the eldest sibling ‖ (archaic) a woman's brother (regardless of age difference) • (archaic) a woman's lover or husband • (archaic) a familiar man ‖ (archaic) eldest son • (archaic) a senior • (archaic) (by extension) an elder sibling • (archaic) the head of a clan • (archaic) a skilled craftsman
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兄 (eumhun 형 형 (hyeong hyeong))
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hanja form of 형 (“older brother of a male”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : huynh
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兄
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| 充
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𠫓 (“a newborn”) + 儿 (“standing person”) – A newborn grows to stand and become mature.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Middle-Chinese : tsyhuwng
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to fill • full • (archaic) to serve as
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‖ 充(みつる) or 充(たかし) • (Mitsuru or Takashi)
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bring up • grow up • raise • rear • be full ‖ a male given name
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充 (eumhun 채울 충 (chae'ul chung))
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hanja form of 충 (“to fill”)
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Hán-Nôm : sung
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充
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| 兆
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Pictogram (象形) – the cracks in a shell during fortune-telling, an omen. \ Compare Chepang ह्रावःसा (hrawʔ‑, “to forebode; to portend ill fortune”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǎu • Middle-Chinese : drjewX
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(historical) cracks formed on heated tortoise plastrons and mammal bones used in ancient divination • omen • to portend; to augur • graveyard, cemetery, necropolis • (chiefly Taiwan) trillion (million million), tera-, 10¹² • (Mainland China) (SI prefix) million, mega-, 10⁶
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‖ 兆(ちょう) • (chō)
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portent • trillion, 10¹² • sign • omen • symptoms ‖ trillion (million million), 10¹²
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兆 (eum 조 (jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“a trillion”)
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Hán-Nôm : triệu • Hán-Nôm : diệu • Hán-Nôm : điềm • Hán-Nôm : giệu
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million, mega-
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兆
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| 先
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 之 (“foot”) + 儿 (“person”) – to go forward. \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བསེལ (bsel, “to protect (on a dangerous path); to escort”), Chepang स्यालःसा (syalʔ‑, “to lead; to go or do first; to open way”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 之 (“foot”) + 儿 (“person”) – to go forward. \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བསེལ (bsel, “to protect (on a dangerous path); to escort”), Chepang स्यालःसा (syalʔ‑, “to lead; to go or do first; to open way”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 之 (“foot”) + 儿 (“person”) – to go forward. \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བསེལ (bsel, “to protect (on a dangerous path); to escort”), Chepang स्यालःसा (syalʔ‑, “to lead; to go or do first; to open way”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sian • Middle-Chinese : sen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : senH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˇ
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first; ahead of time; before; beforehand • first; preceding; prior • for the time being; for the moment • (colloquial) earlier on; before; at first • ancient • deceased; late • ancestor; forefather • thing of utmost importance • Short for 先生 (xiānshēng). • Short for 先手 (xiānshǒu). • (Cantonese) only then • (Cantonese) first off • (Cantonese) Used to emphasize that something is/is not. • a surname ‖ ^† to guide; to initiate • ^† to be earlier • ^† to surpass • ^† originally • ^† to introduce • ^† term of address for one's elder brother's wife ‖ Only used in 先馬／先马.
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‖ 先(さき) • (saki) ‖ 先(せん) • (sen)
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‖ before, previous • end, tip • earlier, the past • afterwards, the future • the destination of a motion or action • sequel • ahead, in front ‖ before, previous
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先 (eumhun 먼저 선 (meonjeo seon)) ‖ 先 (eumhun 전구(前驅) 세)
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Hanja form of 선 (“first; foremost”). • Hanja form of 선 (“former; previous”). ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 세 (“to lead; to guide”)
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canonical : 先: Hán Việt readings: tiên • canonical : tiến 先: Nôm readings: tiên • canonical : tên • canonical : ten • canonical : teng
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Chữ Hán form of tiên (“first; prior; before”).
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先
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| 光
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – fire over a person's head, emphasizing the shining of light (Shuowen). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“shine; bright; yellow”). Cognate with 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “yellow”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright; well-lit”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “bright”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – fire over a person's head, emphasizing the shining of light (Shuowen). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“shine; bright; yellow”). Cognate with 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “yellow”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright; well-lit”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “bright”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuang • Middle-Chinese : kwang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤˋ • Middle-Chinese : kwangH
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light; beam; ray (Classifier: 束 m; 道 m) • light; beam; ray (Classifier: 束 m; 道 m) · (specifically, physics) ray (Classifier: 條／条) • glory; pride • bright • time • shiny; smooth • scenery; sight • to make bare; to be naked • only • Particle used after verbs to show exhaustion or completion; until none is left • Used in polite expressions. • a surname ‖ ^‡ to color
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‖ 光(ひかり) • (hikari) (counter 筋) ‖ ‖ 光(ひかり) • (Hikari) ‖ 光(ひかる) • (Hikaru) ‖ 光(こう) • (kō) ^(←くわう (kwau)?) ‖ 光(こう) • (Kō) ^(←くわう (kwau)?)
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‖ a physically perceived light: · a light, beam, illumination • a physically perceived light: · a gleam, glow, ray • a physically perceived light: · a glimmer, shine, sparkle • a physically perceived light: · a luster/lustre, polish, sheen • a metaphorical light: · glory, influence, power • a metaphorical light: · a glimmer, gleam • a metaphorical light: · positive aspect • a metaphorical light: · a displaying, putting on airs • a metaphorical light: · a vision, eyesight • (optics) relating to light or vision: optical, photo- • (colloquial) Short for 光り物 (hikarimono): sashimi with some of the silver-colored skin left ‖ 蛍(ほたる)の光(ひかり)窓(まど)の雪(ゆき) (hotaru no hikari mado no yuki, “firefly's dim light, snow reflected on the window → diligent study”) ‖ Hikari (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan) • one of the bullet train services running on the 東海道 (Tōkaido) or 山陽 (San'yō) shinkansen • a surname • a male or female given name ‖ a male given name • a female given name ‖ light, gleam, shine • gleaming, shining • scenery • glory, honor/honour, pride • enlightening • exhaust, run out ‖ a male or female given name
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光 (eumhun 빛 광 (bit gwang))
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hanja form of 광 (“light; shine, lustre”) [noun] • hanja form of 광 (“light”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : quang
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光
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| 克
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a battle helmet 由 and a pelt 皮 – "to defeat; to vanquish". Alternatively, pictogram (象形) : a person 卩 carrying something 由 over their shoulders – "to shoulder; to be competent". \ Also Simplified from 剋. \ ; “gram” \ ; Tibetan measuring vessel, Tibetan volume unit, Tibetan area unit ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hak¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haak¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kherk • Middle-Chinese : khok ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik
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(literary) to be able to • to defeat; to vanquish; to conquer • to subdue; to restrain • to digest • to set (a time limit) • (dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of 去. • gram (g) • a Tibetan unit of volume or dry measure • a Tibetan unit of land area ‖ to bear; to endure • Alternative form of 𣁳 (khat)
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to overcome, to subdue (addiction, disease) • to restrain (oneself)
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克 (eumhun 이길 극 (igil geuk))
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hanja form of 극 (“to win; to beat; able; competent”)
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Hán-Nôm : khắc
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克
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| 免
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Pictogram (象形) – a man in a hat. Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a man in a hat. Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mián • Middle-Chinese : mjenX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁶
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to take off; to remove from the body • to avoid; to escape; to evade • to release; to set free • to excuse from; to exempt • to discharge; to waive; to forgive • to remove; to dismiss (from office) • to be not allowed; to be forbidden to • (Southern Min) it is not necessary; there is no need • (obsolete) Alternative form of 娩 ‖ (historical) Alternative form of 絻／𰬜 (wèn, “a kind of mourning apparel”) • bud
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‖ 免(めん) • (men)
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to avoid, to escape • to release, to set free, to discharge • to exempt • to forgive • to dismiss, to discharge ‖ dismissal, being made to quit
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免 (eumhun 해산할 문 (haesanhal mun)) · 免 (eumhun 면할 면 (myeonhal myeon))
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hanja form of 문 (“dismiss, discharge, disband”) • hanja form of 면 (“spare, excuse from, evade”)
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Hán-Nôm : miễn • Hán-Nôm : mấy • Hán-Nôm : mến • Hán-Nôm : mém • Hán-Nôm : mễm
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免
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| 入
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Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter". \ Compare 人 (rén). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”). \ Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include: \ * 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”) \ * 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”) \ * 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”) \ * 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”) \ * and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”) \ The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ji̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍p • Middle-Chinese : nyip
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to enter; to go into • to join; to become a member of • (literary) to accept; to admit • (literary) to pay • income • to confirm; to agree • to arrive (at); to attain • (literary) to enter the imperial government and become an official • (telephony) to get through • (Cantonese) in; inside • (Cantonese) to stock up on • (Cantonese) to submit • (Cantonese) to input; to enter; to type into a computer • (Cantonese) to put something into • (literary, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, vulgar) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse • (Chinese phonetics) Short for 入聲／入声 (rùshēng, “the checked tone”). • (retail, on packaging, usually after a number and optional classifier) pieces inside packaging; n-pack
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‖ 入(いり) • (iri) ‖ 入(しお) • (-shio)
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to enter • to insert ‖ entering, going in • setting, such as a sunset or moonset (from the idea of the sun or moon going into the horizon) • the beginning or first day of a period of time • income, takings • a subtotal or portion of some larger payment amount • an expense, an amount needed • the amount of people or things that fit into a space: capacity; admission, admittance • "on" switch, the "on" position for a switch ‖ (archaic) counter for soakings (of fabric in a dye)
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入 (eumhun 들 입 (deul ip))
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hanja form of 입 (“enter”) • hanja form of 입 (“come in (to); join”)
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canonical : 入: Hán Việt readings: nhập 入: Nôm readings: nhập • canonical : nhạp • canonical : nhấp • canonical : nhắp • canonical : vào • canonical : nhép • canonical : nhẹp
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chữ Hán form of nhập (“to enter; to join”).
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入
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| 全
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 入 + 玉 (“jade”) – a whole piece of jade; pure jade. \ Cognate with 痊 (OC *sʰlon, “to become cured”) (Karlgren, 1956).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuân • Middle-Chinese : dzjwen
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pure jade • complete; whole; entire • completely; wholly • everything; all • perfect; flawless; faultless • to preserve; to save; to keep whole or intact • to maintain; to keep • a surname
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‖ 全(ぜん) • (zen) ‖ 全(ぜん) • (zen-)
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whole; entire; all ‖ entire, complete, overall ‖ all, pan-, omni-
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全 (eumhun 온전할 전 (onjeonhal jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“intact”)
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Hán-Nôm : toàn • Hán-Nôm : tuyền ‖ romanization : toàn
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‖ chữ Hán form of toàn (“all; everything; everybody; entire; whole”).
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全
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| 八
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Characters in the same phonetic series (八) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 八 is two bent lines indicating the original meaning of "to divide". This character is later borrowed to mean "eight" because of homonymy, making the original meaning obsolete (now represented by 分 and 別). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-r-gjat (“eight”). Compare Tibetan བརྒྱད (brgyad). ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brat (“cut apart, cut open”). Cognate to 別／别 (bié).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pat • Middle-Chinese : peat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Middle-Chinese : peat
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eight • many; numerous • (printing) pearl (the smallest size of usual type, standardized as 5 point) • Short for 八卦 (bāguà). · to gossip (about); to stick one's nose in • Short for 八卦 (bāguà). · (Cantonese) nosey; meddling • a surname: Ba ‖ to divide; to differentiate
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‖ 八(はち) • (hachi) ‖ 八(はち) • (hachi) ‖ 八(や) • (ya)
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‖ eight, 8 ‖ eight • Short for 八の字. • Short for 八兵衛. ‖ eight
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八 (eumhun 여덟 팔 (yeodeol pal))
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hanja form of 팔 (“eight”)
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canonical : 八: Hán Việt readings: bát 八: Nôm readings: bát • canonical : bắt • canonical : bớt
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chữ Hán form of bát (“eight, octo- (Sino-Vietnamese compounds)”).
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八
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| 公
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The traditional interpretation as given by Han Feizi is that 公 is a compound of 八 (= 背 (“to deviate; opposite”)) and 厶 (original form of 私 (“individual; private”)), i.e. the opposite of “private” — “public”. This theory is supported by Sun Yirang and Qiang Kaiyun, despite the somewhat different shape of the bottom component from 厶. \ This is disputed in modern times by Gao Hongjin, who thinks that the 八 on top stands for 分 (“to divide; to distribute”) and the bottom round component 口 symbolises a generic object. 公 thus represents “equally dividing resources so that they are communal”. \ Another theory put forth by Zhu Fangpu is that 公 is a pictogram (象形) , being the original form of 瓮 (OC *qloːŋs, “a wide-mouthed round-bottomed jar”), and later borrowed for the meanings of “public” and “male of older generation or higher rank”. \ ; "fair; impartial; public" \ ; "male of older generation or higher rank; duke; male (of animals)" \ : STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kaŋ (“father; grandfather; honorific”), also comparing it to 翁; compare Drung kangkang (“grandpa”), vkang (“(my/our) grandfather”), Burmese ခင် (hkang), as in မိခင် (mi.hkang, “mother”), ဖခင် (hpa.hkang, “father”). Alternatively, STEDT also compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaŋ (“penis; male”), whence 雄 (OC *ɡʷɯŋ, “male”), but considers it less probable. \ : Schuessler (2007) suggests a Mon-Khmer origin; compare Khmer ឡូញ (louñ, “title of an unidentified rank or function”) and Old Khmer khloñ (“head, chief”) (whence ខ្លោង (khlaong)). Compare also Thai ลุง (lung), from Proto-Tai *luŋᴬ (“parent's older brother”), which may also be from Mon-Khmer. Tibetan ཁོང (khong) ~ གོང (gong, “final syllable in dignitaries' name”) may be borrowed from Chinese.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Middle-Chinese : kuwng
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public; communal • fair; equitable • to make public; to announce • international; universal • duke • (of animals) male • (figuratively, of instruments, tools, or connectors) male • (honorific) old man or a man of high status • grandfather • father-in-law (husband's father) • (Cantonese) heads (side of a coin) • (Hakka) A noun suffix • a surname
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‖ 公(こう) • (kō)
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‖ (honorific) a European sovereign prince • (honorific) a duke; in China and Vietnam, an alternative to 王 (ō, “prince”), used by certain dynasties for princes • (familiar) used as suffix to denote familiarity with or disdain for someone or an animal
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公 (eumhun 공평할 공 (gongpyeonghal gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“fair; official”)
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Hán-Nôm : công
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公
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| 六
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Pictogram (象形) – perhaps a shed. Originally using the similar-sounding word 廬 (OC *ra, “shed, cabin”) to represent the concept “six” (Liu Xinglong). Alternatively, it may be an ancient counting symbol. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-k-ruk (“six”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Middle-Chinese : ljuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu¹
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six • (printing) small text; The size of type between 小五 (xiǎowǔ, “little 5”) and 小六 (xiǎoliù, “little 6”), standardized as 7½ point. • (dialectal) proficient • (neologism, Internet slang) awesome; excellent; remarkable • a surname. (pronounced Lù) • name of an ancient state (pronounced Lù), also found in placenames (e.g., 六安 (Lù'ān) Lu'an, Anhui, China) ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note sol (5). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note sol (5).
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‖ 六(む) • (mu) ‖ 六(ろく) • (roku)
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six ‖ six ‖ six • the sixth hole of a wind instrument
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六 (eumhun 여섯 륙 (yeoseot ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 여섯 육 (yeoseot yuk))
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hanja form of 륙/육 (“six”)
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canonical : 六: Hán Việt readings: lục • canonical : lúc 六: Nôm readings: lúc • canonical : lục • canonical : lóc • canonical : trọc • canonical : lộc • canonical : lụt
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Chữ Hán form of lục (“six”).
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六
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| 共
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共. \ Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”). \ Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”). \ The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiōng • Middle-Chinese : gjowngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹ • Middle-Chinese : kjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹ • Middle-Chinese : kjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung²
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common • together • to share • altogether • Short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”). • Short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”). · (specifically) the Communist Party of China • (literary or dialectal) and • (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to • (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for • (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis • (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same ‖ a surname ‖ (literary) Alternative form of 供 (“to provide”) • (literary) Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”) • (literary) Alternative form of 宮／宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”) ‖ (literary) Alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”)
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‖ 共(とも) • (tomo) ‖ 共(きょう) • (kyō-) ‖ 共(とも) • (-tomo) ‖ 共(ども) • (-domo)
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together • both • all • with • co- ‖ both, all ‖ co- ‖ altogether • ...included ‖ indicates plural: · when attached to a human noun • indicates plural: · (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
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共 (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“common; together”)
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canonical : 共: Hán Việt readings: cung • canonical : cộng • canonical : củng 共: Nôm readings: cùng • canonical : cũng • canonical : cọng • canonical : cụng • canonical : gọng
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chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”). • Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”).
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共
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| 兵
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 斤 (“a short axe”) + 廾 (“2 hands”) – a pair of hands holding a weapon.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ping • Middle-Chinese : pjaeng
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weapon • army; troops • soldier; warrior (Classifier: 個／个) • warfare • (xiangqi) pawn; private; soldier (on the red side) • (chess) pawn • (Cantonese) Short for 觀音兵／观音兵 (guānyīnbīng). • (Philippine Hokkien) police
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‖ 兵(へい) • (hei) ‖ 兵(ひょう) • (hyō)
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‖ a soldier • a war machine; a weapon • a battle, a war • in the old Japanese military structure, the lowest set of ranks for a soldier: a private, corporal, lance corporal ‖ soldier • another name for 歩(ふ) (fu) in shogi
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兵 (eumhun 군사 병 (gunsa byeong))
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hanja form of 병 (“soldier”)
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canonical : 兵: Hán Việt readings: binh 兵: Nôm readings: binh • canonical : banh • canonical : bênh • canonical : bưng • canonical : bành
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chữ Hán form of binh (“military troops”).
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兵
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| 具
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 貝 (“shell, money”) + 廾 (“two hands”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Middle-Chinese : gjuH
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tool; implement • to possess; to have • (literary) to provide; to furnish • (literary) ability; talent • (literary) to state; to report; to list • Alternative form of 俱 (“all; every”) • feast • in full detail • Classifier for coffins, corpses, and certain instruments.
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‖ 具(ぐ) • (-gu) ‖ 具(ぐ) • (gu) ‖ 具(ぐ) • (-gu)
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‖ sets (armor, furniture) ‖ tool • means • (cooking) secondary ingredient, such as spices, seasonings, and sauces • base ‖ tool, ingredient
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具 (eumhun 갖출 구 (gatchul gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“tool; a surname”)
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Hán-Nôm : cụ • Hán-Nôm : cỗ • Hán-Nôm : gỗ
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具
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| 典
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冊 (“books”) + 丌 (“table”) – (official) books on a table. \ Current form resembles the unrelated 曲. \ From Proto-Sinitic *dʰiəm.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tián • Middle-Chinese : tenX
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law; canon • documentation • classic; scripture • (Internet slang) Literally "classic, typical", used usually alone to complain that a person's words hit one of the typicals of the similar ridiculous expressions.
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‖ 典(てん) • (ten)
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‖ ceremony • rule
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典 (eumhun 법 전 (beop jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“rule; law”)
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Hán-Nôm : điển • Hán-Nôm : đến • Hán-Nôm : điếng
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典
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| 兼
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Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Hand 又 (as in 肀) holding two grain stalks 禾. Compare: 秉 (bǐng), a hand holding one plant. \ Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007); compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ckiəm ~ ckəm ~ ckam ~ ckaim (“to grasp, to hold”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gim¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiam • Middle-Chinese : kem • Middle-Chinese : kemH
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to do two or more things simultaneously; to hold a concurrent post or role; to combine • concurrently; simultaneously; combining; both • ^† double • to amalgamate, to merge • to annex, to absorb • a surname
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‖ 兼(けん) • (-ken-) ‖ 兼(けん) • (ken) ‖ 兼(けん) • (Ken)
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‖ -cum-, concurrently, and; in addition ‖ doing two or more things at the same time • holding two or more government offices at the same time ‖ a male given name
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兼 (eumhun 겸할 겸 (gyeomhal gyeom))
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hanja form of 겸 (“unite, connect, combine”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiêm
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兼
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| 再
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Cognate with 載 (OC *ʔslɯːʔ, “year”), 茲 (OC *ʔsɯ, “year”), 薦 (OC *ʔseːns, “repeatedly”), 洊 (OC *zlɯːns, “again; repeatedly”), 荐 (OC *zlɯːns, “repeatedly”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsài • Middle-Chinese : tsojH
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again; once again; a second time; re- • Used to indicate a continuing situation in conditional or suppositional clauses • more; -er • Used with 也 (yě) and followed by a negative expression; no matter how...still (not) • then; only then • in addition; on top of that • (literary) twice • (literary) to appear again • a surname
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‖ 再(さい) • (sai-)
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again • twice • second time ‖ re-, again, repeated
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再 (eumhun 두 재 (du jae)) · 再 (eumhun 다시 재 (dasi jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“again”) • hanja form of 재 (“twice”)
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canonical : 再: Hán Việt readings: tái 再: Nôm readings: tái • canonical : táy • canonical : tải
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chữ Hán form of tái (“re-, again”).
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再
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| 冒
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *muːɡs, *mɯːɡ) : phonetic 冃 (OC *muːɡs, “hat”) + semantic 目 (“eyes”). \ Original meaning was “to cover”. \ Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) connects it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“sky, clouds, fog, dark, covered”), whence Burmese မိုး (mui:, “sky; rain; to hold something over the head; roof”), Tibetan མུ (mu), དམུ (dmu), རྨུ (rmu), སྨུ (smu, “(archaic) sky”). \ Derivative: 帽 (OC *muːɡs, “hat”). ‖ “Covetous”. Compare 每 (OC *mɯːʔ, “to covet”). ‖ ‖ Contracted form of 木佬佬. ‖ Transcription character, preserving the original pronunciation at the time of borrowing.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mōo • Middle-Chinese : mawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mak⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁶ ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mak⁶ • Middle-Chinese : mok
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to cover • cloth used to dress a corpse; sack for corpses • to wear a hat • Original form of 帽 (mào, “hat”). • to pretend to be • to risk; to brave; to face • bold; thoughtless; boldly • to encroach on; to violate • to receive; to suffer from • to emit; to give off; to send out • (Mandarin) to appear; to emerge • (dialectal Mandarin, of water) to boil • (dialectal Mandarin, Wu) to vomit or to have diarrhoea • (dialectal Mandarin) to cover rice or noodles with vegetables and meat; to put broth over noodles or rice • Alternative form of 冇 (“to not have”) • Substitute character for 懋 (mào, “to encourage”). • Substitute character for 芼 (mào, “name of a vegetable”). • Original form of 瑁 (mào, “ceremonial jade”). ‖ Original form of 媢 (mào, “to envy”). • to be greedy for; covetous ‖ Only used in 瑇冒 and 毒冒, both are alternative forms of 玳瑁 (dàimào). ‖ very; quite • many ‖ Only used in 冒頓／冒顿 (Mòdú, “name of a Xiongnu chieftain”).
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risk
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冒 (eumhun 무릅쓸 목 (mureupsseul mok)) · 冒 (eumhun 가릴 모 (garil mo))
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hanja form of 목 (“risk, brave, dare”) • hanja form of 모 (“cover, hide, conceal, veil”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạo • Hán-Nôm : mào • Hán-Nôm : mẹo
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冒
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| 冠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head. \ Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) : semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”). \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 1, literally "(make someone to) be capped" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head. \ Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) : semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”). \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 1, literally "(make someone to) be capped" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : kwan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan • Middle-Chinese : kwanH
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hat; cap • hat-shaped thing ‖ (literary) to put on a hat; to wear a hat • (historical) ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20 • (historical, of a male) to reach adulthood • to rank first; to excel; to surpass • (literary) to cover • to precede (e.g. with a title); to attach; to put on • champion; winner; victor • (linguistics) Short for 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí, “article”). • a surname
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‖ 冠(かがふり) • (kagafuri) ‖ 冠(かぶり) • (kaburi) ‖ 冠(かむり) • (kamuri) ‖ 冠(こうぶり) • (kōburi) ^(←かうぶり (kauburi)?) ‖ 冠(かんむり) or 冠(かんぶり) • (kanmuri or kanburi) ‖ 冠(かんむり) • (Kanmuri) ‖ 冠(さか) • (saka) ‖ 冠(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 冠(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)^†-tari (adnominal 冠(かん)とした (kan to shita) or 冠(かん)たる (kan taru), adverbial 冠(かん)と (kan to) or 冠(かん)として (kan to shite))
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crown • best, peerless ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) head covering; headdress, crown • (by extension, archaic) order, rank ‖ headdress, crown • (theater) large attendance, full house • (archaic) order, rank ‖ headdress, crown • distance from the tunnel's roof to the surface directly above it • (poetry) first (traditionally, five) morae of a haiku, etc.; specifically, the first verse or line of a poem ‖ headdress, crown • order, rank • Synonym of 年爵 (“an annual salary in the Heian period”) ‖ a crown (royal headdress) • a type of traditional cap • name; title; named sponsorship of a program, event, team, etc. • the top radical of a kanji, such as 冖 as in 冠 itself ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ comb, crest (of a bird, particularly a chicken or pheasant); cockscomb ‖ headpiece, crown ‖ crown; champion
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冠 (eumhun 갓 관 (gat gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“crown; hat”)
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Hán-Nôm : quan • Hán-Nôm : quán
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冠
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| 冥
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冖 (“cloth cover”) + 日 (“sun”) + 廾 (“two hands”). The 廾 was later corrupted to 六. \ May also be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *meːŋ) : phonetic 冖 (OC *meːɡ) + semantic 日 + semantic 廾 (Shuowen Jiezi). \ An area word for "night"; Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʰməŋH (“night”), Proto-Bahnaric *maŋ (“night”), Burmese မည်း (many:, “dark; black”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”). ‖ Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冖 (“cloth cover”) + 日 (“sun”) + 廾 (“two hands”). The 廾 was later corrupted to 六. \ May also be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *meːŋ) : phonetic 冖 (OC *meːɡ) + semantic 日 + semantic 廾 (Shuowen Jiezi). \ An area word for "night"; Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʰməŋH (“night”), Proto-Bahnaric *maŋ (“night”), Burmese မည်း (many:, “dark; black”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”). ‖ Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冖 (“cloth cover”) + 日 (“sun”) + 廾 (“two hands”). The 廾 was later corrupted to 六. \ May also be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *meːŋ) : phonetic 冖 (OC *meːɡ) + semantic 日 + semantic 廾 (Shuowen Jiezi). \ An area word for "night"; Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʰməŋH (“night”), Proto-Bahnaric *maŋ (“night”), Burmese မည်း (many:, “dark; black”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ming⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ming⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Middle-Chinese : meng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˋ
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(literary) dark; dim; gloomy; faint • (literary) ignorant; muddled • deep; profound • the underworld • (obsolete) night • a surname ‖ Only used in 顛冥／颠冥. ‖ Only used in 冥眴.
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dark • underworld; the world of dead people
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冥 (eumhun 어두울 명 (eoduul myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“dark, gloomy, night”) • hanja form of 명 (“deep”)
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Hán-Nôm : minh • Hán-Nôm : mênh • Hán-Nôm : mưng
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冥
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| 冬
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːŋ) : phonetic 夂 (, “end”) + semantic 日 (“day”) or 仌 (“ice”). \ ;Bronze script and Chu slip script \ :Composed of the early form of 終 (“end”, as well phonetic), here represented by Shuowen ancient script , + 日 (“day”). In bronze script, 日 () was inside . In Chu slip script, 日 () was below (). \ ; Seal script, Qin clerical script and after \ :Composed of (“end”, as well phonetic) + 仌 (“ice”). \ Possibly related to 終 (OC *tjuŋ, “to end”) (Wang, 1982, Sagart, 2023b). Sagart (ibid.) also proposes cognacy to Chepang त्युङ्हसा (tyuŋh, “at end, be weak, exhausted”), द्युमःसा (dyumʔ, “at ease after completing work”), द्युम्सा (dyum, “terminate, reach end; to be at end”), Jingpho chatum (“end, finish”), Limbu [script needed] (tum-ma, “ripe, mature”), Proto-Ao *a-thəm (“end, finish”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tong • Middle-Chinese : towng
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winter • (Cantonese) winter solstice • (Southern Min) year • (～日) (telegraphy) the second day of a month • Alternative form of 咚 (dōng, “bang; thud”) • a surname
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‖ 冬(ふゆ) • (fuyu) ‖ 冬(とう) • (tō)
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‖ winter (season) ‖ winter
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冬 (eumhun 겨울 동 (gyeoul dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“winter”)
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Hán-Nôm : đông
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chữ Hán form of đông (“winter”).
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冬
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| 冷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) – cold as ice. \ table \ A vocalic variant of 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ, “chilly; cold”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) – cold as ice. \ table \ A vocalic variant of 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ, “chilly; cold”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) – cold as ice. \ table \ A vocalic variant of 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ, “chilly; cold”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ tabletable \ Borrowed from French laine (“wool”). ‖ tabletable \ Borrowed from Teochew 儂／侬 (nang⁵, “person”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : líng • Middle-Chinese : laengX • Middle-Chinese : lengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Middle-Chinese : leng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˇ ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : laang⁵⁻¹
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cold; cool • (dialectal) to cool; to cool down; to become cold • cold; desolate; quiet • cold; indifferent • to dishearten • idle • disdainful; sarcastic • neglected; not popular • unfamiliar; rare • corny; lame • sudden; unexpected • a surname ‖ Only used in 冷凙／冷𪞝. ‖ Only used in 㓑冷. ‖ (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) woollen yarn (Classifier: 條／条 c; 嚿 c) ‖ (Cantonese, slang, humorous) guy; person (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese) Used in words related to Teochew people.
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cool • cold (beer, person) • chill
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冷 (eumhun 찰 랭 (chal raeng), word-initial (South Korea) 찰 냉 (chal naeng))
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hanja form of 랭/냉 (“cold”)
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canonical : 冷: Hán Việt readings: lãnh 冷: Nôm readings: linh • canonical : liểng • canonical : lành • canonical : lãnh • canonical : lênh • canonical : lạnh • canonical : lảnh • canonical : rãnh • canonical : rảnh
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chữ Hán form of lãnh (“cold; neglected”). • chữ Hán form of lạnh (“cold”).
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冷
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| 凝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ) \ Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake". ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giân • Middle-Chinese : nging • Middle-Chinese : ngingH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîrn
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to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze • to focus; to concentrate (attention) • to stop; to be still • slow; sluggish • deep; gorgeous • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly • (Teochew) cold • (Hakka) ice ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 睨 (“to glare”)
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congeal
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凝 (eum 응 (eung))
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Hán-Nôm : ngưng • Hán-Nôm : ngừng
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凝
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| 凡
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Pictogram (象形) – a plate, a flat dish. \ Borrowed for abstract meanings. Another character 盤 (OC *baːn) was created to refer to the original word. \ According to Schuessler (2007), Sino-Tibetan in origin; compare Mizo pum (“whole; all”), Burmese ဘုံ (bhum, “common, public, communal”). Cognate with 法 (OC *pqab, “law”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : bjom ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ
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in general; every, all, any; indicates that the statement applies generally, to all cases. • altogether; in total (of numbers) • ordinary; commonplace • worldly; mortal; earthly • (literary) outline; gist • a surname ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note fa (4).
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‖ 凡(ぼん) • (bon) -na (adnominal 凡(ぼん)な (bon na), adverbial 凡(ぼん)に (bon ni)) ‖ 凡(ぼん) • (bon) ‖ 凡(おお) • (ō) ^(←おほ (ofo)?)^†-nari ‖ 凡(おおし) • (ōshi) ^(←おほし (ofosi)?)
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in general, by and large • ordinary, common, mediocre • outline, gist ‖ mediocre, ordinary ‖ mediocrity ‖ (archaic) dim, faint • (archaic) moderate • (archaic) mediocre, ordinary • (archaic) 大: large, big; roomy, loose ‖ about, generally, in general
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凡 (eumhun 무릇 범 (mureut beom))
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hanja form of 범 (“all, any, every”) • hanja form of 범 (“ordinary, common”)
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Hán-Nôm : phàm
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凡
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| 凶
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Pictogram (象形) and/or Ideogram (指事) - with the '凵' component representing a hole in the ground and with the '㐅' component (if an ideogram) indicating the existence of a hole and/or (if a pictogram) representing rock, mud, stone or bamboo in the hole. Alternately, could be derived from the upper component of '㚇'.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiong • Middle-Chinese : xjowng
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inauspicious; bad luck; bad omen • to have a famine due to crop failure • fierce; ferocious • terrible; fearful • act of violence; murder; evil • ruffian; evildoer; criminal
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‖ 凶(きょう) • (kyō)
|
ominous • killing, terrible ‖ ill fortune
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凶 (eumhun 흉할 흉 (hyunghal hyung))
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hanja form of 흉 (“ominous; terrible”)
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Hán-Nôm : hung
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chữ Hán form of hung (“inauspicious, unlucky, ominous”).
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凶
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| 出
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“foot”) + 凵 (“cave”) – to step out of a cave; to exit. Compare 各. \ By the Qin dynasty, the character has lost its original shape. Based on the distorted form, Shuowen mistakenly interprets the character as a pictogram (象形) of a plant growing outwards. \ STEDT derives this word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-twak (“to come or go out; to emerge”); compare Burmese ထွက် (htwak, “to go or come out; to produce or yield; to leave”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-twakᴴ (“to come or got out; to emerge”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshuak-I, *tshuaʔ-II (“to come out; to emerge; to appear”). The -t final may be particular to Chinese. \ Alternatively, Sagart (1999) and Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggest that this word is related to other words that express extraction, such as 掘 (OC *[ɡ]ut, “to dig out”), and reconstruct the Old Chinese with an intransitivizing prefix *t-.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshut • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwit • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwijH
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to go out; to leave; to exit • to appear • to come; to arrive • (Cantonese) to go (to a certain place) • (Cantonese) out; outside • to send out; to put forth • to exceed • to produce; to turn out • to happen; to arise • to vent; to put forth • (ergative) to publish; to be released (e.g. a product, film, or announcement) • to expend • (Hong Kong Cantonese) to buy (an electronic device, such as a mobile phone or computer) • Particle placed after verbs to indicate an outward movement. • Particle placed after verbs to indicate a completed action. to determine • (Mainland China Hokkien) to state a price • (Mainland China Hokkien) to seem to give a large amount • (Mainland China Hokkien) to be willing to part with money (by spending, paying, etc.) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to escape one's bad luck • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) ever since
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‖ 出(しゅつ) • (shutsu) ‖ 出(しゅつ) • (shutsu) ‖ 出(すい) • (sui) ‖ 出(で) • (de) ‖ 出(ず) • (zu) ^(←づ (du)?)^†nidan
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‖ being from a certain place • a coming out, exiting ‖ come out, exit • appear, emerge • become visible, materialize • be born • excel, surpass • attend, present ‖ going out • putting out, showing ‖ the process of something coming out • something that comes out ‖ (obsolete) to go or come out • (obsolete) to appear
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出 (eumhun 날 출 (nal chul)) ‖ 出 (eumhun 단락 척 (dallak cheok))
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hanja form of 출 (“to come out; to go out”) ‖ Alternative form of 齣 (“hanja form of 척 (“act, scene, as of a play or movie”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : xuất • Hán-Nôm : xúy • Hán-Nôm : xuý
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|
出
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| 刀
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Pictogram (象形) – a knife. \ Unclear. Here are several proposals: \ * Schuessler (2007) considers this to be an area word or a word widely borrowed from Chinese into other languages; compare Proto-Karen *ʔdɔ (“knife”), Jingpho [script needed] (n³¹-do³¹, “short knife”), Proto-Vietic *-taːw (“knife”), Bulo Stieng taaw; \ * Stephen Baron posits Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-w, with a sparsely attested suffix *-w retained in Sinitic yet lost in Tibeto-Burman, yielding Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-ta (“knife; axe; sword”); compare Tibetan སྟ་རེ (sta re, “axe; hatchet”), Burmese ဓား (dha:, “knife; sword”), Proto-Loloish *ta² (“knife”) (STEDT); \ * Starostin derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tā̆w ~ *dā̆w, comparing it to Tibetan སྟེའུ (ste'u, “carpenter's axe, adze”) and Jingpho nhtu (“sword”). ‖ From English dollar.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to • Middle-Chinese : taw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠ
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knife; blade (Classifier: 把 m c g h j mb md w x; 張／张 c h; 叢／丛 mn; 支 mn mn-t) • single-edged sword; cutlass • Classifier for sets of one hundred sheets of paper. • Classifier for incisions with a knife, blade, single-edged sword, etc. • (neologism, Internet) to bargain; to negotiate on price • a surname (only common among Tai people) ‖ (Mandarin, neologism, colloquial) dollar
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‖ 刀(かたな) • (katana) ‖ 刀(とう) • (tō) ^(←たう (tau)?) ‖ 刀(とう) • (tō) ^(←たう (tau)?)
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‖ (weaponry) a single-edged sword, such as a katana • a small single-edged blade ‖ sword, knife, blade ‖ a sword, a katana • a scalpel, such as that used by a surgeon • a kind of bronze or copper money in ancient China, shaped a bit like a sword
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刀 (eumhun 칼 도 (kal do))
|
hanja form of 도 (“sword; knife”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : đao • Hán-Nôm : dao • Hán-Nôm : đeo
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chữ Hán form of đao (“single-edged sword”). • chữ Hán form of dao (“knife”).
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刀
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| 分
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 八 (“to separate”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to separate with a knife. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 八 (“to separate”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to separate with a knife.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Middle-Chinese : pjun ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hūn • Middle-Chinese : bjunH
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to divide; to separate • to distribute; to allocate; to assign; to allot • to distinguish; to differentiate; to tell apart • to break up; to end a relationship; to separate • (Hakka, Teochew, Hainanese) to give • (Hakka, Teochew) by • minute (unit of time) • minute (unit of angle, 1/60 of a degree) • fraction; proportion • (education, competition, etc.) point; mark • one tenth • deci- (SI unit prefix) • (numismatics) 0.01 yuan (or dollars, etc.); fen; cent • (Shanghainese, slang) ten yuan (or dollars, etc.) (Classifier: 張／张 w) • (Shanghainese, by extension) money • one tenth of a 寸 (a unit of length) · (Hong Kong) fan, legally defined as 0.00371475 metres • one tenth of a 寸 (a unit of length) · (Mainland China) Short for 市分, equivalent to 0.33 cm • one tenth of a 畝 (a unit of area) • a candareen (a unit of weight), one tenth of a 錢／钱 (qián, “mace”), and equal to ten 釐 (lí, “cash”) • (historical) an ancient small unit of time • (Hokkien) to adopt (a child) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to beg (ask for food or money as charity) ‖ part; share; portion • ingredient; component • duty; responsibility • status; standing • lot; fate; destiny • mutual affection • Alternative form of 份 (fèn, “classifier”) • Short for 分之 (fēn zhī).
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‖ 分(ふん) • (-fun) ‖ 分(ふん) • (fun) ‖ 分(ぶん) • (bun) ‖ 分(ぶ) • (bu)
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‖ minutes (duration) ‖ a minute (unit of time) • a minute (unit of angle) ‖ a part, a share, a portion ‖ an obsolete unit of currency equal to four 両(りょう) (ryō) and to ten 釐(りん) (rin)
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分 (eumhun 나눌 분 (nanul bun)) ‖ 分 (eumhun 분수(分數) 분 (bunsu bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“to divide”) • hanja form of 분 (“to distribute”) • hanja form of 분 (“to distinguish”) • hanja form of 분 (“fraction”) • hanja form of 분 (“minute (unit of time)”) ‖ hanja form of 분 (“part; portion”) • hanja form of 분 (“component”) • hanja form of 분 (“status; standing”) • hanja form of 분 (“mutual affection”) • hanja form of 분 (“duty; responsibility”)
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canonical : 分: Hán Việt readings: phân • canonical : phần • canonical : phận
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Chữ Hán form of phân (“divide”). • Chữ Hán form of phần (“part”). • Chữ Hán form of phận (“role”).
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分
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| 切
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːds, *sn̥ʰiːd) : phonetic 七 (OC *sn̥ʰid) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). ‖ ‖ ‖ Onomatopoeic. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cit³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiat • Middle-Chinese : tshet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsheh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiat • Middle-Chinese : tshet ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiat • Middle-Chinese : tshejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cit³
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to cut; to slice; to carve; to mince with a knife • to cut off; to disconnect • (mathematics) tangent • to switch ‖ to be close to • to bite tightly; to clench • to correspond to; to match • (traditional Chinese medicine) to feel the pulse • eager; ardent • urgent; pressing • must; by all means • main point • (phonetics) Short for 反切 (fǎnqiè, “fanqie”). ‖ Used in 一切 (yīqiè, “all; every; everything; anything”). ‖ (Mandarin, chiefly women's speech, colloquial) An interjection conveying a slight sense of disdain or dissatisfaction. ‖ (Cantonese) to be in time for; in time
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cut
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切 (eumhun 끊을 절 (kkeuneul jeol)) ‖ 切 (eumhun 온통 체 (ontong che))
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hanja form of 절 (“to cut”) [affix] ‖ hanja form of 체 (“Only used in 일체(一切) (ilche, “all, everything”): whole”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiết • Hán-Nôm : siết • Hán-Nôm : thiếc • Hán-Nôm : thướt • Hán-Nôm : xắt • Hán-Nôm : thế
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to slice
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切
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| 刊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːn) : phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) + semantic 刀 (“knife”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khan • Middle-Chinese : khan
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to cut off; to peel off (with a knife) • to carve • to amend; to correct • to publish • publication; periodical
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‖ 刊(かん) • (kan)
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publish • carve • engrave ‖ publication; publishing
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刊 (eum 간 (gan))
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publication, periodical • publish
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Hán-Nôm : khan • Hán-Nôm : san • Hán-Nôm : khơn
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刊
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| 刑
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Originally written as 㓝, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːŋ) : phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 刂. Later corrupted as 𠛬 (⿰幵刂), phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːŋ) : phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn) + semantic 刂.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Middle-Chinese : heng
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penalty; sentence; punishment • corporal punishment; torture • (literary) to slaughter; to massacre • ^† model; example • ^† to set an example; to follow an example • a surname: Xing
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‖ 刑(けい) • (kei) ‖ 刑(けい) • (-kei)
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penalty, punishment • to punish • to execute (to kill as a penalty) ‖ punishment ‖ punishment; sentence; penalty
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刑 (eum 형 (hyeong))
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punishment, penalty • law
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Hán-Nôm : hình
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刑
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| 列
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 歹 (“skeletal remains”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to tear apart.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : le̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liat • Middle-Chinese : ljet
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^† to tear apart; to break up; to separate; to split • a line of objects • to list • (Mainland China) column (in data tables) • (Taiwan) row (in data tables) • a surname • (Mainland China) Short for 列寧／列宁 (Lièníng, “Lenin”).
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‖ 列(れつ) • (retsu)
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‖ line, row • (mathematics) a column of a matrix
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列 (eumhun 줄 렬 (jul ryeol), word-initial (South Korea) 줄 열 (jul yeol))
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hanja form of 렬/열 (“line, row”)
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canonical : 列: Hán Việt readings: liệt 列: Nôm readings: rét • canonical : sét • canonical : lít • canonical : lướt • canonical : rịt • canonical : liếc • canonical : liệt • canonical : lét • canonical : lượt • canonical : rật • canonical : rết • canonical : rớt • canonical : rụt • canonical : sít • canonical : sắt • canonical : sệt • canonical : lệch • canonical : loẹt • canonical : riệt • canonical : rít • canonical : rệt • canonical : lịt
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|
列
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| 初
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 衤 (“clothes”) + 刀 (“knife; to cut”) – start making clothes by cutting the cloth. \ The various 𢀰-shaped glyphs are or are evolved from Zetian characters.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshere • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshoo • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjo
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initial; inceptive • first • prefix of dates from 1ˢᵗ to 10ᵗʰ in the Chinese calendar • original • elementary; basic • beginning; start • just
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‖ 初(はつ) • (hatsu-) ‖ 初(はつ) • (hatsu) ‖ 初(うい) • (ui) ^(←うひ (ufi)?) ‖ 初(うい) • (ui-) ^(←うひ (ufi)?) ‖ 初(うぶ) • (ubu) -na (adnominal 初(うぶ)な (ubu na), adverbial 初(うぶ)に (ubu ni)) ‖ 初(しょ) • (sho) ‖ 初(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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‖ the first..., initial..., new... ‖ a first, start, a beginning • (slang) first sexual relations, one's first time ‖ a first, start ‖ the first of something ‖ innocent • inexperienced, green ‖ beginning, start • first, initial ‖ a male given name
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初 (eumhun 처음 초 (cheo'eum cho))
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hanja form of 초 (“beginning; start”)
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canonical : 初: Hán Việt readings: sơ 初: Nôm readings: xưa • canonical : sơ • canonical : xơ • canonical : thơ • canonical : sờ ‖ romanization : sơ • romanization : xưa ‖ romanization : xưa
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‖ chữ Hán form of sơ (“in the initial stage; primary; elementary”). • Nôm form of xưa (“old; ancient”). ‖ Nôm form of xưa (“a long time ago; old times”).
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初
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| 判
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːns) : phonetic 半 (OC *paːns, “half (cow)”) + semantic 刂 (“knife”) – to cut fine distinctions 刀 (to judge, to discriminate). Phonetic (半) is also a cow cut in half, hence “divide a cow”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuànn • Middle-Chinese : phanH
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to differentiate; to discriminate • to judge • to sentence • obvious
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‖ 判(はん) • (han) ‖ 判(はん) • (-han) ‖ 判(ばん) • (-ban)
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judgement • seal, stamp ‖ stamp, seal • judgement ‖ size of paper or books ‖ size of paper or books
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判 (eum 판 (pan))
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Hán-Nôm : phán
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判
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| 利
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Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Middle-Chinese : lijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī
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benefit; advantage • profit • (finance) interest • to benefit; to be beneficial to • favourable; successful • sharp; sharp-edged • a surname ‖ Used in 利市 (“red packets”). • (Cantonese) Used in 老利 (lou⁵ lai⁶⁻²).
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‖ 利(り) • (ri) ‖
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profit, benefit ‖ profit, benefit, advantage ‖ to benefit
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利 (eumhun 이로울 리 (iroul ri), word-initial (South Korea) 이로울 이 (iroul i))
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hanja form of 리 (“benefit”)
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canonical : 利: Hán Việt readings: lợi 利: Nôm readings: lời • canonical : lợi • canonical : rời • canonical : rơi • canonical : ráy • canonical : lì • canonical : rị • canonical : lệ
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chữ Hán form of lợi (“profit”). • Nôm form of lời (“profit; interest”).
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利
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| 到
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːws) : semantic 至 (“to arrive”) + phonetic 刀 (OC *taːw). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàu • Middle-Chinese : tawH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu
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to arrive at a destination; to reach a destination; to get to • to go to; to leave for • used as a verbal complement to indicate the (successful) completion of an action • (Cantonese) used as a verbal complement to indicate the completion of an action, with negative sentiment • (dialectal) used after a verb to indicate a continued action or state • (chiefly in the negative) to reach • to the extent that • to · to (a place) • to · to (a time); until; up to • to · (from) ... to ... • (Siyi Yue, Northern Min) at; in • thoughtful; considerate ‖ (Min) to arrive • (Eastern Min) used as a verbal complement to indicate the (successful) completion of an action • (Taiwanese and Singapore Hokkien, mahjong, playing cards) to complete a winning hand
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‖ 到(いたる) • (Itaru)
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arrival • proceed • reach • attain • (archaic) result in ‖ a male given name
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到 (eumhun 이를 도 (ireul do))
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hanja form of 도 (“arrival”)
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Hán-Nôm : đáo • Hán-Nôm : đáu • Hán-Nôm : tráo
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到
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| 制
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“tree”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to cut a tree. 木 was also written as the related 未.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Middle-Chinese : tsyejH
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to plan; to regulate • to restrict; to limit; to control • to rule; to decide; to overpower • system; law; rules • (historical) edict of ancient Chinese rulers • (historical) mourning rite on behalf of parents' deaths in ancient China • (Cantonese, chiefly in the negative) to consent to; to agree to
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‖ 制(せい) • (-sei)
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‖ system
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制 (eumhun 절제할 제 (jeoljehal je))
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hanja form of 제 (“plan; regulate”)
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Hán-Nôm : chế • Hán-Nôm : chới • Hán-Nôm : chơi • Hán-Nôm : choi • Hán-Nôm : xế • Hán-Nôm : xiết
|
|
制
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| 刷
|
‖
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄚㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : seh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : serh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suá • Middle-Chinese : srwaet • Middle-Chinese : srjwet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saat³
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brush (tool) • (transitive) to brush; to scrub; to clean with a brush • (transitive) to paint with a brush • (colloquial, transitive) to eliminate • (transitive) to swipe (a card, etc.); to scan • (chiefly Mainland China, neologism, colloquial, transitive) to browse through (updates on social media etc.); to flip through • (colloquial, transitive) to write; to finish (a massive quantity of works) • (computing, transitive) to flash • (video games, transitive) to grind • (video games, transitive) to spawn ‖ (dialectal) to pick; to choose
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|
painting • print • brush
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刷 (eum 쇄 (swae))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : xoát • Hán-Nôm : loát • Hán-Nôm : loạt • Hán-Nôm : loét • Hán-Nôm : nhoét • Hán-Nôm : soát
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刷
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| 券
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰons) : phonetic 𠔉 () + semantic 刀 (“knife”) – contract. Ancient contracts were cut in half. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰons) : phonetic 𠔉 () + semantic 刀 (“knife”) – contract. Ancient contracts were cut in half. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰons) : phonetic 𠔉 () + semantic 刀 (“knife”) – contract. Ancient contracts were cut in half.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : khjwonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn
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(historical) title deed; deed of trust; bond; contract • ticket; pass; coupon; voucher; certificate • (figurative) guarantee; surety; certainty • to agree; to tally with • to copy; to trace • to bore; to drill ‖ (architecture) arch (on bridges, doors, windows) ‖ Alternative form of 倦 (juàn, “tired; weary”)
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‖ 券(けん) • (ken) ^(←くゑん (kwen)?) ‖ 券(けん) • (-ken) ^(←くゑん (kwen)?)
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ticket ‖ ticket, certificate • bond, coupon ‖ ticket, certificate
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券 (eumhun 엄쪽 권 (eomjjok gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“certificate, ticket”) • hanja form of 권 (“title deeds”)
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Hán-Nôm : khoán
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券
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| 刺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tshyar ~ *g-zyar (“thorn, nail, tack”) (provisional) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཚེར་མ (tsher ma, “thorn, thorn bush”), གཟེར་བ (gzer ba, “to bore into”), and གཟེར (gzer, “nail”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 刺 (OC *tsekh) "attack, satirize" (Zuozhuan) < "criticize" (Shijing) < lit. "cause to be stabbed" is exopassive/exoactive derivation of 刺 (OC *tsek) "pierce, stab" (ibid.); 朿 (OC tsʰie^C) "thorn" (SW) is Han period's general tone-C derivation of 刺 (OC *tsʰiek) (ibid.) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tshyar ~ *g-zyar (“thorn, nail, tack”) (provisional) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཚེར་མ (tsher ma, “thorn, thorn bush”), གཟེར་བ (gzer ba, “to bore into”), and གཟེར (gzer, “nail”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 刺 (OC *tsekh) "attack, satirize" (Zuozhuan) < "criticize" (Shijing) < lit. "cause to be stabbed" is exopassive/exoactive derivation of 刺 (OC *tsek) "pierce, stab" (ibid.); 朿 (OC tsʰie^C) "thorn" (SW) is Han period's general tone-C derivation of 刺 (OC *tsʰiek) (ibid.) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tshyar ~ *g-zyar (“thorn, nail, tack”) (provisional) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཚེར་མ (tsher ma, “thorn, thorn bush”), གཟེར་བ (gzer ba, “to bore into”), and གཟེར (gzer, “nail”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 刺 (OC *tsekh) "attack, satirize" (Zuozhuan) < "criticize" (Shijing) < lit. "cause to be stabbed" is exopassive/exoactive derivation of 刺 (OC *tsek) "pierce, stab" (ibid.); 朿 (OC tsʰie^C) "thorn" (SW) is Han period's general tone-C derivation of 刺 (OC *tsʰiek) (ibid.) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tshyar ~ *g-zyar (“thorn, nail, tack”) (provisional) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཚེར་མ (tsher ma, “thorn, thorn bush”), གཟེར་བ (gzer ba, “to bore into”), and གཟེར (gzer, “nail”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 刺 (OC *tsekh) "attack, satirize" (Zuozhuan) < "criticize" (Shijing) < lit. "cause to be stabbed" is exopassive/exoactive derivation of 刺 (OC *tsek) "pierce, stab" (ibid.); 朿 (OC tsʰie^C) "thorn" (SW) is Han period's general tone-C derivation of 刺 (OC *tsʰiek) (ibid.)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshù • Middle-Chinese : tshjeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshù • Middle-Chinese : tshjek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ
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a pointed structure which is able to pierce something (spike, spine, thorn, etc.) • (literary, or in compounds) visiting card ‖ to stab; to prick • (literary, or in compounds) to kill discreetly; to assassinate discreetly • (literary, or in compounds) to criticize with pointed words • (literary, or in compounds) to pry into; to investigate • (literary, or in compounds) to stimulate • (literary, or in compounds or Southern Min) to provoke; to irritate (through light, sound, heat, etc.) • (fencing) to thrust; to attack the opponent at an area parallel to the weapon's length • (fencing) thrust • a surname: Ci • (Hokkien, by extension) to sew; to weave; to knit; to embroider • (Hokkien, by extension) to tattoo • (Mainland China Hokkien) dazzling; glaring • (Mainland China Hokkien) to pick out; to pluck out • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to expose; to bring to light • (Taiwanese Hokkien) prickly and uncomfortable (as if being pricked by needles) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to remind someone during a fight of the number of times one has given favors to that person ‖ sound of rubbing ‖ Only used in 刺促 (qìcù).
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‖ 刺(とげ) • (toge) ‖ 刺(さし) • (sashi) ‖ 刺(いら) • (ira) ‖ 刺(し) • (shi) ‖ 刺(し) • (shi)
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‖ a thorn, prickle • a splinter • a biting word ‖ Short for 米刺 (komesashi): a small tool used to extract a sample of rice from a bag in order to test its quality • (historical) in the Edo period, a paper string used to store ぜに (zeni, “round coins with a square hole in the center”) • Short for 刺身 (sashimi): sliced pieces of fish or other meat ‖ a thorn, prickle • the spine (needle-like structure) of a fish's dorsal fin • Short for 刺草 (irakusa): nettle • Short for 刺虫 (iramushi): the larva of the 刺蛾 (iraga, “Monema flavescens”), a species of moth • the horn-like projections of 金平糖 (konpeitō, “sugar candy of varying colors and flavors”) • Synonym of 水母 (kurage): a jellyfish ‖ a thorn, prickle, needle • a calling card, name card ‖ stab, prick • criticize with pointed words • spike, thorn • name card
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刺 (eumhun 찌를 자 (jjireul ja)) ‖ 刺 (eumhun 찌를 척 (jjireul cheok)) ‖ 刺 (eumhun 나무랄 체 (namural che))
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hanja form of 자 (“spike; thorn”) • hanja form of 자 (“to stab; to prick”) ‖ hanja form of 척 (“to stab; to prick”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 체 (“scold”)
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canonical : 刺: Hán Việt readings: thích • canonical : thứ 刺: Nôm readings: chích
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Nôm form of chích (“to prick”).
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刺
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| 刻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯːɡ) : phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) + semantic 刀.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kherk • Middle-Chinese : khok
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to carve; to cut a notch; to engrave • to draw; to adorn • to cut; to scratch • to rigorously demand • to restrict; to limit • to damage; to prejudice • to engrave on one's mind • unkind; sarcastic; caustic • urgent; pressing • assiduous; diligent • moment in time • A unit of time. · (historical) ¹⁄₁₀₀ of one day; 14.4 minutes • A unit of time. · (modern) quarter of an hour; 15 minutes
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engrave, carve • moment in time
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刻 (eumhun 새길 각 (saegil gak))
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hanja form of 각 (“engrave, carve”)
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Hán-Nôm : khắc • Hán-Nôm : gắt • Hán-Nôm : khắt • Hán-Nôm : khấc • Hán-Nôm : lắc
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刻
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| 削
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slewɢ) : phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) + semantic 刂. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slewɢ) : phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) + semantic 刂. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slewɢ) : phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) + semantic 刂.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siah • Middle-Chinese : sjak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ
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to pare with a knife; to peel with a knife; to scrape off the surface; to slice • to divide; to split; to separate • ^⁜ to reduce; to cut down • ^⁜ to weaken • ^⁜ to rob; to expropriate; to plunder • ^⁜ (literary or Taiwanese Hokkien) to delete; to remove; to cut out • (table tennis) to slice (the ball) • (ideophonic) steep (as if sliced); precipitous; sheer • (ideophonic) emaciated; scraggy; slender • (historical) writing knife • (historical) thin slips of wood used for writing; letters • (Cantonese) skinny; lean • (Cantonese) to hurt (the stomach) • (Hokkien) to mock; to ridicule; to have a dig at someone (to embarrass someone) • (Xiamen Hokkien) to remove fat, etc. from a body organ (of food or beverage) • (Xiamen Hokkien) to damage the spleen, stomach, etc. (of food or beverage) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to compete; to fight ‖ Original form of 鞘 (qiào, “sword sheath”). ‖ (historical) fief within three hundred li from the state capital
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plane, whittle
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削 (eumhun 깎을 삭 (kkakkeul sak))
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hanja form of 삭 (“cut”)
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Hán-Nôm : tước • Hán-Nôm : tược • Hán-Nôm : tướt • Hán-Nôm : tượt
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削
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| 前
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Originally 歬, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“foot”) + 舟 (“boat”) – a foot on a boat moving forward. Alternatively, 舟 represents a shoe (cf. Shuowen 履: 舟象履形) — a foot with a shoe on to walk forward. \ In the current form, 止 is simplified to 䒑 and 舟 to 月. The current form with an additional 刀 (“knife”) is the original form of 剪 (OC *ʔslenʔ, “to cut”). \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsân • Middle-Chinese : dzen
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front; forepart • ago; before • past; previous; former; earlier • top; foremost; leading • future; time ahead • to move forward • a surname
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‖ 前(まえ) • (mae) ^(←まへ (mafe)?) ‖ 前(まえ) • (-mae) ‖ 前(ぜん) • (-zen) ‖ 前(ぜん) • (zen-) ‖ 前(ぜん) • (-zen) ‖ 前(ぜ) • (-ze)
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in front • before ‖ the front • the past • previous ‖ a portion, an amount • ago • makes place names that refer to the vicinity of a point of interest ‖ counter for irregularly shaped objects such as desks, armrests, and serving trays • counter for kami and shrines ‖ the last, the previous • pre- (of an era) ‖ (archaic) ago • (archaic) before ‖ (rare) an honorific suffix added to a noun denoting a person
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前 (eumhun 앞 전 (ap jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“front; before”) [noun] • hanja form of 전 (“ex-; previous”) [prefix]
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Hán-Nôm : tiền • Hán-Nôm : tèn
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前
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| 副
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯɡs, *pʰrɯɡ, *pʰɯɡ) : phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯɡs, *pʰrɯɡ, *pʰɯɡ) : phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Middle-Chinese : phjuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pik¹ • Middle-Chinese : phjuwk • Middle-Chinese : phik
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secondary; auxiliary • duplicate • (grammar) Short for 副詞／副词 (fùcí, “adverb”). • Classifier for pairs, sets of things, medical prescriptions, facial expressions, etc.. • assistant; deputy • assistant; deputy · (nautical) mate (an officer of the ship) • sub-; vice- (subsidiary, secondary) • (literary) to match; to agree; to be concordant; to be congruent • (obsolete) name of an ornamental headdress ‖ ^† to split open
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‖ 副(ふく) • (fuku) ‖ 副(ふく) • (fuku-)
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‖ copy • Short for 副詞 (fukushi, “adverb”). ‖ assistant, sub-, vice-, auxiliary, supplemental
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副 (eumhun 버금 부 (beogeum bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“secondary; auxiliary”)
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Hán-Nôm : phó • Hán-Nôm : pho
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副
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| 割
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːd) : phonetic 害 (OC *ɡaːds) + semantic 刂. \ According to Schuessler (2007), from Sino-Tibetan and an area word. Externally, cognate with Tibetan འགས་པ ('gas pa, “to split; to break; to burst apart”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *kat ~ *kaat (“to cut”), whence Khmer កាត់ (kat, “to cut”) and Proto-South-Bahnaric *kat ("to chop; to cut"). Within Chinese, cognate with 害 (OC *ɡaːds, “to harm; to injure”), and 犗 (OC *kraːds, “to castrate”), which is perhaps the r-causative of 割 (OC *kaːd). \ On the other hand, STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-ra-t (“cut; slash”), to which 害 (OC *ɡaːds, “to harm; to injure”), 犗 (OC *kraːds, “to castrate”), 剌 (OC *raːd, “to cut; perverse”) are also compared. Descended from the Proto-Sino-Tibetan root are Tibetan དྲ་བ (dra ba, “to cut”) and Burmese ရှန (hra.na., “wounded”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːd) : phonetic 害 (OC *ɡaːds) + semantic 刂. \ According to Schuessler (2007), from Sino-Tibetan and an area word. Externally, cognate with Tibetan འགས་པ ('gas pa, “to split; to break; to burst apart”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *kat ~ *kaat (“to cut”), whence Khmer កាត់ (kat, “to cut”) and Proto-South-Bahnaric *kat ("to chop; to cut"). Within Chinese, cognate with 害 (OC *ɡaːds, “to harm; to injure”), and 犗 (OC *kraːds, “to castrate”), which is perhaps the r-causative of 割 (OC *kaːd). \ On the other hand, STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-ra-t (“cut; slash”), to which 害 (OC *ɡaːds, “to harm; to injure”), 犗 (OC *kraːds, “to castrate”), 剌 (OC *raːd, “to cut; perverse”) are also compared. Descended from the Proto-Sino-Tibetan root are Tibetan དྲ་བ (dra ba, “to cut”) and Burmese ရှန (hra.na., “wounded”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : got³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kat • Middle-Chinese : kat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚˋ
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to cut; to cut off; to sever • to divide; to cut apart; to break up; to partition; to split • 70th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "severance" (𝍋) • to cut in self-harm; short for 割腕 (gēwàn). • ^⁜ (literary) to give up; to abandon; to reject; to discard • (Mainland China Hokkien) to wholesale (of merchandise) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to allocate; to divide (property) ‖ Only used in 割包 (gēbāo).
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‖ 割(わり) • (wari) ‖ 割(かつ) • (katsu)
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divide, cut • proportion ‖ proportion • tenth ‖ cut; division
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Hán-Nôm : cát • Hán-Nôm : cắt • Hán-Nôm : xắt • Hán-Nôm : cạt
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割
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| 力
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Characters in the same phonetic series (力) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Nuosu ꊋ (we); Panyi Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”). A causative derivative is 飭 (OC rhək) (Shcuessler, 2007). \ Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Middle-Chinese : lik
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physical strength; physical power; energy • force; strength; power • (physics) force • ability; capability • power and influence; might • (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard • with all one's might; doing all in one's power • a surname: Li
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‖ 力(ちから) • (chikara) ‖ 力(ちから) • (Chikara) ‖ 力(りき) • (riki) ‖ 力(りき) • (riki) ‖ 力(りょく) • (ryoku)
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power, force, strength ‖ strength; power; force • (physics) force • ability; capacity • effort • (tarot): Strength ‖ a male given name • a surname ‖ power, strength ‖ physical strength • (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power • (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism • short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person • (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw • (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages ‖ strength, power
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力 (eumhun 힘 력 (him ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 힘 역 (him yeok))
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hanja form of 력/역 (“power; force”) [affix]
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canonical : 力: Hán Việt readings: lực 力: Nôm readings: sức • canonical : lực • canonical : sực • canonical : sựt • canonical : rực
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chữ Hán form of lực (“physical force”). • Nôm form of sức (“strength; power”).
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力
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| 功
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ, “labour; work”) + semantic 力 (“strength”). \ Cognate with 工 (OC *koːŋ). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Middle-Chinese : kuwng
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achievement; merit; good result • (physics) work • (Kung Fu 功夫) patient dedication and effort; wisdom achieved through a refined work
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‖ 功(こう) • (kō) ^(←こう (kou)?) ‖ 功(いさお) • (Isao)
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‖ a success, a great achievement ‖ a male given name
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功 (eumhun 공 공 (gong gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“service; credit; meritorious deed”) • hanja form of 공 (“effort; labor; elaboration”)
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Hán-Nôm : công
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功
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| 加
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According to Shuowen, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 力 (“plow”) + 口 (“mouth”) — a mouth ordering a cow over a plow. \ 駕 (OC *kraːls, “to yoke”) is the exopassive of 加 (OC *kraːl, “to add; to attach”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲལ (khral, “to impose a tax”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kee • Middle-Chinese : kae
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to put on top of another object • to add; to put in • to increase; to raise • to impose; to foist; to grant • placed after a monosyllabic adverb to indicate an increase in the degree; more • (arithmetic) to add • (social media) to friend • Short for 加拿大 (Jiānádà, “Canada”). • a surname
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‖ 加(か) • (ka) ‖ 加(か) • (ka)
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add, addition, increase • Canada ‖ addition ‖ addition • Short for カナダ (“Canada (a country)”). • (US) Short for 加州 (“California (a state of the United States)”).
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加 (eumhun 더할 가 (deohal ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“to add”)
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Hán-Nôm : gia • Hán-Nôm : chơ
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(chiefly in compounds) to increase, to add
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加
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| 劣
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 少 (“little, less”) + 力 (“strength”). 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) also functions as phonetic.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lua̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍t • Middle-Chinese : ljwet
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(literary, or in compounds) small and weak; puny • (literary, or in compounds) bad; poor; inferior • (literary, or in compounds) slightly
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bad, poor, inferior
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劣 (eumhun 못할 렬 (mothal ryeol), word-initial (South Korea) 못할 열 (mothal yeol))
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hanja form of 렬/열 (“bad; poor”) • hanja form of 렬/열 (“inferior”)
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Hán-Nôm : liệt • Hán-Nôm : lẹt
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劣
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| 助
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zras) : phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 力 (“strong arm”) – to help with one’s strength.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsōo • Middle-Chinese : dzrjoH
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to help; to aid; to assist
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‖ 助(すけ) • (suke) ‖ 助(じょ) • (jo-)
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‖ assistance ‖ help • assistant
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助 (eumhun 도울 조 (doul jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“help”)
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Hán-Nôm : trợ • Hán-Nôm : rợ • Hán-Nôm : chợ • Hán-Nôm : chữa • Hán-Nôm : đợ
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助
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| 努
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːʔ) : semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwar; cognate with Mizo nawr (“push, thrust, urge, compel, attack”) < nɔɔr & Mizo nawrh (“to sulk, to be displeased, disgruntled, offended”) < nuar ~ nɔrʔ ~ nɔrh, & Khami *nuar "get angry" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǒo • Middle-Chinese : nuX
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to exert; to strive; to make an effort • to bulge; to pout • (dialectal) to inure oneself through overexertion • (Cantonese) to push something out of the body by contracting abdominal muscles and increasing abdominal pressure
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‖ 努(ど) • (do) ‖ 努(ど) • (do) ‖ 努(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
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‖ work, toil ‖ the third of the Eight Principles of Yong ‖ a male given name
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努 (eumhun 힘쓸 노 (himsseul no))
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hanja form of 노 (“exertion; striving; making an effort”)
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Hán-Nôm : nỗ
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努
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| 勇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋʔ) : phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – brave and strong.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ióng • Middle-Chinese : yowngX
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brave; courageous; valiant • ^† courage; bravery; valor • ^† soldier • (Hokkien) strong • (Hokkien) healthy • (Hokkien) sturdy; durable • a surname
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‖ 勇(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←ゆう (yuu)?) ‖ 勇(いさむ) • (Isamu)
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courage ‖ bravery ‖ a male given name
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勇 (eumhun 날쌜 용 (nalssael yong))
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hanja form of 용 (“bravery; courage”)
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Hán-Nôm : dũng
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勇
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| 勉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mronʔ) : phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – make a strong effort.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : min⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bián • Middle-Chinese : mjenX
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to endeavor; to make an effort; to strive • to encourage; to urge • to force; to do something reluctantly • to hurry; quickly • Alternative form of 娩 (“to give birth to a child”) • a surname
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‖ 勉(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
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effort • to study ‖ a male given name
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勉 (eumhun 힘쓸 면 (himsseul myeon))
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hanja form of 면 (“strive; make an effort”)
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Hán-Nôm : miễn • Hán-Nôm : mến • Hán-Nôm : mễn • Hán-Nôm : mịn
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勉
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| 募
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 力 (“strength”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Middle-Chinese : muH
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to levy; to raise • to summon • to recruit
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|
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募 (eumhun 모을 모 (mo'eul mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“levy, raise”) • hanja form of 모 (“summon”) • hanja form of 모 (“recruit”)
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Hán-Nôm : mộ
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募
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| 勤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯn) : phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – to work hard, to be diligent.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîn • Middle-Chinese : gj+n
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industrious; diligent; attentive • (literary, or in compounds) laborious; hard; miserable; exhausting • (literary, or in compounds) duties; service • frequent (done or occurring often) • 80th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "laboring" (𝍕) • a surname
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‖ 勤(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
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diligence ‖ a male given name
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勤 (eumhun 부지런할 근 (bujireonhal geun))
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hanja form of 근 (“industrious, diligent, attentive”)
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Hán-Nôm : cần • Hán-Nôm : cùn
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勤
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| 包
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Pictogram (象形) – a fetus (巳 (sì)) in the womb (勹), or a swaddled baby. Shuowen gives both interpretations. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a fetus (巳 (sì)) in the womb (勹), or a swaddled baby. Shuowen gives both interpretations. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a fetus (巳 (sì)) in the womb (勹), or a swaddled baby. Shuowen gives both interpretations.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâu • Middle-Chinese : paew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ
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to wrap up; to enwrap; to bundle up • to include; to encompass • to cover; to place under cover • to assure; to ensure; to guarantee • to reserve or dedicate for a specific purpose • to make a wrapped item • to surround • (Malaysia, Singapore, slang) Short for 打包 (dǎbāo, “to take away (food)”). • bundle; bunch • parcel; package • (software) package • bag; sack • bump; swelling • yurt • (food) baozi • (food) bun; bread (any small baked good) • Classifier for packs or bags. • a surname ‖ Original form of 庖 (páo, “kitchen”). • Original form of 匏 (páo, “bottle gourd”). ‖ Only used in 包來／包来.
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‖ 包(パオ) • (pao)
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to wrap up ‖ yurt (housing)
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包 (eumhun 쌀 포 (ssal po)) · 包 (eumhun 꾸러미 포 (kkureomi po))
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Hán-Nôm : bao
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包
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| 化
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua • Middle-Chinese : xwaeH
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to change; to transform • to become; to turn into • to die • to melt • to dissolve • Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization. • (chemistry) Affix denoting combination. • Short for 教化 (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”). • (in compounds) Short for 化學／化学 (huàxué, “chemistry”). • to burn • (Cantonese) open-minded; enlightened
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‖ 化(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 化(か) • (-ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?)
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‖ to change; to take the form of • to influence ‖ -ization, -ification; action of making something that way
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化 (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))
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hanja form of 화 (“to be; to become”) [affix] • hanja form of 화 (“-ization; -ification”) [suffix]
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canonical : 化: Hán Việt readings: hóa • canonical : hoá • canonical : góa • canonical : goá 化: Nôm readings: Huế
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chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”). • Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”).
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化
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| 北
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Characters in the same phonetic series (北) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”). \ The sense of “north” is derived from “back (of body)”: “back” → “to turn the back to; to retreat” → “north”. \ The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south. \ Compare the graphical origin of 南 (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (北) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”). \ The sense of “north” is derived from “back (of body)”: “back” → “to turn the back to; to retreat” → “north”. \ The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south. \ Compare the graphical origin of 南 (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok • Middle-Chinese : pok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui³
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north; northern • to be defeated; to fail ‖ Original form of 背 (bèi, “back; to betray”).
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‖ 北(きた) • (kita) ‖ 北(きた) or 北(キタ) • (Kita) ‖ ‖ 北(ペー) • (pē)
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north • escape, run away ‖ north (cardinal point) • the North (northern part of a region) • a northerly, north wind • Short for 北の方 (kita no kata): northward • a developed country ‖ Kita (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan) • (historical) the red-light district north of Edo Castle • a surname • a female given name ‖ to go northwards ‖ (mahjong) north wind (mahjong tile) • (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of north wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
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北 (eumhun 북녘 북 (bungnyeok buk)) ‖ 北 (eumhun 달아날 배 (daranal bae)) ‖ 北 • (Buk) (hangeul 북)
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Hanja form of 북 (“north”). ‖ Hanja form of 배 (“to escape; to flee”). ‖ (in headlines) Short for 北(북)韓(한) (Bukhan, “(South Korea) North Korea”).
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Hán-Nôm : bắc • Hán-Nôm : bác • Hán-Nôm : bấc • Hán-Nôm : bậc • Hán-Nôm : bước
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Chữ Hán form of bắc (“north”).
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北
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| 匹
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Uncertain. Shuowen considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰid) : phonetic 八 (OC *preːd, “eight”) + semantic 匸 (“to conceal”) – unit of measuring cloth. 八 refers to eight folds in one 匹 of cloth (two bolts of cloth), and 匸 refers to concealing the two ends of the cloth when rolling it up. This interpretation is not likely since the older forms evidently do not contain these components. \ Various theories have been proposed based on the evidence from the bronze inscriptions: \ * Pictogram (象形) of folds in cloth (Lin, 1920); \ * Ideogram (指事) : half of 丙 (“two horses”) – one horse (Zhang et al., 1996), but the origin of the character 丙 is also uncertain (for example, it could be the tail of a fish); \ * Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰid) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 乙 (OC *qriɡ) or 乀 (MC phjut). The phonetic component may be replaced with 匕 (OC *pilʔ) (not shown above). \ Uncertain. Possibly related to Khmer ពីរ (pii, “two”) or Mizo phîr (“double; forked; twin”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Wang (1982) considers it to be cognate with 比 (OC *piʔ, “to compare; to match”), 媲 (OC *pʰiːs, “to match; to pair”). \ The meaning “four zhang of cloth” is probably a special application, but it is reminiscent of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj (“four”) (ibid.). ‖ Uncertain. Shuowen considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰid) : phonetic 八 (OC *preːd, “eight”) + semantic 匸 (“to conceal”) – unit of measuring cloth. 八 refers to eight folds in one 匹 of cloth (two bolts of cloth), and 匸 refers to concealing the two ends of the cloth when rolling it up. This interpretation is not likely since the older forms evidently do not contain these components. \ Various theories have been proposed based on the evidence from the bronze inscriptions: \ * Pictogram (象形) of folds in cloth (Lin, 1920); \ * Ideogram (指事) : half of 丙 (“two horses”) – one horse (Zhang et al., 1996), but the origin of the character 丙 is also uncertain (for example, it could be the tail of a fish); \ * Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰid) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 乙 (OC *qriɡ) or 乀 (MC phjut). The phonetic component may be replaced with 匕 (OC *pilʔ) (not shown above). \ Uncertain. Possibly related to Khmer ពីរ (pii, “two”) or Mizo phîr (“double; forked; twin”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Wang (1982) considers it to be cognate with 比 (OC *piʔ, “to compare; to match”), 媲 (OC *pʰiːs, “to match; to pair”). \ The meaning “four zhang of cloth” is probably a special application, but it is reminiscent of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj (“four”) (ibid.). ‖ Borrowed from Thai บาท (bàat, “baht”). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : pat¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Middle-Chinese : phjit ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pat¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Middle-Chinese : phjit ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pat¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pat¹
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to match; to be equal • match; equal; opponent • mate; spouse • single; one • four zhang of cloth • Classifier for bolts of cloth. • (Sichuanese) Classifier for flat surfaces or objects (hillside, leaves, tiles, etc.). • (Sichuanese) Classifier for long, thin objects (bones, feathers, grass, bamboo strips, etc.). • (Sichuanese) Classifier for pieces or lumps (bricks, etc.). • (Sichuanese) Classifier for mountains. • a surname ‖ Classifier for horses, donkeys, mules, etc. • (dialectal, including Sichuanese) Classifier for animals. • horsepower • BTU (energy unit) ‖ (Cantonese) baht; a Thai unit of currency ‖ Used in transcription.
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‖ 匹(ひき) • (-hiki)
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‖ small animals • rolls of cloth • (historical) numbers of 銭(せん) (sen)
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匹 • (pil, mok) · 匹 • (pil, mok) (hangeul 필, 목, revised pil, mok, McCune–Reischauer p'il, mok)
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Hán-Nôm : thất • Hán-Nôm : sất • Hán-Nôm : sơ • Hán-Nôm : sớt • Hán-Nôm : sứt • Hán-Nôm : thớt
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匹
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| 十
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Unlike 一, which was one horizontal stroke meaning one, 十 was originally simply a vertical stroke. In later forms 一 was added, forming a cross. \ Possibly a pictogram (象形) for a needle, later written as 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums), borrowed phonetically for 十 (OC *ɡjub, “ten”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gip.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se̍p • Middle-Chinese : dzyip
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ten • (figurative) topmost; utmost
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‖ 十(じゅう) • (jū) ^(←じふ (zifu)?) ‖ 十(じゅう) • (jū) ^(←じふ (zifu)?) ‖ 十(じゅう) or 十(じっ) • (jū or ji') ^(←じふ (zifu)?) ‖ 十(とお) • (tō) ^(←とを (towo)?) ‖ 十(と) • (to) ‖ 十(そ) • (so) ‖ 十(シー) • (shī)
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‖ ten, 10 ‖ a ten-year-old ‖ ten, 10 • tenth • tenfold • all, completely, perfect ‖ ten, 10 ‖ ten, 10 ‖ multiplied by ten: tenfold ‖ ten, 10
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十 (eumhun 열 십 (yeol sip))
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hanja form of 십 (“ten”) • hanja form of 십 (“whole; complete; perfect”)
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canonical : 十: Hán Việt readings: thập 十: Nôm readings: thập
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chữ Hán form of thập (“ten”).
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十
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| 千
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːn) : semantic 一 (“one, signifying a number”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). The Old Chinese pronunciations of 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn) and 人 (OC *njin) were similar. For the component 人, compare its combining form 亻. \ The traditional explanation holds that the extra line indicates an extension (see the etymologies of 年 and 延). 千 has the meaning one thousand because one thousand is a number that is reached by extending one's counting. \ Unclear. Schuessler (2007) notes similar forms in Mon-Khmer, though their initials and finals do not match Old Chinese; compare Vietnamese nghìn and Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)), all meaning "thousand". Also compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshainn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsheeng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshian • Middle-Chinese : tshen
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thousand • many; numerous • (Cantonese) to swindle; to defraud
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‖ 千(せん) • (sen) ‖ 千(せん) • (sen) ‖ 千(せん) • (Sen) ‖ 千(ち) • (chi)
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‖ a thousand, 1000 ‖ thousand • (by extension) very large number ‖ a surname, especially from the line of tea ceremony masters ‖ a thousand, 1000
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千 (eumhun 일천(一千) 천 (ilcheon cheon))
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hanja form of 천 (“thousand”)
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canonical : 千: Hán Việt readings: thiên 千: Nôm readings: thiên • canonical : xiên
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chữ Hán form of thiên (“thousand”).
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千
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| 午
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Pictogram (象形) – a pestle (now written 杵). \ Norman (1985) proposed connection with Austroasiatic; Ferlus (2013) noted a "[g]ood correspondence" between Proto-Vietic *m-ŋəːʔ (whence Vietnamese ngựa) and Old Chinese reconstructions like *m-qʰˁaʔ (Baxter-Sagart) and *ᵀs.ŋaʔ (Ferlus). Also compare Proto-Hlai *hŋaːʔ (“horse”), Proto-Kra *ŋja C (“horse”). \ Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposed 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ)'s cognacy with 啎 (OC *ŋaːs) "to meet head on" and 御 (OC *ŋas) "to meet in (battle)" and suggested that "the moon at its full phase opposes the sun directly in the sky, meaning *ŋaaʔ 午 is probably to be glossed, given *-ʔ , ‘facing stage’". Schuessler (2007) regarded 午 (OC ŋâh) "to go against" as a mere graphic variant of 啎 and thus deemed the sense "to go against" distinct from the "earthly branch" sense.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : góo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gōo • Middle-Chinese : nguX
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the seventh of twelve earthly branches: · (historical or astrology) the seventh year of the Jovian orbital cycle • the seventh of twelve earthly branches: · (archaic) the fifth month of the Chinese traditional calendar • the seventh of twelve earthly branches: · (historical or archaic) the "Chinese" or "double hour" from 11 am to 1 pm • the seventh of twelve earthly branches: · noon (precisely)
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‖ 午(うま) • (Uma) ‖ 午(ご) • (Go)
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noon ‖ the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches
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午 (eumhun 낮 오 (nat o))
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hanja form of 오 (“noon; daytime”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : ngọ • Hán-Nôm : ngỏ • Hán-Nôm : ngõ
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chữ Hán form of Ngọ (“seventh of the twelve earthly branches”).
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午
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| 半
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 八 (“to divide”) + 牛 (“cow”) – to cut a cow into two halves. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par. Related to 畔 (OC *baːns, “bank between fields”), which is an endopassive of 半 (OC *paːns, “half”), lit. "be separated from".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puàn • Middle-Chinese : panH
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half • very little • halfway, partially, semi- • (Hong Kong, informal, neologism) half past • (informal, Canada, Quebec, real estate) half room, bathroom
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‖ 半(はん) • (han) ‖ 半(はん) • (han-) ‖ 半(はん) • (-han)
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half ‖ odd (especially of dice) ‖ half, semi- • Antonyms • 複(ふく) (fuku, “double”) • 全(ぜん) (zen, “entire”) ‖ and a half
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半 (eumhun 반 반 (ban ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“half”)
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canonical : 半: Hán Việt readings: bán 半: Nôm readings: bán • canonical : bớn • canonical : bướng • canonical : vắn • canonical : búng • canonical : bận • canonical : ban • canonical : bướn
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chữ Hán form of bán (“half”). • Nôm form of vắn (“short, brief”). • Nôm form of bán (“to sell”). • Nôm form of bớn.
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半
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| 卑
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 甲 (“fan”) + 𠂇 (“hand”) - a man holding a fan, indicating that he is a servant.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi • Middle-Chinese : pjie
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low; inferior • low-lying • humble; modest; lowly • to look down on; to disdain • (literary) to decline; to wane • a surname
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lowly, base, vulgar; vile
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卑 (eumhun 낮을 비 (najeul bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“low; inferior”)
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Hán-Nôm : te • Hán-Nôm : bấy • Hán-Nôm : ti
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卑
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| 卒
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There were 5 forms of 卒 in Shang oracle bone script (Qiu, 1990; Xuan, 2012): \ # : same as 衣 (“clothes”) (> Western Zhou bronze script ); \ # : a crisscross 衣 - a completed clothing; \ # (卒): ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 衣 (“clothes”) with a mark - a completed clothing to be folded (> Warring States bronze script ; Chu slip and silk script ); \ # (𧙻): phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : 衣 (“clothes”) + 聿 (OC *b·lud) (hand (又) holding a brush); \ # ,: 𧙻 having 又 omitted. \ The brush shape in form (5) was often placed upside down. Later the inverted brush shape was mistaken as 又 and then moved to the top as in Chu slip and silk script (𰠄) to avoid obscuration with 袁 (衣 + 又) (Xuan, 2012). \ From 遭 (OC *ʔsluː, “to meet”) + nominal suffix *-t (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsut • Middle-Chinese : tswot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsut • Middle-Chinese : tswit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyut³ • Middle-Chinese : tshwot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟˋ
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soldier • servant • (xiangqi) pawn; private; soldier (on the black side) ‖ to finish • to pass away; to die • at last; finally ‖ Alternative form of 猝 (cù, “hurried; suddenly”) ‖ Alternative form of 倅 (cuì)
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‖ 卒(そつ) • (sotsu)
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‖ low-ranking soldier • Short for 卒業. • Short for 卒族. • Short for 卒去.
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卒 (eumhun 군사 졸 (gunsa jol)) ‖ 卒 (eumhun 마칠 졸 (machil jol))
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hanja form of 졸 (“soldier”) ‖ hanja form of 졸 (“to finish”) • hanja form of 졸 (“to pass away; to die”)
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Hán-Nôm : tốt • Hán-Nôm : chốt • Hán-Nôm : tuất
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卒
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| 卓
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Derivative: 桌 (OC *rteːwɢ, “table”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : toh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Middle-Chinese : traewk
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tall and erect • outstanding; profound; brilliant; lofty • Original form of 桌 (zhuō, “table”). • a surname
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‖ 卓(たく) • (taku) ‖ 卓(たかし) • (Takashi) · 卓(すぐる) • (Suguru)
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‖ table, desk ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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卓 (eumhun 높을 탁 (nopeul tak))
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hanja form of 탁 (“high; table; desk”)
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canonical : 卓: Hán Việt readings: trác 卓: Nôm readings: chác • canonical : chắc • canonical : giạt
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chữ Hán form of trác (“tall and erect, elevated”). • chữ Hán form of trác (“a table”). • Nôm form of chắc (“firm, solid, strong”).
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卓
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| 南
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This character has been explained as a pictogram (象形) of a hanging percussion instrument, originally identical to the left side of 㱿. Under this hypothesis its borrowing for the word “south” is difficult to explain. \ Sagart (1988) instead proposes that it is a pictogram of the front of a house. Archaeological evidence confirms that in antiquity, at least in some regions, houses were built to face south. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-nam (“sky, sun”) (STEDT; Schuessler (2007); Benedict (1972)); the south is traditionally associated with the sun & light, compare 陽 (OC *laŋ, “light, sun-lit south-side of a hill”). \ : If so, cognate with Tibetan གནམ (gnam, “sky”), ནམ (nam, “night”), Tshangla ngam (“sun, noon, day, sky”), Chepang न्याम् (nyam, “sun, sunlight, storm-cloud, weather”). \ Alternatively, Sagart (2004) relates this word to Old Chinese *nɨm (revised to *nˤ[ə]m in 2014) "belly, front of the body", further "south" to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nam (“rib(s)”), as one term for one body-part often shifts its meaning to another body-part nearby. \ : If so, 南 is cognate with 妊 (OC *njɯms, “to carry inside one's belly → to be pregnant”), 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms, “to carry a burden, especially in front of the body”), also 腩 (OC *nuːmʔ, “belly (of an ox)”), Southern Pumi nõ⁵⁵, Burmese နံရိုး (nam-rui:, “side of the body, rib”), and thus is a semantic counterpart to 北 (OC *pɯːɡ, “north”), which is related to 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs, “back of the body”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâm • Middle-Chinese : nom ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa¹
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south; southern ‖ Only used in 南無／南无 (nāmó).
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‖ 南(みなみ) • (minami) ‖ 南(みなみ) or 南(ミナミ) • (Minami) ‖ ‖ 南(みんなみ) • (minnami) ‖ 南(みんなみ) • (Minnami) ‖ 南(なん) • (nan) ‖ 南(なん) • (nan) ‖ 南(なん) • (Nan) ‖ 南(ナン) • (nan) ‖ 南(みなん) • (minan)
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‖ the south (cardinal point) • a southerly, south wind ‖ (historical) the red-light district in modern-day Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo (as it was located south of Edo Castle) • the name of a ward in various cities throughout Japan, especially a former ward in the city of Osaka which is now part of Chūō Ward • a male given name • a female given name • a surname ‖ (archaic) to go south ‖ (archaic) the south ‖ (historical, archaic) the red-light district in modern-day Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo ‖ the south • Short for 南鐐 (nanryō): beautiful silver; a type of silver coin in the Edo period ‖ south, southern • Used in Sanskrit transliterations ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (mahjong) south wind (mahjong tile) • (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of south wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”) ‖ (dialect, Kagoshima) south (cardinal point)
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南 (eumhun 남녘 남 (namnyeok nam)) ‖ 南 (eumhun 나무 나 (namu na))
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hanja form of 남 (“south; southern”) ‖ hanja form of 나 (“Only used in 나무 (南無, namu)”)
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Hán-Nôm : nam ‖ romanization : nam
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‖ south, southern
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南
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| 博
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːɡ) : semantic 十 + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poh • Middle-Chinese : pak
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abundant; plentiful; rich • wide; broad • to thoroughly understand; to be well versed in • to win; to court • (historical) Liubo (an ancient Chinese board game) • to gamble; to play games • (Hokkien) to try without certainty (hoping to get some benefit by chance) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) maybe; perhaps; probably • Short for 博覽／博览 (bólǎn, “expo”). • Short for 博客 (bókè, “blog”). • Short for 博士 (bóshì, “doctoral degree”). • a surname
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‖ 博(はく) • (-haku) ‖ 博(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
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wide, broad, extensive • gambling ‖ doctor, PhD • exposition, fair ‖ a male given name
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博 (eumhun 넓을 박 (neolbeul bak))
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hanja form of 박 (“wide; broad”)
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Hán-Nôm : bác • Hán-Nôm : mác • Hán-Nôm : bạc • Hán-Nôm : vác
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博
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| 占
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 卜 (“divination”) + 口 (“mouth”). ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English jam.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zim¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiam • Middle-Chinese : tsyem ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zim³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàm • Middle-Chinese : tsyemH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zim¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zem¹
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to divine; to foretell • (obsolete) to watch or to peep • Variant pronunciation of sense "to recount orally" below • (Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) cent • a surname ‖ to recount orally ‖ (Cantonese) jam (type of fruit preserve)
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‖ 占(うら) • (ura)
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‖ (archaic) fortune-telling
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占 (eumhun 차지할 점 (chajihal jeom)) ‖ 占 (eumhun 점칠 점 (jeomchil jeom))
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hanja form of 점 (“to hold; to occupy”) ‖ hanja form of 점 (“to augur; to divine”)
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Hán-Nôm : Chiêm • Hán-Nôm : chăm • Hán-Nôm : chàm • Hán-Nôm : chễm • Hán-Nôm : chím • Hán-Nôm : chiếm • Hán-Nôm : giếm • Hán-Nôm : chầm • Hán-Nôm : chằm • Hán-Nôm : chem • Hán-Nôm : coi • Hán-Nôm : xem
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占
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| 印
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Characters in the same phonetic series (印) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“hand”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – a hand suppressing a kneeling person. \ According to 羅振玉 in his book 《增訂殷墟書契考釋》(1915), the character is an ideogram of a hand suppressing a kneeling person. The character 抑 (yì) (to suppress) was used to preserve the original meaning. ‖ Transliteration character.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ìn • Middle-Chinese : 'jinH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ìn
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stamp; seal • trace; mark; sign • to tally • (literal or figurative) to engrave • to print • A unit of measuring wok sizes. • a surname ‖ Short for 印度 (Yìndù, “India”). • Short for 印度尼西亞／印度尼西亚 (Yìndùníxīyà, “Indonesia”).
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‖ 印(いん) • (in) ‖ 印(いん) • (in)
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‖ stamp, seal • trace, mark, sign • printing • Short for 印度 (Indo, “India”). ‖ stamp, seal • (Buddhism) mudra; symbolic hand gesture
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印 (eumhun 도장(圖章) 인 (dojang in)) ‖ 印 • (In) (hangeul 인)
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hanja form of 인 (“seal, stamp”) [noun] ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 印(인)度(도) (Indo, “India”).
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Hán-Nôm : ấn • Hán-Nôm : in • Hán-Nôm : ắng
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chữ Hán form of Ấn (“Clipping of Ấn Độ. (India or Indian)”). • chữ Hán form of ấn (“to print”). • chữ Hán form of in (“to print”).
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印
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| 危
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 厃 (“person on a cliff or mountain”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”). \ Written like 𡴲 during the Warring States period, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 山 (“mountain”). \ Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋō̆j (~-ō̆l) (“high, rise”) and compares 危 to Burmese ငွား (ngwa:, “be large, great, be high, to project prominently above and beyond others”), Jingpho [script needed] (ŋoi, “to rise, as a hill”); & possibly Proto-Kiranti *ŋo-. \ Schuessler (2007) notes that Chinese and Written Burmese can be reconciled by assuming an ST final *-l; furthermore, 危 (OC *ŋoi) may be a vocalic variant of 巍 (OC *ŋui), which in turn is related to 魏 (OC *ŋuih).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luî • Middle-Chinese : ngjwe
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dangerous • (literary) precarious; high • dying • (literary) upright; proper • to endanger; to put in danger • to fear; to be uneasy • (literary) roof • (～宿) (astronomy) the Roof, a Chinese constellation near Aquarius and Pegasus • (Internet slang, ACG) Danger! (Used usually alone by one to warn or tell other participants or viewers of a video, video game, etc. that one or several persons or things are in danger and dying for help. Originated from a video game.) • a surname
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danger
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危 (eumhun 위태할 위 (witaehal wi))
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dangerous, precarious • high
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Hán-Nôm : nguy • Hán-Nôm : ngoay • Hán-Nôm : ngoe • Hán-Nôm : nguầy • Hán-Nôm : ngùy • Hán-Nôm : nguỳ
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危
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| 卵
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Pictogram (象形) – spawn, egg. \ Usually thought of as derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-row (“egg, nit”) with nominalizing suffix *‑n; compare Tibetan སྲོ་མ (sro ma, “egg of a louse, nit, small bubble”) (Benedict, 1976; Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). \ Alternatively, STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(r/l)um (“egg”), while noting a few phonological problems with the comparison. \ Sagart and Ma (2020) propose that it may be related to 果 (OC *kloːlʔ, “fruit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nuī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luán • Middle-Chinese : lwanX • Middle-Chinese : lwaX
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egg; ovum; roe; spawn • (entomology) fertilised egg • (regional) testicles • (regional) penis; male genitals; scrotum
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‖ 卵(たまご) • (tamago) ‖ 卵(らん) • (ran)
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an egg ‖ an egg, including fish roe • the beginning or start of something (compare the uses of English terms kernel and seed) • a beginner or rookie at something ‖ an ovum
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卵 (eumhun 알 란 (al ran), word-initial (South Korea) 알 난 (al nan))
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hanja form of 란/난 (“ovum”)
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Hán-Nôm : noãn • Hán-Nôm : loãn
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chữ Hán form of noãn (“botanical ovule”).
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卵
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| 厚
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 厂 (“cliff; cave on a cliff”) + 𣆪 (“jug”). According to Shuowen, 𣆪 is an inverted 亯.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiō • Middle-Chinese : huwX • Middle-Chinese : huwH
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thick • large; substantial • deep; profound • rich; strong • generous; kind • to favour • thickness; depth • (Southern Min) many; much • (～鎮) Hou (a town in Lantian, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)
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‖ 厚(あつし) • (Atsushi)
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thick • heavy • kind ‖ a male given name
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厚 (eum 후 (hu))
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Hán-Nôm : hậu
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厚
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| 原
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 泉 (“spring”) + 厂 (“cliff”) – a spring bursting from a cliff-side – origin. \ The sense “source, origin; basic, primary” is perhaps related to 元 (OC *ŋon, “head; principal; first; great”) (Qiu, 1988). According to Schuessler (2007), in Shijing 原 meant "a plain" as well as "highland", thus perhaps also related to 元 (OC *ŋon) (see also Qiu, 2000). \ 元 and 原 had been used interchangeably in the sense "origin" until 原 became favoured in the early Ming dynasty to avoid the name of the Yuan dynasty. Confer 元由, 元來／元来 and 元配.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân • Middle-Chinese : ngjwon
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meadow; field; plain; prairie; tundra; wilderness • source; origin; beginning • Original form of 源 (yuán, “fountainhead; source”). • basic; fundamental • original; primary • originally; at the beginning • to originate; to arise • to trace the source; to probe into • (literary, or in compounds) to forgive; to pardon • a surname: Yuan
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‖ 原(はら) • (hara) ‖ 原(はら) • (Hara) ‖ 原(げん) • (gen) ‖ 原(げん) • (gen-)
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‖ meadow, plain, field ‖ a surname ‖ the original thing ‖ the original
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原 (eumhun 언덕 원 (eondeok won)) · 原 (eumhun 근원 원 (geunwon won))
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hanja form of 원 (“meadow”) • hanja form of 원 (“origin”)
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Hán-Nôm : nguyên • Hán-Nôm : nguyễn
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原
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| 去
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“man”) + 口 (“mouth, object”). Top figure simplified to 土, unrelated to 士 (“scholar, gentleman”), while bottom simplified to 厶. There are various interpretations of the combination of “man” and “mouth, object”. One is that the ideograph represented a man with a hole marked in his crotch, with the idea of “anus” (i.e. getting rid of) (Schuessler, 2007). Another is that it represented a man departing from a cave or city. \ Alternatively, it may be the original character of 呿 (OC *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab, “to open one's mouth”), the meaning given by the combination of 大 (“big”) and 口 (“mouth”). The meaning “to depart” would be an extension of the meaning “to open one's mouth”, as the lips depart from each other when one's mouth is open. \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 𠙴 (). \ In addition, 去 is also the original character of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to cover”). The 大 could be a cover on top of an object 口. \ There were two pronunciations in Middle Chinese. The rising tone pronunciation originally meant “to put away, to eliminate” (causative of “to go away”), and the falling tone “to go away, to leave, to depart” (anticausative). The merger of the two pronunciations already happened in Old Chinese and most extant dialects do not observe this distinction now. \ This word is of Sino-Tibetan origin with the basic meaning of "to get rid of". Compare Tibetan སྐྱག (skyag, “to spend, to lay out; dung, excrement”), རྐྱག (rkyag, “dirt, excrement”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall, to become low”), ချ (hkya., “to put down, to bring down, to lower”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“man”) + 口 (“mouth, object”). Top figure simplified to 土, unrelated to 士 (“scholar, gentleman”), while bottom simplified to 厶. There are various interpretations of the combination of “man” and “mouth, object”. One is that the ideograph represented a man with a hole marked in his crotch, with the idea of “anus” (i.e. getting rid of) (Schuessler, 2007). Another is that it represented a man departing from a cave or city. \ Alternatively, it may be the original character of 呿 (OC *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab, “to open one's mouth”), the meaning given by the combination of 大 (“big”) and 口 (“mouth”). The meaning “to depart” would be an extension of the meaning “to open one's mouth”, as the lips depart from each other when one's mouth is open. \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 𠙴 (). \ In addition, 去 is also the original character of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to cover”). The 大 could be a cover on top of an object 口. \ There were two pronunciations in Middle Chinese. The rising tone pronunciation originally meant “to put away, to eliminate” (causative of “to go away”), and the falling tone “to go away, to leave, to depart” (anticausative). The merger of the two pronunciations already happened in Old Chinese and most extant dialects do not observe this distinction now. \ This word is of Sino-Tibetan origin with the basic meaning of "to get rid of". Compare Tibetan སྐྱག (skyag, “to spend, to lay out; dung, excrement”), རྐྱག (rkyag, “dirt, excrement”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall, to become low”), ချ (hkya., “to put down, to bring down, to lower”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khù • Middle-Chinese : khjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : heoi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : heoi² • Middle-Chinese : khjoX
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to leave; to depart from • to go to; to leave for • (before or after a verb) to go in order to do something • (between two verbs) to; in order to • Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement away from the speaker. • to send; to dispatch • to play (a part, a character); to act • (euphemistic) to pass away; to die • last; past • 66th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "departure" (𝍇) • Short for 去聲／去声 (qùshēng). • (literary) to be separated by; to be apart by • (neologism) what the hell; what; damn; fuck ‖ to remove; to get rid of • to discard
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to leave, to go away • past
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去 (eumhun 갈 거 (gal geo))
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hanja form of 거 (“to leave; to go away”)
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Hán-Nôm : khứ • Hán-Nôm : khử • Hán-Nôm : khu
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(literary) Chữ Hán form of khứ (“to leave, to go”). • Chữ Hán form of khử (“to remove”).
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去
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| 又
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Pictogram (象形) – a right hand. Original form of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”). \ Adverbial derivation of 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “to have; there is”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iū • Middle-Chinese : hjuwH
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again; once more • Used to express the coexistence of several conditions or qualities; both ... and ... • also; in addition • Used between a whole number and a fraction • but; on the other hand • Used in negative statements and rhetorical questions for emphasis
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‖
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again, as well • and • also ‖
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又 (eumhun 또 우 (tto u))
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hanja form of 우 (“again; and, also”) [affix]
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canonical : 又: Hán Việt readings: hựu • canonical : hữu 又: Nôm readings: lại
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chữ Hán form of hựu (“again”). • Nôm form of lại (“again”).
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又
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| 及
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand grabbing a person. \ Possibly connected to Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to arrive at”) or Jingpho khap (“to carry, to reach”) (Starostin and Peiros, 1996) or less likely to Tibetan འགྲུབ་པ ('grub pa) ~ འགྲུབ ('grub, “to make ready”), སྒྲུབ་པ (sgrub pa) ~ བསྒྲུབ (bsgrub, “to complete, achieve”), གྲུབ་པ (grub pa, “complete”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Possibly departing tone derivations are 暨 (jì, “to attain, to reach”), 迄 (qì, “to reach to”), and 既 (jì, “already”) (Yu, 1948, Baxter, 1992). However, see those entries for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi̍p • Middle-Chinese : gip
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to reach; to extend to; to reach the level of • to catch up; to be in time • to be equal; to be comparable; to match • and; as well as • a surname
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and • reach out • exert • exercise • cause
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及 (eumhun 미칠 급 (michil geup))
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hanja form of 급 (“extend”) • hanja form of 급 (“reach”) • hanja form of 급 (“come up to”)
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Hán-Nôm : cập
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及
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| 友
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 又 (“hand”) – two right hands meeting in friendship. Also phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , from 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs). \ Endoactive derivation of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan གྲོགས (grogs, “friend; companion”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iú • Middle-Chinese : hjuwX
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friend; companion • (literary) to make friends with • (literary, chiefly among brothers) to love each other • (in compounds) friendly • (Cantonese, colloquial, somewhat impolite) guy; bloke (Classifier: 條／条 c; 班 c; 丁 c; 兜 c) • a surname
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‖ 友(ゆう) • (Yū) ^(←いう (iu)?)
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friend ‖ a male given name
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友 (eumhun 벗 우 (beot u))
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hanja form of 우 (“friend; companion”)
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Hán-Nôm : hữu
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友
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| 反
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STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived. \ Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). ‖ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived. \ Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). ‖ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived. \ Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : píng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : páinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huán • Middle-Chinese : pjonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan¹ • Middle-Chinese : phjon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : faan¹
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to turn over; to reverse • to return; to counter • to rebel; to revolt • to oppose • instead; on the contrary • reverse • to infer; to generalize • (literary) to reflect (on one's actions) • (obsolete) to revenge • (chemistry) trans- • (Southern Min) to leaf through; to scan • Alternative form of 返 (fǎn, “to return; to give back”) • Short for 反革命 (fǎngémìng, “counterrevolutionary”). • (phonetics) Synonym of 切 (qiè) • a surname ‖ to redress • to pour • (phonetics) Short for 反切 (fǎnqiè, “fanqie”). • to flip over ‖ Used in 反反. • Alternative form of 販／贩 (fàn) ‖ (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note fa (4).
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‖ 反(はん) • (han-)
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anti- ‖ anti-
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反 (eumhun 되돌릴 반 (doedollil ban)) ‖ 反 (eumhun 뒤집을 번 (dwijibeul beon)) ‖ 反 (eumhun 팔 판 (pal pan))
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hanja form of 반 (“reverse; anti-”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 번 (“to flip over”) ‖ Alternative form of 販 (“hanja form of 판 (“to sell”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : phản • Hán-Nôm : phiên
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反
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| 叔
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯwɢ) : phonetic 尗 (OC *hljɯwɢ, “wooden stake”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – using a wooden stake to dig the ground. Later borrowed for other uses. \ \ Sagart (1999) connects it to 督 (OC *ᵃtuk, “middle”) and reconstructs the Old Chinese as *ᵇs-tuk, the prefix possibly having a nominalizing function. \ Alternatively, Starostin proposes a possible derivation from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(h)u (~ -iw) (“nephew”) and reconstructs the Old Chinese as *tikʷ (< *tiw-k?) ~ *tu-k. ‖ Cognate with 收 (OC *qʰljɯw, “to gather; to harvest”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tseh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Middle-Chinese : syuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk¹ • Middle-Chinese : syuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ
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^† third brother (of four) • paternal uncle (father's younger brother) • brother-in-law (husband's younger brother) • uncle (a term of address for a man around one's father's age or slightly younger) • (historical) shu, a high rank in the early Zhou aristocracy • (Mainland China Hokkien, euphemistic) dad; father • a surname ‖ (obsolete) to gather; to harvest ‖ Alternative form of 淑 (shū, “good”) ‖ Alternative form of 菽 (shū, “legume”) ‖ to decline; to wane • declining; waning; last; end
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uncle • youth
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叔 (eumhun 아저씨 숙 (ajeossi suk))
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hanja form of 숙 (“uncle”)
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Hán-Nôm : thúc
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叔
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| 取
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耳 (“ear”) + 又 (“hand”) - often explained as "to take an enemy's ear and carry it in one's hand", following Shuowen. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耳 (“ear”) + 又 (“hand”) - often explained as "to take an enemy's ear and carry it in one's hand", following Shuowen.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshí • Middle-Chinese : tshjuX • Middle-Chinese : tshuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˇ
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to take; to fetch • to receive (money, goods, documents, etc.) • to get; to obtain • to select; to choose • a surname ‖ Original form of 娶 (qǔ, “to marry”).
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take, fetch, take up
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取 (eumhun 가질 취 (gajil chwi))
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hanja form of 취 (“to take; to fetch”)
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Hán-Nôm : thủ • Hán-Nôm : thú
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take, seize
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取
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| 受
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Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over. \ 凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ) : semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The \ 凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script. \ ; “bottom; uke” ‖ Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over. \ 凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ) : semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The \ 凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script. \ ; “bottom; uke”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ
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to receive; to accept • to suffer; to be met with • to bear; to stand • (colloquial) to suit; to fit; to agree with • (slang) bottom; uke • (Hinduism, Buddhism) samjna ‖ a surname: Dao
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accept
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受 (eumhun 받을 수 (badeul su))
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hanja form of 수 (“accept”)
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Hán-Nôm : thụ • Hán-Nôm : thọ
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受
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| 口
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Pictogram (象形) – resembles an open mouth. \ In the oracle bone script, radical 口 is used for characters having abstract meanings. Such a character can have a figurative meaning derived from the phonetic part, e.g. 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”) = 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) + 口 and 𪪺 (“strong; powerful”) = 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ, “bow”) + 口, or be an unrelated borrowing, e.g. 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “no”) = 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “calyx”) + 口. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ku(w) (“mouth”). Cognate with Garo ku·sik (“mouth”), Tangut 𗋈 (*ŋwu², “mouth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kháu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khió • Middle-Chinese : khuwX
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(anatomy) mouth, especially the lips and internal mouth cavity (Classifier: 把 c) • entrance; opening; mouth (of an object) • gateway; mountain pass • hole; cut • blade; edge of a knife • port • perimeter • government organ; department • Classifier for family members, populations, livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for bites or mouthfuls. • Classifier for things with an opening: wells, pots, jars, guns, etc. • Classifier for utensils with a blade: knives, swords, etc. • (neologism, slang) to fellate • a surname
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‖ 口(く) • (ku) ‖ 口(く) • (-ku) ‖ 口(こう) • (-kō)
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‖ (Buddhism) the mouth • (Buddhism) (by extension) one's speech, one's words • the mouthpiece of a flute ‖ used to count people • used to count per-person portions • used to count open-mouthed containers • used to count bladed weapons or tools ‖ used to count people • used to count bladed weapons or tools
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口 (eumhun 입 구 (ip gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“mouth”) • hanja form of 구 (“entrance; opening”) • hanja form of 구 (“hole”)
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canonical : 口: Hán Việt readings: khẩu 口: Nôm readings: khẩu
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chữ Hán form of khẩu (“mouth; opening”).
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口
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| 古
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Unknown. \ Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ). \ Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 十 (“ten”) + 口 (“mouth”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”). ‖ Unknown. \ Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ). \ Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 十 (“ten”) + 口 (“mouth”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”). ‖ Unknown. \ Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ). \ Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 十 (“ten”) + 口 (“mouth”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Middle-Chinese : kuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨ
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the past; ancient times • old; ancient • classic; old-styled • simple; unaffected; unsophisticated • things in the past; antiquities; history • (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) story (Classifier: 段 c) • Short for 古體詩／古体诗 (gǔtǐshī, “ancient-style poem”). • a surname ‖ ^† Alternative form of 固 (gù) • ^† Alternative form of 故 (gù) ‖ ^† Only used in 古成.
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‖ 古(ふる) • (furu) ‖ 古(ふる) • (furu-)
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‖ used item, secondhand item, hand-me-down ‖ paleo-, old, used, previous
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hanja form of 고 (“old; ancient”)
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canonical : 古: Hán Việt readings: cổ 古: Nôm readings: cổ • canonical : cỗ • canonical : của • canonical : có • canonical : cỏ • canonical : kẻ ‖ romanization : cổ ‖ romanization : cổ • romanization : của
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‖ chữ Hán form of cổ (“ancient; old”). ‖ Nôm form of cổ (“neck”). • Nôm form of của (“property; belongings”).
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古
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| 句
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo) : semantic 丩 (“to entangle”) + phonetic 口 (OC *kʰoːʔ), which may represent the tip of a big nail. \ The 丩 component, originally two entangled ropes, now resembles the unrelated 勹. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo) : semantic 丩 (“to entangle”) + phonetic 口 (OC *kʰoːʔ), which may represent the tip of a big nail. \ The 丩 component, originally two entangled ropes, now resembles the unrelated 勹. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo) : semantic 丩 (“to entangle”) + phonetic 口 (OC *kʰoːʔ), which may represent the tip of a big nail. \ The 丩 component, originally two entangled ropes, now resembles the unrelated 勹. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo) : semantic 丩 (“to entangle”) + phonetic 口 (OC *kʰoːʔ), which may represent the tip of a big nail. \ The 丩 component, originally two entangled ropes, now resembles the unrelated 勹.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau¹ • Middle-Chinese : kuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˋ • Middle-Chinese : kuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˊ • Middle-Chinese : gju
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sentence; phrase • Classifier for sentences. • (Cantonese; formal in Hong Kong) Classifier for hours. ‖ to bend; to curve • Alternative form of 鉤／钩 (gōu, “hook”) • to be polite and modest • to arrest; to capture • to examine • (historical geometry) Alternative form of 勾 (“the shorter leg of a right triangle”) • a surname ‖ Used in 句當／句当, alternative form of 勾當／勾当 • Alternative form of 彀 (gòu, “to draw a bow”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 絇／𰬆 (jù, “a kind of shoe ornament or decoration”)
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‖ 句(く) • (ku) ‖ 句(く) • (-ku)
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‖ a short section from a longer text: · a phrase or clause • a short section from a longer text: · a sentence or line • a short section from a longer text: · a passage or paragraph • a short section from a longer text: · a verse from a song • a short section from a longer text: · a stanza from a poem ‖ counter for stanzas from a poem or for haiku
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句 (eumhun 글귀 구 (geulgwi gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“sentence; phrase”)
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canonical : 句: Hán Việt readings: câu • canonical : cú • canonical : cấu
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chữ Hán form of câu (“sentence, expression, line”). • chữ Hán form of cú (“sentence, expression, line”).
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句
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| 叫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːws) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : giu³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiàu • Middle-Chinese : kewH
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to be called • to call; to name • to call (someone) • to yell; to shout • to hail; to greet • (ditransitive) to ask; to order • to hire; to call (a taxi); to order (in a restaurant, in a shop) • (dialectal) to cry; to weep • used in a passive sentence to introduce the agent; by • (Northern Wu) Suffix used to form adverbs from reduplicated monosyllabic adjectives or verbs.
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‖ 叫(きょう) • (kyō)
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to shout; to scream • to clamor for or against something, to make an appeal for or against something ‖ to shout; to scream
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叫 (eumhun 부르짖을 규 (bureujijeul gyu))
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hanja form of 규 (“shout”)
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canonical : 叫: Hán Việt readings: khiếu 叫: Nôm readings: kêu • canonical : kíu
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叫
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| 召
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dews, *djews) : phonetic 刀 (OC *taːw) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – to call out (with one’s mouth). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dews, *djews) : phonetic 刀 (OC *taːw) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – to call out (with one’s mouth).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàu • Middle-Chinese : drjewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzyewH
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imperial decree • to call together; to convene; to summon • temple or monastery (used in placenames in Inner Mongolia) ‖ a surname: Shao • State of Shao, an ancient state that existed in modern-day Shaanxi Province
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call • take • catch
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召 • (so, jo) · 召 • (so, jo) (hangeul 소, 조, revised so, jo, McCune–Reischauer so, cho)
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Hán-Nôm : chiêu • Hán-Nôm : chịu • Hán-Nôm : chẹo • Hán-Nôm : giẹo • Hán-Nôm : thiệu • Hán-Nôm : trịu • Hán-Nôm : triệu • Hán-Nôm : xạu • Hán-Nôm : trẹo • Hán-Nôm : dịu • Hán-Nôm : gieo • Hán-Nôm : trĩu
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召
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| 可
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːlʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“back (lower); kidney; load; carry”) (STEDT). Cognate with 荷 (OC *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ, “to carry”). See there for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuá • Middle-Chinese : khaX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hak¹
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can; may; be able to • to approve; to permit • to fit; suit • to be worth doing • but; however • Particle used for emphasis. · (archaic) Used in questions for emphasis. • Particle used for emphasis. · Used in rhetorical questions for emphasis. • Particle used for emphasis. · Used in declarative sentences for emphasis. • Particle used for emphasis. · Used in exclamatory sentences for emphasis. • Particle used for emphasis. · Used in imperative sentences for emphasis. • (literary) about; around • (literary) to recover completely (from an illness) ‖ Only used in 可汗 (kèhán).
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‖ 可(か) • (ka) ‖ 可(か) • (-ka)
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allow, permit • can; be able to ‖ C (academic letter grade); passable • allowed ‖ permitted, allowed, licensed • -able; can be done
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可 (eumhun 옳을 가 (oreul ga)) ‖ 可 (eumhun 오랑캐 극 (orangkae geuk))
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hanja form of 가 (“possible; allowed”) ‖ hanja form of 극 (“barbarian”)
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Hán-Nôm : khả • Hán-Nôm : khá • Hán-Nôm : tài
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可
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| 史
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Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a fountain pen resembling 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) \ ;"to send, to employ, to cause" \ ;"scribe, historian" \ :Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sái • Middle-Chinese : sriX
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history • (historical) court historian; scribe • historical record; book recording history • a surname
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‖ 史(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
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record, recording • history ‖ a male given name
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史 (eumhun 사기(史記) 사 (sagi sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“history”) [noun, suffix]
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Hán-Nôm : sử
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史
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| 右
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Originally 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) in the oracle bone script. \ In bronze inscriptions, a 口 (“mouth; speech”) component was added, perhaps with the intention of indicating the use of 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) is a phonetic loan. In other words, the current form is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) + semantic 口. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-(j/r)a (“right (hand)”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གཡས (g.yas, “right”), Jingpho hkra (khʒa⁵⁵, “right”), Burmese ယာ (ya), ညာ (nya). \ 友 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “be friendly; friend”) is the endoactive derivation of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to aid”), 祐 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “(of divinity) to assist; to bless”), 宥 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to pardon; magnanimous”) are exoactive derivations of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) (ibid.). \ ; “(politics) right-wing” ‖ Originally 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) in the oracle bone script. \ In bronze inscriptions, a 口 (“mouth; speech”) component was added, perhaps with the intention of indicating the use of 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) is a phonetic loan. In other words, the current form is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) + semantic 口. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-(j/r)a (“right (hand)”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གཡས (g.yas, “right”), Jingpho hkra (khʒa⁵⁵, “right”), Burmese ယာ (ya), ညာ (nya). \ 友 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “be friendly; friend”) is the endoactive derivation of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to aid”), 祐 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “(of divinity) to assist; to bless”), 宥 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to pardon; magnanimous”) are exoactive derivations of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) (ibid.). \ ; “(politics) right-wing”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iū • Middle-Chinese : hjuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶ • Middle-Chinese : hjuwH
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right (direction) • west; areas to the west • (historical) right side as the side of precedence • (politics) right-wing • (chemistry) dextro- • a surname ‖ Original form of 佑 (yòu, “to assist”). • Original form of 祐 (yòu, “to protect; to bless”). • to take somebody's side • Alternative form of 侑 (yòu, “to urge somebody to eat or drink”)
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‖ 右(みぎ) • (migi) ‖ 右(みぎり) • (migiri) ‖ 右(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←いう (iu)?) ‖ 右(う) • (u-)
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right • conservative • right-wing, right fielder • respect for • aid, assist, counsel ‖ right (direction) • (in vertical writing of Japanese, with columns running right to left) the above statement, foregoing • (politics) the right wing, a rightist • (historical) a superior during in the Chinese Warring States period ‖ (archaic) Same as みぎ (migi) above ‖ right (direction) • respect; esteem; value • Alternative form of 佑 (yū, “aid; assist”) ‖ right (direction) • (politics) right-wing • (baseball) right fielder • (history, government) "of the right", junior or subordinate to 左 (sa-, “of the left”)
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右 (eumhun 오른쪽 우 (oreunjjok u)) ‖ 右 (eumhun 도울 우 (doul u))
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hanja form of 우 (“right (direction)”) ‖ hanja form of 우 (“to help; to aid; to assist; to give a hand”)
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Hán-Nôm : hữu
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right (direction)
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右
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| 司
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Unknown. \ Shuowen: 后 flipped. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *zə; cognate with Proto-Kukish *ca, Mru caŋ (“to do; to make”), and Tibetan མཛད (mdzad, “to do; to act”), མཛོད (mdzod), possibly also related to བཟོ (bzo, “work, labour”) (Schuessler, 2007). Schuessler disputes Löffler's (1966) proposed connection of these cognates to 作 (OC *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ, “to do, work, make”) due to phonological difficulties. \ Unger (1984) posits a possible relationship with Tibetan རྫི་པོ (rdzi po, “herdsman”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sai • Middle-Chinese : si
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to take charge of; to control; to manage • officer; official • a surname
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‖ 司(まもる) • (Mamoru)
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an official, a director, a boss ‖ a male given name
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司 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : ti • Hán-Nôm : tư • Hán-Nôm : tơ
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司
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| 各
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夂 (“sole of foot”) + 口 – to come, to enter; original form of 𢓜 and 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ). \ Sino-Tibetan. Derived from 舉 (OC kaʔ) with distributive suffix -k. Cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ka (“all”) (Schuessler, 2007) ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夂 (“sole of foot”) + 口 – to come, to enter; original form of 𢓜 and 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ). \ Sino-Tibetan. Derived from 舉 (OC kaʔ) with distributive suffix -k. Cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ka (“all”) (Schuessler, 2007)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Middle-Chinese : kak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˇ
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each; every (determiner) • each (adverb) • a surname ‖ (dialectal, derogatory) sticking out; odd; unusual • Used in 自各兒／自各儿.
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‖ 各(かく) • (kaku-)
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each • every • either ‖ each
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hanja form of 각 (“each”)
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canonical : 各: Hán Việt readings: các • canonical : cách 各: Nôm readings: các • canonical : gác • canonical : cắc • canonical : gạc • canonical : gật
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各
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| 合
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hap⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍h • Middle-Chinese : hop ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kap • Middle-Chinese : kop ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōnn ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah
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to close; to shut • to join; to combine; to unite; to bring together • to suit; to fit • to have sexual intercourse • to fight, to have a confrontation with • to be equivalent to, to add up • spouse • whole; entire • together • Alternative form of 盒 (hé, “box”) • (games, battle) round • (astronomy) conjunction • (Hokkien) to get along well • (Chinese phonetics) Short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”). • Classifier for the number of fights. • to compound; to make up (medicine, etc.) • a surname ‖ unit of volume, equal to one tenth of a 升 (shēng) • unit of volume, equal to one tenth of a 升 (shēng) · (Han dynasty) equal to 2 龠 (yuè) ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low sol (5̣). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low sol (5̣). ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 佮 (“and; with”)
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‖ 合(ごう) • (-gō) ^(←がふ (gafu)?) ‖ 合(ごう) • (gō) ^(←がふ (gafu)?)
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fit • suit • join • one tenth ‖ covered containers • battles ‖ 0.18039 liters, equaling ten shaku or a tenth of a shō • a tenth of the distance from the base to the summit of a mountain
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合 (eumhun 합할 합 (haphal hap))
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hanja form of 합 (“to unite”)
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canonical : 合: Hán Việt readings: hợp • canonical : hiệp • canonical : hạp • canonical : cáp 合: Nôm readings: hợp • canonical : họp • canonical : cáp • canonical : cóp • canonical : gộp • canonical : sáp
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chữ Hán form of hợp (“to unite, suitable”). • chữ Hán form of hiệp (“unite”). • chữ Hán form of hạp (“to unite, suitable (rare spelling of hợp)”). • Nôm form of sáp (“flexible material used to store cosmetics”).
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合
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| 吉
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjit (“happy; pleased”) (STEDT). Also compare Tibetan སྐྱིད་པ (skyid pa, “to be happy”) and Burmese ချစ် (hkyac, “to love, to be pleased”) (Schuessler, 2007, Hill, 2019). \ Cantonese sense of “empty” arises from avoidance of 空 (hung¹), which is homophonous to 凶 (hung¹, “inauspicious”). \ The Taiwanese Chinese sense of “to sue” arises from avoidance of 告 (gào, “to sue”), which is a typo form of it.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kit • Middle-Chinese : kjit
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auspicious; lucky • good • (Cantonese, euphemistic) empty • (Cantonese, euphemistic) emptiness; nothingness • Short for 吉林 (Jílín, “Jilin Province”). • a surname • (Taiwan, Internet slang) to accuse; to sue; to file a lawsuit; to press charges • (～縣) Ji County (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)
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‖ 吉(きち) • (kichi) ‖ 吉(きつ) • (kitsu)
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‖ good luck ‖ Alternative form of 吉 (kichi, “good luck”)
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吉 (eumhun 길할 길 (gilhal gil))
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hanja form of 길 (“luck”)
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canonical : 吉: Hán Việt readings: cát 吉: Nôm readings: kiết
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chữ Hán form of cát (“auspicious, lucky”).
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吉
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| 同
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 凡 (“all”) + 口 (“mouth”) – together. \ Perhaps related to Tibetan སྡོང་བ (sdong ba, “to unite; to join”), Mizo intawng (inᴸ-tɔŋᴴ, “to meet together; to tally; to agree”), Mizo intawn (inᴸ-tɔn^F, “to meet together; to tally; to agree”). Unrelated to 叢 (OC *zloːŋ, “to collect; thicket”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : duwng
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same; identical • to be the same as • together; with each other • with (indicating accompaniment or relationship) • (introducing the recipient of an action) with • used to show comparison • and • (dialectal, including Cantonese) for • (Cantonese) Used in the form of 同我 in imperative sentences for emphasis. • a surname
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‖ 同(どう) • (dō-)
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‖ same
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同 (eumhun 한가지 동 (han'gaji dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“same; identical”)
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canonical : 同: Hán Việt readings: đồng 同: Nôm readings: đồng • canonical : đùng • canonical : đòng • canonical : đang • canonical : rùng
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chữ Hán form of đồng (“co-, homo-”).
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同
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| 名
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夕 (“crescent moon”) + 口 (“mouth”) — to say one's own name to identify oneself in the dark. \ An alternative theory has been proposed based on Shang era texts. 口 was originally used to write both 口 and 名. 夕 standing for what later came to be written 明, was added as a phonetic indicator to disambiguate the two meanings. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-miŋ (“name”). Cognate with Tibetan མིང (ming), Burmese အမည် (a.many), and Mizo hming.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : miâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Middle-Chinese : mjieng
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name • given name • reputation; fame • famous; reputable • excuse; form; ostensible purpose • (grammar) Short for 名詞／名词 (míngcí, “noun”). • (grammar) Short for 專有名詞／专有名词 (zhuānyǒu míngcí, “proper noun”). • (archaic, mathematics, arithmetic) sign • to be called • to describe; to give details of • Classifier for place in a competition or position in a name list. • Classifier for people with a certain status or identity.
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‖ 名(な) • (na) ‖ 名(めい) • (-mei) ‖ 名(めい) • (mei) ‖ 名(めい) • (mei-)
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‖ name • reputation ‖ counter word for people, persons ‖ name ‖ famous, great, noted
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名 (eumhun 이름 명 (ireum myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“name”) [noun] • hanja form of 명 (“famous; great; noted”) [prefix]
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canonical : 名: Hán Việt readings: danh 名: Nôm readings: ranh • canonical : danh • canonical : rành • canonical : quanh • canonical : dinh • canonical : gianh
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chữ Hán form of danh (“famous; well-known”).
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名
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| 吏
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Alternative descendant of 叓, which is also the ancient form of 事. \ See 理 (lǐ, “envoy, jail official, matchmaker”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lē • Middle-Chinese : liH
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(historical) government official • (historical) petty official • a surname
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(historical) petty official (low-ranking public servant)
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吏 (eumhun 벼슬아치 리 (byeoseurachi ri), word-initial (South Korea) 벼슬아치 이 (byeoseurachi i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“government official”)
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Hán-Nôm : lại • Hán-Nôm : lưỡi
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(only in compound quan lại) chữ Hán form of lại (“government official”). • Nôm form of lại (“again”).
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吏
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| 吐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-twa (“to spit”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-twa (“to spit”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóo • Middle-Chinese : thuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thòo • Middle-Chinese : thuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dat⁶
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to spit; to spew from the mouth • to say; to tell; to pour out • a surname ‖ to vomit; to throw up ‖ Only used in 吐谷渾／吐谷浑 (tǔyùhún).
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vomit, belch, spit (out)
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吐 (eum 토 (to))
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Kwukyel form of 토 (to)
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Hán-Nôm : thổ • Hán-Nôm : nhổ • Hán-Nôm : giổ • Hán-Nôm : giỗ
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吐
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| 向
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. \ ; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)” ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. \ ; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hoeng³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ànn • Middle-Chinese : xjangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoeng³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Hiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Hiàng • Middle-Chinese : syangH
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to face • to side with; to favour; to discriminate in favour of • (literary) to admire; to revere • (literary) to approach; to advance towards • direction • towards; to • (literary) the old days; the past • always; throughout • (Taivoan religious concept) sorcery, taboo, and magic • (chiefly ACG, suffix forming attributive adjectives) for (directed at, intended to belong to) ‖ An ancient state in modern Shandong • name of two places in modern Henan • a surname
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‖ 向(むかい) • (Mukai) ^(←むかひ (mukafi)?)
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yonder • facing ‖ a surname
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向 (eumhun 향할 향 (hyanghal hyang)) ‖ 向 (eumhun 성 상 (seong sang))
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hanja form of 향 (“facing”) ‖ hanja form of 상 (“a surname.”)
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Hán-Nôm : hướng
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向
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| 君
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klun) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “(hand holding a rod) to administer”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). In the oracle bones and early Zhou bronze inscriptions, 君 (jūn) was often interchanged with 尹. Shuowen suggests that 口 represents commands, but it may simply be decorative. \ Unknown. Here are several possibilities: \ * Related to Old Mon kmin, kmun (“to exercise royal power; to be king; to reign”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “director; governor”) and 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) and cognate with Tibetan མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”) (Mei Tsu-lin, 1985); \ * The *k- prefixed derivative of 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “to straighten; to administer”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); however, this is phonologically problematic (Schuessler, 2007). \ The ACG sense is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 君 (-kun), which is in turn from Chinese.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Middle-Chinese : kjun
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sovereign; monarch; ruler; chief; prince; lord • (historical) An honorific title: lord • (literary, honorific) you; your (referring to a male) • A polite form of address used among couples. • to dominate; to reign • (ACG, Internet slang) -kun • (ACG, Internet slang) Affectionate name suffix. • a surname: Jun
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‖ 君(きみ) • (kimi) ‖ 君(きみ) or 君(キミ) • (kimi) ‖ 君(ぎみ) • (-gimi) ‖ 君(くん) • (-kun) ‖ 君(きんじ) • (kinji) ^(←きんぢ (kindi)?)
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king, lord, ruler • person of high rank • form of address to fellow colleagues or inferiors ‖ a ruler of a country · an emperor • a ruler of a country · a lord • a master • a nobleman or other person of high(er) rank • (historical, archaic) a prostitute • (historical) one of the hereditary titles bestowed to local chiefs in ancient Japan ‖ (informal, chiefly men's speech) second-person personal pronoun: you • (informal, chiefly men's speech) second-person personal pronoun: you · (after a が (ga) or の (no) particle) term of respect to another person ‖ indicates respect ‖ suffix for boys' names • indicates respect • indicates familiarity ‖ second person personal pronoun: you
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君 (eumhun 임금 군 (imgeum gun))
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hanja form of 군 (“sovereign”) • hanja form of 군 (“young man; young sir”)
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Hán-Nôm : quân • Hán-Nôm : vua
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sovereign, monarch, ruler, chief, prince
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君
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| 吟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms) : semantic 口 + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîm • Middle-Chinese : ngim • Middle-Chinese : ngimH
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to recite; to chant • to groan • (literature) a type of poetry • (of animals) to cry; to call
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吟 • (eum) · 吟 • (eum) (hangeul 음, revised eum, McCune–Reischauer ŭm)
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canonical : 吟: Hán Việt readings: ngâm 吟: Nôm readings: ngẫm • canonical : ngậm • canonical : ngâm • canonical : cầm • canonical : ngắm • canonical : gầm • canonical : gặm • canonical : gẫm • canonical : ngăm • canonical : ngăn • canonical : câm • canonical : căm • canonical : cằm • canonical : ngầm • canonical : ngẩm • canonical : ngợm
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chữ Hán form of ngâm (“to recite; to read in a singing voice”).
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吟
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| 否
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ) : phonetic 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). \ See etymology of 不. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hió • Middle-Chinese : pjuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pháinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phái • Middle-Chinese : bijX
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nay; no; negative • not • final interrogative particle ‖ ^† to block; to obstruct • ^† to denounce; to censure • ^† to become extinct • ^† poverty-stricken; poor • ^† evil; vile • ^† Alternative form of 鄙 (bǐ, “superficial; shallow”) • ^† Alternative form of 痞 (pǐ, “lump in the abdomen”) • 12th hexagram of the I Ching
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‖ 否(ひ) • (hi)
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no • negate ‖ no
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否 (eumhun 아닐 부 (anil bu)) · 否 (eumhun 막힐 비 (makhil bi))
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hanja form of 부 (“not, no, negative”) • hanja form of 비 (“obstruct, block”)
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Hán-Nôm : bĩ • Hán-Nôm : phủ • Hán-Nôm : phầu
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否
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| 含
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːm) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gam (“to put into mouth; to seize with mouth”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan འགམ་པ ('gam pa, “to put into the mouth”), Proto-Tani *g(j)am (“bite”). \ Within Chinese, cognate with 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm, “to contain; box; letter”) (Schuessler, 2007). 銜 (OC *ɡraːm, “to carry in the mouth; horse's bit”) is probably related. Bodman (1980) considers 頷 (OC *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ) to be the endoactive of 含 (OC *ɡɯːm, “to hold in the mouth”), literally “the thing that holds something in the mouth”. ‖ Exoactive or causative of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 憾 (OC *ɡɯːms, “to resent”). ‖ Ultimately from Hebrew חָם.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâm • Middle-Chinese : hom ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Hâm
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to hold or keep in the mouth • to contain inside; to comprise; to include • (literary, or in compounds) to bear; to endure • to harbor (emotion); to nurse; to endure; to hold back • (Hong Kong Cantonese, euphemistic) Short for 含撚. (all senses) • a surname: Han ‖ Original form of 琀 (hán, “gems and pearls stuffed into a corpse's mouth”). • to put gems and pearls into a corpse's mouth ‖ (biblical) Ham
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include, contain
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含 (eumhun 머금을 함 (meogeumeul ham))
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Hán-Nôm : hàm
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含
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| 吸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰrɯb) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 及 (OC *ɡrɯb) – to inhale through the mouth. Note that 及 originally derives from “grab”, hence connotations of “grab through the mouth, inhale”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hip • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khip • Middle-Chinese : xip
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to breath in; to inhale • to breath in; to inhale · to smoke • to suck; to drink • to absorb • to attract • a surname: Xi
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suck • imbibe • inhale • sip
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吸 (eumhun 마실 흡 (masil heup))
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hanja form of 흡 (“to drink, suck in, to inhale, to attract”)
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canonical : 吸: Hán Việt readings: hấp 吸: Nôm readings: cộp • canonical : cạp • canonical : hấp • canonical : hớp • canonical : húp • canonical : hút
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吸
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| 吹
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 (“mouth”) + 欠 (“blow”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 (“mouth”) + 欠 (“blow”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsher • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshui • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi³ • Middle-Chinese : tsyhweH
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to blow; to puff • (of wind) to blow • (of wind) to blow · (of typhoon) to hit; to strike • to blow; to play a wind instrument • (colloquial) to brag; to boast • (colloquial) to drink alcoholic beverages directly from a bottle • (colloquial, of a plan) to fall through; (of relationship) to break down • (Cantonese) Short for 吹水. • (Cantonese) Short for 吹脹／吹胀 (ceoi¹ zoeng³). • (ACG) to like • Misspelling of 催 (cuī, “to urge”). ‖ ^⁜ wind instruments; music performed with wind instruments • (literary) wind
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To blow (such as an instrument)
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吹 (eumhun 불 취 (bul chwi))
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hanja form of 취 (“to blow”)
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Hán-Nôm : xuy • Hán-Nôm : xi • Hán-Nôm : xơi • Hán-Nôm : xoe • Hán-Nôm : xôi • Hán-Nôm : xuê • Hán-Nôm : xúy • Hán-Nôm : xuý • Hán-Nôm : xùi • Hán-Nôm : xì • Hán-Nôm : xỉ • Hán-Nôm : xua • Hán-Nôm : xuề • Hán-Nôm : xuế • Hán-Nôm : xuể • Hán-Nôm : xui • Hán-Nôm : xủi • Hán-Nôm : xuôi
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吹
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| 告
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 牛 (“ox”) + 口, an ox head above a container to gather its blood. Originally meaning "to pray and offer sacrifice". \ Cognate with Thai กล่าว (glàao, “to say; to declare”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 牛 (“ox”) + 口, an ox head above a container to gather its blood. Originally meaning "to pray and offer sacrifice". \ Cognate with Thai กล่าว (glàao, “to say; to declare”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 牛 (“ox”) + 口, an ox head above a container to gather its blood. Originally meaning "to pray and offer sacrifice". \ Cognate with Thai กล่าว (glàao, “to say; to declare”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From 校 (MC kaewH, “to check; to compare”) (Yang, 2010). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Middle-Chinese : kawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Middle-Chinese : kowk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ • Middle-Chinese : kowk ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ
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to report to • to tell; to inform • to request • to announce; to declare • to expose; to denounce • to accuse; to sue; to file a lawsuit; to press charges • (Eastern Min) to call ‖ Only used in 忠告 (zhōnggào). ‖ Only used in 告朔. ‖ (Southwestern Mandarin) to try; to check out ‖ ^† to interrogate and convict
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tell, inform • revelation
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告 (eumhun 알릴 고 (allil go)) ‖ 告 (eumhun 청할 곡 (cheonghal gok))
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hanja form of 고 (“report”) ‖ (obsolete) hanja form of 곡 (“asking”)
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Hán-Nôm : cáo • Hán-Nôm : cáu • Hán-Nôm : cốc • Hán-Nôm : kiếu
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告
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| 周
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;to encircle, to circle, to surround, everywhere, curve (in the road) \ ;to help \ :Alternatively, note Khmer ជួយ (cuəy, “to help, assist; to support; to rescue, save”) (ibid.). Even so, also note Thai ช่วย (chûai), which in turn is from Middle Chinese 助 (MC dzrjoH)); if Khmer ជួយ (cuəy) and Thai ช่วย (chûai) were related, then Khmer ជួយ (cuəy) cannot be related to Old Chinese 周 (OC *tjɯw). \ ;dynasty's name \ :A 周方白 (Zhōufāng bó, “Elder of Zhou region”), likely King Wen of Zhou, was mentioned in Oracle Bone Inscriptions H11:82 and H11:84 (Lin, 1995) \ :Hargett (2021) states that 商 (Shāng) and 周 (Zhōu) derived from names of "places that the rulers and people of those eras regarded as their homeland or cultic centers"; the 周方 (Zhōufāng, “Zhou region”) was among "areas or regions along the frontier borders of Shang, traditionally regarded as enemy territory". ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu • Middle-Chinese : tsyuw ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zau¹
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to circle; to encircle • circle; circumference • whole • to extend everywhere • thorough; complete; comprehensive • (obsolete) side; periphery • (obsolete) to suit • to help (e.g. financially); to relieve • (Cantonese, chiefly in the passive) to reprimand with authority; to catch • Classifier for circuits.; circuit; revolution • (historical) name of various dynasties · (～朝) Zhou Dynasty (1046—256 BCE) • (historical) name of various dynasties · Northern Zhou (557—581), one of the Northern dynasties in China • (historical) name of various dynasties · Wu Zhou (690–705), established by Wu Zetian • (historical) name of various dynasties · Later Zhou (951–960), one of the Five Dynasties in China • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) penis (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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‖ 周(しゅう) • (-shū) ^(←しう (siu)?) ‖ 周(しゅう) • (Shū) ^(←しう (siu)?) ‖ 周(まこと) • (Makoto) ‖ 周(あまね) • (Amane)
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circumference • circuit • lap ‖ laps or circuits ‖ Zhou ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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周 (eumhun 두루 주 (duru ju))
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canonical : 周: Hán Việt readings: chu • canonical : châu 周: Nôm readings: chu • canonical : châu
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chữ Hán form of Chu (“a surname.”). • chữ Hán form of Châu (“a surname.”).
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周
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| 味
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯds) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 未 (OC *mɯds). \ Schuessler (2007) compared this word with Proto-Monic *[ʔ]məp (“good tasting, have a pleasant flavour, be pleasant”) > Mon မိပ် (mìp, “to be happy, to enjoy”). Unger (1992) connects this with Tibetan བྲོད (brod) (< བྲོ (bro, “to taste”)). Also compare Korean 맛 (mat, “taste”), 멋 (meot, “taste; charm”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi • Middle-Chinese : mj+jH
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taste; flavor • smell; odor (Classifier: 股 m; 𠹻 c) • food • to taste; to reflect on; to experience • interest; fun; taste • Classifier for ingredients of a Chinese medicine prescription. • Classifier for dishes. • (Cantonese) Classifier for things: kind; sort • (particle physics) flavor
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‖ 味(あじ) • (aji) ^(←あぢ (adi)?)-na (adnominal 味(あじ)な (aji na), adverbial 味(あじ)に (aji ni)) ‖ 味(あじ) • (aji) ^(←あぢ (adi)?) ‖ 味(み) • (mi) ‖ 味(み) • (mi) ‖ 味(み) • (-mi) ‖
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‖ clever, smart, witty • mysterious, strange ‖ a flavour (UK)/flavor (US), taste • feeling, sensation • experience, taste • charm • (go) aji, the ‘flavour’ or lingering possibilities of a position • (go) bad aji, a lingering weakness in a position ‖ flavor, taste • tasting, savoring • taste, savor • Alternative spelling of 身 (mi): body part ‖ a flavour (UK)/flavor (US), taste ‖ counter for kinds of food, drink, medicine, etc. ‖
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味 (eumhun 맛 미 (mat mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“taste”)
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Hán-Nôm : vị • Hán-Nôm : mùi • Hán-Nôm : mồi
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Nôm form of mùi (“smell; scent”). • chữ Hán form of vị (“taste; flavor”).
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味
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| 呼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khoo • Middle-Chinese : xu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ
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to breathe out; to exhale; to sigh • to shout; to yell • to call (someone); to address • (onomatopoeia, of wind) howling • (Chinese phonetics) medial; in Middle Chinese: being open-mouthed (開口／开口) or closed-mouthed (合口), also called 開合／开合); or, for modern Chinese: one of four medials (四呼) ‖ Alternative form of 詨／𰵦 (xiào, “to shout”) ‖ Alternative form of 吁 (“sigh (expression of fatigue)”) ‖ Expression of anger. ‖ ^‡ Alternative form of 罅 (xià, “crack; rift”)
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‖ 呼(こ) • (ko)
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call • call out to • invite ‖ to breathe out, to exhale, to sigh • to shout, to yell • to call (someone), to address
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呼 (eumhun 부를 호 (bureul ho))
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hanja form of 호 (“to call; to shout”) • hanja form of 호 (“to exhale; to breathe out”)
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Hán-Nôm : hô • Hán-Nôm : há • Hán-Nôm : hao • Hán-Nôm : hào
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呼
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| 命
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Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mreŋs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs). Doublet of 呤 (lìng). \ Related to 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs, “to order; to command; order”) (Wang, 1982). Both may be derived from 名 (OC *meŋ, “name”): “name” (名) > “to name; to give (a name to)” (命) > “to order; to command” > “order; command” > “destiny; fate; lot” > “life” (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : miā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bīng • Middle-Chinese : mjaengH
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life; existence; state of living (Classifier: 條／条 m c) • lifespan; life expectancy • destiny; fate; luck • order; command; instruction • to order; to command • to give (a title, name to); to name
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‖ 命(いのち) • (inochi) ‖ 命(みこと) • (mikoto) ‖ 命(みこと) • (mikoto) ‖ 命(みこと) • (mikoto) ‖ 命(めい) • (mei)
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‖ life • lifespan • lifetime • fate, destiny • (figuratively) the most important part or aspect of a thing ‖ the words or pronouncements of a god or an emperor ‖ the honorable, the exalted • the beloved, dearly beloved ‖ you • that person ‖ fate, destiny • life, lifespan • order, command
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命 (eumhun 목숨 명 (moksum myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“life”)
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canonical : 命: Hán Việt readings: mệnh • canonical : mạng 命: Nôm readings: mạng • canonical : mạnh • canonical : mệnh • canonical : mình
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命
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| 和
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. \ ; “and; with” \ ; “Japanese”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huê • Middle-Chinese : hwa ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâm ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Middle-Chinese : hwaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄏㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁴
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peaceful; harmonious • gentle; kind • warm; temperate • sum; total • to make peace; to become reconciled • to tie • (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used. • Japanese • a surname. He ‖ and • with ‖ to make sounds in concert with; to echo ‖ to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead ‖ to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form) • to add water to make something less thick • Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes. • Classifier for the number of times a dose of traditional Chinese medicine is boiled. ‖ (mahjong) to have a winning hand ‖ warm
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‖ 和(わ) • (wa) ‖ 和(わ) • (wa) ‖ ‖ 和(のどか) • (Nodoka)
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‖ peace, harmony, tranquillity, serenity. • (arithmeti) sum ‖ Japan, Japanese, Nippo- ‖ ‖ a unisex given name
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和 (eumhun 화할 화 (hwahal hwa))
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hanja form of 화 (“harmony; peace”) • hanja form of 화 (“a free-reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times”)
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canonical : 和: Hán Việt readings: hòa • canonical : hoà • canonical : hồ 和: Nôm readings: họa • canonical : hoạ • canonical : huề • canonical : hùa
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chữ Hán form of hoà (“peace, harmony”). • chữ Hán form of hoà; hoạ; hùa (“to mix or dissolve in water; to harmonize; to follow suit”). • chữ Hán form of hoà, huề (“to draw, to tie, to make peace”).
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和
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| 哀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːl) : phonetic 衣 (OC *qɯl, *qɯls) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). \ Probably sound-symbolic (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Coblin (2021) proposes that it is a contraction of Common Neo-Hakka compound 阿姆 (*a¹ moi¹), where *moi¹ may have come from earlier *moi⁴, perhaps related to 母 (OC *mɯʔ, “mother”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai • Middle-Chinese : 'oj ‖
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to pity; to sympathize • to lament; to mourn • sad; mournful; pitiful; sorrowful • grief; sorrow • orphaned of one's mother due to her passing • a surname ‖ (Hakka) mother
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‖ 哀(あい) • (ai)
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pathetic • grief • sorrow ‖ grief; sorrow; sadness; lamentation • pity; sympathy
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哀 • (ae) · 哀 • (ae) (hangeul 애, McCune–Reischauer ae)
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grief, sorrow • sad
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Hán-Nôm : ai
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哀
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| 品
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 口 (“mouth”). Also occurs in 區.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ban² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phín • Middle-Chinese : phimX
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article; item; product; commodity • personality; character • grade; level; rank; class • (music, of a string instrument) fret • to taste • a surname
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‖ 品(しな) • (shina) ‖ 品(しな) • (-shina) ‖ 品(ひん) • (hin) ‖ 品(ひん) • (-hin) ‖ 品(ほん) • (hon) ‖ 品(ほん) • (-hon)
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‖ article, goods • stock • quality ‖ an item (on the menu) or dish ‖ grace, elegance • refinement • article, goods • course, dish ‖ an item (on the menu) or dish ‖ (history) a type of rank for officials in East Asian courts ‖ (history) a type of rank for officials in East Asian courts
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品 (eumhun 물건(物件) 품)
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hanja form of 품 (“article; goods”) • hanja form of 품 (“personality; character”) • hanja form of 품 (“quality”)
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Hán-Nôm : phẩm
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品
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| 哲
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In bronze script, written as 悊 (zhé) and other variants, with no evidence of the existence of 哲 (zhé) until small seal script. In 說文解字／说文解字 (Shuōwén Jiězì), described as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'ed) : phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) .
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiat • Middle-Chinese : trjet
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wise, sagacious • wise man, sage
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‖ 哲(さとし) or 哲(てつ) • (Satoshi or Tetsu)
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philosophy • clear ‖ a male given name
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哲 (eumhun 밝을 철 (balgeul cheol))
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wise, sagacious • wise man, sage
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Hán-Nôm : triết • Hán-Nôm : chít • Hán-Nôm : Chứt • Hán-Nôm : trết • Hán-Nôm : trít
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哲
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| 唐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡl'aːŋ) : phonetic 庚 (OC *kraːŋ) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – to exaggerate, to boast. 唐 and 庚 were near-homophones in Old Chinese. \ Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy khlù:aŋ (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâng • Middle-Chinese : dang
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Used in 荒唐 (huāngtáng).; to exaggerate; to boast • (literary) exaggerative; boastful • (obsolete) vast; wide; extensive • (obsolete) road inside temple • (literary) in vain; to no avail • 50th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "vastness, emptiness, pointlessness" (𝌷) • (～朝) Tang Dynasty (618–907) • Later Tang (923–937), the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period • Southern Tang (937–976), a state in Southern China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period • Tang, a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty established by Emperor Yao • (figurative) China • (obsolete) (alt. form 蓎) dodder (Cuscuta chinensis) • (～縣) Tang county (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China) • (～郡) Down (a county of Northern Ireland, United Kingdom) • a surname
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‖ 唐(とう) • (tō) ^(←たう (tau)?) ‖ 唐(とう) • (Tō) ^(←たう (tau)?) ‖ 唐(から) • (kara-) ‖ 唐(から) • (kara) ‖ 唐(から) • (Kara)
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Tang dynasty • China, Chinese, Sino- • foreign • baseless, bogus • abrupt, sudden ‖ foreign lands in general ‖ (historical) name of various Chinese dynasties: · the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) • (historical) name of various Chinese dynasties: · the 後唐 (Kōtō, “Later Tang”) (923-937 CE) • (historical) name of various Chinese dynasties: · the 南唐 (Nantō, “Southern Tang”) (937–976 CE) • (dated) China in general ‖ element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or from other foreign lands ‖ foreign lands in general • Short for 唐織り (karaori): silk fabrics imported from China; an exquisitely-embroidered woman's kimono; a costume made in the karaori style used in Noh theater ‖ (formal, dated) the name of China during the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE).
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唐 (eumhun 당나라 당 (dangnara dang))
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hanja form of 당 (“Tang dynasty”) • hanja form of 당 (“Chinese”)
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Hán-Nôm : Đường • Hán-Nôm : đường • Hán-Nôm : đằng • Hán-Nôm : đàng • Hán-Nôm : giềng
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Tang dynasty • Chinese
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唐
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| 唯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 隹. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *way (“be, copula, nominalizer, subordinator”); cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *wəy (“to be”) > Proto-Loloish *ʔ-way²/³ (> Luquan ve³³ ~ ve⁵⁵ ("subordinator, final particle"), Lahu ve (“nominalizer; relativizer; genitivizer”), Akha ø ~ ø̀ (“subordinator; citation-form marker; terminator of utterances in declarative mood”)), Mizo ve (“also, too, as well”), Jingpho we (“present tense particle”), and possibly Tibetan ཡིན (yin, “to be”) < *wi-n (with earlier w- disappearing before -i).(STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ Related to 惠 (OC *ɢʷiːds) (Schuessler, 2007) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 隹. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *way (“be, copula, nominalizer, subordinator”); cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *wəy (“to be”) > Proto-Loloish *ʔ-way²/³ (> Luquan ve³³ ~ ve⁵⁵ ("subordinator, final particle"), Lahu ve (“nominalizer; relativizer; genitivizer”), Akha ø ~ ø̀ (“subordinator; citation-form marker; terminator of utterances in declarative mood”)), Mizo ve (“also, too, as well”), Jingpho we (“present tense particle”), and possibly Tibetan ཡིན (yin, “to be”) < *wi-n (with earlier w- disappearing before -i).(STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ Related to 惠 (OC *ɢʷiːds) (Schuessler, 2007)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : ywij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁵ • Middle-Chinese : ywijX
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(alt. form 維／维, 惟) to be • (alt. form 維／维, 惟) An introductory particle marking noun phrases as the topic • (alt. form 惟) only; alone • (literary) because • although • (literary) to allow (often used with 所) • Particle for expressing one's wish. • (alt. form 維／维, 惟) Meaningless sentence-initial particle. ‖ (obsolete) A polite particle used to respond to elders: yes
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‖ 唯(ゆい) • (yui) ‖ 唯(ゆい) • (Yui) ‖ 唯(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 唯(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ only, solely ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ polite particle used to respond to elders: yes ‖ polite particle used to respond to elders: yes
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唯 • (yu) · 唯 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)
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canonical : 唯: Hán Việt readings: duy • canonical : dụy • canonical : duỵ 唯: Nôm readings: dạ • canonical : dói • canonical : dúi • canonical : duối • canonical : duy • canonical : giòe • canonical : gioè • canonical : giói
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chữ Hán form of duy (“only”). • Nôm form of dạ (“A polite particle used to respond to people of higher statuses: yes”).
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唯
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| 唱
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Characters in the same phonetic series (昌) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjaŋs) : semantic 口 + phonetic 昌 (OC *tʰjaŋ). \ Same word as 倡 (OC *tʰjaŋs, “to lead; to advocate”). Schuessler (2007), reconstructing the Old Chinese minimally as *k-hlaŋh, considers it to be a Sino-Tibetan word; compare Burmese အချင်း (a.hkyang:, “song, poem”) and perhaps also Proto-Bodo-Garo *lʔəŋ (“to sing”). ‖ Borrowed from English change.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiùnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiònn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiàunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiòng • Middle-Chinese : tsyhangH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng³
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(literary) to lead in singing • to sing • to call; to cry out; to chant • song • (Cantonese) to spread (usually negative) information or rumours • (literary) to advocate; to initiate • a surname: Chang ‖ (Cantonese) to exchange (currency, money, cash, etc.)
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chant • choir
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唱 (eumhun 부를 창 (bureul chang))
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hanja form of 창 (“to chant”)
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Hán-Nôm : xướng • Hán-Nôm : xẳng • Hán-Nôm : xang • Hán-Nôm : sướng • Hán-Nôm : xắng • Hán-Nôm : xẵng
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唱
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| 商
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Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business. \ From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siang • Middle-Chinese : syang
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trade; commerce; business • businessman; dealer; trader; merchant • (mathematics) quotient • (music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale • (～朝) Shang Dynasty • to discuss; to consult • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Alternative name for 心 (xīn, “Heart mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”).
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‖ 商(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 商(あき) • (aki)
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‖ dealing, dealer, merchant • (arithmetic) quotient ‖ (often in compounds) trade, the exchange of goods for goods, barter
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商 (eumhun 장사 상 (jangsa sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“trade; commerce”)
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Hán-Nôm : thương
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商
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| 善
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Originally written 譱 in bronze inscriptions, consisting of two 言 (OC *ŋan) and one 羊. The 言 (OC *ŋan) might have served as the phonetic component, while 羊 represented the sense "good; beautiful". The small seal script of 善 was simplified from the bronze inscription form, consisting of one 言 below one 羊. \ According to Shuowen, the form \ 譱 is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 誩 (“to wrangle”) + 羊 (“sheep”) – good; virtuous. This interpretation may be difficult to comprehend. \ Probably related to 繕 (OC *ɡjens, “to mend; to repair”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siān • Middle-Chinese : dzyenX
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good; virtuous; charitable; kind • good; fine; desirable • good; fine; desirable · (literary) to regard as good • good deed • to be good at • easily • appropriately; all out; earnestly • to be friendly with; to be on friendly terms with • (literary) to like • (literary) Used to express agreement or commendation.; Good! • (Taishanese, euphemistic) to die
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‖ 善(ぜん) • (zen)
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virtue • goodness ‖ good, good deed
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善 (eumhun 착할 선 (chakhal seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“good, nice”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiện
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chữ Hán form of thiện (“kind, virtue, good”).
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善
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| 喜
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 口 (“mouth”). \ Duplicated character: 囍. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 口 (“mouth”). \ Duplicated character: 囍.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hí • Middle-Chinese : xiX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ
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happy; pleased; joyful • joyful; worth celebrating • joyful thing; happy event • pregnancy • (dated, euphemistic) variola; smallpox • to be fond of; to like; to love; to enjoy • (of an organism) to need; to require • (literary) to be prone to • a surname ‖ Original form of 嬉 (xī). • Alternative form of 熙
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‖ 喜(よし) • (Yoshi) ‖ 喜(き) • (ki)
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rejoice ‖ a male given name ‖ joy; delight; pleasure
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喜 • (hui) · 喜 • (hui) (hangeul 희, revised hui, McCune–Reischauer hŭi)
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happiness, enjoyment
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Hán-Nôm : hỉ • Hán-Nôm : hỷ • Hán-Nôm : hẻ • Hán-Nôm : hởi
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喜
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| 器
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Uncertain. \ Possibly an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a 犬 (“dog”) guarding four 口 (“vessel”) – containers, or a phonetically borrowed character for the modern meanings with the original meaning being “to bark” (Compare 狺).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì • Middle-Chinese : khijH
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device; tool; utensil; ware • (medicine, biology) organ • capacity; tolerance • talent; ability • ^† to think highly of
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‖ 器(き) • (ki) ‖ 器(き) • (-ki) ‖ 器(うつわ) • (utsuwa) ^(←うつは (utufa)?)
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‖ device; instrument • container; vessel ‖ device; instrument ‖ container, vessel • a tool, a utensil • one's degree of ability: talent, calibre • female genitalia: a vagina
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器 (eumhun 그릇 기 (geureut gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“device; instrument”) • hanja form of 기 (“container; vessel”)
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Hán-Nôm : khí
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器
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| 囚
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囗 (“box, enclosure”) + 人 (“person”) – an enclosed person: confinement, prisoner.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cau⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siû • Middle-Chinese : zjuw
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prisoner, convict • to confine, to imprison
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capture, arrest, criminal, catch
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囚 • (su) · 囚 • (su) (hangeul 수)
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Hán-Nôm : tù
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囚
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| 四
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The word "four" was written as 亖 (sì) before Western Zhou and 四 (sì) appeared in late Spring and Autumn period. This alternative form was used to prevent confusion of 亖 (sì) and 二 (“two”) or 三 (“three”) in vertical writing. It was standardized in Qin dynasty. \ The bronzeware style of the character featured a repositioning of those four lines inside 口 (kǒu); this later evolved into the combination used today of 口 (kǒu, “mouth”) and 八 (bā, “divide”) which meant a dispersal of breath. It could thus be said that four is a borrowed meaning for this character. The original sense is preserved in 呬 (OC *hrids), by adding an extra 口. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Middle-Chinese : sijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ
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four • (literary) four directions; all directions • (music) la (musical note) • (printing) English; The size of type between 小四 (little 4) and 小三 (little 3), standardized as 14 point. ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low la (6̣).
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‖ 四(よ) • (yo) ‖ 四(よん) • (yon) ‖ 四(し) • (shi) ‖ 四(し) • (shi) ‖ 四(し) • (shi) ‖ 四(スー) • (sū)
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‖ four, 4 ‖ four, 4 ‖ four, 4 ‖ the fourth ‖ four • fourth • quadruple • here and there ‖ (mahjong) four, 4
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四 (eumhun 넉 사 (neok sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“four”)
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canonical : 四: Hán Việt readings: tứ 四: Nôm readings: tớ • canonical : tứ • canonical : tư
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chữ Hán form of tứ (“four”). • Nôm form of tư (“four; fourth”).
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四
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| 回
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Pictogram (象形) : rotation (originally a spiral). \ ; "Hui" ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 回 – see 迴 (“to revolve; to rotate; to avoid; etc.”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant form of 迴). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hê • Middle-Chinese : hwoj ‖
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to turn around • to return; to go back • Used after a verb to indicate a movement back to the original place; back • to circle; to wind • to reply; to respond; to answer • to decline; to refuse • to avoid • Classifier for chapters. • Classifier for number of occurrences of events: times • (～族) Hui ethnic group • (dated in Mainland China) Muslim; anything related to Islam ‖ that • then
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‖ 回(まわり) • (-mawari) ‖ 回(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 回(かい) • (-kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 回(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 回(え) • (e) ^(←ゑ (we)?)
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turn ‖ a turn, times around something ‖ turn; revolve • return; go back • time; occasion • (dated) Hui; Islam • Alternative form of 蛔 (kai, “roundworm; intestinal worm”) ‖ occurrences • innings in baseball, games, rounds • (Kansai) indicating year of university students ‖ time, occasion • turn, round • episode, chapter • (baseball, softball) inning ‖ turn; turn around
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回 (eumhun 돌아올 회 (doraol hoe))
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(suffix) time, occurrence, occasion • return to time
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Hán-Nôm : hồi
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to return, to turn around • a time or occurrence (especially in the past) • a chapter, an act • (only in compound) anything related to Islam
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回
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| 因
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囗 (“sheet”) + 大 (“person”) – man on a mattress. Original form of 裀 (OC *qin, “mat; layered garment”) or 茵 (OC *qin, “mattress; cushion”). \ Alternatively, possibly an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of a man wearing clothing.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : in • Middle-Chinese : 'jin
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(literary) to follow (e.g. a tradition) • (literary) to take advantage; to make use of a situation • (archaic) conveniently; in passing; expediently • (archaic) thus; in such way; therefore; accordingly • (archaic) through; via • (obsolete) to multiply • depending on; according to; based on; contingent upon • (Cantonese) to estimate • reason; cause • because; since • due to; because of
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‖ 因(いん) • (in) ‖ 因(いん) • (in) ‖ 因(いん) • (In)
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‖ cause, reason • follow, be based on • Short for 因幡国 (Inaba no kuni): Inaba Province ‖ cause; reason; factor ‖ (Buddhism) · (Indian logic) · a surname
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因 (eumhun 인할 인 (inhal in))
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hanja form of 인 (“cause”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhân • Hán-Nôm : nhằn • Hán-Nôm : dăn • Hán-Nôm : nhăn • Hán-Nôm : nhơn
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因
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| 困
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囗 (“surround”) + 木 (“wood”). Probably the original form of 梱 (OC *ŋɡuːn, *kʰuːnʔ, “doorsill”) and 閫 (OC *kʰuːnʔ, “doorsill”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khùn • Middle-Chinese : khwonH
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to surround; to besiege • to be surrounded; to be trapped • (Cantonese) to lock up; to detain • difficult • 47th hexagram of the I Ching • (Teochew, Hainanese) hungry
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trouble
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困 (eumhun 괴로울 곤 (goeroul gon))
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hanja form of 곤 (“suffer”) • hanja form of 곤 (“surround, besiege”)
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Hán-Nôm : khốn • Hán-Nôm : khuôn
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困
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| 固
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Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːs) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ). \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ka (“earth; ground; soil”). Compare Jingpho ga (“earth”), Garo ha (“earth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Middle-Chinese : kuH
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firm; solid; strong • solid • to solidify; to strengthen • stubborn • firmly • (literary) in the first place; all along • (literary) no doubt
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hard; to harden • to set; to solidify
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固 (eumhun 굳을 고 (gudeul go))
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hanja form of 고 (“solid”)
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Hán-Nôm : cố • Hán-Nôm : có • Hán-Nôm : cúa
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固
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| 土
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Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel. \ There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007). \ Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóo • Middle-Chinese : thuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˋ • Middle-Chinese : duX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ
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earth; soil • (dialectal) dust • land • crude opium • hometown; native place • local; native; indigenous • rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured • indigenous; traditional and used by the common people • (～族) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol • Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”). • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”) • An ancient river ‖ Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ). ‖ Only used in 土門／土门 (Túmén).
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‖ 土(つち) • (tsuchi) ‖ 土(と) • (To) ‖ 土(ど) • (do)
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‖ earth, soil, mud • the ground ‖ Short for トルコ (Toruko): Turkey ‖ earth, soil • land, ground, territory • earth (one of the five elements) • Short for 土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday
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土 (eumhun 흙 토 (heuk to))
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hanja form of 토 (“earth; soil”) [affix] • hanja form of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”)
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canonical : 土: Hán Việt readings: thổ 土: Nôm readings: thổ • canonical : độ • canonical : thuở
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chữ Hán form of thổ (“earth; soil; land”).
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土
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| 在
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Characters in the same phonetic series (才) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phonetic compound (OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ). \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs) : phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic 土 (“earth”). \ 在 was often visually identical to 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs, “sprout”) in the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions. It may be either a phonetic loan or a figurative derivative. \ Probably related to 栽 (OC *ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎi • Middle-Chinese : dzojX • Middle-Chinese : dzojH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐ
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to exist; to be alive • to be at; to be in; to be located • be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something (indicating an action in progress) • (located) in; at • during; in • to lie in; to rest with • to be at the post • Misspelling of 再 (zài). • a surname • (Hokkien) steady • (Singapore Hokkien) solid, confident, and collected under pressure; skilled ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 佇 (“at, in”)
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‖ 在(ざい) • (zai) ‖ 在(ざい) • (zai) ‖
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‖ (as used in compounds) at, in, located ‖ Clipping of 在郷 (zaigō): countryside or outskirts ‖
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在 (eumhun 있을 재 (isseul jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“exist”)
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canonical : 在: Hán Việt readings: tại 在: Nôm readings: tại
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in
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在
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| 地
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Characters in the same phonetic series (也) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'els) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). \ Compare Tibetan གཞི (gzhi, “ground”), Burmese မ္လိယ် (ma.liy) (whence Burmese မြေ (mre, “earth; ground”)) (Hill, 2019). ‖ Possibly the same word as 的, the possessive marker (Wang, 1958), but scholars like Lü (1943) and Yuan et al. (1996) are hesitant about this etymology. \ Alternatively, Ōta (2003) proposes that it is a grammaticalization of etymology 1. The construction ADJ + 地 would have semantically developed as follows: "a ADJ place" → "in a ADJ place" → "in a ADJ manner". ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : terē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Middle-Chinese : dijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dei⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dei⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dei⁶⁻² ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tèr
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earth • ground; floor • land; field (Classifier: 塊／块 m c; 笪 c; 幅 c) • distance; separation • farmland; field (Classifier: 塊／块 m c; 笪 c) • (only in compounds) area; region • place; locality • status; situation; position • (only in compounds) state of mind • place; room; space • background (behind a text or figure) • (only in compounds) Short for 地球 (Dìqiú, “Earth”). • (chiefly Hakka) grave; tomb • (Mainland China) prefecture ‖ (chiefly Mandarin) Particle indicating the preceding word is used as an adverb. ‖ (Cantonese) Placed after a reduplicated adjective or stative verb to lessen its intensity. ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 塊／块 (“place”) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) Alternative form of 塊／块 (“home”)
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‖ 地(じ) • (ji) ^(←ぢ (di)?) ‖ 地(ち) • (chi) ‖ 地(ち) • (-chi) ‖ 地(つち) • (tsuchi)
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earth; ground ‖ earth, dirt • fabric, cloth • (go) territory ‖ earth, land, ground • a place, a region, a piece of land • territory, dominion • (of a crate, etc.) the bottom • (printing, of a page) the bottom margin ‖ place, area ‖ earth, dirt, mud, soil • the ground • the earth (as opposed to the heavens) • the ground or bottom of something (as of a price range)
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地 (eumhun 땅 지 (ttang ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“earth; land; ground”) [affix]
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canonical : 地: Hán Việt readings: địa 地: Nôm readings: địa • canonical : đĩa • canonical : gịa • canonical : đất • canonical : rịa
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chữ Hán form of địa (“earth; ground; land”).
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地
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| 均
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷin) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 匀 (OC *ɢʷin).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kirn • Middle-Chinese : kjwin
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equal; uniform; fair • all • (Chinese music) key; pitch
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‖ 均(ひとし) • (Hitoshi)
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gentle • equalize • equally ‖ a male given name
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均 (eumhun 고를 균 (goreul gyun))
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hanja form of 균 (“equal, even, fair”) • hanja form of 균 (“all, also”)
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canonical : 均: Hán Việt readings: quân 均: Nôm readings: quân
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均
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| 垂
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Originally 𡍮. Pictogram (象形) : 𠂹 + 土, flowers hanging from a plant. \ May be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”) (STEDT), whence Burmese တွယ် (twai, “to cling”). May be related to 睡 (OC *djols, “to sleep”), 朵 (OC *toːlʔ, “to hang from a tree; classifier for blossoms”), 橢 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, “oblong; oval”), 惰 (OC *l'oːlʔ, *l'oːls, “lazy”) and 蕊 (OC *ŋljolʔ, *ŋljulʔ, “reproductive organ of flower”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suê • Middle-Chinese : dzywe
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to suspend; to hang (down); bend (down) • to drip, to shed (tears) • to hand down, to bequeath, to transmit (something abstract, such as a message or tradition) to one’s successors or aftercomers • nearly; almost • to approach • (Teochew) listless • (Teochew) wilted • (obsolete) difficult; hard • (obsolete) hardly; harshly
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‖ 垂(しで) • (shide)
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suspend, dangle, hang ‖ zigzag-shaped paper streamer often used to adorn Shinto-related objects • hornbeam plant
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垂 (eum 수 (su))
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Hán-Nôm : thùy • Hán-Nôm : thuỳ
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to hang, to fall, to follow • adjacent to
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垂
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| 埋
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‖ ‖ Possibly from 摩 (OC *maːl, “to approach; to touch; to draw near”); cognate with Teochew 磨 (bhua5, “to approach”) (Yan et al., 2016).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâi • Middle-Chinese : meaj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâi ‖
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to bury • to hide; to conceal ‖ Only used in 埋怨 (mányuàn). ‖ (Cantonese) to approach • (Cantonese) towards; next to; close to • (Cantonese) together; close together • (Cantonese) close; intimate • (Cantonese) up; aside; away • (Cantonese) to close; to shut • (Cantonese) shut; closed • (Cantonese) as well; in addition • (Cantonese) to finish; to close off • (Cantonese) to completion (of the remainder) • (Cantonese) Used to indicate a negative evaluation on an event.
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to bury
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埋 (eumhun 묻을 매 (mudeul mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“bury, secrete, conceal”)
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Hán-Nôm : mai • Hán-Nôm : mài • Hán-Nôm : man
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埋
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| 城
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeŋ) : semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 成 (OC *djeŋ). \ Cognate with 成 (OC *djeŋ, “to complete”), 盛 (OC *djeŋ, “to hold with a receptacle”), 盛 (OC *djeŋs, “abundant; flourishing”), as 城 (OC *djeŋ, “city wall”) was made of filled-in or stamped earth (Schuessler, 2007). See 成 for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîng • Middle-Chinese : dzyeng
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city wall • area within the city walls • city; town • large commercial venue • (literary) to construct city walls • a surname
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‖ 城(しろ) • (shiro) ‖ 城(ぐすく) • (gusuku) ‖ 城(き) • (ki) ‖ 城(しき) • (shiki) ‖ 城(じょう) • (jō) ^(←じやう (zyau)?)
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‖ castle ‖ (obsolete, Okinawa) castle ‖ (archaic) a structure surrounded by a moat or walls: a fortress, castle ‖ (archaic) a castle, a fortress ‖ a castle, a fortress
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城 (eumhun 재 성 (jae seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“castle”)
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Hán-Nôm : thành • Hán-Nôm : nhật
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城
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| 域
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Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷrɯɡ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ). \ 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ, “state”) is the k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “territory”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 國 for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Middle-Chinese : hwik
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fief • territory; district; region; land • scope; range • cemetery • residence • (Mainland China, mathematics) field • (computing) domain • (taxonomy) domain
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‖ 域(いき) • (iki) ^(←ゐき (wiki)?) ‖ 域(いき) • (iki) ^(←ゐき (wiki)?)
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range • region • limits • stage • level ‖ region, level ‖ range, region, limits, stage, level • land, territory
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域 (eumhun 지경 역 (jigyeong yeok))
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hanja form of 역 (“region”)
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Hán-Nôm : vực • Hán-Nôm : bực • Hán-Nôm : vác • Hán-Nôm : vặc • Hán-Nôm : vức
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域
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| 培
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːʔ, *bɯː) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːʔ, *bɯː) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pê • Middle-Chinese : bwoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pau² • Middle-Chinese : buwX
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(agriculture) to hill up; to earth up; to bank up • to cultivate; to educate; to foster • to bury • a surname ‖ (archaic) small hill; barrow; grave
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cultivate • foster
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培 (eumhun 북을 돋울 배 (bugeul dodul bae)) · 培 (eumhun 언덕 부 (eondeok bu))
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hanja form of 배 (“bank up with dirt, raise, cultivate”) • hanja form of 부 (“hill, mound”)
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Hán-Nôm : bồi • Hán-Nôm : bổi • Hán-Nôm : bòi • Hán-Nôm : bụi • Hán-Nôm : vùi
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培
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| 基
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Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ) : phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) + semantic 土 (“earth”) – a foundation of earth. ‖ Borrowed from English gay, via Cantonese.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : ki ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹
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foot of a wall; foundation • base of any building; foundations; basis • (figurative) basis; foundation; base • to lay a foundation • cardinal; basic; capital; fundamental • (chemistry) radical; group • Alternative form of 朞 (“whole year, month or day”) • Short for 基隆 (Jīlóng, “Keelung”). • a surname ‖ (neologism, slang) gay; homosexual (noun) • (neologism, slang) gay; homosexual (adjective)
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‖ 基(もとい) • (Motoi) ‖ 基(もと) • (moto) ‖ 基(き) • (ki) ‖ 基(き) • (-ki)
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base • be based on ‖ a male given name • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 元 • (chemistry) a group; a radical ‖ foundation; base; basis • (chemistry) a group; a radical ‖ counter for grounded things (e.g. pyramids, electric power plants, wells, toro (Japanese traditional lantern), tombs) • counter for wooden grave tablets (卒塔婆 (sotoba))
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基 (eumhun 터 기 (teo gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“foundation; basis”)
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Hán-Nôm : cơ
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基
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| 堂
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Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 土.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : dang
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main room of a house • (historical) courtroom in a yamen • room or building for a specific purpose; hall; chamber • hall (used in the name of halls, sometimes specifying lineage) • shop; store (in traditional store names) • (dialectal) class; lesson • of the same paternal grandfather or great-grandfather • (honorific) mother • Classifier for sets of furniture. • Classifier for classes or lessons. • Classifier for court sessions. • Classifier for scenes or murals. • (Cantonese) Classifier for eyebrows. • (Cantonese) Classifier for tools that are hung when in use. • a surname
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‖ 堂(どう) • (dō) ‖ 堂(どう) • (dō-)
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‖ temple • shrine • hall ‖ magnificent (building)
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堂 (eumhun 집 당 (jip dang))
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hanja form of 당 (“main room; room for a specific purpose”)
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Hán-Nôm : đường • Hán-Nôm : đoàng
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堂
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| 堤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje) : semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje) : semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje) : semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje) : semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thê • Middle-Chinese : tej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˇ • Middle-Chinese : tejX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Middle-Chinese : dzye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ
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dyke; embankment • base of bottles ‖ Alternative form of 坁 (“to stop”) ‖ Only used in 堤封 (shífēng, “in total; approximately”). ‖ ^‡ Used in place names.
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|
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堤 (eumhun 둑 제 (duk je))
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hanja form of 제 (“dyke; embankment”)
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Hán-Nôm : chỉ • Hán-Nôm : đê
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堤
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| 塔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰuːb) : semantic 土 + phonetic 荅 (OC *tkuːb). \ Borrowed from a Prakrit language into the late Old Chinese of Eastern Han (alternatively considered an early form of Middle Chinese), for example in the translations attributed to Lokakṣema. Cf. Ashokan Prakrit 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 (thube), Gandhari 𐨠𐨂𐨬 (thuva) and other forms, Pali thūpa, vs. Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : taap³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thah • Middle-Chinese : thap
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tower • pagoda • spire • tall building • (tarot) the Tower • (Taiwan) tart • a surname: Ta
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‖ 塔(とう) • (tō) ^(←たふ (tafu)?) ‖ 塔(とう) • (-tō) ^(←たふ (tafu)?) ‖ 塔(あららぎ) • (araragi) ‖ 塔(あららぎ) • (Araragi)
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pagoda, tower, steeple ‖ tower (structure) • (Buddhism) pagoda, stupa • (Christianity) steeple, spire • turret (of a castle or fortification) ‖ (in general) tower • (Buddhist) pagoda, stupa • (Christianity) steeple, spire • turret (of a castle or fortification) ‖ (obsolete, euphemistic) tower ‖ (tarot) The Tower, the sixteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks • Short for 塔舞 (Araragimai): the title of a piece of bugaku Japanese court dance
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塔 (eumhun 탑 탑 (tap tap))
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hanja form of 탑 (“tower”)
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canonical : 塔: Hán Việt readings: tháp • canonical : đáp 塔: Nôm readings: tháp • canonical : thạp • canonical : thóp • canonical : đắp
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chữ Hán form of tháp (“tower”). • Nôm form of đắp (“to cover”).
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塔
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| 塞
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Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 工 (“two items”) + 廾 (“two hands”) – stuffing the house with items. \ Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡨄 + 土 (“soil”). ‖ Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 工 (“two items”) + 廾 (“two hands”) – stuffing the house with items. \ Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡨄 + 土 (“soil”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄞ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sak¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄞㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sat • Middle-Chinese : sok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sài • Middle-Chinese : sojH
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to stop up; to block up • to stuff; to cram; to squeeze in • to be blocked; to be jammed • to forbid; to suppress; to prohibit • to satisfy; to fulfil • to compensate; to remedy • to answer; to repay • to manage to arrange a position for someone • to practise bribe • to evade; to stall • stopper; cork • to be in a difficult position; destitute • honest; truthful • (historial) Saka people ‖ (historical) place of strategic importance; pass; fortress • to build fortress; to construct fortifications • frontier; border • (specifically) the northern frontier of imperial China, as demarcated by the Great Wall • Alternative form of 賽／赛 (sài, “to compete, contend; contest, race”) • Alternative form of 簺 (sài, “an ancient gambling game”)
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to block • to shut off • to close • fort; fortress
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塞 (eumhun 변방(邊方) 새) ‖ 塞 (eumhun 막을 색 (mageul saek))
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hanja form of 새 (“frontier; border”) • hanja form of 새 (“fortress”) ‖ hanja form of 색 (“block”)
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Hán-Nôm : tắc • Hán-Nôm : tái
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塞
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| 境
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 竟 (OC *kraŋs). \ An allofam of 疆 (OC *kaŋ, “boundary”). Cognate with 竟 (OC *kraŋs, “to end”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : kjaengX
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border; boundary; frontier • place; area; region • condition; situation
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‖ 境(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?) ‖ 境(さかい) • (sakai) ^(←さかひ (sakafi)?) ‖ 境(さかい) • (Sakai) ^(←さかひ (sakafi)?)
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‖ region, environment • mental state • (Buddhism) something that can be perceived with the mind or senses ‖ border, boundary, limits ‖ a surname
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境 (eumhun 지경 경 (jigyeong gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“border; boundary; frontier”) • hanja form of 경 (“place; area; region”) • hanja form of 경 (“condition; situation”)
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Hán-Nôm : cảnh
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境
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| 墓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 土.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mòo • Middle-Chinese : muH
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grave; tomb • a surname: Mu
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‖ 墓(はか) • (haka) ‖ 墓(ぼ) • (bo)
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grave; graveyard ‖ a grave, a tomb ‖ a grave, a tomb
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墓 (eumhun 무덤 묘 (mudeom myo)) ‖ 墓 (eumhun 무덤 모 (mudeom mo))
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hanja form of 묘 (“grave; tomb”) [noun] • hanja form of 묘 (“grave; tomb”) [affix] ‖ (Yukjin, Russia) hanja form of 모 (“grave; tomb”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : mộ • Hán-Nôm : mô • Hán-Nôm : mồ
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墓
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| 墨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlɯːɡ) : phonetic 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ) + semantic 土 (“soil”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak. Cognate with 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlɯːɡ) : phonetic 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ) + semantic 土 (“soil”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak. Cognate with 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlɯːɡ) : phonetic 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ) + semantic 土 (“soil”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak. Cognate with 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mak⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : be̍rk • Middle-Chinese : mok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ
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Chinese ink or ink in general • black; ink-coloured; dark • (historical) to tattoo the face (e.g. as a punishment in Ancient China) • (figurative) to embezzle • (figurative) someone's poetry, essays, handwriting, or paintings • (figurative) learning; knowledge • Short for 墨家 (Mòjiā, “Mohism”). • Short for 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē, “Mexico”). • a surname • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 癦 (“mole; nevus; pigmented spot on the skin”) ‖ Only used in 墨杘. ‖ to slander
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ink, inkstick • Mexico
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墨 (eumhun 먹 묵 (meok muk)) · 墨 (eumhun 교활할 미 (gyohwalhal mi))
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hanja form of 묵 (“ink”) • hanja form of 미 (“sly, cunning”)
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Hán-Nôm : mặc • Hán-Nôm : mực • Hán-Nôm : mức
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墨
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| 壁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peːɡ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) – an earthen wall.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bik³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Middle-Chinese : pek
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wall; partition (Classifier: 堵 mn) • rampart; defensive wall • cliff; precipice • something resembling a wall; lumen; surface • (astronomy) (～宿) Wall (Chinese constellation)
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‖ 壁(かべ) • (kabe)
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‖ wall; barrier
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壁 (eumhun 벽 벽 (byeok byeok))
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hanja form of 벽 (“wall”)
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Hán-Nôm : bích • Hán-Nôm : bệch • Hán-Nôm : bịch • Hán-Nôm : vách
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壁
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| 士
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Pictogram (象形) – axe-like tool; soldier. \ ;"bachelor, man, male" \ :*Reminiscent of Austroasiatic synonyms like Old Khmer si (“male”) or MK words for "man, male" like *ʔŋsiil, *ensir, *kəsəy on the Malay Peninsula; Schuessler (2007) noted that foreign *-r sometimes left traces in OC initial complex. These relations, if, valid, would keep 士₁ "bachelor, man, male" distinct from 士₂ "servant, retainer, officer, scholar". \ ;"take or give an office, serve", "servant", "retainer", "officer", "scholar" \ :*Schuessler (2007) noted that one could naturally assume the semantic development "male > man > servant > to serve" in order to posit that 士₁ "bachelor, man, male" is the same word as 士₂ "servant, retainer, officer, scholar". Yet, the exopassive derivation 事 (OC *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs) "assignment, affair, thing" and Tibeto-Burman counterparts demonstrated no association with "man, maleness"; & "male" hardly derives from "to serve". \ :*Therefore, Schuessler derived these forms from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "envoy, jail official, matchmaker" & proposed ultimate Austroasiatic origins. In terms of phonology, MC *dʐ- normally does not occur with *l- and *ʂ in an ST word-family, apparently confirming a non-ST provenance; however, MC *dʐ- here could go back to OC *s-r- (unlike MC *ʂ-, which is from OC *sr) \ :*Subsequenly, Schuessler posited either relation to Austroasiatic or OC loan into Tibeto-Burman as Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ʔ-dzəj (“send on an errant”) (Matisoff, 2003), whence Burmese စာ (ca, “thing”) & Tibetan རྫས (rdzas, “thing, matter, object”) (Gong, 1999). Even so, Tibeto-Burman cognates of this etymon and 所 (suǒ) are difficult to distinguish. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐ • Middle-Chinese : dzriX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁶
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(obsolete) unmarried male; bachelor • (obsolete) (honorific) man • (obsolete) general; high-ranking military officer • (obsolete) soldier; noncommissioned officer • (historical) scholar-official (civil servant appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance) • (historical) self-appellation used by scholar-officials in ancient China, when addressing the emperor: I; subject • (historical) a social stratum in ancient China • scholar; academic; intellectual; intelligentsia • (honorific, obsolete) suffix for a virtuous, knowledgeable or skilled person: commendable person • (xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister (usually only on the black side, in some sets on both red and black sides) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 仕 (shì, “to be an official”) • a surname ‖ (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low la (6̣).
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‖ 士(し) • (shi) ‖ 士(し) • (-shi)
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‖ samurai, warrior ‖ person with a certain qualification.
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士 (eumhun 선비 사 (seonbi sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“scholar; gentleman; soldier”)
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Hán-Nôm : sĩ • Hán-Nôm : sỹ
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chữ Hán form of sĩ (“scholar; soldier”).
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士
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| 夏
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Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer. \ Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊. \ Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁. \ The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁. \ ; “great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese” \ ; “magnificent colours; variegated” ‖ Sagart (2023b) relates it to 暇 (OC *[g]ˤra-s, “leisure”) and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”), the latter of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) but does not compare to 夏. See 暇 for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hēe • Middle-Chinese : haeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hēe • Middle-Chinese : haeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa²
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(～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE) • (by extension) China; Chinese • great; grand; magnificent • magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated • Alternative form of 廈／厦 (“big house”) • a surname ‖ summer (season) ‖ Alternative form of 檟／槚 (jiǎ) • Used in 陽夏／阳夏.
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‖ 夏(なつ) • (natsu) ‖ 夏(なつ) • (Natsu) ‖ 夏(げ) • (ge) ‖ 夏(か) • (Ka)
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summer • Xia dynasty • China ‖ summer (season) ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month ‖ the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China) • Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms • Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty • a surname • a male or female given name
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夏 (eumhun 여름 하 (yeoreum ha))
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hanja form of 하 (“summer”)
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canonical : 夏: Hán Việt readings: hạ 夏: Nôm readings: hè
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chữ Hán form of hạ (“summer”). • Nôm form of hè (“summer”).
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夏
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| 夕
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Characters in the same phonetic series (夕) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) — moon crescent. Compare 月. \ Related to 汐 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening tide”). \ Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”); cognate with Tibetan ཞག (zhag, “day (24 hours)”), Mizo riak (“to pass the night”), Jingpho [script needed] (jaʔ⁵⁵, “day (24 hours)”), Burmese ရက် (rak, “day (24 hours)”), Lahu há (“night; to pass the night”); may also be cognate with 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ, “to spend the night”) and 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “former times”). It is noted that in the oracle bone script, the 24 hour day started and ended some time in the evening or night. Since 日 (rì, “sun”) has acquired the meaning of "day (24 hours)", 夕 was then restricted to the time of the day's end. \ On the other hand, STEDT suggests 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening; night”) was derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ja-n (“night”), from which 夜 (OC *laːɡs, “night”) was also derived. However, 夕 was also compared to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”). Schuessler (2007) assigns Chinese 夜 (yè) to *ja (“night”) instead, and notes *ja (“night”) and *ryak (“day (24 hours)”) were kept strictly separate in Tibeto-Burman.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zik⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siā • Middle-Chinese : zjek
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night; evening; dusk
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‖ 夕(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←ゆふ (yufu)?)
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evening ‖ evening
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夕 (eumhun 저녁 석 (jeonyeok seok)) ‖
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hanja form of 석 (“evening”) ‖ hanja form of 사 (“A unit of capacity: one tenth of a 합 (合, hap), same as 작 (勺, jak)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tịch
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夕
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| 外
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːds) : semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod). \ According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) ; 月 originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nguǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guǎi • Middle-Chinese : ngwajH
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out; outside; external • beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except • other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.) • foreign country • (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance • relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter • additional • unofficial • (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
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‖ 外(そと) • (soto) ‖ 外(ほか) • (hoka) ‖ 外(と) • (to) ‖ 外(がい) • (-gai) ^(←ぐわい (gwai)?) ‖ 外(げ) • (ge)
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outside • foreign • other • except ‖ (the) outside ‖ other (things); the rest ‖ (the) outside • toilet ‖ outside; external • except for ‖ (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts • (in compounds) external
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外 (eumhun 바깥 외 (bakkat oe))
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hanja form of 외 (“outside; surface”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : ngoại • Hán-Nôm : ngoái • Hán-Nôm : ngoải • Hán-Nôm : ngoài • Hán-Nôm : nguậy
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外
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| 多
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Characters in the same phonetic series (多) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – two pieces of meat (肉). In the bronze script, 肉 was corrupted into 夕 due to visual similarity, making 多 into a duplication of 夕. The form with 夕 was inherited in later scripts. \ Chi (2010) suggests that meat is scarce in ancient times, so two pieces of meat is a lot, citing a passage from Mencius: \ : \ 七十者可以食肉矣。 [MSC, trad. and simp.] \ Qīshí zhě kěyǐ shí ròu yǐ. [Pinyin] \ Persons of seventy years may eat meat. \ Chang Ping-chuan suggests that it is the duplicative nature of the character that gives the meaning of "many", just like in 林 (“forest”), from 木 (“tree; wood”). \ Etymology unclear. Schuessler (2007) suggests that it is in the same word family as 諸 (OC *tjaː, *tja, “many; all”) and 庶 (OC *hljaɡs, “many”). \ Hill (2014, 2019) compares it to Tibetan ཆེ (che, “big”), མཐེ་བོ (mthe bo, “thumb”), Burmese တယ် (tai, “very”). STEDT derives the latter two from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ta-j (“big”), whose Chinese comparandum is 大 (OC *daːds, “large”) instead; Baxter (1992) has also compared it to this etymon. \ Baxter and Sagart (1998) propose that there may be a prefix *t- in this word that gives a mass noun reading, which may nullify the connection to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ta-j (“big”). However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) may have withdrawn from this theory since they no longer indicate the *t as a prefix. \ Also compare Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many, much”), whence Thai หลาย (lǎai, “many”) and Zhuang lai (“many”), and Proto-Hlai *hləːy (“many”) (Gong Qunhu, 2002; Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) considers the Chinese word to be from Kra-Dai, but others suggest that the direction of borrowing may have been the other way (Li, 1977; Baxter and Sagart, 1998; Norquest, 2007). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to • Hokkien · Tai-lo : too • Middle-Chinese : ta ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tserē ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : do¹
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many; much; a lot of; numerous • (after an amount) over; and more; more than • (after an amount but before the classifier) as much as • (before a classifier) multiple • (used in comparison structure 得多, 多了) much more; a lot more; far more • more • extra; in excess • (used in question) how; how much; what • (emphasis in exclamations) so; how; what • to have a lot • to have more; to have too much; to have too many • (Cantonese) few; little ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 濟／济 (“many”) ‖ (Cantonese) Short for 多士 (“toast”).
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‖ 多(た) • (ta-)
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many, much ‖ multi-
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多 (eumhun 많을 다 (maneul da))
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hanja form of 다 (“many, a lot of”)
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Hán-Nôm : đa • Hán-Nôm : nhật
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chữ Hán form of đa (“multi-, poly-”). • Nôm form of đi (“to go, to walk”). • Nôm form of đa (“banyan”). • Nôm form of da (“banyan”). • Nôm form of da (“skin”). • Nôm form of đưa (“to hand, to give”).
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多
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| 夜
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Characters in the same phonetic series (亦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laːɡs) : phonetic 亦 (OC *laːɡ) + semantic 夕 (“moon”). 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) may also serve as another phonetic component. \ The lower-right portion is a corruption/graphical variant of 夕 (xī); the remainder (亠 + 亻) is a reduced and distorted form of 亦 (yì), used phonetically. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ja-n (“night”) (STEDT); cognate with Mizo zân (“night”), Burmese ည (nya., “night”). \ Schuessler (2007) believes 夜 (OC *laːɡs) and 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) are distinct as Tibeto-Burman keeps the etyma *ja-n (“night”) and *s-r(j)ak (“day; day (24 hours); night”) strictly separate. However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggest that 夜 (yè) and 夕 (xī) have clear etymological connections and thus reconstructs similar finals in both words. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iā • Middle-Chinese : yaeH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : mî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mêe
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night • (Cantonese) late (in the night) • Classifier for the number of nights. • (Cantonese) night shift; night work ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 暝
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‖ 夜(よる) • (yoru) ‖ 夜(よる) • (Yoru) ‖ 夜(よ) • (yo)
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‖ the night, evening ‖ a female given name ‖ (literary) night, evening
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夜 (eumhun 밤 야 (bam ya))
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hanja form of 야 (“night”)
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Hán-Nôm : dạ • Hán-Nôm : dà
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夜
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| 大
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Characters in the same phonetic series (大) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a person 人 with arms stretched out as far as possible, implying the meaning of big/great/large. \ Compare with 尢, which is a man with bent legs. \ Compare also 文, which is a man with arms outstretched and a crest or tattoo on his chest, and to 夭, which is a man with arms outstretched and leaning to side (running). \ Cognate with 太 (OC *tʰaːds, “too, excessively”), 泰 (OC *tʰaːds, “big”). Wang (1982) also lists 誕 (OC *l'aːnʔ, “big, magniloquent, ridiculous”) as a cognate, which Schuessler (2007) suggests is cognate with 延 (OC *lan, *lans, “to extend”) instead. There are no unambiguous Tibeto-Burman cognates. Proto-Tibeto-Burman *taj (“big”), from which came Written Tibetan མཐེ་བོ (mthe bo, “thumb”), Anong tʰɛ (“big, large, great”), Mikir tʰè, ketʰè (“big, large, great”), Burmese တယ် (tai, “very”), is often compared with. There is no final –s in the Tibeto-Burman words, but a –y, which, according to James Matisoff, “indicates emergent quality in stative verbs”. Also compare Chinese 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl, “many, much”), 都 (OC *taː, “all”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (大) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a person 人 with arms stretched out as far as possible, implying the meaning of big/great/large. \ Compare with 尢, which is a man with bent legs. \ Compare also 文, which is a man with arms outstretched and a crest or tattoo on his chest, and to 夭, which is a man with arms outstretched and leaning to side (running). \ Cognate with 太 (OC *tʰaːds, “too, excessively”), 泰 (OC *tʰaːds, “big”). Wang (1982) also lists 誕 (OC *l'aːnʔ, “big, magniloquent, ridiculous”) as a cognate, which Schuessler (2007) suggests is cognate with 延 (OC *lan, *lans, “to extend”) instead. There are no unambiguous Tibeto-Burman cognates. Proto-Tibeto-Burman *taj (“big”), from which came Written Tibetan མཐེ་བོ (mthe bo, “thumb”), Anong tʰɛ (“big, large, great”), Mikir tʰè, ketʰè (“big, large, great”), Burmese တယ် (tai, “very”), is often compared with. There is no final –s in the Tibeto-Burman words, but a –y, which, according to James Matisoff, “indicates emergent quality in stative verbs”. Also compare Chinese 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl, “many, much”), 都 (OC *taː, “all”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (大) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a person 人 with arms stretched out as far as possible, implying the meaning of big/great/large. \ Compare with 尢, which is a man with bent legs. \ Compare also 文, which is a man with arms outstretched and a crest or tattoo on his chest, and to 夭, which is a man with arms outstretched and leaning to side (running). \ Cognate with 太 (OC *tʰaːds, “too, excessively”), 泰 (OC *tʰaːds, “big”). Wang (1982) also lists 誕 (OC *l'aːnʔ, “big, magniloquent, ridiculous”) as a cognate, which Schuessler (2007) suggests is cognate with 延 (OC *lan, *lans, “to extend”) instead. There are no unambiguous Tibeto-Burman cognates. Proto-Tibeto-Burman *taj (“big”), from which came Written Tibetan མཐེ་བོ (mthe bo, “thumb”), Anong tʰɛ (“big, large, great”), Mikir tʰè, ketʰè (“big, large, great”), Burmese တယ် (tai, “very”), is often compared with. There is no final –s in the Tibeto-Burman words, but a –y, which, according to James Matisoff, “indicates emergent quality in stative verbs”. Also compare Chinese 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl, “many, much”), 都 (OC *taː, “all”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tā • Middle-Chinese : dajH • Middle-Chinese : daH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Middle-Chinese : dajH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : daai⁶⁻¹ ‖
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of great size; big; large; huge • big; great • great of its kind • in an extreme manner; greatly • main; major • well-known; successful (only applied to some occupations) • mature; grown up • (of a place) greater (together with the surrounding area pertaining to it) • (Cantonese) to grow up • (Cantonese) to be older than • (dialectal) father • (dialectal) father's elder or younger brother • (Cantonese, slang) to intimidate; to threaten • (Cantonese) only so big • (Cantonese, euphemistic) number two • Short for 大學／大学 (dàxué, “university”). Used only in the abbreviation of the name. • 45th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "greatness" (𝌲) • a surname ‖ Used in 大夫 (dàifu, “doctor”). • Used in 大王 (dàiwáng, “(in operas, old novels, etc.) king; ringleader”). • Used in 大黃／大黄 (dàihuáng, “rhubarb”). • Used in 大城 (Dàichéng, “Daicheng, Hebei”). • Alternative form of 待 (“to be about to; to intend to”) • Alternative form of 代 (dài, “dynasty”) ‖ (Cantonese) small ‖
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‖ 大(だい) • (dai-) ‖ 大(だい) • (-dai) ‖ 大(おお) • (ō-) ^(←おほ (ofo)?)
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‖ big, large • the large part of • (religion) arch- ‖ Abbreviation of 大学 (daigaku, “university”). ‖ big; great
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大 (eumhun 큰 대 (keun dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“large; big”) [noun] • hanja form of 대 (“big, great; main, major”) [affix]
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canonical : 大: Hán Việt readings: đại 大: Nôm readings: đại • canonical : đài • canonical : dãy • canonical : dảy • canonical : đẫy
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Chữ Hán form of đại (“big; great”).
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大
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| 天
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A top line representing the level above a man with outstretched arms (大 (dà)). Ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven. \ Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (“crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 (tiān) as a derivation of 顛 or 巔, “top (of the head/hill)”. \ This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC xen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India"). \ Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : then • Middle-Chinese : then
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sky; heavens; heavenly; celestial • (mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly • (mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity; often translated as God • top; overhead • weather; climate • day (24 hours) • day (as opposed to night) • period of time in a day • season • nature • natural; innate • (Hong Kong) Short for 天水圍／天水围 (Tiānshuǐwéi, “Tin Shui Wai”).
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‖ 天(あま) • (ama) ‖ 天(あめ) • (ame) ‖ 天(てん) • (ten) ‖ 天(てん) • (ten)
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heavens, sky ‖ (archaic) the sky, the heavens • the area above a kitchen stove: · where the smoke collects in an old kitchen using a wood-burning stove • the area above a kitchen stove: · a shelf or shelves above the stove • (archaic) heaven ‖ (archaic) the sky, the heavens • (archaic) heaven • (archaic) the roof of a palace ‖ the sky, the heavens • heaven • (Buddhism) a deva or devi • (figurative) the gods, providence, fate • (printing, of a page) the top margin ‖ the sky, the heavens • heaven • Short for 天ぷら (tenpura).
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天 (eumhun 하늘 천 (haneul cheon))
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hanja form of 천 (“sky; heaven”)
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canonical : 天: Hán Việt readings: thiên 天: Nôm readings: thiên • canonical : thiêng
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chữ Hán form of thiên (“sky; heaven”).
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天
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| 太
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːds) : phonetic 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big; great”) + semantic 丶 – excessive. \ A superlative derivative of 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big”) – be too great, very great, excessive. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːds) : phonetic 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big; great”) + semantic 丶 – excessive. \ A superlative derivative of 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big”) – be too great, very great, excessive. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːds) : phonetic 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big; great”) + semantic 丶 – excessive. \ A superlative derivative of 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big”) – be too great, very great, excessive. ‖ See Korean 太.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thài • Middle-Chinese : thajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄊㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taai³⁻² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚ ‖
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too; so (modifying adjectives; often used with 了 (le) at the end of the sentence for emphasis) • (usually in negative sentences) very; quite • most; utmost • highest; greatest • senior; noble • Short for 太湖 (Tàihú, “Lake Tai, a lake in Southern Jiangsu, China”). • Short for 太平洋 (Tàipíngyáng, “Pacific Ocean”). ‖ Short for 太太 (tàitai, “wife; Miss; Mrs”). ‖ ^† Only used in 太末. ‖ (Korean Classical Chinese) soybean
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‖ 太(ふと) • (futo) ‖ 太(ふと) • (futo-) ‖ 太(ふとし) • (Futoshi) ‖ 太(おお) • (Ō) ^(←おほ (ofo)?) ‖ 太(たい) • (tai-) ‖ 太(た) • (ta-)
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(adjective): fat ‖ fatness • a fat person, a fatty • fat-necked shamisen • thick thread ‖ added to words describing gods or the emperor or other exalted subjects to denote greatness or excellence • added to regular nouns to denote fatness or thickness ‖ a male given name ‖ a surname ‖ big, fat, great ‖ big, fat, great
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太 (eumhun 클 태 (keul tae)) ‖ 太 (eumhun 콩 태 (kong tae))
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hanja form of 태 (“large; great; big; excessive”) [affix] • hanja form of 태 [surname] • hanja form of 태 (“pollock”) [affix] ‖ hanja form of 태 (“soybean”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : Thái
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太
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| 夫
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“man”) + 一 (“hairpin”) – a man with a hairpin in his hair. \ In ancient times, when men reached the age of 20, they bound their hair with a hairpin during the Guan Li ceremony. The hairpin is the sign of “a grownup man”. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷa (“male, father, third-person pronoun”). Cognate with Tibetan ཕ། (pha, “father”), Burmese ဘ (bha., “father”). Possibly related to 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “father”). ‖ “That”. Schuessler (2007) connects this with Proto-Loloish *m-ba (“on the other side”), Tibetan ཕ (pha, “beyond, farther on, onward”). Maybe related to 彼 (OC *pralʔ, “that”). Pulleyblank (1995) relates the introductory particle sense with 凡 (OC *bom). \ In the sense "is it not?", probably a contraction of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ') and 乎 (OC *ɢaː) (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 145). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 夫 – see 伕. \ (This character is the second-round simplified form of 伕). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. \ \ Short for 夫佬 (fu¹ lou²).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poo • Middle-Chinese : pju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bju ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹
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male adult; man • husband • manual worker • conscripted laborer ‖ A generic personal pronoun – he; she; it; they. • A generic demonstrative pronoun – this; that; these; those. • Sentence-initial particle which introduces a topic. • Sentence-final particle, meaning “Is it not?”. • Meaningless particle in the middle of a sentence. ‖ (Cantonese, informal, card games) full house
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‖ 夫(おっと) • (otto) ^(←をつと (wotuto)?) ‖ 夫(つま) • (tsuma)
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man • husband • that, those ‖ husband ‖ spouse, consort
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夫 (eumhun 사나이 부 (sanai bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“man; husband”)
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Hán-Nôm : phu
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夫
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| 央
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“man”) + 冂 (“pole”) - a man carrying a pole with its middle on his shoulder. \ 於 (OC ʔa) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ, hence literally "to get to be in the middle" (Schuessler, 2007). See 於 (OC ʔa) for further etymology. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“man”) + 冂 (“pole”) - a man carrying a pole with its middle on his shoulder. \ 於 (OC ʔa) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ, hence literally "to get to be in the middle" (Schuessler, 2007). See 於 (OC ʔa) for further etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ng • Middle-Chinese : 'jang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥ
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center; middle • to end; to finish • to beg; to plead; to implore • (alt. form 殃) calamity; disaster • a surname ‖ ^†Only used in 央央.
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‖ 央(おう) • (ō) ^(←あう (au)?) ‖ 央(あたる) • (Ataru) · 央(おう) • (Ō) · 央(とおる) • (Tōru) · 央(なかば) • (Nakaba) · 央(ひさし) • (Hisashi) · 央(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) · 央(よう) • (Yō)
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‖ centre, middle • (US) Short for 央州 (“Oregon (a state of the United States)”). ‖ a male given name • a male given name • a male given name • a male given name • a male given name • a male given name • a male given name
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央 • (ang) · 央 • (ang) (hangeul 앙, revised ang, McCune–Reischauer ang)
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Hán-Nôm : ương • Hán-Nôm : trân
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央
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| 失
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Characters in the same phonetic series (失) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 手 + 丿 – something (丿) falling from a hand (手). \ Alternatively, a pictogram (象形) depicting a footprint of someone that has fallen surrounded by drops of blood (Ji Xusheng, 2004). \ Cognate with 佚 (OC *liɡ, “to escape; to lose”), 逸 (OC *lid, “to escape; at ease”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Cogtse Situ [Term?] (ka-ʃlə̂k, “to fall (from hand)”), Japhug ɕlɯɣ (“to fall; to slip”) (Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019). \ Note also Thai เล็ดลอด (lét-lɔ̂ɔt, “to sneak; to escape by stealth”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (失) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 手 + 丿 – something (丿) falling from a hand (手). \ Alternatively, a pictogram (象形) depicting a footprint of someone that has fallen surrounded by drops of blood (Ji Xusheng, 2004). \ Cognate with 佚 (OC *liɡ, “to escape; to lose”), 逸 (OC *lid, “to escape; at ease”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Cogtse Situ [Term?] (ka-ʃlə̂k, “to fall (from hand)”), Japhug ɕlɯɣ (“to fall; to slip”) (Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019). \ Note also Thai เล็ดลอด (lét-lɔ̂ɔt, “to sneak; to escape by stealth”) (Manomaivibool, 1975).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : set • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : syit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ
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to lose; to lose track of; to mislay • to fail; to not succeed • to breach; to violate • to neglect; to miss • mistake; fault; wrongdoing • 75th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "failure" (𝍐) ‖ Alternative form of 逸 (yì, “to flee; to run away”) • Alternative form of 佚 (“to ignore; indulgent”)
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mistake, disadvantage • loss, lose
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失 (eumhun 잃을 실 (ireul sil))
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hanja form of 실 (“loss”)
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Hán-Nôm : thất • Hán-Nôm : thắt ‖ romanization : thất
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‖ chữ Hán form of thất. · to lose something • chữ Hán form of thất. · to make a mistake; to blunder; to contravene; to infringe; to violate • chữ Hán form of thất. · to miss
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失
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| 奇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kral, *ɡral) : semantic 大 (“big; great”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kral, *ɡral) : semantic 大 (“big; great”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kral, *ɡral) : semantic 大 (“big; great”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kral, *ɡral) : semantic 大 (“big; great”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : kje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ
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strange; odd; weird; unusual • wonderful; fantastic; remarkable ‖ unsmooth; disadvantageous • surplus • (mathematics) odd • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Classifier for a single one of a pair or a large collection. ‖ ^† Alternative form of 矮 (ǎi, “short”) ‖ ^† Alternative form of 倚 (yǐ, “to lean on”)
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‖ 奇(き) • (ki) -na (adnominal 奇(き)な (ki na), adverbial 奇(き)に (ki ni)) ‖ 奇(き) • (ki)
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strange ‖ strange ‖ strangeness
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奇 (eumhun 기이할 기 (giihal gi)) ‖ 奇 (eumhun 의지할 의 (uijihal ui))
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hanja form of 기 (“strange, unusual, uncanny, occult”) ‖
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Hán-Nôm : kỳ • Hán-Nôm : cả • Hán-Nôm : cơ • Hán-Nôm : kì
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奇
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| 奈
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A variant of 柰. \ ; “how; why” \ ; “nano-”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nāi • Middle-Chinese : najH • Middle-Chinese : naH
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how; why (used in rhetorical questions) • to bear; to stand; to endure • (Taiwan) nano- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 奈(からなし) or 奈(カラナシ) • (karanashi) ‖ 奈(いかん) • (ikan)
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Abbreviation of 奈良: the city of Nara • what • (obsolete) apple tree ‖ Obsolete form of 唐梨 (“red apple”). • (by extension) Obsolete spelling of 林檎 (“apple”). ‖ Alternative form of 奈何 (“what”)
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奈 (eumhun 어찌 내 (eojji nae)) ‖ 奈 (eumhun 어찌 나 (eojji na))
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hanja form of 내 (“but; how”) ‖ hanja form of 나 (“but; how”)
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Hán-Nôm : nại • Hán-Nôm : nhự
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奈
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| 奉
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Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boŋʔ) : phonetic 丰 (OC *pʰoŋ) + semantic 廾 (“two hands”). 手 (“hand”) was later added at the bottom, and the original character was corrupted into 𡗗.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fung⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōng • Middle-Chinese : bjowngX
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to offer (tribute) • to receive • to serve • to respect • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 奉 (MC bjowngX) • (historical) Short for 奉天 (Fèngtiān, “Fengtian Province”). • a surname
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to offer; to present
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奉 (eumhun 받들 봉 (batdeul bong))
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hanja form of 봉 (“to offer; to present”)
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Hán-Nôm : phụng
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奉
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| 奏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : two hands (廾) holding an object, with various proposed interpretations.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsòo • Middle-Chinese : tsuwH
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(literary, or in compounds) to offer as tribute; to present with respect; to offer up; to dedicate to • (historical) to present a memorial to an emperor • (literary, or in compounds) to achieve; to gain; to obtain • (literary, or in compounds) to play a musical instrument; to give an instrumental performance • (historical) report; memorial • (literary, or in compounds) beat; meter; rhythm • a surname: Zou
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play music
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奏 • (ju) · 奏 • (ju) (hangeul 주, revised ju, McCune–Reischauer chu)
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Hán-Nôm : tấu • Hán-Nôm : táu • Hán-Nôm : tâu • Hán-Nôm : thần
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奏
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| 契
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰeːds, *kʰeːd, *kʰeːd, *kʰɯd) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 㓞 (, “to engrave”) + semantic 大 (“person”). \ Exopassive of 鍥 (OC *keːd, *kʰeːd, “to cut”): "what has been cut" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kherè • Middle-Chinese : khejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sit³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kai² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khit • Middle-Chinese : khj+t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiat • Middle-Chinese : khet
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contract; deed • to agree; to conform with; to tally with • (literary) to carve; to engrave • (literary) carved writing; engraved writing • (Cantonese, Southern Min) adopted; adoptive; foster ‖ Only used in 契丹 (Qìdān, “the Khitans”). ‖ Xie (ancestor of the kings of the Shang dynasty) ‖ Used in 契闊／契阔 (qièkuò, “assiduous; separate; etc.”). • Alternative form of 挈 (“to take; to carry”)
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‖ 契(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
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pledge (allegiance) • commit oneself • promise (loyalty) ‖ a male given name
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契 (eumhun 맺을 계 (maejeul gye)) ‖ 契 (eumhun 애쓸 결 (aesseul gyeol)) ‖ 契 (eumhun 부족 이름 글 (bujok ireum geul)) ‖ 契 (eumhun 사람 이름 설 (saram ireum seol))
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hanja form of 계 (“contract, bond; deed; engrave”) • hanja form of 계 (“a Korean rotating savings and credit association”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 결 (“to be assiduous; to work hard; to toil”) ‖ (historical) hanja form of 글 (“a tribe name”) ‖ hanja form of 설 (“used in personal names”) • (historical) hanja form of 설 (“Xie (ancestor of the kings of the Shang dynasty)”)
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Hán-Nôm : khế • Hán-Nôm : khé • Hán-Nôm : khè • Hán-Nôm : khía • Hán-Nôm : khít • Hán-Nôm : khẻ • Hán-Nôm : khẽ • Hán-Nôm : khịt
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契
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| 奔
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 止 (“foot”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 止 (“foot”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ban¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pun • Middle-Chinese : pwon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ban¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ban³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pun • Middle-Chinese : pwonH
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to run fast; to rush about • to flee; to escape • to marry without the preliminary formalities • rapid; hurried; hasty • (Northern Wu, Yangzhounese) to run • a surname ‖ to go straight to; to head for; to head towards • to spare no effort; to strive • (of age) to be getting on for
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bustle
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奔 (eumhun 달릴 분 (dallil bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“run fast, flee”) • hanja form of 분 (“rush about”) • hanja form of 분 (“run”)
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Hán-Nôm : bon • Hán-Nôm : bôn • Hán-Nôm : buôn • Hán-Nôm : bốn
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奔
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| 女
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Pictogram (象形) : a woman with breasts kneeling or standing. In modern form turned on left side: enclosed area is remnant of left breast (character's left, depicted woman's right), while right breast has disappeared. Graphically cognate to 母 (mǔ, “mother”), which has developed similarly, but also includes dots for nipples and has retained both breasts. Compare Egyptian 𓁐. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nja-ŋ/k (“woman”). Compare Tibetan ཉག་མོ (nyag mo, “woman”) (Hill, 2019). \ Pronunciation 2 is an exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Pictogram (象形) : a woman with breasts kneeling or standing. In modern form turned on left side: enclosed area is remnant of left breast (character's left, depicted woman's right), while right breast has disappeared. Graphically cognate to 母 (mǔ, “mother”), which has developed similarly, but also includes dots for nipples and has retained both breasts. Compare Egyptian 𓁐. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nja-ŋ/k (“woman”). Compare Tibetan ཉག་མོ (nyag mo, “woman”) (Hill, 2019). \ Pronunciation 2 is an exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Middle-Chinese : nrjoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : neoi⁶ • Middle-Chinese : nrjoH
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woman; (only of humans in Standard Chinese) female • daughter (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c) • (Cantonese) girl; young female (Classifier: 條／条 c; 班 c) • (Cantonese, Teochew, slang) girlfriend (Classifier: 條／条 c; 粒 mn-t) • (Cantonese, card games) queen (Classifier: 張／张 c; 隻／只 c) • (astronomy) the Girl (a Chinese constellation near Aquarius, 10th of the Twenty-Eight Mansions and part of the Black Turtle) ‖ to give one's daughter in marriage; to give as wife
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‖ 女(おんな) • (onna) ^(←をんな (wonna)?) ‖ 女(おみな) • (omina) ^(←をみな (womina)?) ‖ 女(おみな) • (Omina) ^(←をみな (womina)?) ‖ 女(め) • (me) ‖ 女(おうな) • (ōna) ^(←をうな (wouna)?) ‖ 女(おな) • (ona) ^(←をな (wona)?) ‖ 女(おなあ) • (onā) ^(←をなあ (wonaa)?) ‖ 女(じょ) • (jo) ^(←ぢよ (dyo)?) ‖ 女(じょ) • (Jo) ^(←ぢよ (dyo)?) ‖ 女(じょ) • (-jo) ^(←ぢよ (dyo)?)
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woman • daughter ‖ a female person • (specifically) a woman, an adult female • a wife • a mistress, concubine • a maid • a prostitute • a woman's appearance or quality • a feminine object • the object in a pairing which is smaller, gentler, etc. than the other • (vulgar) girlfriend ‖ (archaic) a young woman • (archaic) a woman ‖ a female given name ‖ a woman • a wife • a female ‖ (archaic) a young woman ‖ (obsolete) a young woman ‖ (obsolete) a young woman ‖ a woman, especially an actress or a prostitute ‖ (Chinese astronomy) the Girl constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions ‖ (historical) suffixed to names of female figures in the Edo period
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女 (eumhun 계집 녀 (gyejip nyeo), word-initial (South Korea) 계집 여 (gyejip yeo)) ‖ 女 (eumhun 너 여 (neo yeo))
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hanja form of 녀/여 (“female; woman”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 여 (“you”)
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canonical : 女: Hán Việt readings: nữ • canonical : nhữ 女: Nôm readings: nợ • canonical : nữa • canonical : nữ • canonical : nỡ • canonical : nớ • canonical : nhỡ • canonical : lỡ • canonical : nửa • canonical : nhớ • canonical : nự
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chữ Hán form of nữ (“female”). • Nôm form of nhớ (“to remember, to miss”). • Nôm form of nỡ (“to be willing”). • Nôm form of nữa (“furthermore”). • Nôm form of nợ (“to owe; debt”). • Nôm form of nửa (“half”).
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女
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| 奴
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 女 (“woman”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand capturing and ordering a woman around. 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas) may also be phonetic. \ Some oracle bone script forms (not depicted above) are pictographic (象形) , showing a person (probably a woman) with hands crossed at the back, as opposed to 女 which depicts a woman clasping her hands in front of the body. \ Uncertain. \ *Possibly cognate with Mru nar (“servant”) & Awa-Khumi Chin tana (Löffler, 1960); \ *Ferlus (1999) relates this to 女 (OC *naʔ), which has semantic parallel, especially among foreign loans (e.g. 嬯 (OC *dɯː, “servant, slave woman”) which is possibly from Austroasiatic). \ * Unger (1990) groups 奴 (OC *naː) as well as 努 (OC *naːʔ, “to tense, to exert”), 弩 (OC *naːʔ, “crossbow”), & 怒 (OC *naːs, “angry”), in a word-family with the basic meaning "tense", hence 奴 (OC *naː)'s meaning "press into service".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nôo • Middle-Chinese : nu
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slave; servant • (humble, polite) I • (derogatory) a person associated with a particular identity or trait • to enslave
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a thing, an object; (derogatory, familiar) a person
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奴 (eumhun 종 노 (jong no))
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hanja form of 노 (“slave, servant”)
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Hán-Nôm : nô • Hán-Nôm : no • Hán-Nôm : nó • Hán-Nôm : nọ
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(colloquial) he, she, it
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奴
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| 好
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Characters in the same phonetic series (好) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 女 (“woman”) + 子 (“child”). \ The widely accepted meaning of this character is that the characters for “female” (女) and “child” (子) were put together to form a compound because it was good for a woman to have a child. Similarly, it has been proposed that the compound originally refers to the mutual affection between the mother and child, which then extended to mean “good”. These theories are supported by the smaller 子 found in some oracle bones and bronze inscriptions. \ However, broader interpretations of the second character 子 could lead to other theories. 子 could also mean “son”, so it may have meant two children, a boy and a girl next to each other, which is a good fortune to have a boy and a girl. 子 could also mean “man”, so it may have referred to the love between a man and a woman, which is good. Duan Yucai, in his annotated version of Shuowen, interpreted it as originally referring to the beauty of woman. Lastly, it could mean that the “attitude” of a girl was considered good. \ The two pronunciations are cognate – pronunciation 2 is the *-s suffixed form, or exoactive/putative of pronunciation 1, literally “to consider good”. Compare 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “bad; evil”) > 惡 (OC *qaːɡs, “to consider bad; to hate”). \ This word has been compared with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to raise; to rear; to nourish”): Proto-Lolo-Burmese *hu³, Abor-Miri (Tani) u, Mawo Northern Qiang χu, which is only attested in a limited number of languages. If this is correct, it may be related to 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ, “to raise; to rear; domesticated animal”). Alternatively, compare Tibetan མཁོ (mkho, “necessary, important”). \ Cognate with Central Bai hux (“good”), which may be a loanword from Chinese. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (好) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 女 (“woman”) + 子 (“child”). \ The widely accepted meaning of this character is that the characters for “female” (女) and “child” (子) were put together to form a compound because it was good for a woman to have a child. Similarly, it has been proposed that the compound originally refers to the mutual affection between the mother and child, which then extended to mean “good”. These theories are supported by the smaller 子 found in some oracle bones and bronze inscriptions. \ However, broader interpretations of the second character 子 could lead to other theories. 子 could also mean “son”, so it may have meant two children, a boy and a girl next to each other, which is a good fortune to have a boy and a girl. 子 could also mean “man”, so it may have referred to the love between a man and a woman, which is good. Duan Yucai, in his annotated version of Shuowen, interpreted it as originally referring to the beauty of woman. Lastly, it could mean that the “attitude” of a girl was considered good. \ The two pronunciations are cognate – pronunciation 2 is the *-s suffixed form, or exoactive/putative of pronunciation 1, literally “to consider good”. Compare 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “bad; evil”) > 惡 (OC *qaːɡs, “to consider bad; to hate”). \ This word has been compared with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to raise; to rear; to nourish”): Proto-Lolo-Burmese *hu³, Abor-Miri (Tani) u, Mawo Northern Qiang χu, which is only attested in a limited number of languages. If this is correct, it may be related to 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ, “to raise; to rear; domesticated animal”). Alternatively, compare Tibetan མཁོ (mkho, “necessary, important”). \ Cognate with Central Bai hux (“good”), which may be a loanword from Chinese.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóo • Middle-Chinese : xawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hònn • Middle-Chinese : xawH
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good; well • Used as an interjection. · good; very well; nice • Used as an interjection. · OK; alright • Used as an interjection. · fine • friendly; close; acquainted • (specifically) to start dating; to become romantic partners • done; ready • to be good to; easy to • (making it) convenient; easy for • to recover from an illness • very; quite; rather; so • a pleasure to (do something); good for (doing something) • (after a verb) properly; carefully • Particle used after verbs to denote the completion or near-completion of an action. • Used after a noun or pronoun as a greeting. • greeting • Particle denoting agreement, support or wish to terminate a conversation. • Particle denoting dissatisfaction in ironical sentences. • (Hokkien) Particle denoting that the listener is still listening or is still interested with what the speaker is saying. (backchanneling) • such; what • (dialectal) can • (Cantonese, Hakka) should • (Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang) how (to what degree) • (rail transport) cleared ‖ to be fond of; to like • to have a tendency to; to be prone to; good to; easy to • (dialectal Mandarin, Wu) can; to be able to • a surname
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‖ 好(よしみ) • (Yoshimi)
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fondness; what one likes ‖ a male given name
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好 • (ho) · 好 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho)
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to like
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canonical : 好: Hán Việt readings: hiếu • canonical : hảo 好: Nôm readings: hiếu • canonical : háu • canonical : háo • canonical : hảo • canonical : hẩu • canonical : hấu • canonical : hão • canonical : hếu
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(only in compound) chữ Hán form of hiếu (“to like, to be fond of”). • (only in compound) chữ Hán form of hảo (“good, well; kind”). • (only in dưa hấu) chữ Hán form of hấu (“delicious”).
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好
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| 如
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nja, *njas) : phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – a woman obeying an order. \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Mru [script needed] (na, “to be so”), Mizo na nâ nâ (“it being so; since”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Old Mon [script needed] (ñaṅ, “resembling; like”) (ibid.). ‖ May be related to 向 (OC *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs, “to face; to turn towards”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Middle-Chinese : nyo • Middle-Chinese : nyoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Middle-Chinese : nyo
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to be like; as; as if; as though • to comply with; to agree with; to fit • such as; for example; for instance • (chiefly in the negative) to be as good as; to be comparable to • than; more than • if; supposing • postposition indicating an appearance, a state, or a condition; having the characteristic of • (Cantonese) · (obsolete) you • a surname ‖ to go to
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likeness; such as; to seem; as if
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如 (eumhun 같을 여 (gateul yeo))
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hanja form of 여 (“to be like; as; as if; as though”)
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canonical : 如: Hán Việt readings: như 如: Nôm readings: nhơ • canonical : như • canonical : nhờ • canonical : nha • canonical : nhừ • canonical : dừ • canonical : rừ
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chữ Hán form of như (“to be like; as if; as though”).
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如
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| 妃
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 女 (“woman”) + 卩 (“a kneeling man”). \ Probably related to 配 (OC *pʰɯːds, “to match”) (Wang, 1982). ‖ Related to 配 (OC *pʰɯːds, “to match”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : phj+j ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui³ • Middle-Chinese : phwojH
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spouse; couple • (historical) imperial concubine • (historical) wife of a prince • (religion, honorific) goddess ‖ to marry
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‖ 妃(きさき) or 妃(きさい) • (kisaki or kisai) ‖ 妃(みめ) • (mime) ‖ 妃(ひ) • (hi)
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queen • princess ‖ A ruler's wife; queen; empress. ‖ A noble's wife. ‖ a queen consort or princess consort
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妃 (eumhun 왕비 비 (wangbi bi)) ‖ 妃 (eumhun 짝지을 배 (jjakjieul bae))
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hanja form of 비 (“wife; spouse”) • hanja form of 비 (“imperial concubine”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 배 (“to marry”)
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Hán-Nôm : phi
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妃
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| 妄
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Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 女 (“woman”). \ With 亡 also including meanings of “loss” or “destruction”, this character can be interpreted as the loss (亡) of one's proper reason after being seduced by a woman (女).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōng • Middle-Chinese : mjangH
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improper; unrighteous • absurd; foolish • reckless; wild; presumptuous • insolent; arrogant • wilfully; recklessly; presumptuously
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a lie • carelessly
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妄 (eumhun 허망할 망 (heomanghal mang))
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hanja form of 망 (“absurd, foolish, reckless”) • hanja form of 망 (“false”)
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Hán-Nôm : vọng • Hán-Nôm : vòng
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妄
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| 妙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mews) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : miu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : miāu • Middle-Chinese : mjiewH
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subtle; mysterious; profound • fine; glorious; marvelous; wonderful; exquisite • ingenious; clever • young • a surname: Miao
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‖ 妙(みょう) • (myō) ^(←めう (meu)?)-na (adnominal 妙(みょう)な (myō na), adverbial 妙(みょう)に (myō ni)) ‖ 妙(みょう) • (myō) ^(←めう (meu)?)
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mysterious • strange, bizarre ‖ strange • excellent ‖ excellence
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妙 (eumhun 묘할 묘 (myohal myo))
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hanja form of 묘 (“mysterious, subtle”) • hanja form of 묘 (“exquisite”)
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Hán-Nôm : diệu
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妙
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| 妥
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“hand”) + 女 (“woman”) – to comfort, to placate. Original form of 綏 (OC *snul). \ Compare 孚.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thò • Middle-Chinese : thwaX
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appropriate; suitable; proper • finished; settled; ready • (archaic) to sit still; to sit peacefully • (literary) secure; stable; smooth • (literary) to drop; to fall; to hang down • (Cantonese, transitive, chiefly in the negative) to welcome; to like • a surname: Tuo
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gentle
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妥 (eum 타 (ta))
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Hán-Nôm : thỏa • Hán-Nôm : thoả • Hán-Nôm : thõa • Hán-Nôm : thoã
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妥
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| 妨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaŋ, *pʰaŋs) : semantic 女 + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). 方 also once bore the now-obsolete meaning of "take up" (space), which can explain the meaning of this character as being "to obstruct someone from approaching a woman".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Middle-Chinese : phjang • Middle-Chinese : phjangH
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to hinder; to impede; to obstruct; to disturb • (often in the negative) to harm; to damage
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disturb
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妨 (eumhun 방해할 방 (banghaehal bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“interfere with, impede, obstruct”)
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Hán-Nôm : phòng • Hán-Nôm : phương
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妨
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| 妹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯːds) : semantic 女 (“female, woman”) + phonetic 未 (OC *mɯds). \ Probably Sino-Tibetan. Proposed etymologies: \ * STEDT relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mi (“girl; female; feminine suffix”), whence Apatani nyimii (“girl; woman; female”), Proto-Loloish *C-mi² (“woman”), Proto-Karen *hmɨᴮ (“female; woman”). \ * Schuessler (2007) compares it to Burmese မ (ma., “sister”) (whence အစ်မ (acma., “elder sister”), ညီမ (nyima., “younger sister”)), Miju ku-mai- (“woman”), Tibetan བུད་མེད (bud med, “woman”), and also Mizo hmei (“concubine”) (> Mizo hmei-chhia (“woman; wife”)), which STEDT relates to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maj (“widow, widower”) instead.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : māi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : běr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muāi • Middle-Chinese : mwojH
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younger sister • girl; young female • (Hakka) daughter • a surname
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‖ 妹(いも) • (imo) ‖ 妹(いもうと) • (imōto) ‖ 妹(いもと) • (imoto) ‖ 妹(いもと) • (Imoto) ‖ 妹(まい) • (mai) ‖ 妹(まい) • (Mai)
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‖ (archaic, said from a male speaker) a close female companion · one's sister regardless of age difference • (archaic, said from a male speaker) a close female companion · one's lover or sweetheart who is the subject of marriage or is already married • (archaic, said from a female speaker) a close female companion ‖ one's own younger sister • the wife of one's younger brother; one's sister-in-law • a younger female • (archaic, said from a male speaker) one's sister regardless of age difference • (Kagoshima) younger sister ‖ (rare) Same as いもうと (imōto) above ‖ a placename ‖ Same as いもうと (imōto) above ‖ a female given name
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妹 (eumhun 누이 매 (nu'i mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“younger sister”)
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Hán-Nôm : muội
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妹
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| 妻
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肀 (“hand grabbing hair”) + 女 (“woman”) ― a man grabbing a woman's hair to show ownership (marriage by capture). \ Thought to be cognate to 齊 (OC *dzêi, “same, equal (adj.), in line”) (SWJZhttps://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/nv-bu#n34692; Karlgren, 1956) & interpreted as "an equal to her husband"; yet this is unlikely considering the realities of ancient societies (Schuessler, 2007). \ Schuessler instead proposes Austroasiatic etymology: he reconstructs 妻 (OC *tshə̂i) < *k-sə̂i and compares it to Middle Khmer [script needed] (kansai, “wife”) (whence Khmer កន្សៃ (kɑɑkɑnsay, “wife”)) and Khmer [script needed] (*khsay, “be female”) with *ka(n)- being a female marker (ibid.). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肀 (“hand grabbing hair”) + 女 (“woman”) ― a man grabbing a woman's hair to show ownership (marriage by capture). \ Thought to be cognate to 齊 (OC *dzêi, “same, equal (adj.), in line”) (SWJZhttps://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/nv-bu#n34692; Karlgren, 1956) & interpreted as "an equal to her husband"; yet this is unlikely considering the realities of ancient societies (Schuessler, 2007). \ Schuessler instead proposes Austroasiatic etymology: he reconstructs 妻 (OC *tshə̂i) < *k-sə̂i and compares it to Middle Khmer [script needed] (kansai, “wife”) (whence Khmer កន្សៃ (kɑɑkɑnsay, “wife”)) and Khmer [script needed] (*khsay, “be female”) with *ka(n)- being a female marker (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshue • Middle-Chinese : tshej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cai³ • Middle-Chinese : tshejH
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wife ‖ to give a wife to; to give as a wife; to become married to a man • to marry a woman
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‖ 妻(つま) • (tsuma) ‖ 妻(つま) • (tsuma) ‖ 妻(さい) • (sai)
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spouse ‖ (archaic) a spouse • (humble, only refers to one's own) a wife (married woman) ‖ a side dish • a tangent, a digression, something to the side of the main thing ‖ my wife
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妻 (eumhun 아내 처 (anae cheo))
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hanja form of 처 (“wife”)
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Hán-Nôm : thê • Hán-Nôm : thế
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妻
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| 始
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯʔ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 台 (OC *l̥ʰɯː, *l'ɯː, *l'ɯː, *lɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Middle-Chinese : syiX
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beginning; start • to begin; to start • initial; first • proto-; eo- • then; only then; only after
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‖ 始(し) • (shi)
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to begin; to start ‖ beginning; start • initial; first
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始 (eumhun 비롯할 시 (birothal si)) · 始 (eumhun 비로소 시 (biroso si))
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hanja form of 시 (“beginning; start”) • hanja form of 시 (“initial; first”)
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canonical : 始: Hán Việt readings: thủy • canonical : thuỷ • canonical : thỉ 始: Nôm readings: thỉ • canonical : thủy • canonical : thũy • canonical : thuỹ
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chữ Hán form of thuỷ/thủy (“beginning; start; initial”).
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始
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| 姓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleŋs) : semantic 女 (“woman; female”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs). \ Specialised form of 性 (xìng): “human nature; what is inborn” > “surname; clan name”.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sing³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seng³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sènn • Middle-Chinese : sjengH
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surname; family name; clan name • to have the surname of • (figurative, often officialese) to belong to; to be classified as • a surname
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‖ 姓(かばね) • (kabane) ‖ 姓(せい) • (sei) ‖ 姓(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 姓(そう) • (sō)
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clan • surname ‖ a clan • (historical) a kind of hereditary title bestowed to clans in ancient Japan ‖ surname, family name • clan ‖ (uncommon) surname, family name • (uncommon) clan ‖ (historical, obsolete) surname, family name • (historical, obsolete) clan
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姓 (eumhun 성씨 성 (seongssi seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“clan; family name”)
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Hán-Nôm : tính
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姓
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| 委
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 女 ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 女
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uí • Middle-Chinese : 'jweX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'jwe
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to entrust; to appoint; to send; to commission • to cast aside • to gather; to pile up • indirect • lower reaches of a river • dejected • indeed • Short for 委員／委员 (wěiyuán, “committee member”). • Short for 委員會／委员会 (wěiyuánhuì, “committee”). • a surname ‖ Only used in 委蛇 (wēiyí, “winding; curved”).
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‖ 委(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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committee ‖ entrust; leave to • cast aside; abandon • detailed • Short for 委員会 (iinkai, “committee”).
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委 (eumhun 맡길 위 (matgil wi))
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hanja form of 위 (“to entrust; to commission”) [verbal root; affix] • hanja form of 위 (“short for 위원회(委員會) (wiwonhoe, “committee”)”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : ủy/uỷ • Hán-Nôm : uế
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委
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| 姻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qin) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 因 (OC *qin) – marriage of/to a woman.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : in • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ian • Middle-Chinese : 'jin
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marriage • relation by marriage; marital bond
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‖ 姻(いん) • (in)
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‖ marriage; matrimonial alliance
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姻 • (in) · 姻 • (in) (hangeul 인, revised in, McCune–Reischauer in)
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Hán-Nôm : nhân
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姻
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| 姿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsli) : phonetic 次 (OC *sn̥ʰis) + semantic 女 (“woman”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : tsij
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manner; carriage; bearing • looks; appearance
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‖ 姿(すがた) • (sugata)
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figure, shape ‖ figure, appearance, form, aspect, shape
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姿 • (ja) · 姿 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha)
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Hán-Nôm : tư
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姿
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| 威
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戌 + 女. \ 畏 (OC *quls, “to fear”) is the exoactive derivation of 威 (OC *qul, “to overawe”), literally "to be intimidated" (Schuessler, 2007). In early writing, the character for 畏 was sometimes used directly as a substitute of 威 (wēi) (e.g. in the Da Yu ding inscription). \ 鬼 (OC *kulʔ, “ghost”) is a derivation (Baxter and Sagart, 1998). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui • Middle-Chinese : 'jw+j ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui
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pomp • power • powerful • to dominate; to display power • (Cantonese) imposing; awe-inspiring • (Cantonese) to be imposing; to be awe-inspiring • a surname ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 揻 (ui, “to prick; to poke; to bore”)
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‖ 威(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 威(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ power; might; strength; authority ‖ power; might; strength; authority; dignity; majesty
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威 (eumhun 위엄 위 (wieom wi))
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dignity
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Hán-Nôm : uy • Hán-Nôm : oai
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威
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| 娘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naŋ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ). \ Not attested in pre-Tang texts. It may ultimately have been a fusion of 女郎 (MC nrjoX lang, “lady”) (Coblin, 1994). \ Alternatively, from 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) with an attached suffix *-ŋ also found in 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ, “I for my part”) as against 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) (Sagart, 1999: 134). However, evidence for this suffix is sparse; Sagart only adduces these two pairs of words. \ As yet another suggestion, it may be a loan from Proto-Turkic *ana ~ *eńe (“mother”); compare Turkish ana and Uyghur ئانا (ana) (Vovin and McCraw, 2011). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Middle-Chinese : nrjang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng¹
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woman, especially a young girl • (colloquial) mother; ma • wife of another person • elderly lady • (religion) "The Lady" (an epithet of the Fujianese sea goddess Mazu (媽祖／妈祖 (Māzǔ)) • (usually derogatory, of a man or a boy) girly; effeminate; feminine • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 娘 (MC nrjang) ‖ (Cantonese) old-fashioned
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‖ 娘(むすめ) • (musume) (counter 人) ‖ 娘(こ) • (ko)
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‖ (humble) a daughter ‖ Alternative spelling of 子 (“girl”)
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娘 (eumhun 아가씨 낭 (agassi nang)) · 娘 (eumhun 아가씨 랑 (agassi rang))
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hanja form of 낭/랑 (“woman”)
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Hán-Nôm : nương • Hán-Nôm : nàng • Hán-Nôm : nường
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娘
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| 婚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmɯːn) : semantic 女 + phonetic 昏 (OC *hmɯːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Middle-Chinese : xwon
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to marry; to get married • wedding; marriage • relative by marriage; kin by marriage; in-law • father of wife • ^‡ family of wife
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marriage
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婚 • (hon) · 婚 • (hon) (hangeul 혼, revised hon, McCune–Reischauer hon)
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get married • marriage, wedding
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Hán-Nôm : hôn
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婚
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| 媒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 某 (OC *mɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 某 (OC *mɯʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁴⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hm̂ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : m̂ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buê • Middle-Chinese : mwoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ
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go-between; matchmaker • medium; intermediary • Short for 媒體／媒体 (méitǐ); media; press • to introduce; to recommend • (Cantonese) plant (person placed amongst an audience) with the role of promoting sales by making fake purchases • (obsolete, literary) yeast ‖ Only used in 媒媒.
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mediator
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媒 (eumhun 중매 매 (jungmae mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“medium”)
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Hán-Nôm : môi • Hán-Nôm : mối • Hán-Nôm : mai
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媒
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| 子
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Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – an image of a baby, with a large head and spread arms. The legs are wrapped in a blanket. Compare with 了, where the arms are wrapped. \ The big seal script form is much more elaborate, showing a baby with hair on a head (囟) and arms on the two sides of the body, sitting on a stool (几). \ ;child \ :From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”). \ :Cognate with 字 (OC *zlɯs, “character; letter”), 慈 (OC *zɯ, “loving; kind”), 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to grow, to breed, to propagate, to bring about, to increase”), 孳 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯs, “to breed, to propagate”). \ ;first earthly branch \ :In oracle bone and Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 子 was the sixth earthly branch; the first earthly branch was denoted differently. One of the forms survived in Shuo Wen (𢀇) (Matsumaru, 2015). \ :Smith (2011) proposed this character is 甾. Observing that 甾 is closely linked with 緇 "dark, stained", 淄 "murky (water)", 菑 "field cleared by burning" (all pronounced *tsrə), Smith (2011) proposes that initially the first earthly branch 甾 (OC *ts[r]əʔ) denoted the new moon phase and meant "darkened, voided, the darkened stage". Additionally, Smith (2011) proposes that 子 (OC tsəʔ), which originated from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning "to come forth", denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase). \ :Sometime in Warring States period, a change occured that 子 became the first earthly branch and 巳 (OC *s-ləʔ) filled the void of the sixth earthly branch (Matsumaru, 2015), "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011). \ :Association with the rat was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – an image of a baby, with a large head and spread arms. The legs are wrapped in a blanket. Compare with 了, where the arms are wrapped. \ The big seal script form is much more elaborate, showing a baby with hair on a head (囟) and arms on the two sides of the body, sitting on a stool (几). \ ;child \ :From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”). \ :Cognate with 字 (OC *zlɯs, “character; letter”), 慈 (OC *zɯ, “loving; kind”), 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to grow, to breed, to propagate, to bring about, to increase”), 孳 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯs, “to breed, to propagate”). \ ;first earthly branch \ :In oracle bone and Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 子 was the sixth earthly branch; the first earthly branch was denoted differently. One of the forms survived in Shuo Wen (𢀇) (Matsumaru, 2015). \ :Smith (2011) proposed this character is 甾. Observing that 甾 is closely linked with 緇 "dark, stained", 淄 "murky (water)", 菑 "field cleared by burning" (all pronounced *tsrə), Smith (2011) proposes that initially the first earthly branch 甾 (OC *ts[r]əʔ) denoted the new moon phase and meant "darkened, voided, the darkened stage". Additionally, Smith (2011) proposes that 子 (OC tsəʔ), which originated from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning "to come forth", denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase). \ :Sometime in Warring States period, a change occured that 子 became the first earthly branch and 巳 (OC *s-ləʔ) filled the void of the sixth earthly branch (Matsumaru, 2015), "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011). \ :Association with the rat was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – an image of a baby, with a large head and spread arms. The legs are wrapped in a blanket. Compare with 了, where the arms are wrapped. \ The big seal script form is much more elaborate, showing a baby with hair on a head (囟) and arms on the two sides of the body, sitting on a stool (几). \ ;child \ :From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”). \ :Cognate with 字 (OC *zlɯs, “character; letter”), 慈 (OC *zɯ, “loving; kind”), 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to grow, to breed, to propagate, to bring about, to increase”), 孳 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯs, “to breed, to propagate”). \ ;first earthly branch \ :In oracle bone and Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 子 was the sixth earthly branch; the first earthly branch was denoted differently. One of the forms survived in Shuo Wen (𢀇) (Matsumaru, 2015). \ :Smith (2011) proposed this character is 甾. Observing that 甾 is closely linked with 緇 "dark, stained", 淄 "murky (water)", 菑 "field cleared by burning" (all pronounced *tsrə), Smith (2011) proposes that initially the first earthly branch 甾 (OC *ts[r]əʔ) denoted the new moon phase and meant "darkened, voided, the darkened stage". Additionally, Smith (2011) proposes that 子 (OC tsəʔ), which originated from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning "to come forth", denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase). \ :Sometime in Warring States period, a change occured that 子 became the first earthly branch and 巳 (OC *s-ləʔ) filled the void of the sixth earthly branch (Matsumaru, 2015), "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011). \ :Association with the rat was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsiX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄗ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsír • Middle-Chinese : tsiX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bí
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(literary) child; offspring • son • (literary) descendant; posterity • (Christianity) the Son • (in compounds) person • (literary) master; teacher • (literary) A respectful title for teachers, usually attached after their surnames. • (literary, polite) you • Alternative form of 籽 (zǐ, “seed”); also its second-round simplified form. • egg • young; tender; small • Prefix attached to nouns, denoting "a part of", "belonging to" or "individual". sub- • (astrology) First earthly branch: rat in the Chinese zodiac, 11th solar month, midnight (11:00 pm to 1:00 am) • (historical) viscount (fourth of five ranks of Chinese aristocracy under the Zhou dynasty) • (physics, biology) -on • a surname • (Southern Min) grain-like object; particle; granule • (Southern Min, music) rhythm • (Southern Min) Classifier for small, round objects: granule, grain, particle, piece ‖ Suffix: · Used to nominalize. • Suffix: · (colloquial) Used in some classifiers. ‖ small, round object • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for small objects. • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for bananas.
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‖ 子(こ) • (ko) (counter 人) ‖ 子(こ) • (ko-) ‖ 子(こ) • (-ko) ‖ 子(こ) • (Ko) ‖ 子(し) or 子(す) or 子(su) or 子(shi) • (shi or su) ‖ 子(し) • (shi) ‖ 子(し) • (Shi) ‖ 子(ね) • (Ne) ‖ 子(ね) • (ne)
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(gender-neutral) child • (archaic) honorific for an adult man • (archaic) honorific for a learned man, master • (archaic) man (in general) • (historical) fourth rank of nobility in Meiji-postwar Japan, viscount • egg, fruit, seed • small object • interest • diminutive suffix • Rat (earthly branch) • midnight • north • (midnight, north): Antonyms : 午 ‖ a child • (figuratively) a girl, especially a dear or desired one (compare use of English baby, babe) • (endearing) creature • a smaller or younger version of a bigger object • (hanafuda, card games, by extension, board games, gambling) person who is dealt cards ‖ an object which has a subservient or derivative role relative to another object ‖ suffix used in female given names, such as 智子 (Tomoko), 英子 (Eiko), 秀子 (Hideko), 美奈子 (Minako), 有希子 (Yukiko) • (rare) suffix used in male given names • an object having a particular state or property (sometimes diminutive) • roe (only when preceded by a fish name, or fish-related prefix) ‖ a surname ‖ a child • Short for 子爵 (shishaku): the fourth rank of nobility in Meiji-postwar Japan, equivalent to a viscount • an honorific for a learned man, such as teacher or master • a philosophy branch of Chinese literature, either derived from or outside of the Hundred Schools of Thought • an object which has a subservient or derivative role relative to another object • an object having a particular state or property (sometimes diminutive) ‖ (archaic) second-person pronoun: you (of one's equals) ‖ (Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ (Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches: · north • (Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches: · the hours between 11:00 P.M./midnight and 1:00/2:00 A.M. • (Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches: · a day or year assigned to the Rat • (Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches: · the eleventh month of the lunar calendar • a place name ‖ (obsolete) variant katakana syllable ネ (ne)
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子 (eumhun 아들 자 (adeul ja))
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Hanja form of 자 (“son; man”). • Hanja form of 자 (“offspring”). • Hanja form of 자 (“a noun suffix”).
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canonical : 子: Hán Việt readings: tý • canonical : tử • canonical : tí 子: Nôm readings: tý • canonical : tí • canonical : tít • canonical : tở
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chữ Hán form of Tí (“first of the twelve earthly branches”). • Nôm form of tí (“a little bit; small”). • chữ Hán form of tử (“child; son; small thing”).
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子
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| 孔
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Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle. \ ; "hole": From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). \ ; "peacock": Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kháng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khóng • Middle-Chinese : khuwngX
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hole; aperture; opening • classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc.. • (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel • (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching • (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked • (literary, or in compounds) large • (literary, or in compounds) fine • (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely • (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl • a surname • (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”). • (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.
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cavity
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孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“opening, hole”)
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Hán-Nôm : khổng • Hán-Nôm : hỏng • Hán-Nôm : hổng • Hán-Nôm : khỏng • Hán-Nôm : khủng
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孔
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| 字
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Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯs) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child; to give birth; to take care; to be kind”). Related to: \ * 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child, son”) (also its phonetic component) \ * 慈 (OC *zɯ, “to be kind, loving”) \ * 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to nourish, to grow”) \ * 詞 (OC *ljɯ, “word, term”) \ * 辭 (OC *ljɯ, “word, from testimony”) \ Original sense (1): “to become pregnant, to give birth to, to nurture, to love” has essentially become obsolete. The sense (2) “letter, character” is either from a different root or a derivation from the sense “to produce, to generate”. \ Cognate with Tibetan ཚ་བོ (tsha bo, “nephew”), Tibetan ཚ་རུས (tsha rus, “descendant”), Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to give birth to; to guard”), Tibetan མཛའ (mdza', “kind, peaceful, friendly”) (Quan, 1996), Burmese စာ (ca, “writing, letter”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jū • Middle-Chinese : dziH
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letter; symbol; character, especially a Chinese character (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 c) • word; term; wording; diction • (computing) word • handwriting; writing • (historical) courtesy name; Chinese-style name (a name traditionally given to Chinese males at the age of 20 and females at the age of 15) • (historical) to style; to give someone a courtesy name • (calligraphy) style of handwriting; printing type • (calligraphy) (a calligrapher's) calligraphy work • written letter; message; correspondence • receipt; contract; slip • pronunciation of a character; pronunciation • (colloquial) side of a coin with written characters; tails • (Cantonese, Min, Malaysia, Singapore) five minutes (derived from the locations of 1 to 12 on a clock face) (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • to give birth to; to deliver a baby; to bring into the world • to be pregnant; to be carrying a baby • (historical, of a girl) to be betrothed; to be allowed to marry • to bring up; to raise; to rear (a child) • (obsolete or Guzhang Waxiang) to love; to cherish; to care very much for • (Luxi Waxiang) to envy; to be jealous of; to admire • to educate; to teach; to instruct • to govern; to administer • a surname
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‖ 字(じ) • (ji) ‖ 字(じ) • (-ji) ‖ 字(あざな) • (azana) ‖ 字(あざ) • (aza)
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‖ letter, character • handwriting, penmanship ‖ letters, characters ‖ courtesy name • nickname • a section of a village ‖ a section of a village
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字 (eumhun 글자 자 (geulja ja))
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hanja form of 자 (“letter; character”)
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Hán-Nôm : tự • Hán-Nôm : chữ
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character, letter • word
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字
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| 存
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zluːn) : phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic 子. \ Possibly the demonstrative *-n derivation from 在 (OC *zlɯːʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsûn • Middle-Chinese : dzwon
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(literary) to exist • to cherish; to harbor • to store; to retain • stock; reserve
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exist
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存 (eum 존 (jon))
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to have • to exist • to be living
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Hán-Nôm : tồn • Hán-Nôm : dòn • Hán-Nôm : sòn • Hán-Nôm : ròn • Hán-Nôm : tòn
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存
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| 孝
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hà • Middle-Chinese : xaewH
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to do one's filial duty; to show filial piety • filial piety; filial duty • mourning • mourning dress • (Southern Min) to offer up sacrifices (to gods or ancestors) • (Mainland China Hokkien) custom and etiquette to be observed after the death of one's seniors • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, vulgar, derogatory) to eat • a surname
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‖ 孝(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?) ‖ 孝(たかし) • (Takashi)
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‖ filial piety ‖ a male given name
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孝 (eumhun 효도 효 (hyodo hyo))
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hanja form of 효 (“filial piety”)
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canonical : 孝: Hán Việt readings: hiếu 孝: Nôm readings: hiếu • canonical : héo • canonical : hếu
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chữ Hán form of hiếu (“filial piety”).
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孝
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| 季
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 禾 + 子. \ Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuì • Middle-Chinese : kjwijH
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youngest brother • last period (of a dynasty, etc.) • third and final month of a season in the lunar calendar • quarter of a year • season of the year • period of time; season • (broadcasting) season • Classifier for harvests. • a surname: Ji
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‖ 季(き) • (ki)
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season ‖ season • end of a period • youngest
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季 (eumhun 끝 계 (kkeut gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“end, final”) • hanja form of 계 (“season”)
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Hán-Nôm : quý • Hán-Nôm : quí • Hán-Nôm : cuối • Hán-Nôm : quỳ
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季
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| 孤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaː) : semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː). \ Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : ku
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orphaned; parentless • alone; solitary • orphan • (usually by an emperor or a king) I
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‖ 孤(こ) • (ko) ‖ 孤(こ) • (ko) -na (adnominal 孤(こ)な (ko na), adverbial 孤(こ)に (ko ni)) ‖ 孤(みなしご) • (minashigo)
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solitude, alone • orphan ‖ an orphan • solitude ‖ solitary ‖ orphan
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孤 (eumhun 외로울 고 (oeroul go))
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hanja form of 고 (“solitude; orphan”)
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Hán-Nôm : cô • Hán-Nôm : co • Hán-Nôm : còi • Hán-Nôm : côi • Hán-Nôm : go • Hán-Nôm : gò
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孤
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| 宅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r'aːɡ) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 乇 (OC *ʔr'aːɡ). \ ; slang: Ultimately from an orthographic borrowing from Japanese お宅 (otaku); this sense developed from the influence of its orthography.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the̍eh • Middle-Chinese : draek
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residence; dwelling; house; home • tomb; grave • to reside; to dwell • to place • (slang) Someone who prefers to stay at home rather than go outside; a homebody
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‖ 宅(たく) • (taku)
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home ‖ home • husband
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宅 (eumhun 집 택 (jip taek)) ‖ 宅 (eumhun 집 댁 (jip daek))
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(only in compounds) hanja form of 택 (“house; home”) [affix] ‖ hanja form of 댁 (“residence”) [noun] • hanja form of 댁 (“a respectful term of address for someone of equal or lower status”) [pronoun]
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Hán-Nôm : trạch • Hán-Nôm : trãi • Hán-Nôm : trại
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宅
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| 宇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaʔ) : semantic 宀 (“house”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) \ ;"eaves" > "abode, estate, territory" \ ;"space" \ ;universe
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : hjuX
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eaves • house, chamber, bower; building, structure • border, frontier, boundary • universe, cosmos
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‖ 宇(う) • (-u) ‖ 宇(う) • (u) ‖ 宇(さかい) • (Sakai)
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‖ Counter for buildings, roofs, etc. ‖ eaves; roof; house; building • the whole world; universe ‖ a female given name
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宇 (eumhun 집 우 (jip u))
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hanja form of 우 (“whole world; universe”) • hanja form of 우 (“house”)
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Hán-Nôm : vũ • Hán-Nôm : võ • Hán-Nôm : thủy • Hán-Nôm : thuỷ
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宇
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| 守
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“roof; building”) + 寸 (“hand”); to guard, keep, or defend.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiúnn • Middle-Chinese : syuwX • Middle-Chinese : syuwH
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to keep; to maintain; to preserve • to abide by; to follow; to comply with • to defend; to protect; to keep watch • to approach; to come closer; to draw near • 57th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "guardedness" (𝌾) • a surname
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‖ 守(もり) • (mori) ‖ 守(まもる) • (Mamoru) ‖ 守(まもり) • (mamori) ‖ 守(まぼり) • (mabori) ‖ 守(まぶり) • (maburi) ‖ 守(しゅ) • (shu) ‖ 守(かみ) • (kami) ‖ 守(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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protect, defend, watch over ‖ a watchman, a keeper (as of a lighthouse), a caretaker • a nursemaid, a babysitter ‖ a male given name ‖ standing watch, standing guard • a watchman, a guard (especially at a castle or fort) • divine protection from misfortune • a god or spirit providing such protection • a ward, charm, talisman, or other item providing divine protection • short for 守り刀, 守刀 (mamorigatana, “protection sword”, sword always kept at one's side for personal protection) • a seal or coat of arms using a 守り札 (mamorifuda, “charm tag”), 守り袋 (mamoribukuro, “charm bag”), or similar charm for the design ‖ see mamori above ‖ see mamori above ‖ (archaic) used when listing an official's titles when there are two or more (compare English cum) • short for 守護 (shugo, “protection, protector”) • (archaic) short for 国守 (kokushu, “head administrator of a kuni in the old Ritsuryō system”) ‖ (archaic) under the old Ritsuryō system of ancient Japan, the highest of the four ranks of civil servant staff, and general term for head administrators of government departments • (archaic) in the first year of the new Meiji era government established in 1868, the title of the seven heads of all government bureaus except the 総裁局 (Sōsai Kyoku, “Bureau of the President”), whose head was titled 総裁 (Sōsai, “president” or “director general”) ‖ (obsolete) see kami above; used in obsolete titles
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守 (eumhun 지킬 수 (jikil su))
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hanja form of 수 (“protection”)
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Hán-Nôm : thú • Hán-Nôm : thủ
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守
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| 安
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Characters in the same phonetic series (安) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 女 (“a woman or a kneeling person”) – person in a kneeling position sitting on the heels at home. \ ; calm; peaceful \ : Cognate with 按 (OC *qaːns, “to push down with hand”), an exoactive derivative, literally “to cause to be settled; calmed” (ibid.). \ : Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔɨāɫ (“rest”), comparing it to Mizo âwl (“to rest”) (and also noting Dhimal [script needed] (el-ka, “good”)). STEDT, however, traces the Mizo word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-grwal ~ *ʔwal (“finish, loose, relax”) and did not list 安 (OC *qaːn) among its comparanda: namely 完 (OC *ɦŋoːn), 緩 (OC *ɢʷaːnʔ), 諼 (OC *qʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ), 援 (OC *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan). \ ; where; how
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : an • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uann • Middle-Chinese : 'an
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calm; peaceful; tranquil; quiet • comfortable; at ease • safe; secure • to calm; to pacify • to feel satisfied with • to find a place for; to plant • to fit; to install • to cherish; to harbour • to confer (a title); to bestow; to put (the blame on someone) • (Cantonese) ounce • (literary) where • (literary) how; why • (physics) Short for 安培 (ānpéi, “ampere”). • Short for 安非他命 (ānfēitāmìng, “amphetamine”). • a surname • a surname · (historical) a surname. Given to people from the Arsacid or Parthian Empire (安息 or 安國／安国) • Short for 安那其主義／安那其主义 (ānnàqí zhǔyì, “anarchism”).
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‖ 安(あん) • (an)
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‖ calm; peaceful • tranquil • safe; secure • easy; simple • (chemistry) ammonium
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安 (eumhun 편안 안 (pyeonan an))
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hanja form of 안 (“peace, peacefulness”)
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canonical : 安: Hán Việt readings: an • canonical : yên 安: Nôm readings: yên • canonical : an • canonical : án • canonical : ăn
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chữ Hán form of an (“safe; secure”). • chữ Hán form of yên (“calm; peaceful”).
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安
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| 完
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦŋoːn) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Middle-Chinese : hwan
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whole; complete; intact • to end; to finish • to end; to finish · Used after a verb to indicate perfective aspect (action completion). • to run out; to use up • to complete; to finish • (obsolete) firm; stable • perfect; faultless; flawless • to fail; to enter a dangerous or hopeless state; to be doomed; done for • to pay; to pay back • (obsolete) abundant; sufficient; plentiful • (literary) to preserve • (literary) to build; to repair; to renovate • (historical) an ancient light punishment • a surname
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‖ 完(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 完(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 完(かん) • (-kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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‖ complete, perfect, infallible, faultless • to complete, to finish ‖ the end; finis (used at the end of a novel, movie, etc.) ‖ completion; conclusion; end • fully provided
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完 (eumhun 완전할 완 (wanjeonhal wan))
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hanja form of 완 (“complete; whole”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoàn
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complete (used only as part of a compound)
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完
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| 宗
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 示 (“spirit tablet”) – temple; ancestral shrine. \ Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsuk ⪤ *tsik (“to build”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྫོང (rdzong, “castle; fortress”), Burmese ဆောင် (hcaung, “room; chamber; hall”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; an administrative division in historical Tibet
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsong • Middle-Chinese : tsowng
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ancestral temple • ancestors or elders of a people • family • school; sect • main purpose • to revere; to respect; to follow • (historical) an administrative division in historical Tibet, equivalent to a county • Classifier for things, sums of money, goods, etc. • Classifier for cases (e.g. traffic accidents, criminal cases, medical cases, etc.). • a surname
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‖
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religion; doctrine; creed • a place to venerate one's ancestors • ancestor; ancestry; clan • esteemed; respected • central idea; core principle ‖
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宗 (eumhun 마루 종 (maru jong))
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hanja form of 종 (“fundamental knowledge”) • hanja form of 종 (“root; ancestry”) • hanja form of 종 (“religion”)
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Hán-Nôm : tông • Hán-Nôm : tong • Hán-Nôm : tôn • Hán-Nôm : tung
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宗
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| 官
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Compositionally related to 宮. Approximately analysable as ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 + 𠂤 – multiple rooms under a roof, an official building. \ Probably the same word as 倌 (OC *koːn, *kroːns, “servant”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan • Middle-Chinese : kwan
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government official, public servant • governmental; official • public; communal • organ (part of a body) • a surname
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‖ 官(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 官(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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‖ government office • government official • official rank; official position • public; state-owned (use, facility, etc.) • sense organ ‖ government office; authority • government official • official rank; official position • (obsolete) the state; government • (obsolete) short for 太(だい)政(じょう)官(かん) (daijōkan).
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官 (eumhun 벼슬 관 (byeoseul gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“government office”)
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Hán-Nôm : quan
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a mandarin, an official
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官
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| 宙
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǔ • Middle-Chinese : drjuwH
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(obsolete) (of a house) ridgepole and beams • (obsolete, except in 宇宙) infinite time • (obsolete) heaven, sky • (geology) eon (geochronologic unit)
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‖ 宙(ちゅう) • (chū)
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mid-air ‖ mid-air
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宙 (eumhun 집 주 (jip ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“infinite time in 우주 (宇宙, uju, “space”)”) • hanja form of 주 (“house; ridgepole; pillar”)
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Hán-Nôm : trụ
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宙
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| 定
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːŋs, *deːŋs) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːŋs, *deːŋs) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːŋs, *deːŋs) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīng • Middle-Chinese : dengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding³ • Middle-Chinese : tengH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ding⁶⁻²
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stable; steady; fixed • to fix; to stabilise • to put down; to suppress • to establish; to prepare the ground for • to decide; to resolve • to determine; to settle • to order; to reserve • certainly; definitely; surely • after all; at all • (Cantonese) calm • (Cantonese) in advance • (Cantonese) Short for 定係／定系 (“or”). • a surname • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 定 (MC dengH) ‖ (～星) (Chinese astronomy) the Encampment, one of Twenty-Eight Mansions • forehead • Original form of 錠／锭 (dìng, “Classifier for silver ingots or ink sticks.”). • ^‡ A kind of hoe. ‖ (Cantonese) Sentence final particle used to make assumptions.
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‖ 定(さだ) • (Sada)
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determine, fix, establish, decide ‖ a female given name
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定 (eumhun 정할 정 (jeonghal jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“decide, settle”) • hanja form of 정 (“fix”)
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Hán-Nôm : định ‖ romanization : định
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‖ chữ Hán form of định (“to decide; to determine; to ascertain”).
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定
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| 宜
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Originally a pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 且 (“sacrifical altar”) + 多 (“two pieces of meat”) – two pieces of sacrificial meat placed in a sacrifical altar. \ Cognate with 儀 (OC *ŋral, “ceremony; appearance”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Middle-Chinese : ngje
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appropriate; suitable; proper • should; ought to • (literary) probably; seemingly • a surname
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best regards • good
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宜 • (ui) · 宜 • (ui) (hangeul 의, revised ui, McCune–Reischauer ŭi)
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Hán-Nôm : nghi • Hán-Nôm : ngơi • Hán-Nôm : nghe
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宜
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| 客
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Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰraːɡ) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – a guest. \ Probably belongs to the word family of 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ, “to go, to come”). Schuessler (2007) cites Tibetan དགྲ (dgra, “enemy”) as a possible cognate.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kheh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kheeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kherk • Middle-Chinese : khaek
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guest; visitor • customer; client; consumer (Classifier: 個／个 c; 位 c) • to treat with guest etiquette; to receive friendly • minor; less major; less important • Agent suffix, indicating “one that engages in ...”. • one who sponges on a wealthy family; hanger-on; sponger • traveller; passenger; one who lives away from home • to live away from home; to live abroad • (in general) people; person • objective; beyond human consciousness • Hakka • Classifier for units of food sold. • (literary, obsolete) last; previous • a surname
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‖ 客(きゃく) • (kyaku)
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‖ guest; visitor • customer; client • patron
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客 (eumhun 손 객 (son gaek))
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hanja form of 객 (“guest”)
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Hán-Nôm : khách
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chữ Hán form of khách (“visitor; guest”).
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客
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| 宣
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Cantonese · Jyutping : syun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suan • Middle-Chinese : sjwen
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(literary or in compounds) to declare; to announce; to proclaim • (literary or in compounds) to declare; to announce; to proclaim · (archaic) to command (from a sovereign to a subject) • (literary) to spread; to diffuse; to circulate · widespread; in wide circulation • (literary) to spread; to diffuse; to circulate · to drain (liquid) • (Internet slang) to like (contraction of 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan))
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‖ 宣(せん) • (sen) ‖ ‖ 宣(せん) • (Sen)
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proclaim, announce • say ‖ proclamation ‖ declare ‖ a female given name • a surname
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宣 • (seon) · 宣 • (seon) (hangeul 선, revised seon, McCune–Reischauer sŏn)
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To declare, to give, to bestow.
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Hán-Nôm : tuyên
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宣
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| 室
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hliɡ) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs). \ But according to 說文 Shuowen it is a 會意 semantic assembly, as he says "至所止 arrive at a specific place". It can also be understood "a ⼧ roof over ⾄ this spot" (⾄ shows an arrow stuck into the ground). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-li(s). Cognate to Tibetan གཞིས (gzhis) < གལྱི (glyi, “ground, foundation, cause; residence, abode”), ས་གཞི (sa gzhi, “earth (opposite to sky)”), གཞིས (gzhis, “native place”), ཡུལ་གཞིས (yul gzhis, “house, estate, property”), གཞིས་སྒྲིལ་བ (gzhis sgril ba, “to move, to change one's abode”). Also cognate to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *mliy, from which Burmese မြေ (mre, “earth, soil”) is derived.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Middle-Chinese : syit
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room (in a building or house); chamber • room (in a building or house); chamber · (specifically in addresses) apartment number; flat number • (literary, or in compounds) family; household; clan • (literary, or in compounds) family member; dependent • (literary, or in compounds) family member; dependent · (specifically, literary, or in compounds) wife • (literary, or in compounds) organ (part of an organism) shaped like a chamber; body cavity; ventricle • (literary, or in compounds) work unit; administrative unit • (literary, or in compounds) court; dynasty • (literary, or in compounds) home; house • (literary, or in compounds) office • (literary, or in compounds) coffin pit; grave • (literary, or in compounds) scabbard; sheath • (astronomy) Encampment (a Chinese constellation near Pegasus)
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‖ 室(むろ) • (muro) ‖ 室(しつ) • (shitsu)
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room ‖ cellar; storage chamber ‖ room
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室 (eumhun 집 실 (jip sil))
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hanja form of 실 (“room”)
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Hán-Nôm : thất
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室
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| 宰
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 䇂. \ In the modern form, contains 辛 instead.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoi² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : táinn • Middle-Chinese : tsojX
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to slaughter; to butcher • (historical) prefect; minister • to govern; to rule • (colloquial) to overcharge • a surname: Zai
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superintend
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宰 (eumhun 재상 재 (jaesang jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“official (person)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tể
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宰
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| 害
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Multiple theories: \ * He Linyi (何琳儀): Ideogram (指事) : a spear 𫲸 (now 𥎆) + a distinguishing mark 口. \ * Li Xueqin (2012): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) . The phonetic component is 𡩜 (xiàn). \ * Guo Moruo (郭沫若), Dai Jiaxiang (戴家祥): Pictogram (象形) , ancient form of 蓋 ("lid; cover"). \ * Gao Hongying (高鴻纓): Jiajie (假借) , original character of 桷, borrowed for sound, which was a pictogram (象形) of a house's rafters (see 舍). \ * Chen Bingxin (陳秉新): Original form of 𠤳, written as ⿷𠥓⿴害五 in bronze inscriptions, which itself is an ancient way of writing the 胡 in 胡簋. \ * Shuowen Jiezi: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːds) : semantic 宀 + semantic 口 + phonetic 丯 (OC *kreːds). \ Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more. ‖ Multiple theories: \ * He Linyi (何琳儀): Ideogram (指事) : a spear 𫲸 (now 𥎆) + a distinguishing mark 口. \ * Li Xueqin (2012): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) . The phonetic component is 𡩜 (xiàn). \ * Guo Moruo (郭沫若), Dai Jiaxiang (戴家祥): Pictogram (象形) , ancient form of 蓋 ("lid; cover"). \ * Gao Hongying (高鴻纓): Jiajie (假借) , original character of 桷, borrowed for sound, which was a pictogram (象形) of a house's rafters (see 舍). \ * Chen Bingxin (陳秉新): Original form of 𠤳, written as ⿷𠥓⿴害五 in bronze inscriptions, which itself is an ancient way of writing the 胡 in 胡簋. \ * Shuowen Jiezi: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːds) : semantic 宀 + semantic 口 + phonetic 丯 (OC *kreːds). \ Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hoi⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāi • Middle-Chinese : hajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hot³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hot⁶
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to harm; to maim; to injure • to cause to do; to result in (something unfavourable) • to kill; to murder • to suffer from • to feel (an adverse sentiment) • harm; disaster; calamity • crucial point; vital point • harmful; injurious • (Southern Min) broken ‖ Alternative form of 曷 (hé, “why”)
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‖ 害(がい) • (gai)
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(そこなう) damage, harm, injure • (あやめる) kill • (わざわい) disaster ‖ injury, harm, damage
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害 (eumhun 해칠 해 (haechil hae))
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hanja form of 해 (“harm”)
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Hán-Nôm : hại
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害
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| 宴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qeːnʔ, *qeːns) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 妟 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàn • Middle-Chinese : 'enX • Middle-Chinese : 'enH
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(literary) comfortable; peaceful; happy • banquet; feast • to host a banquet; to entertain
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‖ 宴(うたげ) • (utage) ‖ 宴(えん) • (en) ‖ 宴(えん) • (en)
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‖ party, banquet, feast ‖ party, banquet, feast ‖ party, banquet, feast
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宴 • (yeon) · 宴 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune–Reischauer yŏn)
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Hán-Nôm : yến
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宴
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| 家
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Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (, “male pig”) (see: 姚萱.殷墟甲骨文“■”、“■”兩字考辨[J].中國文字研究(第二十三輯).上海書店出版社,2016(01):16-22.). See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. \ Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕 so Shuowen Jiezi considered it \ : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”). \ Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”). ‖ Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (, “male pig”) (see: 姚萱.殷墟甲骨文“■”、“■”兩字考辨[J].中國文字研究(第二十三輯).上海書店出版社,2016(01):16-22.). See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. \ Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕 so Shuowen Jiezi considered it \ : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”). \ Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”). ‖ Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (, “male pig”) (see: 姚萱.殷墟甲骨文“■”、“■”兩字考辨[J].中國文字研究(第二十三輯).上海書店出版社,2016(01):16-22.). See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. \ Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕 so Shuowen Jiezi considered it \ : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”). \ Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see 傢 (“stubborn, obstinate, intransigent”). \ (This character is the simplified form of 傢). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. ‖ Cognate with 姑 (gū).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄐㄧㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia • Middle-Chinese : kae ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khia ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄐㄧㄝ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kee
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home • family; household (Classifier: 頭／头 c) • (polite, for family member) my • domesticated; domestic • Classifier for families, businesses and companies. • school of thought; philosophical school • (historical, obsolete) fief of ministers or senior officials • Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er • Suffix denoting specialist in a certain activity or field. -ist; -er • (in a game) party; side • Suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person. • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) Only used in 家己 (ka-kī). ‖ (Southern Min) Only used in 私家. ‖ ‖ Only used in 大家 (dàgū).
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‖ 家(いえ) • (ie) ^(←いへ (ife)?) ‖ 家(うち) • (uchi) ‖ 家(ち) • (chi) ‖ 家(か) • (-ka) ‖ 家(け) • (-ke)
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‖ a house • one's own home • a home, household • a family ‖ a house • one's house ‖ a house ‖ an expert, professional, performer ‖ representing relationship to a family
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家 (eumhun 집 가 (jip ga)) ‖ 家 (eumhun 여자 고 (yeoja go))
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hanja form of 가 (“home; family; household”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 姑 (“hanja form of 고 (“woman”)”)
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canonical : 家: Hán Việt readings: gia 家: Nôm readings: nhà
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chữ Hán form of gia (“home, family”). • chữ Hán form of gia (“expert, professional, -ist, -er”). • Nôm form of nhà (“house, home, domestic”). • Nôm form of nhà (“dynasty”).
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家
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| 容
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋ) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ) – to hold; to contain. \ 容 has also largely supplanted 頌 (OC *sɢloŋs, *loŋ) for the sense of “appearance”. \ ; “ronna-”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Middle-Chinese : yowng
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to hold; to contain • to tolerate; to stand • to allow; to permit • (literary) perhaps; maybe • facial appearance; looks • bearing; posture • Used in 容易 (róngyì) and 容與／容与. • Used in 容容. • a surname • (～縣) Rong County, Yulin, Guangxi • (Mainland China) ronna- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 容(かたち) • (katachi) ‖ 容(よう) • (yō)
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contain • forgive, allow, permit • shape, appearance ‖ Alternative form of 形 ‖ to hold; to contain • to tolerate; to stand • content; substance • look; appearance
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容 (eumhun 얼굴 용 (eolgul yong))
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hanja form of 용 (“face; contain”)
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Hán-Nôm : dung • Hán-Nôm : dong • Hán-Nôm : dông • Hán-Nôm : gióng • Hán-Nôm : giông • Hán-Nôm : ròng • Hán-Nôm : rông • Hán-Nôm : rung
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容
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| 宿
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In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + [Term?] (“bamboo mat”) – a person resting on a mat. Sometimes a house (宀) was added. \ Later the pictogram of the bamboo mat became 㐁 or 𠀬, and eventually came to be written 百. \ Contrast 寒. \ ; “To stay overnight; lodge > night; mansion of the zodiac [i.e. the Sun's lodging stations]” ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + [Term?] (“bamboo mat”) – a person resting on a mat. Sometimes a house (宀) was added. \ Later the pictogram of the bamboo mat became 㐁 or 𠀬, and eventually came to be written 百. \ Contrast 寒. \ ; “To stay overnight; lodge > night; mansion of the zodiac [i.e. the Sun's lodging stations]” ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + [Term?] (“bamboo mat”) – a person resting on a mat. Sometimes a house (宀) was added. \ Later the pictogram of the bamboo mat became 㐁 or 𠀬, and eventually came to be written 百. \ Contrast 寒. \ ; “To stay overnight; lodge > night; mansion of the zodiac [i.e. the Sun's lodging stations]” ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + [Term?] (“bamboo mat”) – a person resting on a mat. Sometimes a house (宀) was added. \ Later the pictogram of the bamboo mat became 㐁 or 𠀬, and eventually came to be written 百. \ Contrast 寒. \ ; “To stay overnight; lodge > night; mansion of the zodiac [i.e. the Sun's lodging stations]” ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + [Term?] (“bamboo mat”) – a person resting on a mat. Sometimes a house (宀) was added. \ Later the pictogram of the bamboo mat became 㐁 or 𠀬, and eventually came to be written 百. \ Contrast 寒. \ ; “To stay overnight; lodge > night; mansion of the zodiac [i.e. the Sun's lodging stations]”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Middle-Chinese : sjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siù • Middle-Chinese : sjuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak
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to stay overnight; to lodge • to reside; to live; to dwell • lodge; lodging station; residence • perching bird; resting bird • to keep watch at night; to be on night duty • night; nighttime • Classifier for the number of nights: night • to be content with • to stay; to stay behind; to delay; to stop over; to be stationed • (from) last night; the previous night; overnight • (from) last year; spanning two years • the past; former times • old; longstanding • big; great; considerable • old and experienced; skilful; master • renowned person; someone of high standing • Alternative form of 夙 (sù, “usually; normally”) • predestined; preordained • in advance; beforehand • (Hong Kong Cantonese, university slang) Short for 宿舍 (“dormitory”). • Alternative form of 肅／肃 (sù, “respectful; solemn”) • Alternative form of 肅／肃 (sù, “to admonish; to warn”) • Alternative form of 肅／肃 (sù, “to offer”) • (～國) (historical) The name of an ancient state located in modern-day Dongping county in Shandong province. • (～州) (historical) The name of an ancient prefecture during the Tang dynasty, located in modern-day Suzhou city in Anhui province. • (～縣) (historical) The name of an abolished county, now the Suzhou city in Anhui province. • Short for 宿州 (Sùzhōu, “Suzhou city in Anhui province”). • a surname ‖ (archaic, Chinese astronomy) constellation; “mansion” of the zodiac ‖ Only used in 宿宿 (sùsù, “walking slowly in small steps”). ‖ Alternative form of 戚 (Qī, “name of a county in the State of Wei”) ‖ (Hokkien) mature; ripe (of fruits, vegetables, etc.) • (Hokkien) smart and seasoned; intelligent and experienced
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‖ 宿(しゅく) • (shuku) ^(←しゆく (syuku)?)
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lodging, inn • home ‖
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宿 (eumhun 잘 숙 (jal suk)) ‖ 宿 (eumhun 별자리 수 (byeoljari su))
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hanja form of 숙 (“sleep; lodging”) ‖ hanja form of 수 (“(Chinese astronomy) constellation; “mansion” of the zodiac”)
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Hán-Nôm : túc • Hán-Nôm : tú
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宿
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| 寂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯːwɢ) : semantic 宀 (“house”) + phonetic 叔 (OC *hljɯwɢ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiauh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsih • Middle-Chinese : dzek
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still; silent; quiet • lonely; solitary
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loneliness • quietly • mellow • mature • death of a priest
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寂 (eum 적 (jeok))
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Hán-Nôm : tịch • Hán-Nôm : chệt • Hán-Nôm : tạch
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寂
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| 寄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krals) : semantic 宀 (“house”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) ― living away from home. \ ;"to commit to one's charge" (Lunyu), "to entrust, communicate" (Liji), > "send (a letter)" \ ;"translator, interpreter" > "an alternate name used for the Dongyi tribes during the Ming Dynasty"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kià • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kjeH
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to entrust (with a task) • to depend on; to adhere to • to live away from home • to place (temporarily); to put; to deposit • to express or convey (one's feelings) through a medium, such as the thing one describes, composes or paints • to transmit (an item) on behalf of another person; to send (now chiefly through mail); to post • to use temporarily; to borrow • to grant; to gift; to bestow • (historical) government official in charge of translating from and into the speech of non-Chinese ethnic groups in China's east (Dongyi) • (historical) to send criminals into exile to the remote areas in the east, as a form of punishment • (of a relative) not biological; adopted • (historical) an alternate name used for the Dongyi tribes during the Ming Dynasty • (online gaming slang) gg, defeat • (Internet slang, by extension) to be defeated • a surname: Ji
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to contribute, to donate • to call on • to lodge at somebody else's house • to be dependent on somebody • to increase, to gain • to draw near • to send away
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寄 (eumhun 부칠 기 (buchil gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“send, transmit, mail”) • hanja form of 기 (“rely on”)
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Hán-Nôm : kí • Hán-Nôm : gửi • Hán-Nôm : ké • Hán-Nôm : kẹ • Hán-Nôm : ký
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寄
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| 密
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mriɡ) : phonetic 宓 (OC *mriɡ, *mliɡ) + semantic 山 (“mountain”) – hidden in the mountains, secret, intimate. Note that 宓 means “secret”, which reinforces this. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍t • Middle-Chinese : mit ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : be̍eh
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dense; thick; close; tight • intimate; close • secret; confidential; concealed • fine; meticulous; careful • ^† calm; quiet; tranquil • (Internet slang) to DM; to send a direct message • 33rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "closeness" (𝌦) • a surname ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) densely packed; dense and numerous
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‖ 密(みつ) • (mitsu) ‖ 密(みつ) • (mitsu) -na (adnominal 密(みつ)な (mitsu na), adverbial 密(みつ)に (mitsu ni))
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density • secrecy • carefulness ‖ something without breaks or openings, something dense • a secret, (especially) something done secretly • (Buddhism) the teachings of esoteric Buddhism ‖ dense, without breaks or openings • meticulous, carefully done, scrupulous • (of relations among people) close, familiar, intimate
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密 (eumhun 빽빽할 밀 (ppaekppaekhal mil))
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hanja form of 밀 (“dense”)
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Hán-Nôm : mật • Hán-Nôm : mất
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密
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| 富
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯɡs) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). \ Bodman (1980) compares it to Tibetan ཕྱུག (phyug, “rich; wealthy”), ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “all beasts that can be domesticated or subjugated by man; cattle”), but the vowels do not match with Chinese (Schuessler, 2007). \ Sagart (1999) relates it to 寶 (OC *puːʔ), but see there for more. In later work, Sagart (2011b, 2017d) connects it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pʷak (“pig”), comparing the semantic development from “pig” to “rich” to Latin pecunia (“money”), which is derived from Latin pecu (“cattle; domestic animals”), and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *C.pək (“pig”). However, the Tibeto-Burman word for “pig” is usually compared to 豝 (OC *praː, “sow”). \ Cognate with 福 (OC *pɯɡ, “blessing”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fu³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pù • Middle-Chinese : pjuwH
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abundant; ample • rich; wealthy • wealth • to make rich; to make wealthy • a surname: Fu • (～縣) Fu County, Fuxian (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)
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‖ 富(とみ) • (tomi)
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wealth • enrich • abundant ‖ wealth; fortune
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富 (eumhun 부유할 부 (buyuhal bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“wealth”)
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canonical : 富: Hán Việt readings: phú 富: Nôm readings: phú
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chữ Hán form of phú (“wealth”).
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富
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| 寒
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness. \ Contrast 宿. \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gân • Middle-Chinese : han
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cold; wintry; chilly • poor; poverty-stricken • humble; petty and low • desolate; deserted • dreary; miserable • withered; limp • (humble) my • to feel cold • to fear; to dread • winter • cold weather; cold day or night • (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill • (～日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month
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‖ 寒(かん) • (kan) ‖ 寒(かん) • (kan)
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cold ‖ cold, chilly • (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken • midwinter, cold season ‖ cold, coldness • midwinter, cold season
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寒 (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))
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hanja form of 한 (“cold; chilly”)
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canonical : 寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn 寒: Nôm readings: hàn
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chữ Hán form of hàn (“coldness”).
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寒
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| 察
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰreːd) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds) – study carefully at home.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshat • Middle-Chinese : tsrheat
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to examine; to investigate; to notice • Short for 察哈爾／察哈尔 (Cháhā'ěr).
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guess
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察 • (chal) · 察 • (chal) (hangeul 찰, revised chal, McCune–Reischauer ch'al)
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Hán-Nôm : sát • Hán-Nôm : xét
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察
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| 寡
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In the bronze script from the Western Zhou period, it was originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 頁 (“head”) — only one person in the house; alone. \ In the bronze script from the Warring States period, two decorative strokes were added around 頁. The seal script found in Shuowen adds two additional strokes, making the component under 宀 appear as 分 and 頁, leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 頒 (“to distribute”). \ Related to 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”), 孤 (OC *kʷaː, “orphan; alone”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan དགོན་པ (dgon pa, “solitary place; desert; wilderness”), Tibetan སྒོས (sgos, “private; individual”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuánn • Middle-Chinese : kwaeX
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few; scant • widowed • widow • alone; friendless • tasteless • (Hokkien) some • (Central Min) one
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‖ 寡(か) • (ka)
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few, scant • to decrease • lonely • widow, widower • lowly (humble; of low virtue) ‖ minority
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寡 (eumhun 적을 과 (jeogeul gwa))
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hanja form of 과 (“widowed, alone”)
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Hán-Nôm : quả • Hán-Nôm : góa • Hán-Nôm : goá
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寡
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| 寸
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Characters in the same phonetic series (寸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Shuowen considered it Ideogram (指事) – a position on the forearm where the pulse can be palpated by compressing the radial artery. It is called 寸口 in modern Chinese, and the meaning of a unit of measurement is derived from the distance between the wrist and this position. Compare 又, 手, 九, 爪. \ However, it may be an abbreviated form of 尊 (zūn), borrowed to mean a unit of measurement (see: 李轶.先秦度量单位"尺""寸"用字考[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2010, 42(5).DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5110.2010.05.017.) ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 寸 – see 忖 (“to ponder; to speculate; to think; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 忖).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshǹg • Middle-Chinese : tshwonH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun³
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(units of measure) A cun or Chinese inch, a traditional unit of length of about 3 cm. · (Mainland China) Short for 市寸 (shìcùn). • (units of measure) A cun or Chinese inch, a traditional unit of length of about 3 cm. · (Hong Kong) Legally defined as the tsun of 3.71475 cm. • (informal) Short for 英寸 (yīngcùn, “inch”). • (figurative) very short or little • (traditional Chinese medicine) cunkou pulse; radial artery pulse at the wrist • (Mandarin, colloquial) coincidental; unbelievable; opportune • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 串
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‖ 寸(すん) • (sun) ‖ 寸(すん) • (sun) ‖ 寸(き) • (-ki)
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‖ a Japanese measurement of length equivalent to 10 分 (bu) or approximately 3.03 cm • (by extension) a length, measurement • shortness, fewness ‖ sun (measurement of length) • (by extension) length, measurement • minimal, negligible ‖ (archaic) unit used in ancient times to measure lengths of horses
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寸 (eumhun 마디 촌 (madi chon))
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hanja form of 촌 (“degree of kinship”) [noun]
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canonical : 寸: Hán Việt readings: thốn 寸: Nôm readings: thốn • canonical : xốn • canonical : thổn • canonical : dón • canonical : són • canonical : thuỗn
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chữ Hán form of thốn (“cun, a unit of length”).
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寸
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| 寺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯs) : phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之) became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word. \ The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯs) : phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之) became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word. \ The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīr • Middle-Chinese : ziH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ
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(historical) government court; office (before the Han dynasty) • (Buddhism) temple; monastery • place of worship; shrine • (obsolete) Original form of 持 (chí, “to hold; to grasp”). • a surname ‖ (obsolete) internal court official, especially a eunuch
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‖ 寺(てら) • (tera) (counter 軒) ‖ 寺(じ) • (-ji)
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(Buddhism) temple ‖ (chiefly Buddhism) a temple ‖ (chiefly Buddhism) a temple
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寺 (eumhun 절 사 (jeol sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“temple”)
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Hán-Nôm : tự • Hán-Nôm : chùa
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Buddhist monastery
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寺
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| 封
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丰 (“field, ear of grass”) + 寸 (“control”). \ In modern form, left component is written instead as 圭 (土土), with two vertical strokes, rather than as 丰 (one vertical stroke). \ Area etymon (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Tibetan ཕུང་པོ (phung po, “heap”), Tibetan སྤུང (spung, “heap”), Lepcha ᰣᰦᰎᰪᰵ (a-pŭŋ, “a heap; a stock”), Mizo [Term?] (puŋᴴ), [Term?] (punᴸ, “increase; assemble”), Mizo vûng (vuuŋᴴ), vûn (vuunᴸ, “swollen”), Mizo vûng (vuuŋᴿ, “heap; mound”), Chepang भुङ्हसा (bhuŋh-, “to be burst or peak of activity (flowering, field work etc.)”). Compare also Khmer ពោង (poong, “protuberances/bumps on an animal's head”), Khmer សំពោង (sɑmpoong, “puffed up; swollen”). \ 邦 (OC *proːŋ, “country”) may be the same etymon (Wang, 1982, Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Middle-Chinese : pjowng • Middle-Chinese : pjowngH
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(literary) border; boundary • (literary) to raise a mound • to close; to seal; to bind • to block (a website, a person on the Internet, etc.); to censor • envelope; wrapper • cover of a book • Classifier for envelopes, letters and mail. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • to confer (a title) upon; to enfeoff • (literary, of emperors) to build an altar to worship heaven • Short for 封建主義／封建主义 (fēngjiàn zhǔyì, “feudalism”). • a surname
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to seal, to close
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封 (eumhun 봉할 봉 (bonghal bong)) · 封 (eumhun 묻을 폄 (mudeul pyeom))
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hanja form of 봉 (“letter, envelope”) • hanja form of 폄 (“close, hide, seal”)
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Hán-Nôm : phong
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封
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| 射
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In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 矢 (“arrow”) – to shoot a bow. \ In the bronze inscriptions, a hand (又) drawing the bowstring was added. Later the bow and arrow on the left became 身 before or during the clerical script period, and the hand came to be written 寸. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b/m-la-j (“bow, arrow”); cognate with Tibetan མདའ (mda', “arrow”), Burmese မြား (mra:, “arrow”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2013). ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 矢 (“arrow”) – to shoot a bow. \ In the bronze inscriptions, a hand (又) drawing the bowstring was added. Later the bow and arrow on the left became 身 before or during the clerical script period, and the hand came to be written 寸. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b/m-la-j (“bow, arrow”); cognate with Tibetan མདའ (mda', “arrow”), Burmese မြား (mra:, “arrow”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2013). ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 矢 (“arrow”) – to shoot a bow. \ In the bronze inscriptions, a hand (又) drawing the bowstring was added. Later the bow and arrow on the left became 身 before or during the clerical script period, and the hand came to be written 寸. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b/m-la-j (“bow, arrow”); cognate with Tibetan མདའ (mda', “arrow”), Burmese မြား (mra:, “arrow”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2013). ‖ In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 矢 (“arrow”) – to shoot a bow. \ In the bronze inscriptions, a hand (又) drawing the bowstring was added. Later the bow and arrow on the left became 身 before or during the clerical script period, and the hand came to be written 寸. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b/m-la-j (“bow, arrow”); cognate with Tibetan མདའ (mda', “arrow”), Burmese မြား (mra:, “arrow”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2013).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siā • Middle-Chinese : zyaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : se⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Middle-Chinese : zyek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ià • Middle-Chinese : yaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Middle-Chinese : yek
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to shoot (an arrow); to fire • to launch; to eject; to project • to emit; to radiate • to guess • to allude to • to seek; to pursue • (colloquial) to ejaculate • archery ‖ to hit with bow and arrow ‖ Used in 射干 (yègān). • Used in 僕射／仆射 (púyè). • Used in 姑射. ‖ Used in 無射／无射. • ^† Alternative form of 斁／𭣧 (“to detest; to be weary of”)
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shoot • archery
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射 (eumhun 쏠 사 (ssol sa)) ‖ 射 (eumhun 맞힐 석 (machil seok)) ‖ 射 (eumhun 벼슬 이름 야 (byeoseul ireum ya)) ‖ 射 (eumhun 음률(音律) 역)
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hanja form of 사 (“to shoot”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 석 (“to hit with bow and arrow”) ‖ (historical) hanja form of 야 (“title of an official”) ‖ hanja form of 역 (“eleventh note of the Shí-èr-lǜ musical scale”)
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Hán-Nôm : xạ • Hán-Nôm : dạ • Hán-Nôm : dịch
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射
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| 尊
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Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 酋 (“vinegar”) + 寸 (“hand”) – to give 寸 (cùn) an offering 酋 (qiú) – to show respect, veneration. \ However per small seal script, it may instead be a variant of 𢍜, which is Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 酋 (“vinegar”) + 廾 (“two hands”). \ Cognate to Tibetan བཙུན (btsun), བཙུན་པ (btsun pa, “respectable, venerable”), མཚུན (mtshun, “ancestor god”). The "vessel" sense is because it was used in ritual ceremonies (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; "glorious; marvelous; wonderful"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsun • Middle-Chinese : tswon
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to respect; to revere; to venerate • to honor • (historical) zun (a type of container for alcoholic beverage in historical China) • Classifier for heavy and chiefly immobile artificial objects; colossuses. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • your (honorfic) • (ACG) glorious; marvelous; wonderful
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‖ 尊(みこと) • (mikoto) ‖ 尊(みこと) • (mikoto) ‖ 尊(みこと) • (Mikoto) ‖ 尊(とうと) • (tōto) ^(←たふと (tafuto)?) ‖ 尊(そん) • (son) ‖ 尊(そん) • (-son) ‖ 尊(そん) • (Son) ‖ 尊(たかし) • (Takashi) ‖ 尊(たける) • (Takeru)
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noble, precious • exalt, revere • indicates respect and reverence, such as to a buddha or nobleman ‖ (Shinto) indicates respect and reverence, such as to the 神 (kami, “Shinto deity”) or the 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor of Japan”): Highness • (by extension) indicates respect to a superior or other high-ranking person • indicates deep affection: beloved ‖ (archaic, derogatory) second person personal pronoun: you • (archaic) third person pronoun ‖ a male given name • a female given name ‖ respect, reverence ‖ a superior • (historical) zun: an ancient wine vessel usually made of bronze ‖ (Buddhism) counter for buddhas ‖ a male or female given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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尊 (eumhun 높을 존 (nopeul jon))
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hanja form of 존 (“respect; revere; veneration”)
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canonical : 尊: Hán Việt readings: tôn 尊: Nôm readings: tôn • canonical : nhôn • canonical : ton • canonical : chun • canonical : tông • canonical : tun
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chữ Hán form of tôn (“to respect”).
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尊
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| 小
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Two possible interpretations: \ * Ideogram (指事) – three small dots > small. \ * Pictogram (象形) – three granules of sand – original character of 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls) > small. \ Starting from some bronze inscriptions, the dots have become elongated. Based on this form, Shuowen erroneously considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 八 (“to divide; to separate”) + 丨 (“small object”). \ Compare with 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews), represented by four dots in its oracle bone script form. \ Often thought to be related to 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) (e.g. Wang, 1982), but Schuessler (2007) points out that the alternation between Middle Chinese /s-/ and /ɕ-/ within a word family is exceptional. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáu • Middle-Chinese : sjewX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : siu² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâu
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small, tiny, little • minor, petty • briefly, for a short while • slightly, a little • young • (the) youngest • a young person; child, kid, baby • Prefix used in front of family name to indicate informality or affection (for young people, 老 (lǎo) for elder people). • (humble) my, our • Short for 小學／小学 (xiǎoxué, “primary school”). · Used in the abbreviation of the name of a primary school. • Short for 小學／小学 (xiǎoxué, “primary school”). · Used with a number to indicate the level of primary education. • (dialectal) concubine ‖ (Cantonese, minced oath) A euphemism of 屌 (“to fuck”). ‖ (chiefly Taiwan, vulgar) Alternative form of 潲 (shào, “siâu”), chiefly used in 三小 (sānxiǎo).
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‖ 小(しょう) • (shō) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 小(しょう) • (shō-) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 小(しょう) • (-shō) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 小(しょう) • (Shō) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 小(こ) • (ko-) ‖ 小(お) • (o-) ^(←を (wo)?) ‖ 小(ささ) or 小(さざ) • (sasa- or saza-)
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‖ smallness; small size, small (sometimes used as an abbreviation for small serving, etc.) • Short for 小の月 (shō no tsuki). • (historical) during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, a unit of field area equal to around 400 square metres ‖ small, little ‖ suffix after names of elementary schools ‖ a surname ‖ less in size or quantity, small, little, short • less in intensity, small, light, slight • of secondary importance, secondary, sub- • infant ‖ attached to certain nouns: · small in shape or scale • attached to certain nouns: · attached to certain names to give expression or feelings • used proverbially to represent "small" or "slight" ‖ attached to certain nouns to mean: · small • attached to certain nouns to mean: · fine • attached to certain nouns to mean: · slight
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小 (eumhun 작을 소 (jageul so))
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Hanja form of 소 (“smallness; small things”).
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canonical : 小: Hán Việt readings: tiểu 小: Nôm readings: tiểu • canonical : tẻo • canonical : tĩu
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(only before noun) Chữ Hán form of tiểu (“small”).
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小
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| 少
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Pictogram (象形) – four dots; few; little. Phonetically borrowed from 小 (OC *smewʔ, “small”), which is depicted by three dots. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – four dots; few; little. Phonetically borrowed from 小 (OC *smewʔ, “small”), which is depicted by three dots.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáu • Middle-Chinese : syewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàu • Middle-Chinese : syewH
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few; little in number; less; not many • weak; inadequate; insufficient • Alternative form of 小 (xiǎo, “small; tiny”) • to lack; to be short of; to be deficient • to reduce (the amount or extent); to weaken; to lose; to stop; to cease • to despise; to look down; to belittle • slightly; moderately; a little; a bit • seldom; rarely; infrequently • in a little while; in a moment • (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, neologism) slightly; somewhat • 5th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌊) ‖ young; youthful; juvenile • later in a sequence; younger; youngest • childhood; youth; young period • young man; youngster; junior • (historical) deputy; assistant • (historical) young master of a rich family • a surname
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a little
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少 (eumhun 적을 소 (jeogeul so))
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hanja form of 소 (“(to be) little; (to be) few”)
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canonical : 少: Hán Việt readings: thiếu • canonical : thiểu 少: Nôm readings: thiếu • canonical : thiểu • canonical : thểu • canonical : thỉu • canonical : thẹo • canonical : thẻo • canonical : ít
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chữ Hán form of thiếu (“lack, short on”). • Nôm form of ít (“few, little”). • Nôm form of thẹo (“scar”).
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少
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| 就
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Originally 𫢁, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 享 + 京, a temple and a tower – meaning "to sacrifice at a high place". During the Warring States period, 享 was omitted. In seal script, 尤 (“especially; even more”) is added to the right, signifying "high; to go to a higher place". \ Cognate with 造 (OC *skʰuːɡs, “to proceed to”) (Wang, 1982). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zau⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : a⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiū • Middle-Chinese : dzjuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō
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to approach; to move towards • to reach; to arrive at • to undertake; to engage in • to succeed; to complete • to comply; to follow; to accept • to suffer; to be subjected to • (of food) to go with • with regard to; concerning • even if; even though • at once; right away • (Cantonese) almost; soon • (used for emphasis) exactly; precisely; just • only; merely; just • then • (used to express earliness) as early as; as soon as • as many as; as much as • Used between two identical words to express indifference or resignation. • Alternative form of 鷲／鹫 (jiù) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 著 (“to need to; exactly; already; even; as soon as”)
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concerning • take position
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就 • (chwi) · 就 • (chwi) (hangeul 취)
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Hán-Nôm : tựu
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就
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| 尺
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Middle-Chinese : tsyhek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ce² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ce¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe
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chi; Chinese foot (a traditional Chinese unit of distance based on the human forearm and equal to 10 cun (寸) or ¹/₁₀ zhang (丈)) • (Mainland China) mainland chi; Chinese foot, standardized in 1984 as ¹/₃ meter • (Taiwan) Taiwanese foot, standardized as ¹⁰/₃₃ meter and identical to the Japanese shaku • (Hong Kong) chek; Hong Kong foot, standardized as 0.371475 meters • (informal) imperial foot • ruler (straightedge) (Classifier: 把 m c; 支 m h mn; 桿／杆 m) • tape measure ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note re (2). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note re (2).
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‖ 尺(しゃく) or 尺(せき) • (shaku or seki) ‖ 尺(たかばかり) • (takabakari)
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shaku (measurement) • measure ‖ the shaku, "metal shaku", or Japanese foot: a traditional Japanese unit of length equal to 10 sun (寸) or ¹⁄₁₀ jō (丈), standardized as ¹⁰⁄₃₃ of a meter • the "whale shaku", a variant of the shaku used in measuring cloth equal to ²⁵⁄₆₆ of a meter • length • (zoology) The geometer moth (Geometra papilionaria) • (zoology) the inchworm ‖ a bamboo measure
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hanja form of 자 (“Korean foot (30.3cm)”) • hanja form of 자 (“ruler; straightedge”)
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canonical : 尺: Hán Việt readings: xích 尺: Nôm readings: xệch • canonical : xách • canonical : xế • canonical : xích • canonical : sệch • canonical : xạch • canonical : xịch
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尺
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| 尾
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 尸 (“person”) + 毛 (“hair; feather”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-maj ~ m-raj (“tail; penis”) (STEDT). Cognate with Mizo mei (“tail”), Tibetan རྨེད (rmed, “tail; crupper of straddle”), Chepang मेः (meʔ, “tail”), Burmese အမြီး (a.mri:, “tail”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bí • Middle-Chinese : mj+jX
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tail (Classifier: 條／条 c; 支 mn) • end • last; final • Classifier for fish, snakes, shrimps, etc. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Tail (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
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‖ 尾(お) • (o) ^(←を (wo)?) ‖ 尾(び) • (bi) ‖ 尾(び) • (-bi) ‖ 尾(び) • (Bi)
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‖ tail • foot of a mountain • end of something ‖ tail ‖ fish, shrimp ‖ (Chinese astronomy) Tail
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尾 (eumhun 꼬리 미 (kkori mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“tail, extremity”) • hanja form of 미 (“end, stern”)
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Hán-Nôm : vĩ • Hán-Nôm : vãi • Hán-Nôm : vả • Hán-Nôm : vã • Hán-Nôm : vải • Hán-Nôm : nhân
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尾
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| 局
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : guk⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : guk⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki̍k • Middle-Chinese : gjowk
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bent; crooked • to bend • to restrict; to limit • to force; to coerce • narrow; restricted • near; close • breadth of mind; tolerance • neighbour • part; component • arrangement; distribution; structure; organisation • situation; circumstances • event • office; bureau • shop; store • trap; trick • feast; banquet; gathering • chessboard • Classifier for instances of boardgames and ballgames: game ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (Mainland China Hokkien) without fail; certainly; surely; definitely; inevitably • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) interest; fun (said with 有 (ū) and 無 (bô)) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) worth; profit; relative benefit (said with 有 (ū) and 無 (bô)) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) narrow; cramped • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be limited; to be confined • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to force; to compel
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‖ 局(つぼね) • (tsubone) ‖ 局(きょく) • (kyoku) ‖ 局(きょく) • (-kyoku) ‖ 局(きょく) • (-kyoku)
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bureau • board • office ‖ a court lady • a room in a palace, especially for a lady ‖ bureau, department • channel such as on television ‖ counter for buildings or operators suffixed "局" (e.g. 郵(ゆう)便(びん)局(きょく) (yūbin-kyoku, “post office”), テレビ局(きょく) (terebi-kyoku, “television station”)) • counter for board games (e.g. chess, shogi or go) ‖ bureau
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局 (eumhun 판 국 (pan guk))
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hanja form of 국 (“bureau; department”)
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canonical : 局: Hán Việt readings: cục 局: Nôm readings: cộc • canonical : cục • canonical : cuộc • canonical : gục • canonical : ngúc
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chữ Hán form of cuộc (“an office under a bộ (“ministry”)”). • Nôm form of cuộc (“any large-scale, periodic event”). • Nôm form of gục (“to lower (one's head); to bend down”).
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局
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| 居
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ, *kas) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ, *kas) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ, *kas) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : kjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Middle-Chinese : ki ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kù
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to live; to dwell; to reside • to occupy (a place or position); to be located at; to rank • to stay put; to sit down • to store up; to stockpile • to claim • house; residence; dwelling • restaurant • 39th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "residence" (𝌬) • a surname ‖ A modal particle. ‖ ^† Alternative form of 倨 (jù, “haughty”)
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‖ 居(きょ) • (kyo) ‖ 居(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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to sit ‖ residence ‖ being (in a place), sitting (in a place); a seat
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居 • (geo, gi) · 居 • (geo, gi) (hangeul 거, 기)
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Hán-Nôm : cư
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居
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| 屈
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Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 𡲶. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klud, *kʰlud) : phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud) + semantic 尾 (“tail”). 尾 became 尸 in clerical script. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 𡲶. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klud, *kʰlud) : phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud) + semantic 尾 (“tail”). 尾 became 尸 in clerical script. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 𡲶. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klud, *kʰlud) : phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud) + semantic 尾 (“tail”). 尾 became 尸 in clerical script.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khut • Middle-Chinese : kjut • Middle-Chinese : khjut ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝˋ
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to bend; to flex • bent; crooked • to condescend • to submit; to yield • to subdue; to cause to submit • to treat unjustly; to wrong • to be in the wrong • (Cantonese) to frame; to accuse • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 屈機／屈机. • (Mainland China Hokkien) to restrict; to restrain; to constrain • a surname ‖ short • to use up; to exhaust • Alternative form of 倔 (“stubborn; obstinate”) • Alternative form of 崛 (jué, “exotic”) • Alternative form of 崛 (jué, “to rise abruptly”) ‖ Only used in 屈狄 (quèdí, “a kind of noblewomen's clothing in ancient China”).
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to bend • to submit, to yield
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屈 (eumhun 굽을 굴 (gubeul gul))
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hanja form of 굴 (“bend, flex”) • hanja form of 굴 (“bent, crooked”) • hanja form of 굴 (“crouch”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuất • Hán-Nôm : quất
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屈
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| 屋
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Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːɡ) : phonetic 𡉉 () + semantic 室 (“room”). The upper part have been corrupted into 尸, and Shuowen describe this character as Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) .
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ok • Middle-Chinese : 'uwk
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house (Classifier: 間／间 c) • room
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‖ 屋(や) • (ya) ‖ 屋(や) • (-ya) ‖ 屋(おく) • (oku) ^(←をく (woku)?)
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roof • dwelling • vendor • seller • store ‖ house ‖ shop, establishment • someone who sells or does that thing; -ist • someone with that characteristic ‖ house
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hanja form of 옥 (“house”)
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canonical : 屋: Hán Việt readings: ốc 屋: Nôm readings: ốc • canonical : óc • canonical : ọc • canonical : nóc
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chữ Hán form of ốc (“house”).
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屋
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| 展
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tenʔ, *tens) : semantic 尸 + abbreviated phonetic 𧝑 (). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-dal (“spread; extend; develop”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thínn • Middle-Chinese : trjenX
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to open; to unfold • to stretch; to extend • to postpone; to delay • to exhibit; to display • to give free play to; to display freely (abilities, etc.) • exhibition; show; public display • Used in 展轉／展转. • a surname
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‖ 展(まこと) • (Makoto) ‖ 展(てん) • (-ten)
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unfold • expand ‖ a male given name ‖ exhibition
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展 (eumhun 펼 전 (pyeol jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“to unfold, spread”)
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Hán-Nôm : triển • Hán-Nôm : chẽn
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展
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| 履
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In the bronze inscriptions, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 眉 + 頁 (“person with prominent head”) + 止 (“foot”) + 舟 (“shoe or (shoe-shaped) boat”). Possibly 履 (OC *riʔ) is also phono-semantic (形聲／形声) with phonetic component 眉 (OC *mril). \ According to Shuowen, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 尸 + 彳 (“road”) + 夊 (“foot”) + 舟 (“(shoe-shaped) boat”). Possibly phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , with 尸 (OC *hli) functioning as a phonetic component corrupted from 眉 (OC *mril). Comparing Qin bamboo slip script, Shuowen seal's 舟 was corrupted from 自, and Qin's 自 was simplified from 頁. \ Modern form is a compound of 尸 + 復 (“return”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Middle-Chinese : lijX
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shoe; footwear • foot • territory • to tread on; to walk on • to put on shoes • to ascend the throne; to assume (a role) • to experience; to undergo • to fulfil; to implement; to carry out • to carry out personally • tenth hexagram of the I Ching
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footwear
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履 (eumhun 신 리 (sin ri), word-initial (South Korea) 신 이 (sin i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“footwear, shoes”) • hanja form of 리/이 (“walk on”) • hanja form of 리/이 (“tread”)
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Hán-Nôm : giầy • Hán-Nôm : giày • Hán-Nôm : lí
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footwear
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履
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| 屯
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;hill \ ;village, hamlet ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tūn • Middle-Chinese : dwon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tun • Middle-Chinese : trwin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁴
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village; hamlet • (literary, or in compounds) military camp • to store up; to accumulate • (literary, or in compounds) to station (troops) • ䷂,third hexagram of the I Ching • (obsolete) mound; hill • (Hong Kong) Short for 屯門／屯门 (Túnmén, “Tuen Mun”). ‖ Used in 屯邅 (zhūnzhān). ‖ Only used in 屯留 (Chúnliú).
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‖ 屯(トン) or 屯(とん) • (ton)
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gathering, gathering place • camp, barracks ‖ tonne, metric ton • (now uncommon) ton, Imperial ton
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屯 (eumhun 어려울 준 (eoryeoul jun)) · 屯 (eumhun 진칠 둔 (jinchil dun))
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hanja form of 준 (“challenging, difficult”) • hanja form of 둔 (“village, hamlet”) • hanja form of 둔 (“camp”) • hanja form of 둔 (“station (troops), quarter”)
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Hán-Nôm : truân • Hán-Nôm : chồn • Hán-Nôm : đồn • Hán-Nôm : dồn • Hán-Nôm : nhún • Hán-Nôm : sồn • Hán-Nôm : thùn • Hán-Nôm : dùn • Hán-Nôm : đần • Hán-Nôm : đốn • Hán-Nôm : đún • Hán-Nôm : giỡn • Hán-Nôm : giùng • Hán-Nôm : tòn
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屯
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| 山
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Characters in the same phonetic series (山) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – three mountain peaks. In the Oracle Bone Script, they were represented by triangles rather than vertical strokes. Compare 丘 (qiū), particularly earlier forms. \ Unclear – cognates not known outside Sino-Bai. Cognate with Central Bai svrt (“mountain”) < Proto-Bai *sro⁴. \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is derived from a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”) that also derives 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 涯 (OC *ŋˤrar, “river bank”), 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”). \ Starostin compares it with Kayan sʰôn (“mountain”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : san • Middle-Chinese : srean
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(countable) mountain; hill (Classifier: 座 m c; 粒 mn) • hill-shaped object • bundled straw in which silkworms spin cocoons • gable • (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua) tomb; grave (Classifier: 個／个 c) • a surname. Shan
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‖ 山(やま) or 山(ヤマ) • (yama) ‖ 山(やま) • (yama-) ‖ 山(やま) • (-yama) ‖ 山(やま) • (Yama) ‖ 山(さん) • (-san) ‖ 山(さん) • (san) ‖ 山(むれ) • (mure)
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‖ a mountain (large mass of earth and rock) or (large) hill • a mine (excavation usually consisting of small tunnels) • a heap, pile • the top or high part of an object • a climax, peak • a chance, gamble • a guess, speculation • a crime, criminal case • mountain climbing, mountaineering • Short for 山鉾 (yamaboko): a festival float usually decorated with a 鉾 (hoko) • (colloquial) Mount Hiei and/or Enryaku-ji • (mahjong) a wall, wall tile • (informal) the △ symbol as used to mark what needs to be reviewed in study ‖ prefix for species that are wild or residing in mountains ‖ counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain • counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines ‖ a surname ‖ Mount, Mt. · suffix for names of mountains • Mount, Mt. · suffix for a temple's honorific mountain name (山号 (sangō)) ‖ mountain • mine • temple, temple ground • Short for 比叡山 (Hieizan): Mount Hiei ‖ (historical, Ancient Korea) mountain, hill
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山 (eumhun 메/뫼 산 (me/moe san))
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hanja form of 산 (“mountain”)
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canonical : 山: Hán Việt readings: sơn • canonical : san 山: Nôm readings: sơn • canonical : san
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chữ Hán form of sơn (“mountain”). • chữ Hán form of Sơn (“a male given name”).
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山
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| 岳
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丘 (“hill”) + 山 (“mountain”). \ Unclear. Compare Proto-North Bahnaric *ŋŏk ("mountain") (> Halang ngŏk and Sedang ŋɔ). Note also Proto-Hlai *hŋwʔo³ (“mountain”) and perhaps also Burmese ငေါ (ngau:), [script needed] (ŋok-ŋak, “project, stick up or out”), [script needed] (ŋroŋʼ, “any sharp thing sticking out; sharp stump or thorn”), and Tibetan རྔོག (rngog, “hump”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT instead derives it from provisional Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive, at its peak”) and considers it cognate to 極 (OC *N‑kək; N‑k(r)ək, “ridge of house; the highest point; extreme limit, utmost”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *kak (“expensive, intense, at its peak”) (> Lisu [script needed] (phy²¹ kha³⁵, “expensive”)), Ersu phɛ⁵⁵ khuɑ⁵⁵ (“expensive”), and Galo `kog dɨr (“peak”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ngok⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ga̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngaewk
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(alt. form 嶽) tall mountain • (historical) name of a mountain (generally interpreted as 嵩山 (Sōng Shān, “Mount Song”) (Eno, 2009)) • parent-in-law • a surname
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‖ 岳(たけ) or 岳(だけ) • (take or dake) ‖ 岳(たけ) or 岳(だけ) • (-take or -dake) ‖ 岳(たけし) • (Takeshi) ‖ 岳(たける) • (Takeru) ‖ 岳(がく) • (Gaku)
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mountain peak • tall mountain ‖ a tall mountain • a mountain peak ‖ mount, mountain ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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岳 • (ak) · 岳 • (ak) (hangeul 악, revised ak, McCune–Reischauer ak)
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Hán-Nôm : nhạc
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岳
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| 岸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡaːns) : semantic 屵 (“cliff”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) – the edge of the land. \ Possibly derived from a stem *ŋaʔ (“to oppose; to resist”) + general noun suffix *-n; related to 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns, “cliff”), 滸 (OC *hŋaːʔ, “riverbank”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gān • Middle-Chinese : nganH
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bank; shore; coast • high; lofty • stately; haughty • border
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‖ 岸(きし) • (kishi) ‖ 岸(きし) • (Kishi) ‖ 岸(がん) • (gan)
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beach ‖ bank, coast, shore ‖ a surname ‖ bank; coast; shore
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岸 (eumhun 언덕 안 (eondeok an))
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hanja form of 안 (“bank”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngàn • Hán-Nôm : ngan • Hán-Nôm : ngạn
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岸
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| 崇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zruŋ) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 宗 (OC *ʔsuːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiông • Middle-Chinese : dzrjuwng
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high; lofty; majestic; sublime • to esteem; to revere; to exalt; to worship • ^† to fill up • ^† to accumulate; to grow • Short for 崇明島／崇明岛 (Chóngmíngdǎo). • a surname
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‖ 崇(たかし) • (Takashi)
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to adore, to worship, to revere • lofty ‖ a male given name
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崇 • (sung) · 崇 • (sung) (hangeul 숭, revised sung, McCune–Reischauer sung)
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Hán-Nôm : sùng • Hán-Nôm : sồng • Hán-Nôm : sung • Hán-Nôm : xùng
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崇
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| 崩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯːŋ) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 朋 (OC *bɯːŋ) – to collapse (of a mountain).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bang¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : png • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ping • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pang • Middle-Chinese : pong
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to collapse; to crumble; to cave in • to rupture; to burst • (euphemistic, of a monarch) to die • (colloquial) to execute by firing squad; to shoot dead • (Cantonese) to be chipped • (Cantonese) cent; small amounts of money (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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to collapse • to demolish • (of a monarch) to die
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崩 • (bung) · 崩 • (bung) (hangeul 붕, revised bung, McCune–Reischauer pung)
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Hán-Nôm : băng • Hán-Nôm : bẵng • Hán-Nôm : bâng • Hán-Nôm : bông
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崩
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| 川
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Pictogram (象形) – compare 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). \ The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT): \ * Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes. \ * Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g. 巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998; Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992). \ * Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g. 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/. \ Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda. \ STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuinn • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwen
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river; stream; brook • Short for 四川 (Sìchuān, “Sichuan Province, China”). • plain • road • Synonym of 汆 (cuān, “to boil food for a short time in boiled water”) • Alternative form of 穿 (chuān) • (Internet slang) Short for 川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”). • a surname
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‖ 川(かわ) • (kawa) ^(←かは (kafa)?)
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river ‖ river, stream, brook
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川 (eumhun 내 천 (nae cheon))
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hanja form of 천 (“river; stream”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : xuyên
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chữ Hán form of xuyên (“river”).
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川
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| 州
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Pictogram (象形) – islet in a river.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu • Middle-Chinese : tsyuw
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Alternative form of 洲 (zhōu, “islet in a river”) • (historical, now still used in place names) zhou (a type of historical political divisions of China, usually translated as prefecture or province) • Short for 自治州 (zìzhìzhōu). • state; canton; oblast (of some countries)
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‖ 州(しゅう) • (shū) ^(←しう (siu)?) ‖ 州(しゅう) • (-shū) ^(←しう (siu)?)
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‖ first-level administrative division of some countries, such as: (1) state of the United States, Australia, India, Nigeria and Germany; (2) province of Canada; (3) canton of Switzerland; etc. • used in place names, usually associated with (historical) political divisions ‖ continent • used in place names
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州 (eumhun 고을 주 (go'eul ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“state; province”)
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Hán-Nôm : châu • Hán-Nôm : chu
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state, province
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州
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| 巡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢljun) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 川 (OC *kʰjon).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : zwin
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to patrol; to go on circuit; to cruise • (Hokkien) mark; line • Classifier for rounds of drinks during a banquet. • (Hokkien) Classifier for lines.
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‖ 巡(じゅん) • (-jun)
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go around ‖ turn, round
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巡 • (sun) · 巡 • (sun) (hangeul 순, revised sun, McCune–Reischauer sun)
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Hán-Nôm : tuần
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巡
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| 工
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Pictogram (象形) – a bladed tool. \ An area word; compare Burmese ခိုင်း (hkuing:, “to order or ask someone to do something”), Old Mon kloñ (kloɲ, “to work”), Old Mon klon (klon, “to have charge of cultivation”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Cognate with 功 (OC *koːŋ, “merit; achievement”), 攻 (OC *koːŋ, *kuːŋ, “to attack”). The senses evolved in the following manner: 工 (“work artisan”) > 功 (“merit; achievement”) > 攻 (“to attack”) (ibid.). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khang • Middle-Chinese : kuwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹
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labour; work (Classifier: 份 c) • (regional or dialectal, including Southeast Asia) work; job; profession (Classifier: 份 c) • (Northern Min, Eastern Min, Southern Min) working day; daytime; a day (24 hours) • worker; labourer • man-day • construction • industry • engineer • skill; technique • to be good at; to be skilled in • delicate; exquisite; fine ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note mi (3). • (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note mi (3).
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work, craft, art, skill • workman, artisan
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工 (eumhun 장인 공 (jang'in gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“master craftsman; master artisan”)
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Hán-Nôm : công • Hán-Nôm : cong • Hán-Nôm : côông • Hán-Nôm : gồng • Hán-Nôm : trong • Hán-Nôm : cung
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chữ Hán form of công (“work; worker”).
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工
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| 左
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Originally written 𠂇 in the oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a left hand. Compare 又 (“right hand”). \ Late bronze inscription forms show an added 工 (“work; to assist?”) component, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 𠂇 (, “left hand”) + semantic 工 (“work”), representing the original form of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”). \ Cognate with 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”) (< be on one's left side); mirror of the semantic relationship between 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) and 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b(w)aj (“left (hand)”) (STEDT). \ ; “(politics) left-wing” ‖ Originally written 𠂇 in the oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a left hand. Compare 又 (“right hand”). \ Late bronze inscription forms show an added 工 (“work; to assist?”) component, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 𠂇 (, “left hand”) + semantic 工 (“work”), representing the original form of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”). \ Cognate with 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”) (< be on one's left side); mirror of the semantic relationship between 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) and 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b(w)aj (“left (hand)”) (STEDT). \ ; “(politics) left-wing”
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zo² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Middle-Chinese : tsaX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˇ • Middle-Chinese : tsaX • Middle-Chinese : tsaH
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left (direction) • east; areas to the east • (historical) inferior position • unorthodox; wrong • erroneously; mistakingly • different; divided; inconsistent • (politics) left-wing • (chemistry) levo- • (Sichuanese, of singing) out of tune; off-key • (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to exchange • (Eastern Min) devious, dishonest • (Xiang) wrong; incorrect • a surname ‖ Original form of 佐 (zuǒ, “to assist”).
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‖ 左(ひだり) • (hidari) ‖ 左(さ) • (sa) ‖ 左(さ) • (sa-)
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‖ (direction) left, the side of the left hand • (politics) a leftist ‖ the left in vertical writing • the following (one) ‖ to the left; on the left side • (history, government) "of the left", senior or superior to 右 (u-, “of the right”)
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左 (eumhun 왼 좌 (oen jwa))
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hanja form of 좌 (“left (direction)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tả • Hán-Nôm : tá
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left (direction)
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左
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| 巧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰruːʔ, *kʰruːs) : semantic 工 + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ) ‖ ‖ Pronunciation borrowed from Mandarin 好 (hǎo), tone from Cantonese 好 (hou2).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kháu • Middle-Chinese : khaewX • Middle-Chinese : khaewH ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : haau²
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skill; technique • ingenious; skillful • hypocritical; fake; cunning • exquisite; elaborate • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) pretty; beautiful • opportune; coincidental • fortunately; by chance • (Hefei Mandarin Mandarin) cheap • (～日) (telegraphy) the eighteenth day of a month • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) opportune; coincidental ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, leetspeak or sarcastic) Alternative form of 好
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‖ 巧(たくみ) • (Takumi) ‖ 巧(こう) • (Kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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clever, skillful ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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巧 (eumhun 공교할 교 (gonggyohal gyo))
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hanja form of 교 (“skillful, ingenious, clever”)
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Hán-Nôm : xảo
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巧
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| 巨
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Pictogram (象形) – a carpenter's square; the original form of 矩 (OC *kʷaʔ). Borrowed phonetically for the sense "enormous". \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wa (“large, wide, distant”). Insides Sinitic, 巨 (OC *gwaʔ ?) is possibly related to 迂 (OC *wa, “to enlarge, increase”) and perhaps 況 (OC *hwaŋh, “to increase, increasingly, how much more, moreover”); outsides Sinitic, cognate with Mizo vak (“with force, very hard, much, exceedingly, in large number / quantities, (open mouth) wide”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐ • Middle-Chinese : gjoX
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huge; gigantic; enormous • a surname • macro-; macro • million; one million; mega-; mega • Short for 巨港 (Jùgǎng, “Palembang”). • (neologism) super; very
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enormous, giant
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巨 (eumhun 클 거 (keul geo))
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Hán-Nôm : cự • Hán-Nôm : cựa
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巨
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| 差
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”). \ 工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”). \ 工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”). \ 工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”). \ 工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”). \ 工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsha • Middle-Chinese : tsrhae • Middle-Chinese : tsrhea ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : caai¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshai • Middle-Chinese : tsrheaj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Middle-Chinese : tsrhje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : co¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caai³ • Middle-Chinese : tsrheaH
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to differ from; to be different; dissimilar; incongruous • wrong; incorrect; erroneous • inferior; poor; substandard • difference; discrepancy • mistake; wrongdoing • (mathematics) difference • to be short of; to fall short of • to owe • rather; barely; nearly; almost • 11th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "divergence" (𝌐) ‖ to dispatch; to assign; to send on an errand • to select; to choose • (historical) runner; courier; envoy; messenger • (historical) corvée • errand; task ‖ uneven; irregular; rough • to distinguish; to grade; to classify • grade; rank • limit; boundary ‖ Original form of 搓 (cuō, “to rub with one's hands; to scrub; to twist”). ‖ Original form of 瘥 (chài, “to recover from an illness”).
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‖ 差(さ) • (sa)
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‖ (generally) difference • (arithmetic) difference
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差 (eumhun 다를 차 (dareul cha)) ‖ 差 (eumhun 어긋날 치 (eogeunnal chi))
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hanja form of 차 (“difference; to distinguish”) • hanja form of 차 (“to select; to assign; to dispatch”) • hanja form of 차 (“to recover from an illness”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 치 (“uneven; irregular; rough”)
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Hán-Nôm : sai • Hán-Nôm : sái • Hán-Nôm : si • Hán-Nôm : sươi • Hán-Nôm : sau • Hán-Nôm : sây • Hán-Nôm : soa
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差
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| 己
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Pictogram (象形) – silk rope for binding objects. Original form of 紀 (OC *kɯʔ). The character must not be confused with 已 and 巳. \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Pictogram (象形) – silk rope for binding objects. Original form of 紀 (OC *kɯʔ). The character must not be confused with 已 and 巳. \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gei² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Middle-Chinese : kiX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gi¹
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self; oneself • personal; private • the sixth of the ten heavenly stems • a surname ‖ Only used in 潮州音樂——自己顧自己／潮州音乐——自己顾自己.
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‖ 己(き) • (Ki) ‖ 己(つちのと) • (Tsuchinoto) ‖ 己(おのれ) • (onore) ‖ 己(おのれ) • (onore) ‖ 己(おのれ) • (onore) ‖ 己(おの) • (ono) ‖ 己(おれ) • (ore) ‖ 己(おら) • (ora) ‖ 己(うぬ) • (unu) ‖ 己(うぬ) • (unu) ‖ 己(うら) • (ura) ‖ 己(おどれ) • (odore)
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itself, oneself ‖ the sixth of the ten heavenly stems ‖ the sixth of the ten heavenly stems ‖ reflexive pronoun: oneself • first-person pronoun: I, me • second-person pronoun: you ‖ by oneself ‖ An interjection expressing anger or chagrin ‖ reflexive pronoun: oneself • first-person pronoun: I, me ‖ Alternative spelling of 俺 (ore): first-person pronoun: I, me ‖ first-person pronoun: I, me ‖ second-person pronoun: you • reflexive pronoun: oneself ‖ (vulgar) you!; you blockhead! ‖ first-person pronoun: I, me ‖ second-person pronoun: you
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己 (eumhun 자기 기 (jagi gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“self”)
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Hán-Nôm : kỷ • Hán-Nôm : kỉ • Hán-Nôm : kỳ
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chữ Hán form of Kỉ (“sixth of the ten heavenly stems”). • chữ Hán form of kỉ (“self”).
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己
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| 市
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Oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯʔ) : semantic 兮 (“bustling”) + phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ). \ Possibly related to Proto-Tai *z.ɟɯːꟲ (“to buy”), whence Thai ซื้อ (sʉ́ʉ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐ • Middle-Chinese : dzyiX
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city; town • market; fair • to trade; to do business • to buy • to sell • (Cantonese) market situation; especially the stock market • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) business situation (buy and sell of goods)
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‖ 市(いち) • (ichi) ‖ 市(し) • (-shi)
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‖ a market, a marketplace • a place where a lot of people gather • (less commonly) a town, a city ‖ city
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市 (eumhun 저자 시 (jeoja si))
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hanja form of 시 (“market”) • hanja form of 시 (“city; town”)
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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(only in compounds) market • (only in compounds) city
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市
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| 布
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Characters in the same phonetic series (父) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːs) : phonetic 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ) + semantic 巾. \ ;"to spread out" (tr.) \ ;"cloth" \ :Additionally, Schuessler suggests that the Austroasiatic word was the source of Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa) & Ancient Greek κάρπασος (kárpasos). Still, earlier Johnson & Decker (1980) stated that "the problem of etymological origin of karpāsa has not been resolved".
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bou³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pòo • Middle-Chinese : puH
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cloth; textiles (Classifier: 匹; 塊／块) • to announce; to proclaim • to spread • to deploy; to set out
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‖ 布(ぬの) • (nuno) ‖ 布(ふ) • (fu) ‖ 布(ふ) • (fu)
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‖ cloth • (architecture) umbrella term for something wide, horizontal, level, parallel, etc. as in a piece of cloth ‖ cloth • Short for 布銭 (fusen): a type of bronze coin used during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China ‖ cloth • spread out evenly • spread widely • type of ancient Chinese currency • (US) Short for ハワイ (“Hawaii (a state and former kingdom in the United States)”).
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布 • (po) · 布 • (po) (hangeul 포)
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canonical : 布: Hán Việt readings: bố 布: Nôm readings: bố • canonical : vú • canonical : bó • canonical : bồ • canonical : vó • canonical : múa • canonical : búa • canonical : vố • canonical : bô
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Nôm form of vú (“breast”).
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布
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| 希
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Originally 𢁫, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爻 + 巾 (“cloth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi • Middle-Chinese : xj+j
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Original form of 稀 (xī, “rare; sparse”). • to hope; to expect; to strive for • to admire; to look up to • Synonym of 絺／𫄨
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‖ 希(き) • (ki) ‖ 希(き) or 希(け) • (ki or ke)
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beg, request • hope • rare (also 稀) • Greece (short for 希臘 (Girishia)) ‖ to hope ‖ rare; scarce • sparse; dilute
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希 • (hui) · 希 • (hui) (hangeul 희)
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Hán-Nôm : hơi • Hán-Nôm : he • Hán-Nôm : hê • Hán-Nôm : hy • Hán-Nôm : hây • Hán-Nôm : hi • Hán-Nôm : thu
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希
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| 帝
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Pictogram (象形) . Possible interpretations: \ * The sepal of a flower; original form of 蒂 (OC *teːds, “stem; peduncle”). \ * Tied-up firewood; original form of 禘 (OC *deːɡs). \ * An altar; original form of 禘 (OC *deːɡs). \ * An asterism joining three stars of Ursa Major with three of Ursa Minor, together with Thuban and Kochab. Around 2000 BCE the three top-to-bottom lines would have crossed at the north celestial pole, where the god 帝 dwelt (Pankenier, 2004). \ The character's first attested use is for “God of Heaven”; it was later used as a title for emperors. Shuowen erroneously interprets the character to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːɡs) : semantic 丄 (“up; above”) + phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *teɣ (“God”); compare Tibetan ཐེ (the, “celestial gods of the Bon religion”), Jingpho [script needed] (mə³¹-tai³³, “god of the sky”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *mɯ-Dai⁴ (“spirit; god”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 2011). Cognate with 禘 (OC *deːɡs, “a kind of sacrifice”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, Sagart (1999) derives it from a root *tek (“to be master over; to rule over”), whence also 適 (OC *ᵃtek, “to rule; to control”), 嫡 (OC *ᵃtek, “son of principal wife”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Middle-Chinese : tejH
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God of Heaven • emperor; sovereign • Short for 帝國主義／帝国主义 (dìguózhǔyì, “imperialism”).
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‖ 帝(みかど) • (mikado)
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sovereign ‖ mikado (emperor of Japan) • emperor
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hanja form of 제 (“emperor”)
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Hán-Nôm : đế • Hán-Nôm : đấy • Hán-Nôm : đê • Hán-Nôm : để • Hán-Nôm : đí • Hán-Nôm : đó
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帝
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| 席
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaːɡ) : phonetic 石 (OC *djaɡ) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”). In the small seal script 石 has corrupted into ⿸广廿. Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 巾. In the variant 𠩛, 石 corrupted into 厂 instead. \ Compare 度 (OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ) and 庶 (OC *hljaɡs). \ Etymology unclear. Various theories have been proposed: \ * Wang (1982) relates this to 藉 (OC *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ), 蒩 (OC *ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa), 薦 (OC *ʔseːns). \ * Schuessler (2007), reconstructing this word minimally as *s-lak, relates this word to 莽 (OC *mlaʔ, *mlaŋʔ, “grass”). \ * Baxter and Sagart (2014) derive it from a root *tak (“to place”), with circumstantial noun prefix *s-, literally “place for putting things”.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zik⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍h • Middle-Chinese : zjek
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seat • food of a banquet • Classifier for conversations. • Classifier for seats (members) in a meeting. • a surname
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‖ 席(せき) • (seki)
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seat • mat • location ‖ seat • meeting place; venue • position; status
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席 (eumhun 자리 석 (jari seok))
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hanja form of 석 (“seat”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiệc • Hán-Nôm : tịch
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席
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| 常
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”). \ The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, “again, once more”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”). \ The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, “again, once more”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”). \ The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, “again, once more”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siônn • Middle-Chinese : dzyang ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâng ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : siô
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normal; general; common • constant; invariable • often; frequently • (literary) law and order • (literary) law; rule; regular pattern • an ancient unit of length equivalent to two xuns (尋／寻) • 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy" (𝌸) • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) Only used in 常在. ‖ (Southern Min) indolent; sloppy
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‖ 常(じょう) • (jō) ^(←じやう (zyau)?) ‖ 常(じょう) • (jō) ^(←じやう (zyau)?) ‖ 常(きだ) or 常(きた) • (kida or kita) ‖ 常(きだ) • (-kida) ‖ 常(つね) • (tsune) -na (adnominal 常(つね)な (tsune na), adverbial 常(つね)に (tsune ni)) ‖ 常(つね) • (tsune) ‖ 常(とこ) • (toko-) ‖ 常(とことわ) • (tokotowa) ^(←とことは (tokotofa)?)-na (adnominal 常(とことわ)な (tokotowa na), adverbial 常(とことわ)に (tokotowa ni)) ‖ 常(とことわ) • (tokotowa) ^(←とことは (tokotofa)?)
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eternal, unchanging • ordinary, usual • continuation • Hitachi Province ‖ (obsolete) always, constantly, consistently ‖ a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters) ‖ (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters) • (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy, equal to either 360 歩 (bu, around 1190 square meters), later reduced to 300 歩 (bu)/坪 (tsubo, almost 992 square meters) ‖ counter for cuts or strips of something ‖ (obsolete) eternal, permanent, consistent • (obsolete) normal, everyday, regular, usual, ordinary ‖ constancy, continuance • the ordinary, the everyday ‖ eternal, forever, unchanging, everlasting ‖ (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal • (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary ‖ (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
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常 (eumhun 떳떳할 상 (tteottteothal sang)) · 常 (eumhun 항상 상 (hangsang sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“honorable; righteous; upright; dignified”) • hanja form of 상 (“eternal; everlasting”) • hanja form of 상 (“constant; frequent”)
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canonical : 常: Hán Việt readings: thường 常: Nôm readings: thường • canonical : sàn
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chữ Hán form of thường (“frequent; usual”). • chữ Hán form of thường (“ordinary; common; average”).
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常
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| 幅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯɡ, *pɯɡ) : semantic 巾 (“clothing”) + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯɡ, *pɯɡ) : semantic 巾 (“clothing”) + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : pjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : pik
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width of textiles • (by extension) width • ^† (of cloth) hem; margin • Classifier for textiles and pictures. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (Cantonese, Hainanese, Nanning Pinghua) Classifier for walls. ‖ ^† strap around the leg
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‖ 幅(はば) • (haba) ‖ 幅(ふく) • (-fuku) ‖ 幅(ふく) • (fuku)
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width (of textiles) • width; size of a plane, a surface • counter for paintings and calligraphic works or hanging scrolls • apron • edge (of things) • shin guard ‖ width, breadth • free room • difference (between two substances) ‖ counter for scrolls ‖ scroll
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幅 • (pok) · 幅 • (pok) (hangeul 폭, revised pok, McCune–Reischauer p'ok)
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Hán-Nôm : bức • Hán-Nôm : phúc
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classifier for walls, letters, drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures, or statues
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幅
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| 幕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡ) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Middle-Chinese : mak
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curtain; screen; tent • a surname: Mu
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‖ 幕(まく) • (maku) ^(←まく (maku)?)
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curtain • act ‖ curtain • act (division of theatrical performance)
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幕 (eumhun 막 막 (mak mak))
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hanja form of 막 (“curtain, screen, tent”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạc
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幕
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| 干
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Pictogram (象形) – a pestle or a weapon, since it can mean "shield" (午, which is similar, is a pestle). \ Also borrowed phonetically as a simplification of 乾 (dry) and 幹. \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 扞 (OC *ɡaːns, “to shield; to protect”), 閈 (OC *ɡaːns, “gate”). Compare Tibetan འགལ ('gal, “to go against, to violate, to contradict”), Burmese ကာ (ka, “shield; to shield; to block”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a pestle or a weapon, since it can mean "shield" (午, which is similar, is a pestle). \ Also borrowed phonetically as a simplification of 乾 (dry) and 幹. \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 扞 (OC *ɡaːns, “to shield; to protect”), 閈 (OC *ɡaːns, “gate”). Compare Tibetan འགལ ('gal, “to go against, to violate, to contradict”), Burmese ကာ (ka, “shield; to shield; to block”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gon¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Middle-Chinese : kan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢˋ
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to concern; to be implicated in; implication • a shield • to request; to ask • to offend; to encroach on • to interfere; to intervene • bank; edge of water bodies • 8th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "opposition" (𝌍) • Short for 天干 (tiāngān, “heavenly stem”). • group (of people) • A place in modern Yangzhou. • Alternative form of 乾／干 (“dry”) • Alternative form of 澗／涧 (jiàn, “brook; stream”) • Alternative form of 矸 (“rock”) • a surname • (Mainland China Hokkien) in vain; for nothing ‖ to defend • to establish
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‖ 干(かん) • (kan) ‖ 干(かん) • (kan) ‖ 干(ひ) • (hi)
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‖ shield • interfere, invade ‖ dry ‖ (prefixed to nouns) dry
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干 (eumhun 방패 간 (bangpae gan))
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shield
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canonical : 干: Hán Việt readings: can 干: Nôm readings: can • canonical : càn • canonical : cán • canonical : cơn
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chữ Hán form of can (“to intervene; to concern”).
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干
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| 平
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Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပြန့် (pran., “flat and even”) (STEDT). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပြန့် (pran., “flat and even”) (STEDT). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပြန့် (pran., “flat and even”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pênn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Middle-Chinese : bjaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢˊ • Middle-Chinese : bjien ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋ
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level; even; flat • equal; fair • equal • to level; to make level • calm; peaceful • to calm down; to make peaceful; to quiet down • to pacify • ordinary; common; mediocre; average • (Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese) • (Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min) cheap; inexpensive • (Southern Min, Hakka) the same • (historical) Short for 北平 (Běipíng). • Short for 平方米 (píngfāngmǐ, “square metre”). Used with numbers without classifiers. • A surname, number 95 of the Baijiaxing ‖ Alternative form of 辨 ‖ (obsolete) to control prices
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‖ 平(ひら) • (hira) ‖ 平(ひら) • (hira-) ‖ 平(ひら) • (Hira) ‖ 平(たいら) • (taira) ^(←たひら (tafira)?) ‖ 平(たいら) • (Taira) ^(←たひら (tafira)?) ‖ 平(へい) • (hei) ‖ 平(へい) • (hei) ‖ 平(へい) • (Hei) ‖ 平(ひょう) • (hyō) ^(←ひやう (fyau)?) ‖ 平(ひょう) • (hyō) ^(←ひやう (fyau)?) ‖ 平(びょう) • (byō) ^(←びやう (byau)?) ‖ 平(おさむ) • (Osamu) ^(←をさむ (wosamu)?) ‖ 平(ひとし) • (Hitoshi) ‖ 平(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) ‖ 平(やすし) • (Yasushi) ‖ 平(よし) • (Yoshi)
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‖ something flat; flattened • something ordinary, common, mediocre • a person of low-ranking status · a freshman • a person of low-ranking status · a novice • a person of low-ranking status · a private • the top ridge of a roof parallel to the side of a building • Short for 平織 (hiraori, “plain weave”). • in bookbinding, the flat part of a cover • Short for 平椀 (hirawan). ‖ single-minded ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a plain, flat ‖ a surname, especially of those descended from imperial lineage ineligible for the Chrysanthemum Throne: · the 桓武平氏 (Kanmu Heishi), from Emperor Kanmu • a surname, especially of those descended from imperial lineage ineligible for the Chrysanthemum Throne: · the 仁明平氏 (Ninmyō Heishi), from Emperor Ninmyō • a surname, especially of those descended from imperial lineage ineligible for the Chrysanthemum Throne: · the 文徳平氏 (Montoku Heishi), from Emperor Montoku, and • a surname, especially of those descended from imperial lineage ineligible for the Chrysanthemum Throne: · the 光孝平氏 (Kōkō Heishi), from Emperor Kōkō • a placename, especially in Iwaki city, Fukushima Prefecture • a male given name ‖ something neither high nor low • something calm ‖ even, flat, level • flatten, level • uniform • calm, gentle, peaceful • common, ordinary, usual • Short for 平氏 (Heishi) or 平家 (Heike): Taira clan • (mathematics) square, square root ‖ a surname ‖ Short for 平韻 (hyōin): • Short for 平調 (hyōjō): ‖ Short for 平声 (hyōshō): the level tone in Middle Chinese ‖ impartial, unbiased ‖ a surname • a male given name ‖ a surname • a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a surname
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平 (eumhun 평평할 평 (pyeongpyeonghal pyeong))
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Hanja form of 평 (“to be flat, level, plane”).
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canonical : 平: Hán Việt readings: bình • canonical : biền 平: Nôm readings: bình • canonical : bằng • canonical : bừng • canonical : bường
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Chữ Hán form of bình (“level, flat, peaceful (in compounds)”).
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平
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| 年
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In the oracle bone script and early bronze inscriptions, it was originally 秂, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *niːŋ) : semantic 禾 (“wheat; grain”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) – a person carrying wheat on his back – harvest. \ In bronze inscriptions after the Western Zhou period, a stroke was often added to 人 to give 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn), which still acted as a phonetic component, and this form (秊) was inherited by later scripts. The current form is inherited from the clerical script, where libian (隸變) has occurred. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik (“year”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Middle-Chinese : nen
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year (in generic contexts) • harvest • annual • age • period of life • period (in history) • Chinese New Year • things for the Chinese New Year • Classifier for years. • a surname
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‖ 年(ねん) • (-nen) ‖ 年(ねん) • (nen) ‖ 年(ねん) • (-nen)
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‖ years ‖ a year ‖ a grade, a school year • a year
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年 (eumhun 해 년 (hae nyeon), word-initial (South Korea) 해 연 (hae yeon))
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hanja form of 년/연 (“year”)
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canonical : 年: Hán Việt readings: niên 年: Nôm readings: năm • canonical : nên • canonical : niên • canonical : niền
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chữ Hán form of niên (“year”). • Nôm form of năm (“year”).
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年
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| 幸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreːŋʔ) : phonetic 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ) + semantic 羊. Original meaning is unclear. 羊 often appears as a component with a positive meaning. See 祥, 善 and 義. \ Shuowen interprets it as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 屰 (“opposite”) + 夭 (“death”) – lucky to be alive; fortunate.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǐng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīng • Middle-Chinese : heangX
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by fluke; lucky • fortunate; lucky • luckily; fortunately • to rejoice • (literary) to hope; to wish • (historical, of an emperor) to personally visit • (literary) to favour; to dote on • a surname
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‖ 幸(こう) • (kō) ‖ 幸(さいわい) • (saiwai) ^(←さいはひ (saifafi)?)-na (adnominal 幸(さいわい)な (saiwai na), adverbial 幸(さいわい)に (saiwai ni)) ‖ 幸(さいわい) • (saiwai) ^(←さいはひ (saifafi)?) ‖ 幸(さいわい) • (saiwai) ^(←さいはひ (saifafi)?) ‖ 幸(さきわい) • (sakiwai) ^(←さきはひ (sakifafi)?) ‖ 幸(さき) • (saki) ‖ 幸(さちわい) • (sachiwai) ^(←さちはひ (satifafi)?) ‖ 幸(さち) • (sachi) -na (adnominal 幸(さち)な (sachi na), adverbial 幸(さち)に (sachi ni)) ‖ 幸(さち) • (sachi) ‖ 幸(さつ) • (satsu-)
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‖ good luck, good fortune; happiness • an appearance by the emperor or a retired emperor ‖ very fortunate and happy, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities • favorable, ideal (often used in polite constructions) ‖ fortunately, luckily, happily ‖ very good fortune and happiness, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities • an occurrence of good luck or good fortune • (derivation unknown) the tail and back fins of a carp or other fish, as used in cooking ‖ (obsolete) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune • (obsolete) good luck or good fortune itself ‖ (obsolete) good luck, good fortune; happiness ‖ (obsolete, rare) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune • (obsolete, rare) good luck or good fortune itself ‖ very fortunate and happy ‖ (archaic) a hunting implement; the spirit of a hunting implement • a bounteous catch (for fishing), amply caught game (for hunting); food (specifically animal protein caught in the wild: fish or game) • good fortune, good luck; happiness ‖ (obsolete) hunting, for hunting
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幸 (eumhun 다행 행 (dahaeng haeng))
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hanja form of 행 (“fortune; good luck”)
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Hán-Nôm : hạnh • Hán-Nôm : may
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|
幸
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| 幼
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Characters in the same phonetic series (幼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 幺 (“tiny”) + 力 (“strength”). 幺 (OC *qiːw) may also act as a phonetic component. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (幼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 幺 (“tiny”) + 力 (“strength”). 幺 (OC *qiːw) may also act as a phonetic component.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iù • Middle-Chinese : 'jiwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ
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(literary, or in compounds) infant; young child • (literary, or in compounds) young • (literary, or in compounds) immature • to love; to take care of (the young) • (Cantonese, Southern Min) thin; fine (not coarse) • (Southern Min, of food) tender; soft • a surname ‖ Used in 幼眇 and 幼妙.
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‖ 幼(よう) • (yō) ^(←えう (eu)?) ‖ 幼(おさな) • (osana) ^(←をさな (wosana)?) ‖ 幼(いと) • (ito) ‖ 幼(いと) • (ito)
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childish, immature, young • infant, young child ‖ childhood, infancy • a young child ‖ Synonym of 幼子 (osanago): an infant, young child ‖ (archaic) a young child, infant, toddler ‖ prefixed to a noun: childish, immature, infantile
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幼 (eumhun 어릴 유 (eoril yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“childish; immature”) • hanja form of 유 (“infant; young child”)
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Hán-Nôm : ấu • Hán-Nôm : âu
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|
幼
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| 幽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯw) : phonetic 𢆶 () + semantic 山 (originally 火 in oracle bone). \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Mru [script needed] (iu ~ ʔiu, “dark”) (Löffler, 1966); possibly also related to Tibetan གཡོག (g.yog, “to cover”) and གཡོགས (g.yogs, “lid”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Related to 黝 (yǒu), 窅 (yǎo), 杳 (yǎo), 穾 (yào), 窔 (yào). \ Allofam is probably 窈窕 (OC *qiːwʔ l'eːwʔ) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iu • Middle-Chinese : 'jiw
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dim; dark • deep and remote • hidden; concealed • bottled up • quiet; tranquil • to confine; to imprison • netherworld; nether; nether- • a surname
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dark • netherworld • hidden • confine, imprison
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幽 • (yu) · 幽 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)
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Hán-Nôm : u • Hán-Nôm : ù
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幽
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| 序
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaʔ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : zjoX
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order; sequence • preface (of a book); foreword (Classifier: 篇) • introductory • ^† school
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‖
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order, sequence • mention, speak • beginning • preface • school ‖
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序 (eumhun 차례 서 (charye seo))
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hanja form of 서 (“sequence; order”) • hanja form of 서 (“preface”)
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Hán-Nôm : tựa • Hán-Nôm : tự
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|
序
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| 底
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiːlʔ) : semantic 广 (“building”) + phonetic 氐 (OC *tiːl, *til) – the bottom or base, foundation of a building. Note that 氐 is a figure bowing or stooping, hence connotation of “down”. \ Cognate with 低 (OC *tiːl, “to lower; low”), 柢 (OC *tiːl, *tiːlʔ, *tiːls, “root of a tree; base”). ‖ ‖ From 等 (MC tojX), probably a clipping or influenced by 何等 (OC *ɡaːl tɯːʔ/tɯːŋʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : té • Hokkien · Tai-lo : teré • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tí • Middle-Chinese : tejX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄜ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐ • Middle-Chinese : tejX
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bottom; underneath; underside • ground; background • ins and outs; actual situation • master copy • (Cantonese) copy kept as a record • end (of a year or month) • remnants; remains; leftovers • (Southern Min) inside • (mathematics) base (of triangle, logarithm, etc.) • (Cantonese) staple food as the base of a meal • (Hong Kong Cantonese) tendency in one's personality; leaning • (Cantonese) physique; constitution (of a person) • (Cantonese) ground; foundation • (Cantonese) background (of a person); criminal record • (Cantonese) underpants (short for 底褲／底裤 (dai² fu³)) (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese) Classifier for pastry made or served in flat-shaped container. • Short for 底細／底细 (dǐxì). ‖ possessive particle, equivalent to modern Mandarin 的 (de) ‖ (literary or Min) which; what
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‖ 底(そこ) • (soko) ‖ 底(てい) • (tei)
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‖ the bottom ‖ base of a logarithm
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底 • (jeo, ji) · 底 • (jeo, ji) (hangeul 저, 지, revised jeo, ji, McCune–Reischauer chŏ, chi)
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Hán-Nôm : để • Hán-Nôm : đáy • Hán-Nôm : đễ
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to place
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底
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| 店
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiːms) : semantic 广 (“lean-to”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuìnn • Middle-Chinese : temH
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shop; store (Classifier: 家 m; 間／间 m mn) • inn (Classifier: 家 m) • used in place names
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‖ 店(てん) • (-ten)
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‖ store, branch (of a store company)
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店 (eumhun 가게 점 (gage jeom))
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hanja form of 점 (“store”)
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Hán-Nôm : điếm • Hán-Nôm : đám • Hán-Nôm : điệm • Hán-Nôm : tiệm • Hán-Nôm : đêm • Hán-Nôm : xóm
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(colloquial) Short for gái điếm (“prostitute”).
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店
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| 府
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *poʔ) : semantic 广 (“building”) + phonetic 付 (OC *pos) – a type of building.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX
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(historical) government repository • warehouse; storehouse; stores • (historical) organs of state power • (historical) official residence • (literary, honorific) your residence • (historical) an East Asian administrative division of various status over the centuries, usually translated as prefecture or commandery · province of Thailand • (historical) an East Asian administrative division of various status over the centuries, usually translated as prefecture or commandery · urban prefecture of Japan • prefectural capital • prefect
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‖ 府(ふ) • (fu)
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urban prefecture ‖ The prefectural governments of Osaka and Kyoto.
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府 (eumhun 곳집 부 (gotjip bu)) · 府 (eumhun 관청 부 (gwancheong bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“warehouse”) • hanja form of 부 (“government office”)
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Hán-Nôm : phủ
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(historical) a Chinese prefecture • (historical) the residence of a nobleman or government official
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府
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| 度
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Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) , with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿. \ Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ) : phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又. \ Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”). ‖ Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) , with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿. \ Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ) : phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又. \ Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Middle-Chinese : duH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍k • Middle-Chinese : dak ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶⁻²
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linear measure; size; measures • 52nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "measure" (𝌹) • consideration; thought; expectation • law; standard; rule; convention • extent; limit; quota • tolerance; open-mindedness • degree; level; measure (often used to translate English -ness, -ity) • (graph theory) degree • plan; design; programme • to pass (time); to spend time • to pass (physically); to go over • (Buddhism) to say prayers or perform Buddhist service to release souls from purgatory • (religion) to try to persuade someone to become a monk, nun or Taoist priest • to write; to compose • Classifier for degrees. · (physics) Classifier for kilowatt-hour. • Classifier for degrees. · (ophthalmology) Classifier for 0.01 dioptres. • Classifier for degrees. · Classifier for alcohol concentration: percent • Classifier for degrees. • (literary) Classifier for events or occurrences: time • (Cantonese) Classifier for doors. • a surname ‖ to speculate • to measure; to estimate; to judge • to devise ‖ Used to indicate location of something. ‖ approximately; around
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‖ 度(たび) • (tabi) ‖ 度(たび) • (-tabi) ‖ 度(たび) • (-tabi) ‖ 度(ど) • (-do) ‖ 度(ど) • (do)
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degrees • occurrence • time • counter for occurrences ‖ time; whenever ‖ times ‖ time ‖ -itude • (geometry) degree of an angle • degree in temperature, scale, and so on • number of times • percentage of alcohol concentration ‖ (informal, of eyeglasses) diopter
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度 (eumhun 법도(法度) 도 (beopdo do)) ‖ 度 (eumhun 헤아릴 탁 (hearil tak))
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hanja form of 도 (“bound, limit, extent”) [noun] • hanja form of 도 (“degree”) [dependent noun] ‖ hanja form of 탁 (“to speculate; to measure”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : độ • Hán-Nôm : dạc • Hán-Nôm : đác • Hán-Nôm : đạc • Hán-Nôm : đọ • Hán-Nôm : đủ • Hán-Nôm : đù • Hán-Nôm : dác • Hán-Nôm : đo • Hán-Nôm : đồ • Hán-Nôm : đợ
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度
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| 座
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zoːls) : semantic 广 (“house on cliff”) + phonetic 坐 (OC *zoːlʔ, *zoːls). \ Exopassive of 坐 (OC *zoːlʔ, “to sit; to be situated”), literally "that which is sat on" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Middle-Chinese : dzwaH
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seat (Classifier: 個／个 m) • stand; base (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • Short for 星座 (xīngzuò, “constellation”). • Classifier for buildings, mountains and similar immovable objects. • (Hong Kong Cantonese) room number in an residential building
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‖ 座(ざ) • (-za) ‖ 座(くら) • (kura)
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‖ names of constellations • names of theaters ‖ high place
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座 • (jwa) · 座 • (jwa) (hangeul 좌)
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Hán-Nôm : tọa • Hán-Nôm : toạ • Hán-Nôm : tòa • Hán-Nôm : toà • Hán-Nôm : phụng
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座
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| 庭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːŋ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Middle-Chinese : deng
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courtyard • front yard • big hall • law court • middle of the forehead
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‖ 庭(にわ) • (niwa) ^(←には (nifa)?) ‖ 庭(にわ) • (Niwa) ^(←には (nifa)?)
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courtyard • garden • yard ‖ garden, yard • place where something is done • (regional) a dirt-floored room at the entrance of a house • wide sea, a wide expanse (of the sea) ‖ a female given name • a surname
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庭 (eumhun 뜰 정 (tteul jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“courtyard; garden”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : đình • Hán-Nôm : thính
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庭
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| 庶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljaɡs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 石 (OC *djaɡ, “stone”) + semantic 火 (“fire”). In the small seal script 石 has corrupted into ⿸广廿. Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 广 (“roof”) + 炗 (“light”). \ Compare 度 (OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : syoH
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numerous; many • common; ordinary; without title or rank; pertaining to a commoner • (chiefly historical) pertaining to concubinage (a concept in the polygynous practices of traditional Chinese society) • (chiefly historical) pertaining to concubinage (a concept in the polygynous practices of traditional Chinese society) · (especially) born by a concubine or illegitimate partner
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commoner
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庶 (eumhun 여러 서 (yeoreo seo))
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hanja form of 서 (“numerous; many”)
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canonical : 庶: Hán Việt readings: thứ 庶: Nôm readings: thứ • canonical : thừa • canonical : xứa
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庶
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| 康
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 庚 (“threshing tools”) + 米 (“rice”) – chaff. \ The derivative 糠 refers to the original word. \ ; quiet, calm, peaceful \ ; Kham \ ; "to look, to see"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khong • Middle-Chinese : khang
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peaceful and happy; tranquil • healthy; well; strong • prosperous; plentiful; abundant • broad; vast; smooth; level • (obsolete) hollow; empty • (obsolete) Original form of 糠 (kāng, “chaff; husk”). • (Chinese mythology) Tai Kang (third king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) • (Chinese mythology) Zhong Kang (fourth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) • (Chinese mythology) Shao Kang (sixth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) • a surname • a surname · (historical) a surname, given to people from the Central Asian country of Kangju (康居 or 康國／康国) • Kham (a historical region in Tibet) • (Internet slang) Alternative form of 看 (“to look; to see”)
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‖ 康(やすし) • (Yasushi)
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peace ‖ a male given name
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康 (eumhun 편안할 강 (pyeonanhal gang))
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Hán-Nôm : khang • Hán-Nôm : khăng • Hán-Nôm : khương
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康
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| 庸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated semantic 庚 + phonetic 用 (OC *loŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sông • Middle-Chinese : yowng
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to use; to employ • to need • contribution; merit • ordinary; common; (by extension) mediocre; inferior • (literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions) • a surname
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‖ 庸(よう) • (yō)
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commonplace ‖ ordinary; commonplace
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庸 (eum 용 (yong))
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Hán-Nôm : dong • Hán-Nôm : dông • Hán-Nôm : dung • Hán-Nôm : giông
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庸
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| 廉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·rem) : semantic 广 + phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lêm • Middle-Chinese : ljem
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clean; incorruptible; honorable; honest • inexpensive • a surname
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‖ 廉(かど) • (kado) ‖ 廉(れん) • (Ren)
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clean, honest • inexpensive ‖ grounds (for suspicion), a charge (for a crime) ‖ a male or female given name
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廉 (eumhun 청렴할 렴 (cheongnyeomhal ryeom), word-initial (South Korea) 청렴할 염 (cheongnyeomhal yeom))
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hanja form of 렴/염 (“upright, honorable, honest, pure”) • hanja form of 렴/염 (“to spy on”)
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Hán-Nôm : liêm • Hán-Nôm : rèm
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廉
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| 廊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 郎 (OC *raːŋ). \ 良 may be the original form of this character, see there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 郎 (OC *raːŋ). \ 良 may be the original form of this character, see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Middle-Chinese : lang ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóng
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covered corridor • porch; veranda ‖ (Singapore Hokkien) workshop; atelier (place where goods are made or repaired)
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‖ 廊(ろう) • (rō)
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corridor, passage ‖ corridor
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hanja form of 랑/낭 (“corridor, porch, veranda”)
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Hán-Nôm : lang • Hán-Nôm : láng • Hán-Nôm : làng • Hán-Nôm : sang
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village
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廊
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| 延
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Originally 㢟, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 彳 (“walking”) + 止 (“foot”) – "to travel far". The stroke at the top started being added as a distinguishing mark at the end of the Warring States period, as a way to distinguish its usage from 㢟 as an adverb to mean "prolonged", making it an Ideogram (指事) . \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lan, *lans) : phonetic 丿 (OC *pʰleːd, *leds) + semantic 㢟. \ Within Chinese, cognate with 筵 (OC *lan, “bamboo mat”), 梴 (OC *l̥ʰan, “long (of wood)”) and 誕 (OC *l'aːnʔ, “wide; ludicrous”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese လှန်း (hlan:, “to dry (things) in the sun”). Probably unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *jaːr (“spread; extend; sail”), whence Tibetan གཡོར་མོ (g.yor mo, “sail”), Mizo zâr (“to spread; to spread out”), Jingpho yàn (“spread; unrolled”). \ Pan (1987) suggests Vietnamese lan (“to spread”) is borrowed from Old Chinese 延 (OC *lan, *lans).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiân • Middle-Chinese : yen • Middle-Chinese : yenH
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to prolong • to stretch; to extend • to engage; to send for • to delay; to postpone; to defer • a surname
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‖ 延(えん) • (en)
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‖ extend, lengthen • prolong • postpone
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延 (eumhun 늘일 연 (neuril yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“to stretch; to extend; to lengthen”)
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Hán-Nôm : diên
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延
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| 廷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ) : semantic 廴 + phonetic 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ). \ The phonetic 𡈼 is itself an ideogrammic compound, depicting a person standing on soil, and is also the ancient form of 徵／征 (“to convene, to assemble”), signifying a place where people stand in assembly — a court. \ From 聽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l̥ʰeːŋs, “to hear”), i.e. “where hearings take place”. Related to 廳 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, “hall”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ting⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Middle-Chinese : deng • Middle-Chinese : dengH
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(historical) palace courtyard; court of a feudal lord • (historical) government; governmental office • Alternative form of 庭 (tíng, “courtyard”)
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judicial or royal court • imperial court • government bureau or department
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廷 • (jeong) · 廷 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng)
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(조정 정) royal court, in the capital. See also: 朝廷. • (마을 정) rural court, in the village.
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Hán-Nôm : đình
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廷
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| 建
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 廴 + 聿. \ Originally, a pictogram (象形) — a hand planting a pole into a base (Ji Xusheng, 2004).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiàn • Middle-Chinese : kjonH
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to build; to construct; to erect • to establish; to found • to propose; to suggest
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‖ 建(けん) • (Ken)
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build, establish, erect, found ‖ a male given name
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建 (eumhun 세울 건 (se'ul geon))
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hanja form of 건 (“build; establish”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiến
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建
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| 弄
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 玉 (“jade”) + 廾 (“hands”) – play with a jade artefact using one's hands. \ Compared with Khmer លួង (luəng, “to console; to cheer; to coax; to flatter”) < Old Khmer lvaṅ (“to cheer, amuse, entertain, divert”) < Pre-Angkorian Khmer loṅ. The Khmer initial consonant does not agree with Old Chinese; perhaps the Khmer word is a post-Han loan (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Possibly from an ancient regional variant of 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs, “alley”). ‖ Probably from Lingao ȵam¹ (“to play”) (Fu, 2008).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lung⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nung⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōng • Middle-Chinese : luwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōng • Middle-Chinese : luwngH ‖
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to play with; to play around with; to fiddle with; to fondle • to enjoy; to play • trick; magic • to make fun of; to tease; to bully • to show off; to make a show of • (Southern Min) to amuse (a child) • (music) to play (a musical instrument); to perform • (music) ditty • to do; to engage in; to undertake; to deal with • to make ... do/become ...; to cause ... to do ... • (colloquial) to cause someone to become pregnant • (Southern Min) to shake off; to shake out • to marry • to investigate; to look into • to get; to obtain; to fetch • to decorate; to dress up; to put on make-up ‖ (historical) lane in palace • (regional) alleyway; lane; apartment complex (especially in Shanghai) ‖ (Hainanese, Leizhou Min) to play; to have fun
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tamper with
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弄 (eumhun 희롱할 롱 (huironghal rong), word-initial (South Korea) 희롱할 농 (huironghal nong))
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hanja form of 롱/농 (“do, play or fiddle with, joke”) • hanja form of 롱/농 (“alley”) • hanja form of 롱/농 (“naughty”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộng • Hán-Nôm : lóng • Hán-Nôm : lồng • Hán-Nôm : luồng • Hán-Nôm : lòng • Hán-Nôm : lụng • Hán-Nôm : trổng
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弄
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| 弊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beds) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed, “destroy, tatters”) + semantic 廾 (“both hands”): emphatic form of 敝 — destroying something with both hands.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pè • Middle-Chinese : bjiejH
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fraud; harm; malpractice; deceit • drawback; defect • (Cantonese) bad; awful; terrible; (of a situation) critical or disastrous
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‖ 弊(へい) • (hei)
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abuse, defect, harm • bad ‖ ill, evil, harm • something tired and worn
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弊 • (pye) · 弊 • (pye) (hangeul 폐, revised pye, McCune–Reischauer p'ye, Yale phyey)
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Hán-Nôm : tệ • Hán-Nôm : giẻ
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弊
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| 式
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯɡ) : phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ) + semantic 工 (“work”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Middle-Chinese : syik
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(literary, or in compounds) standard; established practice; norm • (literary, or in compounds) type; style; pattern • (literary, or in compounds) ritual; ceremony • (literary, or in compounds) example • (mathematics, chemistry) formula (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (grammar) tense • (grammar) mood; mode • to follow the example of • to set an example • Alternative form of 試／试 (shì, “to apply”) • Alternative form of 軾／轼 (shì, “to perform a rite”)
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‖ 式(しき) • (shiki) ‖ 式(しき) • (-shiki)
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‖ type, style • (mathematics) a formula or expression • ceremony, ritual, function • Short for 結婚式 (kekkon-shiki, “wedding ceremony”). ‖ ceremony • formula, expression • style
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式 (eumhun 법 식 (beop sik))
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hanja form of 식 (“type”)
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Hán-Nôm : thức • Hán-Nôm : sức
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式
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| 弓
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Characters in the same phonetic series (弓) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a bow. \ Possibly related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ (“tree, branch, stem”) (Coblin, 1986), semantically connected with the shape of a bent tree branch. Cognate with Burmese ကိုင်း (kuing:, “to bend over; to be bent”), အကိုင်း (a.kuing:, “stalk; branch”), Tedim Chin [script needed] (kung¹, “tree”), Jingpho kung (“to branch; to grow”), lakung (“branch; limb”), Lepcha ᰀᰩᰵ (kóng, “branch”), ᰀᰫᰵ (kúng, “tree”) (STEDT). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes that both Old Chinese 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ are derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer *koŋ, whence Nyah Kur [script needed] (kóoŋ, “bent (in the middle)”), Mon ကိုၚ် (“to be bent”), Khmer កោង (kaong, “to bend; to be bent”), Khasi pyrkhung (“to bend; to arch”), Pear kuŋ (“bend”), Vietnamese cong (“to be bent, curved”). \ Also compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ku(ː)m (“arched; vaulted”) \ Derivatives are 肱 (OC *kʷɯːŋ, “(upper) arm”) and 穹 (OC *kʰʷɯŋ, “arched; vault; sky”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Middle-Chinese : kjuwng
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bow (weapon) (Classifier: 張／张) • bow (of a stringed instrument, or a cotton bow, or catapult) (Classifier: 張／张) • curved; arched • to arch; to bend • (Jiexi Hakka) rainbow • (obsolete) Synonym of 步 (bù) (a traditional Chinese unit of length and area) • a surname: Gong
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‖ 弓(ゆ) • (yu-) ‖ 弓(ゆみ) • (yumi) ‖ 弓(たらし) • (tarashi) ‖ 弓(きゅう) • (kyū)
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‖ a bow, a bow shape ‖ a bow: · (weaponry) a bow for shooting arrows • a bow: · (music) a bow for playing a stringed instrument such as a violin or cello • archery • (Shinto) a type of kagura (sacred Shinto song and dance) intended to drive away evil • short for 破(は)魔(ま)弓(ゆみ) (hama yumi): a ceremonial archery bow with the power to dispel evil • a bow shape, a curve • a bow-shaped tool used to beat ginned cotton into a softer and finer textile ‖ (rare, honorific) an archery bow, particularly one belonging to a noble ‖ (rare) a bow • (obsolete) in ancient Chinese archery, a unit of length for measuring the distance between the archer and the target; one kyū was equal to six 尺 (shaku), roughly six feet or 182 centimeters • (obsolete) in ancient China, a unit of length for surveying land; one kyū was equal to eight 尺 (shaku), roughly eight feet or 242 centimeters
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弓 (eumhun 활 궁 (hwal gung))
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hanja form of 궁 (“bow (for shooting arrows”)
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Hán-Nôm : cung • Hán-Nôm : cong • Hán-Nôm : củng
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a bow
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弓
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| 引
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 丨 (“line”) – the line radical represents a bow string which is pulled. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ín • Middle-Chinese : yinX • Middle-Chinese : yinH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ín
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to pull, draw out, attract • to stretch • to lead • to induce • to recommend • to reference, to quote • to leave • (music) prelude • (archaic) sales permit ‖ (Quanzhou Hokkien, honorific) Prefix for kinship terms.
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‖ 引(いん) • (in) ‖ 引(いん) • (in)
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pull • tug • admit ‖ the preface to a book; introduction; foreword ‖ pull; draw out; stretch • lead; induce • bear; undertake; accept (particularly for "accept") • quote; reference • leave
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引 (eumhun 끌 인 (kkeul in))
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hanja form of 인 (“pull”)
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Hán-Nôm : dẫn • Hán-Nôm : dợn • Hán-Nôm : giỡn • Hán-Nôm : dận • Hán-Nôm : giận
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引
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| 弟
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Ideogram (指事) : a string wrapped around a bobbin, something young boys probably did.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tih • Middle-Chinese : dejX • Middle-Chinese : dejH
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younger brother • junior male • (literary, humble) I; me (between male friends) • Original form of 第 (dì, “sequence”).
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‖ 弟(おとうと) • (otōto)
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‖ one’s own younger brother • a younger male • (Kagoshima) younger brother
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弟 (eumhun 아우 제 (au je))
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hanja form of 제 (“younger brother”)
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Hán-Nôm : đệ • Hán-Nôm : dễ
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弟
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| 弱
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 彡 (“hair, meaning "decoration" in this case”) - a decorative bow that is functionally inferior. Or it might be indicating that the bow is shaking, which implies a worn-out bow. \ An alternate etymology is 𢎥 + 𢎥, 𢎥 being a variant of 卷.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joek⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jia̍k • Middle-Chinese : nyak
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weak; feeble • fragile; delicate
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‖ 弱(じゃく) • (jaku) ‖ 弱(じゃく) • (-jaku)
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weak • weakness • slightly less than ‖ weakness ‖ (lengths of time) slightly less than • (proscribed) slightly more than
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弱 (eumhun 약할 약 (yakhal yak))
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hanja form of 약 (“weak”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhược • Hán-Nôm : ních
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弱
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| 形
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Characters in the same phonetic series (井) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 幵 + 彡. In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开. \ It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːŋ) : phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡, if the original character was 𢒈.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Middle-Chinese : heng
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form; shape; appearance • image; appearance • body; entity; contour • style; vogue • (grammar) Short for 形容詞／形容词 (xíngróngcí, “adjective”). • to appear; to display • to form; to become • to compare
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‖ 形(かた) • (kata) ‖ 形(がた) or 形(がだ) • (gata or gada) ‖ 形(がた) • (-gata) ‖ 形(かたち) • (katachi) ‖ 形(けい) • (-kei) ‖ 形(なり) • (nari) ‖ 形(なり) • (-nari)
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shape, form, style ‖ a shape • a form • a pattern, die, or model from which copies are made • collateral for borrowed money • on a coin, the side with writing on it ‖ (kabuki, theater) Short for 女形 (onnagata)., a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater ‖ (affixed to nouns): the shape or form of the affixed noun • (affixed to on'yomi nouns): a typical example of the affixed noun; the type of the affixed noun ‖ shape or form • shapeliness: see 形有り (katachiari) • form, as opposed to substance ‖ (linguistics) grammatical tense • (Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb ‖ the shape or form of something • one's clothing and appearance • one's body shape or form • one's circumstances or situation • one's reputation • (following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (rentaikei)) or plain perfective form of a verb) indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as • (following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (rentaikei)) of an adjective) indicates responding to the affixed adjective: compare English fitting • (following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (rentaikei)) of a verb) indicates the moment of the action occurring: compare English as soon as • (after a verb in the past tense 〜た) ... while ... ‖ following the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as • following a noun, indicates a state fitting or becoming to the affixed noun • following a noun, indicates that shape or form: compare English like
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形 (eumhun 모양 형 (moyang hyeong))
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hanja form of 형 (“form; shape”)
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Hán-Nôm : hình • Hán-Nôm : hềnh
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image • a figure or a silhouette • (Southern Vietnam) a photo; a picture • (geometry) a shape • Clipping of hình học (“geometry”).
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形
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| 彩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯːʔ) : phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ) + semantic 彡. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsəw-s/t (“colour; dye”); compare Tibetan ཚོས (tshos, “dye”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, 色 (OC *s.rək, “colour”) may be a dialectal variant (Baxter, 1992; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshái • Middle-Chinese : tshojX
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variegated colors; rich and bright colors • literary or artistic grace or talent; variety; gracefulness; brilliance • applause; cheer • blood from a wound • lottery prize; winnings • wager; stake; bet • luck; fortune • to be lucky (in gambling) • a surname
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‖ 彩(あや) • (Aya)
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coloring ‖ a female given name
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彩 (eum 채 (chae))
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Colorful
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Hán-Nôm : Thái
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彩
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| 影
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qraŋʔ) : phonetic 景 (OC *kraŋʔ) + semantic 彡. \ Unclear. Various etymologies have been proposed: \ * Cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “image”), 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”) (Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), which STEDT compares to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”); \ * Cognate with 英 (OC *qraŋ, “brilliant; flower”) or rather its Austroasiatic comparanda, including Proto-Bahnaric *ʔaːŋ (“bright (light)”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to 苑 (OC *qonʔ, *qons, “garden”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : íng • Middle-Chinese : 'jaengX
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shadow • image • trace (of human presence); presence (of people or things); occurrence (of events) • picture; photograph • (chiefly in compounds) film; movie • (Cantonese) to take (a picture or video) • (Hokkien) shade • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 影 (MC 'jaengX)
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‖ 影(かが) • (kaga) ‖ 影(かげ) • (kage) ‖ 影(えい) • (ei) ‖ 影(よう) • (yō)
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‖ light • a shape or form reflected in light • a shadow ‖ shadow • a shape or form reflected in light • presence • negative aspect ‖ shadow • light • a shape or form reflected in light ‖ (rare) Alternative form of 影 (ei)
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影 (eumhun 그림자 영 (geurimja yeong))
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hanja form of 영 (“shadow”)
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Hán-Nôm : ảnh
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影
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| 役
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 殳 (“hand holding a tool or weapon”) – “to use (as labor), to enslave”. \ From 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to do”) with k-extension (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : ywek
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to guard the borders • soldier • matter; event; incident • war; military campaign • forced labour • military service • labourer • servant • to use as a servant • to attract • student; disciple • duty; responsibility • low-ranking official • to arrange into rows • to help; to aid • to be; to act as • to practise; to act with
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‖ 役(やく) • (yaku) ‖ 役(やく) • (-yaku) ‖ 役(えき) • (eki) ‖ 役(えき) • (eki)
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duty, office • service • role, part ‖ role, service, use • (card games, mahjong) hand, scoring combination ‖ playing the role of... ‖ war; battle ‖ (archaic) · duty; service • put to work, labor • war; battle
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役 (eumhun 부릴 역 (buril yeok))
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hanja form of 역 (“duty; role”)
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canonical : 役: Hán Việt readings: dịch 役: Nôm readings: dịch • canonical : việc • canonical : diếc
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chữ Hán form of dịch (“service, work”). • Nôm form of việc (“work, job, business, matter, affair”).
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役
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| 彼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pralʔ) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ Related to 夫 (OC *pa, *ba, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Related to 許／许 (hí, hír, “that”); see there for more. \ Pronunciation 2 is a fusion word of 許／许 (hí, hír, “that”) + 一 (it, “one”); compare Mandarin 那 (nèi), from 那 (nà, “that”) + 一 (yī, “one”) (Mei and Yang, 1995). ‖ Related to 許／许 (hí, hír, “that”); see there for more. \ Pronunciation 2 is a fusion word of 許／许 (hí, hír, “that”) + 一 (it, “one”); compare Mandarin 那 (nèi), from 那 (nà, “that”) + 一 (yī, “one”) (Mei and Yang, 1995).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei² • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pí • Middle-Chinese : pjeX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : he ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hit
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(literary) that; those • (literary) he; she; it ‖ (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) that (demonstrative pronoun) ‖ (Southern Min) that (demonstrative determiner)
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‖ 彼(か) • (ka) ‖ 彼(かれ) • (kare)
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‖ distal demonstrative, something far off removed from both speaker and listener: that, yon ‖ distal demonstrative, something far off removed from both speaker and listener: that, yon • third person pronoun: he, she · particularly, male personal third person pronoun: he • third person pronoun: he, she · by extension from he: boyfriend
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彼 (eumhun 저 피 (jeo pi))
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hanja form of 피 (“that; those”)
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Hán-Nôm : bỉ • Hán-Nôm : bể • Hán-Nôm : bở
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彼
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| 往
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Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaŋ) : semantic 止 (“foot”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs). Later 彳 was added to form phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaŋ) : semantic 彳 (“walk”) + semantic 止 (“foot”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs). \ The 止 and 王 have since fused into 㞷 and now 主. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-wa-ŋ (“to go; to come”). Cognate with Burmese ဝင် (wang, “to come in; to enter”), Tibetan འོང ('ong, “to come”), ཡོང (yong, “to come”). Related to 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : óng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : íng • Middle-Chinese : hjwangX ‖
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to go to; to head for • to; towards • past; previous ‖ (Hakka) towards
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‖ 往(おう) • (ō) ^(←わう (wau)?)
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‖ to go to, to head for • past, previous
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往 (eumhun 갈 왕 (gal wang))
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hanja form of 왕 (“to go to”)
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Hán-Nôm : vãng • Hán-Nôm : vạng • Hán-Nôm : vảng • Hán-Nôm : vởn • Hán-Nôm : váng • Hán-Nôm : vãn
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往
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| 征
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋ) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs, “straight”). Also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . \ Simplified from 徵 (徵 → 正) as well as existing already as a traditional character. \ From 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs, “straight”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : tsyeng
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to go on a long journey • to go on a punitive expedition; to invade; to attack; to conquer • (go) ladder
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subjugate
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征 (eum 정 (jeong))
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Hán-Nôm : chinh
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征
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| 待
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːʔ) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs). \ Probably related to 等 (MC tongX, “to wait”) (Wang, 1982). \ Karlgren (1956) relates this word to 侍 (OC *djɯs, “to serve; to wait upon”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thǎi • Middle-Chinese : dojX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞ
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to wait for; to await; to expect • to need; to depend on • to be about to; to intend to • to treat; to entertain; to receive; to handle • to prepare for • a surname ‖ to stay
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wait
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待 (eumhun 기다릴 대 (gidaril dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“wait”)
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Hán-Nôm : đãi • Hán-Nôm : đảy • Hán-Nôm : đậy • Hán-Nôm : đẩy • Hán-Nôm : đẫy • Hán-Nôm : đợi • Hán-Nôm : rãi • Hán-Nôm : dợi • Hán-Nôm : đất • Hán-Nôm : được
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待
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| 律
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rud) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 聿 (OC *b·lud).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : leot⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lu̍t • Middle-Chinese : lwit
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statute; principle; regulation; discipline; rule; law • to control; to keep under control
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‖ 律(りつ) • (ritsu) ‖ 律(りつ) • (ritsu) ‖ 律(りつ) • (Ritsu) ‖ 律(りち) • (richi) ‖ 律(りち) • (richi)
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‖ a law, code • (law, historical) a criminal code developed in ancient China that was, alongside the 令 (ryō), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system • (Buddhism) a set of rules for a monastic community • (Buddhism) Short for 律蔵 (Ritsuzō): the Vinaya Piṭaka, one of the Tripitaka • (Buddhism) Short for 律儀, 律義 (ritsugi): translation of Sanskrit संवर (saṃvara), • (music) a rhythm • (music) the six yang (odd-numbered) notes in the 十二律 (jūniritsu) chromatic scale • (music) Short for 律旋 (rissen): a seven-tone scale in gagaku, similar to the Dorian mode in the West • Short for 律管 (rikkan): an ancient pitch pipe that corresponds to the 十二律 (jūniritsu) chromatic scale ‖ rule, regulation • law, code • (Buddhism) rules of discipline for a monastic community • (music) rhythm, meter • (music) yang pitch • a form of Chinese poetry ‖ (Buddhism) Short for 律宗 (Risshū): the Risshū school of Buddhism • a female given name ‖ (music) a rhythm • (music) the six yang (odd-numbered) notes in the 十二律 (jūniritsu) chromatic scale • (music) Short for 律旋 (rissen): a seven-tone scale in gagaku, similar to the Dorian mode in the West ‖ law, code
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律 (eumhun 법칙 률 (beopchik ryul), word-initial (South Korea) 법칙 율 (beopchik yul))
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hanja form of 률/율 (“law; rule”)
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Hán-Nôm : luật • Hán-Nôm : lót • Hán-Nôm : lọt • Hán-Nôm : rút • Hán-Nôm : rụt • Hán-Nôm : sụt • Hán-Nôm : suốt • Hán-Nôm : trót • Hán-Nôm : luốt • Hán-Nôm : rọt • Hán-Nôm : sốt • Hán-Nôm : trốt • Hán-Nôm : trút
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律
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| 徐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lja) : semantic 彳 (“walk slowly”) + phonetic 余 (OC *la)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : zjo
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slowly; quietly; calmly • composed; poised • Short for 徐州 (Xúzhōu, “Xuzhou”). • a surname
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slow, gradual
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徐 (eumhun 천천히 서 (cheoncheonhi seo))
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slow • a surname
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Hán-Nôm : từ
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徐
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| 徒
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Small seal script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aː) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). Later corrupted into 彳 + 走.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : du
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to be on foot • foot soldier • disciple; follower; adherent • religious follower; apostle; worshipper • the likes of • prison sentence • (derogatory) suffix for people with certain characteristics • bare; plain • merely; only; just • in vain; unsuccessfully; to no avail • a surname
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‖ 徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ^(←いたづら (itadura)?)^†-nari ‖ 徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ^(←いたづら (itadura)?) ‖ 徒(あだ) • (ada) ^†-nari ‖ 徒(と) • (to) ‖ 徒(ず) • (zu) ^(←づ (du)?) ‖ 徒(かし) • (kashi)
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going on foot • empty-handed • useless, in vain • disciple • a party, a gang • criminal, penal servitude ‖ useless, pointless, fruitless • unsatisfied because there is nothing to be; tasteless • in idleness ‖ a kind of women's hairstyles in the late Edo period ‖ useless, fruitless • (now rare) ephemeral, temporary • (now rare) fickle, frivolous • (now rare) slack, lukewarm • (historical, poetry) the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style ‖ fellows, same kind people; a set, a party, a gang ‖ (historical) one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude ‖ (Classical Japanese, dialectal) Obsolete form of かち (kachi): walking, going on foot
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徒 (eumhun 무리 도 (muri do))
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hanja form of 도 (“party; gang; group; disciple”) • hanja form of 도 (“going on foot”) • hanja form of 도 (“useless; in vain”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồ
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徒
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| 得
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road. \ In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script: \ * a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸. \ In the Shuowen seal script: \ * the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script. \ In the clerical script: \ * the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it. \ Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road. \ In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script: \ * a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸. \ In the Shuowen seal script: \ * the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script. \ In the clerical script: \ * the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it. \ Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road. \ In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script: \ * a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸. \ In the Shuowen seal script: \ * the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script. \ In the clerical script: \ * the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it. \ Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road. \ In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script: \ * a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸. \ In the Shuowen seal script: \ * the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script. \ In the clerical script: \ * the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it. \ Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : terk • Middle-Chinese : tok ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dak¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dak¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lit
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to get; to obtain; to gain, to acquire • to contract (disease); to become ill with • to result in; to produce • to be ready; finished • to suit; to fit • satisfied; contented • (formal, often used in the negative) can; may; to be permitted • (Cantonese) to only have; to just have • interjective particle expressing approval or prohibition; see 得了 • interjective particle expressing frustration or helplessness • (Cantonese) OK; good • (Cantonese, often sarcastic) remarkable ‖ Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement. • Used after a verb to express possibility or capability. • (Cantonese) Used after a verb to form an adjectival phrase expressing capability. ‖ (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) to need (something) • (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) must; to have to • (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) (almost certainly) will • (dialectal Mandarin) nice; satisfying ‖ (Hokkien) placed after a verb with 會 or 𣍐 before the verb to express possibility or ability
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‖ 得(とく) • (toku) ^(←とく (toku)?)-na (adnominal 得(とく)な (toku na), adverbial 得(とく)に (toku ni)) ‖ 得(とく) • (toku) ^(←とく (toku)?) ‖ 得(う) • (u) ^†nidan
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acquire ‖ beneficial; with gain ‖ beneficial; with gain ‖ Classical Japanese form of 得る (uru)
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得 (eumhun 얻을 득 (eodeul deuk))
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hanja form of 득 (“obtain, achieve”) • hanja form of 득 (“gain, benefit”) • hanja form of 득 (“satisfaction”)
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canonical : 得: Hán Việt readings: đắc 得: Nôm readings: đác • canonical : được • canonical : đắc • canonical : đắt
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Nôm form of được (“to get, to obtain”).
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得
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| 御
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 彳 + semantic 卸. \ Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese မောင်း (maung:, “drive away, threaten”) and မောင်း (maung:, “driving”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Middle-Chinese : ngjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaa⁶
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(prefix) royal, imperial • to manage; to govern; to control • to drive a chariot or carriage; to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals) • driver of a carriage • Alternative form of 禦 (yù, “to defend against”) ‖ (literary, obsolete) to meet, greet and welcome (someone)
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‖ 御(お) • (o-) ‖ 御(おん) • (on-) ‖ 御(おおん) • (ōn-) ^(←おほん (ofon)?) ‖ 御(み) • (mi-) ‖ 御(ご) • (go-) ‖ 御(ご) • (-go) ‖ 御(ご) • (go) ‖ 御(ぎょ) • (gyo) ‖ 御(ぎょ) • (gyo-) ‖ 御(ぎょ) • (-gyo) ‖ 御(ぎょ) • (gyo)
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an honorific prefix, indicates respect, your • royal, imperial, godly • control • govern • protect ‖ indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker) ‖ indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker) ‖ (obsolete) indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker) ‖ (honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things • (honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect • (honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty ‖ indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker) ‖ (honorific) indicates that the [word] is familiar to the speaker and slightly honorific ‖ (obsolete, archaic, honorific) a lady • (obsolete, archaic, honorific) form of address to a woman or a court lady: my Lady ‖ equestrianism, horseriding • a coachman • (by extension) serving nearby (to an aristocrat, etc.) ‖ prefixed to make an honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents ‖ suffixed to make an honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents ‖ control (a machine, etc.) • govern, rule • servant • Alternative spelling of 禦 (gyo): defend, protect
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御 • (eo, a) · 御 • (eo, a) (hangeul 어, 아, revised eo, a, McCune–Reischauer ŏ, a, Yale e, a)
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Hán-Nôm : ngự • Hán-Nôm : ngợ • Hán-Nôm : ngừ • Hán-Nôm : ngừa
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御
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| 循
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljun) : semantic 彳 (“movement”) + phonetic 盾 (OC *l'uːnʔ, *ɦljunʔ) – to follow (movement).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : zwin
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to obey; to comply with; to follow
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sequential
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循 • (sun) · 循 • (sun) (hangeul 순)
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Hán-Nôm : tuần
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循
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| 微
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯl) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 𢼸 (). \ ; "not; no" \ ; "small" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯl) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 𢼸 (). \ ; "not; no" \ ; "small"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : mj+j ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : bui
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tiny; small; trifling • to decline; to deteriorate • humble; low-ranking • slight; gentle • slightly; gently • ^† to not have • micro- (SI unit prefix) • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 微 (MC mj+j) • (～日) (telegraphy) the fifth day of a month ‖ (mouth, eyes, etc.) to close slightly • a little
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‖ 微(び) • (bi) ‖ 微(み) • (mi)
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delicate ‖ tiny; small; minute ‖ tiny; small; minute
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微 (eumhun 작을 미 (jageul mi)) · 微 (eumhun 자질구레할 미 (jajilgurehal mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“small, few, little, hidden”) • hanja form of 미 (“minor, trivial, trifling”)
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Hán-Nôm : vi
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chữ Hán form of vi (“micro-”).
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微
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| 心
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Pictogram (象形) – a heart, now highly stylized. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(j)am-s.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sim • Middle-Chinese : sim
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heart (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 個／个 c; 粒 mn) • mind • thought; idea • intention • center; core • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Heart (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
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‖ 心(こころ) • (kokoro) ‖ 心(こころ) or 心(こゝろ) • (Kokoro) ‖ 心(うら) • (ura) ‖ 心(うら) • (ura-) ‖ 心(しん) • (shin) ‖ 心(しん) • (shin) ‖ 心(しん) • (Shin)
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heart • mind • core ‖ mind, heart, spirit, soul; thoughts, ideas • attention, mind, interest • heart, feelings, emotion, emotional state • wholeheartedness, sincerity, true heart • sympathy, heart, consideration, generous disposition • a meaning, essence • an answer (to a riddle, etc.) • the heart as an organ in the body • the chest • the title of a book ‖ a female given name ‖ a heart, inner feelings ‖ expresses heartfelt feeling ‖ a heart, mind, core • a spirit, vitality • inner strength, marrow • the center of something: · 心, 芯: the core (for example, of a fruit) • 心, 芯: a wick • (Buddhism) citta: the ego or spirit • (Buddhism) Short for 心王 (shinnō): • the heart as an organ in the body • lead (as of a pencil) • padding • a companion, fellow • the center of focus: · the important part • the center of focus: · (theater) Alternative spelling of 真 (shin): • a basis, foundation ‖ Short for 心臓 (shinzō): heart as an organ in the body • Short for 心頭 (shintō): heart, mind, spirit • Short for 中心 (chūshin): center, middle ‖ (Chinese astronomy) the Heart constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions • a male or female given name • a surname
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心 (eumhun 마음 심 (ma'eum sim))
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hanja form of 심 (“heart; feeling; emotion”)
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canonical : 心: Hán Việt readings: tâm 心: Nôm readings: tâm • canonical : tấm • canonical : tim • canonical : tăm
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chữ Hán form of tâm (“heart; feeling”).
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心
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| 必
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Characters in the same phonetic series (必) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Likely a pictogram (象形) – weapon handle made of bamboo strips; the original character for 柲 (OC *priɡs, *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ). The character was phonetically borrowed for the senses of "certainly" and "must". \ Unrelated to 心, as bronze script makes clear, but in current form very similar. \ Unclear (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bit¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pit • Middle-Chinese : pjit
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surely; most certainly; always; invariably • must; have to; shall • (literary) conjunction indicating the condition of a concession or exception, especially a hypothetical or implied one • (Hakka, Southern Min) to crack • (Southern Min) to chap (of skin) • (Teochew) crowded; packed; congested
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inevitably, certainly
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必 (eumhun 반드시 필 (bandeusi pil))
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hanja form of 필 (“surely; certainly; without fail”)
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Hán-Nôm : tất • Hán-Nôm : ắt
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必
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| 忌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯs) : phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khî • Middle-Chinese : giH
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to be jealous; to envy; to hate • (literary, or in compounds) to fear; to dread • to avoid • to abstain; to drop; to stop; to give up (a bad habit) • to taboo; to prohibit • taboo • (literary or Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) anniversary of the death of one's elder • a surname: Ji
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‖ 忌(き) • (ki)
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mourning • to abhor • abhorrent, detestable • death anniversary ‖ mourning • anniversary of someone's death
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忌 (eumhun 꺼릴 기 (kkeoril gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“jealous, envious”) • hanja form of 기 (“fear”)
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canonical : 忌: Hán Việt readings: kí • canonical : kị • canonical : kỵ 忌: Nôm readings: cạy • canonical : cậy • canonical : cữ • canonical : kiêng • canonical : kỵ
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忌
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| 忍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯnʔ) : phonetic 刃 (OC *njɯns, “blade”) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ ; “to bear, to endure, to suffer” \ ; “cruel”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lím • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jím • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lún • Middle-Chinese : nyinX
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to endure; to bear; to suffer • to forbear • to have the heart to; to be hardhearted enough to • (literary) cruel; callous
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‖ 忍(しのぶ) • (Shinobu)
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patience, endurance, stamina. ‖ a unisex given name • a surname
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忍 (eumhun 참다 인 (chamda in))
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Hán-Nôm : nhẫn • Hán-Nôm : nhịn • Hán-Nôm : những • Hán-Nôm : nhẩn • Hán-Nôm : nhẵn
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忍
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| 志
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯs) : phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ) + semantic 心. \ Note that the top has been simplified and is now graphically 士. \ From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “to go; to proceed”) + endopassive suffix *-s, literally “what is being proceeded to” (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Middle-Chinese : tsyiH
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will; determination; aspiration; ambition • Alternative form of 誌 (zhì, “annals; records”) • a surname
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‖ 志(こころざし) • (kokorozashi) ‖ 志(ゆき) • (Yuki) · 志(ここ) • (Koko) · 志(こころ) • (Kokoro) · 志(のぞみ) • (Nozomi) · 志(しい) • (Shii) · 志(のぞむ) • (Nozomu) · 志(し) • (Shi)
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purpose, will, determination, aspiration, ambition ‖ intention, aspiration, aim, ambition, will ‖ a female given name • a female given name • a female given name • a female given name • a female given name • a male given name • a surname
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志 (eumhun 뜻 지 (tteut ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“intention, will”)
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Hán-Nôm : chí • Hán-Nôm : cao
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志
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| 忘
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Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maŋ, *maŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to lose, disappear, flee”) + semantic 心 (“heart”) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Originally the same word as 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to lose, disappear, flee”) as suggested by Shijing rimes, but it was later suffixed with a perfective suffix *-s (or *-h), literally "it has disappeared (from mind)" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Middle-Chinese : mjangH
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to forget • to neglect • to miss; to omit
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forget
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忘 (eumhun 잊을 망 (ijeul mang))
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hanja form of 망 (“forget”) • hanja form of 망 (“neglect”) • hanja form of 망 (“miss, omit”)
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Hán-Nôm : vong
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忘
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| 忙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːŋ) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Middle-Chinese : mang
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busy; bustling • to be busy (with something) • hurried; rushed; flustered • to hurry; to rush • favor (when used as a component of the separable verb 幫忙) • a surname
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busy
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忙 (eumhun 바쁠 망 (bappeul mang))
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hanja form of 망 (“busy”)
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Hán-Nôm : mang
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chữ Hán form of mang (“busy”).
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忙
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| 忠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuŋ) : phonetic 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ Cognate with Tibetan གཞུང་བ (gzhung ba, “to attend; to be heedful”). Perhaps the same word as 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiong • Middle-Chinese : trjuwng
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loyal; devoted; faithful • loyalty; devotion; fidelity
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‖ 忠(ただし) or 忠(たゞし) • (Tadashi)
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loyalty ‖ a male given name
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忠 (eum 충 (chung))
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Hán-Nôm : trung • Hán-Nôm : võ • Hán-Nôm : vű
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忠
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| 快
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraːds) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds). \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuè • Middle-Chinese : khwaejH
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pleased; happy • forthright; plainspoken • rapid; quick; speedy; fast • (of knives, scissors, axes, etc.) sharp; sharp-edged • keen; quick-witted • quickly; hurriedly • to be about to; almost • (of time zones) to be ahead of • (dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the near future tense.
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‖ 快(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 快(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?)
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‖ pleasant, pleasing, comfortable, enjoyable • fast, quick (in a pleasing way) • sharp (of knives); clever (of wits) • recovery (from illness, of health) ‖ (literary) pleasure; delight; enjoyment
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快 (eumhun 쾌할 쾌 (kwaehal kwae))
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Hán-Nôm : khoái • Hán-Nôm : khuấy • Hán-Nôm : khoáy • Hán-Nôm : sướng
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快
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| 念
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Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯːms) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”). \ Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯːms) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”). \ Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liām • Middle-Chinese : nemH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : nim⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liām
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to miss; to long for; to think of; to recall • to consider; to contemplate • Alternative form of 廿 (niàn, “twenty”) • to worry; to be anxious about • to feel compassion for; to pity • to show tender affection for • to commemorate; to memorialise; to pay tribute to • idea; thought • to nag • (Buddhism) memory • a surname ‖ to read aloud; to chant; to recite • to study (at a school); to learn • (Taiwan) to nag
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‖ 念(ねん) • (nen)
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‖ sense • feeling
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念 (eumhun 생각 념 (saenggak nyeom), word-initial (South Korea) 생각 염 (saenggak yeom))
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hanja form of 념/염 (“thought”)
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Hán-Nôm : niệm • Hán-Nôm : niềm • Hán-Nôm : núm
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念
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| 怒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːʔ, *naːs) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː, “slave”) – angry. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan, perhaps from the same word family as 努 (OC *naːʔ, “effort”). Compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *nuar (“to sulk; to agitate”), whence e.g. Mizo nàwrh (“to sulk; to be displeased”) (Schuessler 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : nuX • Middle-Chinese : nuH
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(literary, or in compounds) anger; wrath • (literary, or in compounds) furious; indignant • (literary, or in compounds) to burst into anger; to be indignant • (Classical) to condemn; to strongly criticize • (Classical) strong; powerful • (Classical) to rouse oneself; to exert oneself • (～族) Nu people
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anger, fury
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怒 (eumhun 성낼 노 (seongnael no))
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hanja form of 노 (“anger; fury”)
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Hán-Nôm : nộ
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怒
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| 思
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Original form was 恖 (OC *snɯ), considered by Shuowen to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *snɯ, *snɯs) : phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns) + semantic 心 (“heart”). It may also be a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囟 (“fontanel”) + 心 (“heart”). \ 囟 started to corrupt into the unrelated 田 as early as the silk script. ‖ Original form was 恖 (OC *snɯ), considered by Shuowen to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *snɯ, *snɯs) : phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns) + semantic 心 (“heart”). It may also be a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囟 (“fontanel”) + 心 (“heart”). \ 囟 started to corrupt into the unrelated 田 as early as the silk script. ‖ Original form was 恖 (OC *snɯ), considered by Shuowen to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *snɯ, *snɯs) : phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns) + semantic 心 (“heart”). It may also be a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囟 (“fontanel”) + 心 (“heart”). \ 囟 started to corrupt into the unrelated 田 as early as the silk script.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : si ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : si³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : siH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soi¹
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(literary, or in compounds) to think; to cogitate • (literary, or in compounds) to miss; to yearn for • (literary, or in compounds) to hope; to wish • (literary, or in compounds) feeling; mood • (literary, or in compounds) thought; thinking • (obsolete) to lament; to grieve for • (obsolete) meaningless sentence-initial particle • (obsolete) meaningless sentence-medial particle • (obsolete) sentence-final interjectional particle • a surname ‖ thought; feeling; mood ‖ Alternative form of 䰄 (“heavily bearded”)
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think
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思 (eumhun 생각할 사 (saenggakhal sa)) ‖ 思 (eumhun 생각 사 (saenggak sa)) ‖ 思 (eumhun 수염-이 많을 새 (suyeom-i maneul sae))
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hanja form of 사 (“to think”) • hanja form of 사 (“thought; thinking; idea”) • hanja form of 사 (“to miss; to yearn for”) ‖ hanja form of 사 (“thought”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 䰄 (“hanja form of 새 (“heavily bearded”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tư • Hán-Nôm : tơ • Hán-Nôm : tứ
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思
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| 怠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːʔ) : phonetic 台 (OC *l̥ʰɯː, *l'ɯː, *l'ɯː, *lɯ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : doi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎi • Middle-Chinese : dojX
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idle; lazy; negligent • disrespectful • (literary) weary; exhausted
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neglect • laziness
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怠 • (tae) · 怠 • (tae) (hangeul 태, revised tae, McCune–Reischauer t'ae, Yale thay)
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lazy • neglect
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Hán-Nôm : đãi
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怠
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| 急
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯb) : phonetic 及 (OC *ɡrɯb) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ Etymology not clear. Not a variant of 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kip • Middle-Chinese : kip
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rapid; quick • urgent; pressing; critical • urgency; emergency • to hurry; to hasten • to hurry; to hasten · (specifically) to need to use the toilet urgently • to be eager to help • irascible; hot-tempered • to get angry; to take offense; to be ruffled • to be anxious; to worry; to be worried
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‖ 急(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きふ (kifu)?)-na (adnominal 急(きゅう)な (kyū na), adverbial 急(きゅう)に (kyū ni))
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‖ sudden • immediate, rapid
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急 (eumhun 급할 급 (geuphal geup))
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hanja form of 급 (“rapid; sudden”)
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Hán-Nôm : cấp • Hán-Nôm : gấp • Hán-Nôm : kép • Hán-Nôm : kíp • Hán-Nôm : quắp
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急
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| 性
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleŋs) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs) – nature, personal quality, hence of the heart. \ Derived from 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live; to be born; innate”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sènn • Middle-Chinese : sjengH
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nature; character; personality • sex; gender • (grammar) gender • sexual intercourse • -ness; -ity (suffix forming nouns and adjectives, denoting qualities)
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‖ 性(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 性(せい) • (sei) ‖ 性(せい) • (-sei) ‖ 性(さが) • (saga)
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one's nature • characteristic • sex, gender • content ‖ the nature of something ‖ sex, gender • (grammar) gender ‖ -ity, -ness, the nature of quality or something ‖ one's nature • characteristic
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性 (eumhun 성품 성 (seongpum seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“nature; character; sex”) • hanja form of 성 (“-ness; -ity (suffix forming nouns and adjectives, denoting qualities)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tính • Hán-Nôm : dính • Hán-Nôm : tánh
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性
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| 怨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qon, *qons) : phonetic 夗 (OC *qonʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uàn • Middle-Chinese : 'jwon • Middle-Chinese : 'jwonH
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to resent; to hate • hatred; enmity; resentment • to complain; to grumble; to moan • complaint; grievance
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‖ 怨(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?) ‖ 怨(おん) • (on) ^(←をん (won)?)
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grudge • resentment • jealous ‖ hate; resent ‖ hate; resent
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怨 • (won) · 怨 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
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Hán-Nôm : oán
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怨
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| 怪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːds) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 圣 (OC *kʰuːd). \ 怪 (OC *kwrêh; *kwêh) seemingly had the same OC rhyme as 傀 (OC *kûi); They may be variants (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà • Middle-Chinese : kweajH
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strange; odd; unusual; peculiar; out of the ordinary; weird; queer • amazed; astonished • to blame someone; to put the blame on • (colloquial) quite; rather • (video games) Short for 怪物 (guàiwu, “monster, a non-player character that player(s) fight against in role-playing games”). • (slang, suffix) Short for 怪物 (guàiwu, “monster”). Often used affectionately for people of a trait.
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‖ 怪(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 怪(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?)
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mysterious ‖ strange; suspicious • mysterious; wonderful • extraordinary; unusual ‖ strangeness
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怪 (eumhun 괴이할 괴 (goeihal goe))
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hanja form of 괴 (“strange; odd; unusual; peculiar”)
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Hán-Nôm : quái
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怪
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| 恐
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In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khióng • Middle-Chinese : khjowngX • Middle-Chinese : khjowngH
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to fear; to be afraid • fearful; apprehensive • perhaps; may (not)
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fear; be afraid • threaten • probably
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恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“fear, be scared, be apprehensive”)
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canonical : 恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng • canonical : khủng 恐: Nôm readings: khủng • canonical : thứ
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恐
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| 恨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːns) : semantic 忄 (“heart; thought; emotion”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : han⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīrn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīn • Middle-Chinese : honH
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to resent; to hate • to regret; to pity • to regret; to pity · (chiefly literary) to pine; to long for; to miss; to suffer from intense desire • hatred; dislike • (Cantonese) to be eager for something
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‖ 恨(ハン) • (han)
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to resent; to hate; be hostile to ‖ han (resentment as a part of the Korean cultural identity)
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恨 (eumhun 한탄할 한 (hantanhal han))
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hanja form of 한 (“deep-seated resentment”) [noun] • hanja form of 한 (“to resent; to hate”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : hận • Hán-Nôm : giận • Hán-Nôm : hằn • Hán-Nôm : hờn
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恨
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| 恩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːn) : phonetic 因 (OC *qin) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : un • Hokkien · Tai-lo : in • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ern • Hokkien · Tai-lo : irn • Middle-Chinese : 'on
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kindness; mercy; charity • affection • a surname: En • (Mainland China) Short for 恩格斯 (Ēngésī, “Engels”).
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‖ 恩(おん) • (on)
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‖ obligation
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恩 (eumhun 은혜 은 (eunhye eun))
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hanja form of 은 (“favor”) • hanja form of 은 (“grace”) • hanja form of 은 (“mercy”)
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canonical : 恩: Hán Việt readings: ân 恩: Nôm readings: ơn • canonical : ân
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chữ Hán form of ân, ơn (“favor; grace”).
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恩
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| 恭
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Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloŋ) : phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs, “heart”) + semantic 心
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Middle-Chinese : kjowng
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respectful; polite; reverent • to (show) respect • a surname
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respect
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恭 (eumhun 공손할 공 (gongsonhal gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“respectful, polite, reverent”)
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Hán-Nôm : cung
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恭
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| 息
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 自 (“nose”) + 心 (“heart”) – to breathe (life) through one’s nose. Note that 自 originally meant “nose” and was later borrowed for “self”. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sak (“breath; life; to breathe”). Cognate with Jingpho sa' (“to breathe”), Burmese အသက် (a.sak). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Middle-Chinese : sik ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sak¹
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to breathe; to pant • to sigh; to blow • to stop; to subside; to cease • to put a stop to; to stop • to rest; to have a rest • to grow; to develop • to calm down; to appease • breath; life • one's own children • interest; dividends • message; news ‖ (Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min) great-grandchild (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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breath • live • give birth • nurture • spread, multiply • rest • come to an end
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息 (eumhun 숨쉴 식 (sumswil sik))
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hanja form of 식 (“breath”)
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Hán-Nôm : tức
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息
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| 悔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fui³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huí • Middle-Chinese : xwojX • Middle-Chinese : xwojH
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(literary, or in compounds) to repent; to show remorse; to regret
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‖ 悔(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?)
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‖ to repent, regret
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悔 • (hoe) · 悔 • (hoe) (hangeul 회, revised hoe, McCune–Reischauer hoe, Yale hoy)
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Hán-Nôm : hối • Hán-Nôm : húi • Hán-Nôm : mủi • Hán-Nôm : hỗi • Hán-Nôm : hoải
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悔
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| 悟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːs) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gōo • Middle-Chinese : nguH
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(literary, or in compounds) to realize; to become aware; to awaken; to apprehend • a surname: Wu
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‖ 悟(さとる) • (Satoru) ‖ 悟(さとし) • (Satoshi)
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enlightenment • to apprehend, realize, become aware ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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悟 • (o) · 悟 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)
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Hán-Nôm : ngộ
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悟
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| 悠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯw) : phonetic 攸 (OC *lɯw) + semantic 心 (“heart; mind”) \ Uncertain. Compare with Burmese ယော်ယမ်း (yauyam:, “to yearn for a distant thing”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : yuw
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remote; distant • leisurely • to swing
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‖ 悠(ゆう) • (Yū) ‖ 悠(はるか) • (Haruka)
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permanence ‖ a male given name ‖ a female given name
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悠 • (yu) · 悠 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : du • Hán-Nôm : đu
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悠
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| 患
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːns) : phonetic 串 (OC *kroːns, *kʰjons) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ Since Shuowen does not have the character 串, it interprets the character as phonetic 吅 (OC *qʰon, *sqʰon, *sɢoŋs) + semantic 丨 + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to pierce through something from the heart. Duan Yucai claims in his commentary that older copies of Shuowen actually have phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to pierce through”) + semantic 心 (“heart”) instead.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : hwaenH
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to contract (an illness); to suffer from; to be afflicted with • (literary, or in compounds) disease; illness • (literary, or in compounds) to worry; to feel anxious • (literary, or in compounds) disaster; calamity; catastrophe
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‖ 患(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 患(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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afflicted ‖ worry; suffer • afflicted ‖ trouble; worries; pain • illness; sickness
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患 (eumhun 근심 환 (geunsim hwan))
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hanja form of 환 (“worry”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoạn
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患
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| 悲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯl) : phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl) + semantic 心 (“heart; thought; emotion”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi • Middle-Chinese : pij
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sad; sorrowful • to pity
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sad • pity; compassion
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悲 (eumhun 슬플 비 (seulpeul bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“sad”)
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Hán-Nôm : bi • Hán-Nôm : bây • Hán-Nôm : bầy • Hán-Nôm : bay
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悲
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| 情
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zleŋ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). \ Its meaning "feeling" prompts Benedict (1976) to connect it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”); while its other meaning "proper nature, situation" suggests cognacy to 生 (shēng, “to live, life”) (Boltz, 1976), though the initials of 情 (OC *dzeŋ) vs. 生 (OC *srêŋ) are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007) – not withstanding Zhengzhang (2003)'s reconstructions 情 (OC *zleŋ) vs. 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiânn • Middle-Chinese : dzjeng
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feeling; sentiment; emotion • love; affection (Classifier: 段; 份) • sexual desire • favours; feelings • reason • situation; circumstances
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‖ 情(じょう) • (jō) ^(←じやう (zyau)?)
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emotion; feeling ‖ feeling; sentiment; emotion • love; affection • situation; circumstances
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hanja form of 정 (“feeling; sentiment; emotion”)
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canonical : 情: Hán Việt readings: tình 情: Nôm readings: tành • canonical : tình • canonical : dềnh • canonical : rình • canonical : thanh • canonical : xênh • canonical : tạnh
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chữ Hán form of tình (“ability to feel affection or compassion”). • Nôm form of tành.
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情
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| 惑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷɯːɡ) : phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Middle-Chinese : hwok
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confused; puzzled; deluded • to confuse; to delude; to mislead • (literary) to infatuate; to be obsessed with, to be infatuated with • (Buddhism) sensory delusion
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beguile
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惑 (eumhun 미혹할 혹 (mihokhal hok))
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hanja form of 혹 (“to beguile; to captivate”) [verbal stem] • hanja form of 혹 (“confusion”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : hoặc
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惑
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| 惜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sjaːɡ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – a feeling (of the heart). \ Note that 昔 has meaning of “past, ending”, hence connotations of “feelings for the past, feeling about an ending – regret, rue”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Middle-Chinese : sjek
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to have pity on; to regret; to feel sorry for • to cherish; to adore; to value greatly; to love dearly • to begrudge; to grudge; to spare; to stint • (Cantonese) to kiss • (Mainland China Hokkien) to take into consideration; to take into account; to give consideration to
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‖
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to feel regret, to find something a pity • to cherish ‖
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惜 • (seok) · 惜 • (seok) (hangeul 석, revised seok, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, Yale sek)
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Hán-Nôm : tiếc • Hán-Nôm : tích
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惜
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| 想
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slaŋʔ) : phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. \ From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáng • Middle-Chinese : sjangX
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to think (to conceive of something or someone) • to think about; to plan; to be considering • to think; to suppose; to guess; to reckon • to want; to wish for; to desire • to miss (to feel the absence of someone or something) • to resemble • (Hinduism, Buddhism) sanskara
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thought, idea, concept
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想 (eumhun 생각 상 (saenggak sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“idea, thought”)
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Hán-Nôm : tưởng
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想
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| 愁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯw) : phonetic 秋 (OC *sʰɯw) + semantic 心 (“heart”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshôo • Middle-Chinese : dzrjuw
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to worry about; to be anxious; to be grieved • anxiety; sadness; sorrow
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distress
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愁 • (su) · 愁 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : sầu • Hán-Nôm : rầu • Hán-Nôm : ràu • Hán-Nôm : xàu • Hán-Nôm : xầu
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愁
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| 意
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Modern form is a compound of 音 and 心 (“heart”). However, the top component is etymologically unrelated to 音. According to Lin (1920), 𠶷 (a compound of 言 and 中) found in bronze inscriptions is the same character as 意 (yì).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ì • Middle-Chinese : 'iH
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wish; desire; intention • meaning; sense • to anticipate; to expect • Short for 意大利 (Yìdàlì, “Italy; Italian”). • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 意粉 (ji3 fan2, “spaghetti”).
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‖ 意(い) • (i) ‖ 意(い) • (i)
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idea • mind • heart • desire ‖ thoughts; feelings • intent; meaning; goodwill ‖ mind; idea; thought; feeling; intention • meaning
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意 (eumhun 뜻 의 (tteut ui)) ‖ 意 (eumhun 기억할 억 (gieokhal eok)) ‖ 意 (eumhun 한숨 쉴 희 (hansum swil hui))
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hanja form of 의 (“meaning”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 憶 (“hanja form of 억 (“remember”)”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 噫 (“hanja form of 희 (“sigh”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : ý • Hán-Nôm : ấy • Hán-Nôm : ới • Hán-Nôm : áy • Hán-Nôm : ư • Hán-Nôm : ơi
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意
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| 愚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋo) : phonetic 禺 (OC *ŋo, *ŋos) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – stupid.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Middle-Chinese : ngju
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foolish; stupid • to fool; to dupe • (humble) I
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‖ 愚(ぐ) • (gu) -na (adnominal 愚(ぐ)な (gu na), adverbial 愚(ぐ)に (gu ni)) ‖ 愚(ぐ) • (gu) ‖ 愚(ぐ) • (gu)
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bullshit • foolish • absurdity • stupid ‖ foolish ‖ foolishness, folly ‖ (humble) I, me
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愚 • (u) · 愚 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
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romanization : ngu
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stupid; doltish; foolish
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愚
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| 感
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːmʔ) : phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kám • Middle-Chinese : komX
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to move (someone); to affect; to touch; to arouse • response; influence • to feel; to perceive • feeling; thought; sensation; emotion • to thank; to feel grateful • to sigh with emotion; to be sentimental • to miss; to long for • (traditional Chinese medicine) to be affected by wind-cold
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‖ 感(かん) • (kan)
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feeling, sensation, emotion ‖ feeling; sense • (grammar) Clipping of 感動詞 (kandōshi, “interjection”).
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感 (eumhun 느낄 감 (neukkil gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“feeling”) [noun; suffix]
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Hán-Nôm : cảm • Hán-Nôm : cám
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感
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| 慈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯ) : phonetic 茲 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîr • Middle-Chinese : dzi
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(of someone older to someone younger) to love; to show affection to • kind; charitable; benevolent • (literary, honorific) mother • a surname
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mercy
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慈 • (ja) · 慈 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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Hán-Nôm : từ
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慈
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| 慕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 㣺 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Middle-Chinese : muH
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to admire; to adore • to long for; to desire; to yearn
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pining
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慕 (eumhun 그리워할 모 (geuriwohal mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“long for, desire”) • hanja form of 모 (“admire”)
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Hán-Nôm : mộ • Hán-Nôm : mồ
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慕
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| 慢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mroːns) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons) – a character trait or behavior (of the heart), sluggish. Note that 曼 also means “long, extended”, so connotations of “take a long time, leisurely, sluggish”.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : maan⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bǎn • Middle-Chinese : maenH
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slow; sluggish • rude; proud; disrespectful • (of time zones) to be behind • (literary) slack; sluggish; remiss; idle • (Teochew) late
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(おそい) slow • (おこたる) negligent • (あなどる、おごる) arrogant
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慢 (eumhun 게으를 만 (geeureul man))
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hanja form of 만 (“slow, leisurely, sluggish”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạn • Hán-Nôm : mắn
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慢
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| 慨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯːds) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 既 (OC *kɯds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi² • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khài • Middle-Chinese : khojH
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indignant; resentful • generous; impassioned; vehement • with emotion • to rue; to be sad
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rue, lament, be sad • sigh
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慨 • (gae) · 慨 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
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Hán-Nôm : khái • Hán-Nôm : khới
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慨
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| 慰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quds) : phonetic 尉 (OC *quds, *qud) + semantic 心.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uìnn • Middle-Chinese : 'jw+jH
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to comfort; to console; to calm • relieved; glad
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‖ 慰(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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consolation ‖ comfort; console
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慰 (eumhun 위로할 위 (wirohal wi))
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hanja form of 위 (“consolation”)
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Hán-Nôm : ủy/uỷ • Hán-Nôm : úy/uý • Hán-Nôm : ủi • Hán-Nôm : ụy/uỵ • Hán-Nôm : ùy/uỳ • Hán-Nôm : ũy/uỹ • Hán-Nôm : vụy • Hán-Nôm : vuỵ • Hán-Nôm : vũy • Hán-Nôm : vuỹ • Hán-Nôm : vùy • Hán-Nôm : vuỳ
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慰
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| 憎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ). \ Possibly the same word as 增 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, “to increase”), as in emotional accumulation (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Middle-Chinese : tsong
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(literary or Cantonese) to hate; to detest; to abhor
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hate
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憎 • (jeung) · 憎 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
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Hán-Nôm : tăng
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憎
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| 成
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Characters in the same phonetic series (成) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeŋ) : semantic 戊 + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ). \ Cognate with 盛 (OC *djeŋ, “to hold with a receptacle”), 城 (OC *djeŋ, “city wall; city”), 盛 (OC *djeŋs, “abundant; flourishing”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ According to Bodman (1980), cognate with Tibetan གྱང (gyang, “wall”), Tibetan འགེངས་པ ('gengs pa, “to fill”), Tibetan བཀང (bkang, “to fill to the brim”), Tibetan སྐོང་བ (skong ba, “to fulfill”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîng • Middle-Chinese : dzyeng
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to succeed; to accomplish; to achieve; to finish; to complete • to succeed; to accomplish; to achieve; to finish; to complete · (verb complement) indicates successful completion or accomplishment of an action • to help to achieve • to become; to turn into • to become; to turn into · (verb complement) into; as • achievement; successful completion; positive result • (in compounds) fully developed; fully grown • fixed; ready-made • to reach a certain level; to amount to • to be all right • capable • one tenth; ten percent • (literary) to make peace • 73rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "completion" (𝍎) • (Cantonese) entire • (Cantonese, Hokkien) almost; nearly; up to • (Cantonese) used as a verbal complement to indicate the completion of an action • a surname
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to become • to do something
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成 (eumhun 이룰 성 (irul seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“accomplishment”)
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Hán-Nôm : thành • Hán-Nôm : thình
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成
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| 我
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A pictogram (象形) of a rake-like tool or weapon (note the oracle bone script form); Guo Moruo considers it to be the original character for 錡 (OC *ɡral, “a kind of axe or chisel”). Jao & Zeng (1985, pp. 289–290) conjecture about its similarity to a kind of three-bladed polearm found at archaeological sites; cf. 戈 (gē, “polearm with one blade”). It was already borrowed for sound to mean "I" (in the sense of "first-person subject") since the oracle bone script. \ Folk etymology considers it to be an ideograph of a hand (手 (shǒu)) holding a weapon (戈 (gē)) to protect oneself. \ Some have suggested a contrast with 爾／尔 (ěr), interpreting the latter as a weapon with tip pointing outward. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-j ~ ka. Cognate with 吾 (OC *ŋaː), Burmese ငါ (nga, “I”), Hakka 𠊎 (ngài). The expected Mandarin pronunciation is ě (now only found in a few Northern dialects); wǒ is "a col[loquial] archaism" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄛˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngóo • Middle-Chinese : ngaX
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I; me; my • (literary, formal or dialectal) we; us; our • (obsolete) to stubbornly hold to one's own opinion • (obsolete) to kill • (obsolete) tilted • a surname
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‖ 我(われ) • (ware) ‖ 我(わ) • (wa) ‖ 我(が) • (ga) ‖ 我(が) • (ga)
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‖ first person singular pronoun: I, me, oneself • (usually vulgar) second person singular pronoun: you ‖ (obsolete or dialect) first-person personal pronoun: I, me ‖ the ego, self • self-righteousness • (Buddhism) obstinacy • (Hinduism) atman ‖ self, oneself, myself • egotism, selfishness • (Buddhism) atman
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我 (eumhun 나 아 (na a))
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(literary) hanja form of 아 (“I; me”) • (literary) hanja form of 아 (“we; us; our”)
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canonical : 我: Hán Việt readings: ngã • canonical : ngả 我: Nôm readings: ngả • canonical : ngã
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chữ Hán form of ngã, ngả (“(Vietnamese Literary Sinitic) I; me”). • Nôm form of ngả (“way; direction”). • Nôm form of ngã (“to fall; to slip”).
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我
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| 戒
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戈 (“halberd”) + 廾 (“hands”) – to hold up a weapon as warning.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Middle-Chinese : keajH
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to warn; to caution; to admonish • to guard against; to forbid • to give up; to quit (a bad habit) • (archaic) to fast; to purify oneself • (Buddhism) rules governing behavior; precepts • (archaic) to command; to order • (literary) careful; cautious • Short for 戒指 (jièzhi, “ring”).
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‖ 戒(かい) • (kai)
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commandment ‖ precept, commandment
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戒 (eumhun 경계할 계 (gyeonggyehal gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“caution, warn”)
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Hán-Nôm : giới
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戒
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| 戚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlɯːwɢ) : semantic 戊 (“scythe”) + phonetic 尗 (OC *hljɯwɢ) – in early sense, a battle-axe, a kind of cutting weapon.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Middle-Chinese : tshek
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^⁜ maternal relatives • (by extension) relatives • to be related to • sad • battle-axe • a surname
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grieve
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戚 (eumhun 친척 척 (chincheok cheok))
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hanja form of 척 (“kin; relative”) • hanja form of 척 (“grieve”)
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Hán-Nôm : thích
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戚
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| 房
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːŋ, *baŋ) : semantic 戶 (“door”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). \ Also could be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戶 (“door”) + 方 (homonym of 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”)), as it originally referred to one of the two rooms beside the central room (side room). \ Etymology not certain. Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan བང་བ (bang ba, “storeroom; storehouse”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure”) (Bodman, 1980). Alternatively, compare Tibetan བྲང (brang, “house”) (as in ཕོ་བྲང (pho brang, “palace”) and བྲང་ཁང (brang khang, “dwelling house”)) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fong⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong⁴⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phông • Middle-Chinese : bjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bang
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house • room (Classifier: 間／间 m c) • house-like structure • branch of a family • wife; concubine • sexual activity • (Mainland China) apartment (Classifier: 套 m) • (Taiwan) apartment (Classifier: 間／间 m) • Classifier for relatives. • Classifier for wives, concubines or daughters-in-law. • Classifier for fruits: bunch • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Room (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions) • a surname. Fang • (～縣) Fang County (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China) • (obsolete) side room ‖ Used in 阿房宮／阿房宫 (Ēfánggōng). • Used in 房皇, alternative form of 彷徨 (pánghuáng)
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chamber; room • home of a monk; monk • Chinese "room" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
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房 (eumhun 방 방 (bang bang))
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Hanja form of 방 (“room”).
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Hán-Nôm : phòng • Hán-Nôm : buồng
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房
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| 所
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰraʔ) : phonetic 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) – the sound of logging (the definition given in Shuowen). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-ra (“place”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) relates it to 處 (OC *t.qʰaʔ, “to be at”), 處 (OC *t.qʰaʔ-s, “place”), 許 (OC *qʰ(r)aʔ, “place”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : só • Middle-Chinese : srjoX
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(in compounds) place; location • establishment for a particular function; institution • Classifier for buildings, schools, hospitals, etc. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Prefix attached to verbs to form noun phrases, indicating the patient of the verb, similar to a passive participle. • Used with 為／为 (wéi) or 被 (bèi) to form the passive voice.
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‖ 所(しょ) • (-sho) ‖ 所(しょ) • (sho-) ‖ 所(しょ) • (-sho) ‖ 所(ところ) • (tokoro) ‖ 所(とこ) • (toko) ‖ 所(と) • (to)
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‖ places ‖ forms passive participles ‖ place ‖ a place, a scene, a site; an address • a state of being · (after a plain verb) about to • a state of being · (after a verb in the past tense) just • a state of being · (after a verb in the progressive ている) indicates the current state, or how you have progressed so far in a chain of actions • a state of being · (after a verb in the past tense) at that point in time, upon • (literary, calque of Literary Chinese 所 (suǒ)) Attaches to verbs to form noun phrases, meaning the object of that verb. ‖ (informal, spoken) Alternative form of 所 (tokoro) ‖ place
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所 (eumhun 바 소 (ba so))
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hanja form of 소 (“place”)
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Hán-Nôm : sỡ • Hán-Nôm : sở • Hán-Nôm : sớ • Hán-Nôm : sửa • Hán-Nôm : thửa
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所
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| 手
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Characters in the same phonetic series (手) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – hand and fingers. The top stroke is the bent over middle finger, while the horizontal strokes are each two fingers. Compare 爪, 寸, 九, 又. \ Note that unlike the other hand/claw characters, 手 has consistently had five fingers: a mammalian/human hand, as opposed to the three digits often found in the others. \ Compare also 止 (“foot”), derived from a footprint, originally composed of 3 toes and a sole. \ STEDT compares this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-(t)sjəw-k/ŋ (“wing; hand”) based on Karlgren's Archaic Chinese (Old Chinese) reconstruction *śi̯ôg, connecting it to Tibetan གཤོག (gshog, “wing”). \ However, this comparison is not supported by more recent scholarship, in which the Old Chinese is reconstructed with an alveolar nasal (Unger, 1995; Zhengzhang, 1995; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Evidence for the nasal initial is given in Sagart (1999): \ * 杻 (“handcuffs”) can be written as 杽, so 丑 (OC *ᵇhnruʔ) (with a nasal initial) and 手 seem to be interchangeable as phonetics. \ * The ancient graph 丑 resembles the graph of 又 (“right hand”). 狃 (OC *ᵇnruʔ, “animal track; claw”) seems to be the modern specialized form of 丑, which has been borrowed to represent an earthly branch. \ As done by Sagart (1999), Baxter and Sagart (2014) put 杻 (OC *n̥uʔ, “handcuffs”) and 狃 (OC *Cə.nuʔ, “animal track; claw”) into the same word family as 手 (OC *n̥uʔ). Zhengzhang (1995) suggests a connection to Burmese ညှိုး (hnyui:, “forefinger”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njuŋ ~ *s-m-juŋ ~ *s-m-juw (“finger”). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) suggests a tone B endoactive derivation from 收 (OC *nhiu?, “to take; to gather”), literally “that which is doing the taking”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siú • Middle-Chinese : syuwX
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hand (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn; 雙／双 m mn; 對／对 c) • expert; master • -ist; -er • convenient; handy; portable • handwritten • Classifier for skills. • Classifier for transactions. • (Southern Min) luck in gambling • (Mainland China Hokkien) Classifier for Chinese characters. • (Taiwanese Hokkien) hidden part (general) • (finance) Classifier for stocks: lot
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‖ 手(て) • (te) ‖ 手(て) • (te-) ‖ 手(て) • (-te) ‖ 手(しゅ) • (shu)
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‖ a hand • a handle, grip • a paw, foreleg • a way of acting, means • (board games) a move, play ‖ strengthens the prefixed adjective or adjectival noun ‖ one who does the previous word's action: -ist, -er • (board games) counter for moves in shogi, go, etc. ‖ hand • handwork • handicraft, skill, talent • one who does an action: -ist, -er
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手 (eumhun 손 수 (son su))
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hanja form of 수 (“hand”) • hanja form of 수 (“suffix related to one's skill or occupation”)
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canonical : 手: Hán Việt readings: thủ 手: Nôm readings: thủ
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chữ Hán form of thủ (“hand”).
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手
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| 才
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Pictogram (象形) – sprouting of seeds. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). "Birth" and "natural characteristic / endowments" are semantically connected, compare 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “live, give birth”) and its derivative 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”) & 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”). \ Derivatives: 材 (OC *zlɯː, “material; timber”), 財 (OC *zlɯː, “riches; property; money”). ‖ ‖ Possibly from 正 (“just”) (Taiwan MoE).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâi • Middle-Chinese : dzoj ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : coi⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˊ • Middle-Chinese : dzoj • Middle-Chinese : dzojH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsah
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ability; gift; talent; capability • talented person; talent • one with a certain status or background • Alternative form of 材 (cái, “material”) • (Southern Min) Alternative form of 材 (“classifier for volume (of wood) and area (of paper, glass, stone, curtain, etc.)”) • a surname ‖ only; just; merely • only; just; merely · Used in the 才……就…… structure; only; just • only a short while ago; just • only after; only then; not ... until • Used to emphasize that something is/is not. ‖ only; merely • just; just now; a moment ago • only then; only after • Used to emphasize that something is/is not.
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‖ 才(さい) • (sai)
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age • years old ‖ ability, talent, aptitude • alternative form of the volumetric unit 抄(しょう) (shō)
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才 (eumhun 재주 재 (jaeju jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“talent”)
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Hán-Nôm : tài
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ability; talent
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才
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| 打
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteŋʔ, *teːŋʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ). \ This post-classical word (its earliest extant attestation is in Shuowen) was pronounced *teŋ in Late Old Chinese, as would be expected from a 丁 phonetic. By the early Ming period, the character had been borrowed (訓讀／训读) for another word (撻) with the same meaning ("to flog, to beat") but a different pronunciation (whence Mandarin tà), without the nasal ending. This may be related to the previous reading, as a dialectal variant. In Mandarin and some other varieties, the new reading became standard; however, derivations of the older pronunciation are still used in other varieties such as Wu and Min Nan, as well as Vietnamese (đánh). \ It has been compared to Mizo dêng (“to throw; to fling; to hammer”) and proposed to be from Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *dah ~ daʔ (“to hit, to meet”), whence Mon ဒး (tɛ̀h, “to hit (a mark), meet with, reach [goal], be correct, apposite, to fit”) and Khmer ទះ (tĕəh, “to slap, to strike”). \ The pronunciation da is recorded in 六書故 as 都假切. ‖ Short for 打臣, from English dozen. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tá • Middle-Chinese : taengX • Middle-Chinese : tengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tánn ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daa²
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to hit; to strike; to slap; to beat · to break by hitting or striking • to hit; to strike; to slap; to beat · (music) to play (a percussion instrument) • to hit; to strike; to slap; to beat • to fight; to attack • the act of beating up • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to get; to fetch • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to buy (meat, soy sauce, oil, etc. at a grocery store) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to guess; (the riddle) is about • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to make (a gesture, signal, etc.) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to fabricate; to build • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to stir • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to open • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to lift • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to dig • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to send or call • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to pump (a tire, etc.); to inject • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (involving gunpowder) to fire off; to set off; to attack • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (vulgar) to perform sexual activity • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to gather • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to attach • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to bite (said of insects that eat books, clothes) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to write • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to paint; to stamp • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (computing) to type • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to display (text, an image, etc.) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to use (a computer, usually for entertainment) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to play (a video game or console) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to play (a sport involving balls with hand) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to play (mahjong, card games, etc.) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to perform (a martial art) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to tie • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to reduce • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to remove • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to stop • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · to mark, to attach • (Cantonese) to correspond to; to be associated with • to reach • from; since • (opera) A particle used between reduplicated syllables. • a surname ‖ dozen ‖ Only used in 蘇打／苏打 (sūdá).
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‖
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‖
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打 (eumhun 칠 타 (chil ta))
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hanja form of 타 (“hit; strike”)
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Hán-Nôm : đả • Hán-Nôm : đánh • Hán-Nôm : dừng • Hán-Nôm : đử • Hán-Nôm : tá
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打
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| 扶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pa, *ba) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 夫 (OC *pa, *ba). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pa, *ba) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 夫 (OC *pa, *ba). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pa, *ba) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 夫 (OC *pa, *ba).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phôo • Middle-Chinese : bju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Middle-Chinese : pju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴
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to hold onto something as support; to support oneself • to help someone up; to support someone • to help; to aid; to assist • to try to do something despite illness • a surname: Fu • (Eastern Min) to pardon • (Southern Min) to brownnose; to suck up; to kiss someone's ass ‖ (alt. form 膚／肤) an ancient unit of length equal to the width of four fingers ‖ Alternative form of 匍 (pú) Only used in 扶服 and 扶伏.
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扶 (eumhun 도울 부 (doul bu)) ‖ 扶 (eumhun 기어갈 포 (gieogal po))
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hanja form of 부 (“to help”) ‖ Alternative form of 匍 (“hanja form of 포 (“to crawl; to creep”)”)
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canonical : 扶: Hán Việt readings: phù 扶: Nôm readings: phù • canonical : phò • canonical : bù • canonical : hùa • canonical : vùa
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Nôm form of phò (“to assist or help”).
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扶
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| 批
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰiː) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ). \ ; “to pare” \ ; “pie” \ ; “pipe” \ ; “vulva; cunt”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phi • Middle-Chinese : phej
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to slap • (obsolete) to attack; to offend • (obsolete) to eliminate; to discard • to cut (into thin slices), peel, or shape with a knife or blade; to pare: to peel [fruits], to sharpen [pencils], etc. • (Cantonese) to plaster • (Cantonese) to hit with diagonal or horizontal motion • to make comments and criticisms (to an inferior from a superior, regarding a submitted report, essay, etc.) • (literary, or in compounds) comment; annotation; criticism • to judge • to criticize • to approve • (Cantonese) to guess; to predict • (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Puxian Min) letter (written or printed communication) (Classifier: 張／张 mn; 封 mn) • (Teochew) letter from a foreign country • to sell at wholesale • Classifier for batches, groups, lots, etc (of merchandises). • (colloquial) fibres of cotton, flax, etc. ready to be drawn and twisted • (Cantonese) pie • (Cantonese) screwdriver (Classifier: 支 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) pipe • (Southwestern Mandarin, Internet slang, vulgar) Pronunciation spelling of 屄 (bī).
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criticism
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批 • (bi, byeol) · 批 • (bi, byeol) (hangeul 비, 별)
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批
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| 承
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 卩 (“kneeling person”) + 廾 (“both hands”) – to hold; to carry. Compare 丞. In the seal script, an additional hand 手 was added. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise”) (STEDT). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 卩 (“kneeling person”) + 廾 (“both hands”) – to hold; to carry. Compare 丞. In the seal script, an additional hand 手 was added. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise”) (STEDT).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîng • Middle-Chinese : dzying ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing²
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to receive; to accept; to inherit • to undertake; to contract (a job) • to continue; to carry on; to succeed • to be obliged; to be indebted to • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 拯 (zhěng)
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‖ 承(しょう) • (shō)
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acquiesce ‖ consent
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承 (eumhun 이을 승 (ieul seung)) ‖ 承 (eumhun 건질 증 (geonjil jeung))
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hanja form of 승 (“inherit”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 拯 (“hanja form of 증 (“help”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : thừa
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In excess • Inherit
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承
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| 技
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje) – skill with one’s hands.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : gjeX
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skill; ability; talent; artistry; technique • ingenuity; creativity; inventiveness • singing and dancing, or one who is skilled in singing and dancing; actor or actress • craftsman; artisan
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‖ 技(わざ) or 技(ワザ) or 技(ぎ) • (waza or gi)
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‖ technique, art, skill
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技 (eumhun 재주 기 (jaeju gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“skill”)
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Hán-Nôm : kĩ • Hán-Nôm : kỹ
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技
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| 抄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sm̥ʰreːw, *sm̥ʰreːws) : semantic 手 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caau¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiau • Middle-Chinese : tsrhaew • Middle-Chinese : tsrhaewH
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to attack; to raid; to plunder • to seize; to confiscate • to take a shortcut • to fold one's arms • (cooking) to briefly blanch in boiling water • to copy (by hand) • to transcribe • to plagiarize; to copy • (colloquial) to grab • (Hokkien) to seek; to look for
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‖
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unit of volume of about 1.804 mL, defined as one-tenth of 勺(しゃく) (shaku) ‖
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抄 • (cho) · 抄 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)
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Hán-Nôm : sao • Hán-Nôm : xao
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抄
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| 把
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˇㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pée • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pà • Middle-Chinese : paeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˊ
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to hold; to grasp; to take • to control; to dominate • to guard; to have control over • (colloquial) to be close; to be near • to hold a baby while it relieves itself • (traditional Chinese medicine) to feel (for the pulse) • A light verb or preposition placed before the object of a sentence to allow it to be placed before the verb, giving greater flexibility in complex sentence construction. • Used before a “subject + verb + complement” structure; to cause to; to make • bundle; bunch • handle; knob; grip (a part of an object which is held in the hand) • stem (of a flower, leaf, fruit, etc.) • Classifier for objects that can be held using handles or knobs, such as guns, chairs, brooms, or umbrellas. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for handfuls of something, such as grains, soil. • Classifier for bundles or bunches. • Classifier for fire. • Classifier for some abstract ideas, such as force, effort or age. • Classifier for something done with the hand. • Classifier for times of recreations. • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for wheeled vehicles. • Placed after numerals or classifiers to express uncertainty; approximately • (archaic or dialectal Mandarin, Gan, Xiang) to give • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 爬 (pá, “to scratch”). • a surname
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‖ 把(たば) • (-taba) ‖ 把(たば) • (taba)
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‖ counter for bundles ‖ bundle, bunch, batch, sheaf, coil
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把 (eumhun 잡을 파 (jabeul pa))
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hanja form of 파 (“to take; to hold”)
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Hán-Nôm : bã • Hán-Nôm : bả • Hán-Nôm : bạ • Hán-Nôm : bỡ • Hán-Nôm : bữa • Hán-Nôm : vả • Hán-Nôm : vã • Hán-Nôm : vỗ • Hán-Nôm : bá • Hán-Nôm : bẻ • Hán-Nôm : bửa • Hán-Nôm : lả • Hán-Nôm : sấp • Hán-Nôm : trả
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把
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| 抑
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Pictogram (象形) : A hand suppressing a kneeling person. For contrast, see 印 (yìn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : á • Middle-Chinese : 'ik
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to press down; to keep down • to repress; to suppress; to restrain; to restrict • to hinder; to hamper; to obstruct • to lower (one's head); to look down • deep; low-pitched • sulky; depressed • (Eastern Min) muggy; sultry; humid • or (linking alternatives) • furthermore; moreover; also • however; but • (literary or Xiamen Hokkien) then; and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives) • Meaningless sentence-initial particle. • a surname
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‖
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suppress ‖
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抑 • (eok) · 抑 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)
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Hán-Nôm : ức • Hán-Nôm : ực
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抑
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| 投
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Characters in the same phonetic series (殳) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doː) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 殳 (OC *djo). \ Compare Tibetan འདོར་བ ('dor ba, “to throw away; to eject; to reject”), Tibetan གཏོར་བ (gtor ba, “to strew; to scatter”) (Unger, 1986).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâu • Middle-Chinese : duw
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to throw; to fling; to pitch • to throw oneself into • to put in; to drop • to fit in with • to send • to cast; to project • to join; to go to • (colloquial) to rinse (clothes) in water • (Hokkien) to report; to tell on; to snitch; to inform one's superiors; to complain to one's parents or superiors • ^† Alternative form of 骰 (“dice; die”)
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‖ 投(とう) • (-tō)
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to throw • to discard • abandon ‖ (baseball) pitches
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投 • (tu) · 投 • (tu) (hangeul 투)
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Hán-Nôm : đầu • Hán-Nôm : nhầu
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投
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| 抗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòng • Middle-Chinese : hang • Middle-Chinese : khangH
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to resist, to oppose • (obsolete) to raise; to lift; to elevate; to hold high
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fight against • meet head on • contravene • to disagree with
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抗 (eumhun 막을 항 (mageul hang))
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hanja form of 항 (“fight against”)
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Hán-Nôm : kháng
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抗
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| 折
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Characters in the same phonetic series (折) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 㪿, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⿱屮屮 (“a tree 木 cut in half”) + 斤 (“axe”) – an axe cutting a tree in half. \ In the current form, the left side has become 扌 (“hand”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjat (“to cut off; to sever; to break”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (折) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 㪿, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⿱屮屮 (“a tree 木 cut in half”) + 斤 (“axe”) – an axe cutting a tree in half. \ In the current form, the left side has become 扌 (“hand”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjat (“to cut off; to sever; to break”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (折) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 㪿, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⿱屮屮 (“a tree 木 cut in half”) + 斤 (“axe”) – an axe cutting a tree in half. \ In the current form, the left side has become 扌 (“hand”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjat (“to cut off; to sever; to break”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (折) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 㪿, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⿱屮屮 (“a tree 木 cut in half”) + 斤 (“axe”) – an axe cutting a tree in half. \ In the current form, the left side has become 扌 (“hand”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjat (“to cut off; to sever; to break”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiat • Middle-Chinese : tsyet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sit⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzyet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Middle-Chinese : dej
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to break off; to snap; to pluck off • to bend; to twist • to turn back; to change direction • to lose; to suffer the loss of • to die (young) • to convert into; to amount to • to admire; to be convinced • to trade; to exchange • to censure; to blame • difficulty; obstacle • (Cantonese) to discount • (Cantonese) discount • (Hokkien) having more benefits than harms; worthwhile; profitable; reasonably priced • Classifier for discount. • Classifier for folds. • Classifier for theatrical scenes. • (Chinese calligraphy) a change in direction of a stroke (such as in ㇕, ㇉, or ㇜) • (Chinese opera) an act. • (historical, Ming and Qing dynasties) short for 奏折, memorial to the emperor (folded in accordion form); imperial memorial. • a surname: She ‖ to turn over; to flip • to pour out; to tip something out ‖ (intransitive) to break; to snap • to be at a (financial) loss ‖ Only used in 折折.
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break • fold
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折 • (jeol, je) · 折 • (jeol, je) (hangeul 절, 제, revised jeol, je, McCune–Reischauer chŏl, che, Yale cel, cey)
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To fold
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canonical : 折: Hán Việt readings: chiết • canonical : triếp • canonical : triệp 折: Nôm readings: chết • canonical : giết • canonical : chẹt • canonical : chiết • canonical : chét • canonical : xít • canonical : chệch • canonical : chịt • canonical : nhét • canonical : nhít • canonical : siết • canonical : xiết • canonical : chích • canonical : chít • canonical : dít • canonical : gãy • canonical : gẩy • canonical : giẹp • canonical : quạt • canonical : trét
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Nôm form of chết (“to die”). • Nôm form of giết (“to kill; to murder”).
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折
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| 抱
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Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *buːʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː) – hold in one’s hands. Note that 包 has the meaning of “wrap”, hence connotations of “wrap in one’s hands, embrace”, thereby also making it an ideogrammic compound.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pāu • Middle-Chinese : bawX
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to heft in the arms; to carry • to hug; to embrace • to incubate • Classifier for things held or encircled with both arms (books, hay, firewood, trees, etc.). • a surname
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To embrace • To carry, hold or bear
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抱 (eumhun 안을 포 (aneul po))
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Hán-Nôm : bão
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抱
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| 抵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiːlʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 氐 (OC *tiːl, *til). \ Possibly related to 擠 (OC *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls, “to push; to squeeze”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : té • Middle-Chinese : tejX
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to prop up; to support • to resist • to oppose; to conflict; to offend • to be equal; to be equivalent • to offset; to balance • to make up for; to compensate • to arrive; to reach • (Cantonese) being a great bargain or deal; worth every penny; worthwhile • (Cantonese) to deserve
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resist • reach • touch
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抵 • (jeo, ji) · 抵 • (jeo, ji) (hangeul 저, 지)
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stop up • counteract
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Hán-Nôm : để • Hán-Nôm : đề
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抵
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| 押
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːb, *qraːb) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb). \ Cognate with 壓 (OC *qreːb) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ap • Middle-Chinese : 'aep • Middle-Chinese : kaep
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(finance) to mortgage; to pledge; to pawn • to arrest; to detain; to guard; to take into custody • to send under escort; to accompany • signature; seal; mark • to sign; to seal; to mark (a document, contract, etc.) • to take charge of; to control • to stake; to bet • to rhyme • (Hokkien) to force; to compel; to coerce • a surname: Ya • Alternative form of 壓／压
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‖ 押(おう) • (ō) ^(←あふ (afu)?)
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push ‖ to push; to press
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押 • (ap, gap) · 押 • (ap, gap) (hangeul 압, 갑, revised ap, gap, McCune–Reischauer ap, kap, Yale ap, kap)
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Hán-Nôm : áp • Hán-Nôm : ắp • Hán-Nôm : ép • Hán-Nôm : ẹp • Hán-Nôm : ét • Hán-Nôm : ếp • Hán-Nôm : ghép • Hán-Nôm : giẹp • Hán-Nôm : ốp • Hán-Nôm : ướp
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押
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| 抽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰɯw) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiu • Middle-Chinese : trhjuw ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cau¹
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to draw out • to take out (object, person, time, etc.) • to draw lots • to put forth; to sprout out • to smoke; to take in • to shrink; to contract • (literary, or in compounds) to grow; to sprout • to whip; to flog; to cane • (xiangqi) to fork with a check • (slang) to become abnormal ‖ (Cantonese) to lift up; to carry • (Cantonese) Classifier for strung, bunched or clustered objects.
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抽 (eum 추 (chu))
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Hán-Nôm : trừu • Hán-Nôm : ắp • Hán-Nôm : ép • Hán-Nôm : ẹp • Hán-Nôm : trìu
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抽
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| 拍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰraːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Middle-Chinese : phaek
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to pat; to slap; to clap; to swat; to hit with a flat surface (palm, swatter, etc.) • to pat; to slap; to clap; to swat; to hit with a flat surface (palm, swatter, etc.) · (Taiwanese Hokkien, music) to play (a percussion instrument) • racket; swatter; paddle (flat implement for hitting) • to take; to shoot (a picture, a video, etc.) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Min) to call (on the phone) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Mandarin, Hokkien) to send (a telegram) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Hokkien, computing) to type • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Hokkien) to perform (a martial art) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Hokkien) to make (a gesture, signal, etc.) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Hokkien) to perform sexual activity • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Taiwanese Hokkien) to play (mahjong, card games, etc.) • Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to: · (Taiwanese Hokkien) to buy (meat, etc.) • (online shopping) to place an order • (Cantonese) to move an object closer to another object; to be near; to become near • (Cantonese, figuratively) to cooperate • (Min) to hit; to beat; to whack • (Hokkien) to fight; to attack • (Hokkien) to breed; to mate; to copulate • (Hokkien, music) bamboo clapper for beating time in nanyin (made of two bamboo blocks) • (Wuhan Mandarin) to brownnose; to suck up; to kiss someone's ass • (music) Classifier for beats.
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‖ 拍(はく) • (haku)
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‖ (music) beat • (phonology) mora
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‖
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hanja form of 박 (“clap, tap, beat”) • hanja form of 박 (“beat, rhythm”) ‖ hanja form of 박 (“shoulder”)
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Hán-Nôm : phếch • Hán-Nôm : phách • Hán-Nôm : vạch • Hán-Nôm : phạch • Hán-Nôm : phệch
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拍
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| 拒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 巨 (OC *ɡaʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : keoi⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐ • Middle-Chinese : gjoX
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(formal, or in compounds) to resist; to repel; to withstand • (formal, or in compounds) to refuse; to reject • (obsolete) to guard • (obsolete) to reach; to arrive
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to refuse; to reject
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拒 • (geo, gu) · 拒 • (geo, gu) (hangeul 거, 구, revised geo, gu, McCune–Reischauer kŏ, ku, Yale ke, kwu)
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Hán-Nôm : cự
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拒
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| 拓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːɡ, *tjaɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 石 (OC *djaɡ). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thok • Middle-Chinese : thak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taap³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuh
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to open up; to develop; to expand • to stretch • to push open • a surname ‖ to make rubbings on something (e.g. inscriptions) ‖ Alternative form of 托 (tuō, “to support with hands; to lift”) ‖ (Hokkien) to shovel; to level off; to scrape • (Hokkien) shoveling tool; scraping tool • (Hokkien) to push upward or lift with the palms of the hand • (Hokkien) to support; to prop (with a long object) • (Hokkien) to uncover someone's secret or private matter • (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to compete; to contend for • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to poke with something sharp • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to refute; to rebut; to contend
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‖ 拓(たく) • (Taku)
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expand • open • pioneer ‖ a male given name
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拓 (eumhun 넓힐 척 (neolpil cheok)) ‖ 拓 (eumhun 박을 탁 (bageul tak))
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hanja form of 척 (“to open; to develop; to expand”) ‖ hanja form of 탁 (“to make rubbings on something (e.g. inscriptions)”)
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Hán-Nôm : đo • Hán-Nôm : đó • Hán-Nôm : đố • Hán-Nôm : thác
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拓
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| 拘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ko) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi • Middle-Chinese : kju
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to arrest; to detain • to restrain; to restrict; to constrain • to be inflexible • to limit • (Cantonese, chiefly in the negative) to be concerned about; to mind; to worry • to stop; to prevent • cramp; spasm • beat; meter
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拘 (eumhun 잡을 구 (jabeul gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“restrain, seize, detain”)
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Hán-Nôm : câu
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拘
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| 拙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kljod) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyut³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyut⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuat • Middle-Chinese : tsywet
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stupid; clumsy • (self-deprecatory) my • (Quanzhou Hokkien) so; such
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拙 • (jol) · 拙 • (jol) (hangeul 졸, revised jol, McCune–Reischauer chol, Yale col)
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canonical : 拙: Hán Việt readings: chuyết 拙: Nôm readings: chút • canonical : choắt • canonical : chuyết • canonical : sụt • canonical : trút • canonical : choét • canonical : chót • canonical : đúc • canonical : nhốt • canonical : suốt
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拙
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| 招
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjew) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews) – to beckon with the hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjew) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews) – to beckon with the hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjew) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews) – to beckon with the hand.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsio • Middle-Chinese : tsyew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˊ
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to beckon; to gesture • to recruit; to enlist; to enroll • to incite; to incur; to court • to cause; to provoke • to tease; to flirt with • to confess • (dialectal) to infect; to be contagious; to be infectious • (alt. form 著／着) Classifier for moves or blows (especially in martial arts). • (alt. form 著／着) move; step (in chess or Go) • (alt. form 著／着) (figuratively) trick; device • target • poster; signboard • a surname ‖ to raise • Used in 招木. ‖ Alternative form of 韶 (sháo, “ancient music at the time of Emperor Shun”) • Used in 招搖／招摇 (sháoyáo).
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‖ 招(しょう) • (shō)
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beckon ‖ invitation; to invite
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招 • (cho, gyo) · 招 • (cho, gyo) (hangeul 초, 교, revised cho, gyo, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, kyo, Yale cho, kyo)
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Hán-Nôm : chiêu • Hán-Nôm : cheo • Hán-Nôm : gieo • Hán-Nôm : treo • Hán-Nôm : chạo • Hán-Nôm : chắp • Hán-Nôm : chiu • Hán-Nôm : giẹo • Hán-Nôm : reo
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招
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| 拳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡron) : phonetic 龹 () + semantic 手 (“hand”) – a fist is a form of a hand. \ From 卷 (OC *ɡron, “to bent; to curve”) (Schuessler, 2007; also cf. Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuân • Middle-Chinese : gjwen
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fist • Chinese boxing • Classifier for strikes made with a fist. • Alternative form of 踡 (quán, “to curl; to bend up”) • a surname • Martial
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‖ 拳(けん) • (ken) ‖ 拳(けん) • (-ken)
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ken, a game played with the hands; a game of hands; in Italian, mor(r)a, a game in which two (or more) players each suddenly display a hand showing zero to five fingers and call out what they think will be the sum of all fingers shown. • fist, usually as a suffix in the names of martial art moves ‖ a fist • any of the martial arts that use the fists for striking, such as 空手 (karate) • any of several finger-shape games, including じゃんけんぽん (jankenpon, “rock paper scissors”) ‖ (martial arts) used in the names of styles, or moves that involve punching
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拳 (eumhun 주먹 권 (jumeok gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“fist”)
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Hán-Nôm : quyền • Hán-Nôm : quèn • Hán-Nôm : long • Hán-Nôm : thành
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拳
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| 拾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡjub) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb) – to pick up by hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡjub) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb) – to pick up by hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡjub) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb) – to pick up by hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡjub) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb) – to pick up by hand.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sap⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍p • Middle-Chinese : dzyip ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sip³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gip³ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khioh
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to pick up • to gather; to tidy up • (financial) Alternative form of 十 (shí, “ten”) ‖ (literary) to ascend ‖ (literary) to alternate, to take turns ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 抾 (khioh, “to pick up; to collect”)
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‖
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pick up • (financial) ten ‖
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拾 (eumhun 주울 습 (juul seup)) ‖ 拾 (eumhun 열 십 (yeol sip)) ‖ 拾 (eumhun 오를 섭 (oreul seop))
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hanja form of 습 (“pick up”) ‖ (financial) Alternative form of 十 (“hanja form of 십 (“ten”)”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 섭 (“climb up”)
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Hán-Nôm : thập • Hán-Nôm : thộp • Hán-Nôm : thụp • Hán-Nôm : đập • Hán-Nôm : thạp • Hán-Nôm : thợp
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拾
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| 持
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯ) : semantic 手 + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshî • Middle-Chinese : dri
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to hold; to grasp • to hold (views, opinions, etc.) • to manage; to run • to sustain; to support • to oppose (each other) • to control; to hold under duress
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hold, have
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持 • (ji) · 持 • (ji) (hangeul 지)
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Hán-Nôm : trì • Hán-Nôm : chày • Hán-Nôm : chiì • Hán-Nôm : ghiì • Hán-Nôm : giầy • Hán-Nôm : trầy • Hán-Nôm : chì • Hán-Nôm : ghì • Hán-Nôm : nghỉ • Hán-Nôm : trờ
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持
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| 指
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjiʔ) : semantic 手 + phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyijX
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finger • to point; to point out; to aim • to indicate; to show; to demonstrate • to refer to; to mean • to rely on; to depend on • to criticize; to rebuke • to make one’s hair stand on end • Classifier for fingerwidths.
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‖ 指(ゆび) • (yubi) (counter 本)
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‖ a finger (including thumb) • a finger
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指 (eumhun 손가락 지 (son'garak ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“finger”)
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Hán-Nôm : chỉ • Hán-Nôm : xỉ • Hán-Nôm : chỏ
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指
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| 挑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːw, *l̥ʰeːw, *l'eːwʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːw, *l̥ʰeːw, *l'eːwʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːw, *l̥ʰeːw, *l'eːwʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tiu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thio • Middle-Chinese : thew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tiu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thio • Middle-Chinese : dewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ • Middle-Chinese : thaw
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to pick; to select; to choose • to nitpick • to carry (something) on a shoulder pole ‖ to provoke; to incite • to poke • to bring something into the open; to make public ‖ Only used in 挑達／挑达 (tāotà, “walking back and forth; coming and going”).
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challenge • contend for • make love to
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挑 (eumhun 돋울 도 (dodul do)) · 挑 (eumhun 기릴 조 (giril jo))
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hanja form of 도/조 (“a load carried on the shoulders”) • hanja form of 도/조 (“carry”)
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Hán-Nôm : vẹo • Hán-Nôm : khêu • Hán-Nôm : khều • Hán-Nôm : khiêu • Hán-Nôm : khểu • Hán-Nôm : treo • Hán-Nôm : trẹo
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挑
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| 振
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯn, *tjɯns) : semantic 手 + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯn, *tjɯns) : semantic 手 + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯn, *tjɯns) : semantic 手 + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsín • Middle-Chinese : tsyinH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zan¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsyin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˇ
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to wave; to shake • to sway; to rock • to wield; to brandish; to shake • to brace oneself; to rise vigorously; to rise up • to vibrate; to tremble ‖ Only used in 振振 (zhēnzhēn). ‖ Alternative form of 袗 (zhěn, “unlined garment”)
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swing, wield, flourish, wave, shake
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振 • (jin) · 振 • (jin) (hangeul 진, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
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Raise, excite
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Hán-Nôm : chấn
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振
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| 捉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːɡ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːɡ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsok • Middle-Chinese : tsraewk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : jik
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to grasp; to hold; to clutch • to catch; to capture • to tease; to play tricks on • to arrest (a person for a crime); to apprehend • (Cantonese) to arrest for a crime • (Cantonese, Hakka) to play (a board game) • (Wu) to pick; to pluck • (Wu) to pick up; to collect ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to pursue; to chase after (someone) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to run with one's best effort to get (something) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to pursue the opposite sex
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捉 • (chak) · 捉 • (chak) (hangeul 착, revised chak, McCune–Reischauer ch'ak, Yale chak)
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canonical : 捉: Hán Việt readings: tróc 捉: Nôm readings: tróc • canonical : trốc • canonical : xóc • canonical : xốc • canonical : choắt • canonical : chộp
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捉
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| 捕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːs) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōo • Middle-Chinese : buH
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to catch; to seize; to arrest
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捕 (eum 포 (po))
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Hán-Nôm : bõ • Hán-Nôm : bổ • Hán-Nôm : bủa • Hán-Nôm : bố • Hán-Nôm : buả • Hán-Nôm : bộ
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捕
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| 授
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djus) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 受 (OC *tuːs, *djuʔ). \ There are actually three “hands” in this character, as 爫 also means “hand”. As does 又 graphically. \ Derived from 受 (OC *djuʔ, “to accept”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwH
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to give to; to transmit • to confer; to award • to teach; to instruct
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impart
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授 (eumhun 줄 수 (jul su))
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hanja form of 수 (“give”)
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Hán-Nôm : thụ • Hán-Nôm : thọ • Hán-Nôm : thò
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授
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| 掌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaŋʔ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 手.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiúnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiáng • Middle-Chinese : tsyangX
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palm of hand • (Min) finger • sole of foot • shoe sole or heel • horseshoe • to slap • to hold • to control • (dialectal Mandarin) to put (seasoning) • (Sichuanese) to support; to hold
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‖ 掌(てのひら) • (te-no-hira) ‖ 掌(たなうら) • (tanaura) ‖ 掌(たなごころ) • (tanagokoro) ‖ 掌(しょう) • (-shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?)
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palm of the hand • manipulate • rule; administer ‖ (anatomy) a palm ‖ (anatomy) a palm ‖ (anatomy) a palm ‖ (martial arts) used in the names of moves that involve hitting and pushing hard with the palm
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掌 (eumhun 손바닥 장 (sonbadak jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“palm of the hand”)
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Hán-Nôm : chưởng
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掌
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| 排
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brɯːl) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl) – to place in line. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâi • Middle-Chinese : beaj ‖
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to put in order • to rehearse • row; rank; line • raft • wood, bamboo, etc. bound together for transport along a river • (military) platoon • Short for 排球 (páiqiú, “volleyball”). • slab of meat • to push away; to reject • to eject; to emit; to excrete • (Cantonese) to queue ‖ (Cantonese) time period
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repudiate
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排 (eumhun 밀칠 배 (milchil bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“row, rank, line”)
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Hán-Nôm : bài • Hán-Nôm : bai • Hán-Nôm : bày • Hán-Nôm : bời • Hán-Nôm : bay • Hán-Nôm : bầy • Hán-Nôm : vài • Hán-Nôm : vời
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排
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| 探
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰuːm, *l̥ʰuːms) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 𥥍 (). \ As the initial of the 罙 phonetic series is uncertain, 探 (tàn) may be related to 深 (shēn) (provided the initial was *nh-) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, this agrees with Mizo tham (“to feel (especially with the hand)”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taam³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tham • Middle-Chinese : thom
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to reach for; to grope for • to find; to locate • to search; to explore • to inquire • to visit • to scout; to spy • spy • to try • to extend; to stretch out
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‖ 探(たん) • (-tan)
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look for ‖ (archaic) spy from (a country)
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探 (eumhun 찾을 탐 (chajeul tam))
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hanja form of 탐 (“search”)
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Hán-Nôm : thám • Hán-Nôm : phăm • Hán-Nôm : thăm • Hán-Nôm : thớm • Hán-Nôm : xăm • Hán-Nôm : xom • Hán-Nôm : tham
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探
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| 接
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseb) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 妾 (OC *sʰeb) – to receive (in the hand). ‖ From 這／这.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiap • Middle-Chinese : tsjep ‖
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to come near to; to be close to; to come into contact • to receive • to host; to receive or admit someone • to catch • to continue; to follow • to take over • to connect • to pick up the phone • to meet, greet and welcome (someone); to pick up (a person) • a surname: Jie ‖ (Hangzhounese) this
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touch
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接 (eumhun 이을 접 (ieul jeop))
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hanja form of 접 (“touch”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiếp
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接
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| 推
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twaX). \ ; “to support”; “oshi”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ther • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu • Middle-Chinese : tsrhwij • Middle-Chinese : thwoj
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to push • to postpone; to delay • (figurative) to put aside; to push away; to dismiss; to explain away • to prompt; to propel • to promote; to advertise; to advocate • to nominate; to recommend • to generalize; to broaden • to infer; to deduce • to derive; to reason; to compute • to proceed; to succeed; to form a procession • (Hong Kong, Internet slang) to bump a thread in support; to "push" • (ACG or fandom slang) being a devoted fan of [someone]; to support [someone] (in an idol group; etc.) • (ACG or fandom slang) oshi; favourite idol
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conjecture
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推 • (chu, toe) · 推 • (chu, toe) (hangeul 추, 퇴)
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Hán-Nôm : suy • Hán-Nôm : chui • Hán-Nôm : thoi • Hán-Nôm : thòi • Hán-Nôm : thôi • Hán-Nôm : tòi • Hán-Nôm : thối
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推
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| 提
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *dje) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *dje) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *dje) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *dje) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *dje) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *dje) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti • Middle-Chinese : dej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : the̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : e̍h ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Middle-Chinese : dzye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˇ
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to carry; to lift • to raise; to increase • to mention; to nominate • to point out; to put forward • (Chinese calligraphy) a rising stroke (㇀) ‖ Only used in 提防 (dīfang, “to take precautions against; to watch out for”). ‖ (Southern Min, dialectal Hakka) to take • (Mainland China Hokkien) to obtain; to acquire (a degree, certificate, etc.) ‖ Alternative form of 禔 • a surname ‖ Only used in 朱提 (Shūshí). ‖ to throw • to sever
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to lower
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提 (eumhun 끌 제 (kkeul je)) ‖ 提 (eum 리 (ri)) ‖ 提 (eumhun 날 시 (nal si))
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hanja form of 제 (“to carry; to lift”) ‖ hanja form of 리 (“Only used in 보리(菩提) (bori, “bodhi”)”) ‖ (obsolete) hanja form of 시 (“fly”)
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Hán-Nôm : đề • Hán-Nôm : đè • Hán-Nôm : dè • Hán-Nôm : rề • Hán-Nôm : chặn • Hán-Nôm : chẵn • Hán-Nôm : chề • Hán-Nôm : dề • Hán-Nôm : nhè • Hán-Nôm : re • Hán-Nôm : rè
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提
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| 援
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huānn • Middle-Chinese : hjwon • Middle-Chinese : hjwenH
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^† to pull; to tow; to haul • ^† to hold; to grasp • ^⁜ to aid; to assist; to help • ^† to quote; to cite • ^† to recommend (a person)
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‖ 援(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?)
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‖ pull; draw • aid; assist; help
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援 • (won) · 援 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
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aid, assist • lead • cite
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Hán-Nôm : viện • Hán-Nôm : vén • Hán-Nôm : vẹn • Hán-Nôm : vẻn • Hán-Nôm : vịn • Hán-Nôm : vin • Hán-Nôm : vờn
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援
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| 摘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteːɡ, *tʰeːɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 啇 (OC *teːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteːɡ, *tʰeːɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 啇 (OC *teːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiah • Middle-Chinese : treak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : thek
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to pluck; to pick (flowers, fruits, leaves etc.) • to take off (glasses, hats, etc) • to select; to choose • (Cantonese) to make notes; to mark • (literary, or in compounds) to reprimand; to slam; to rebuke ‖ to initiate • to harass
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to pluck; to pick (flowers, fruits, leaves etc.)
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摘 (eum 적 (jeok))
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Hán-Nôm : trích
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摘
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| 操
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːw, *sʰaːws) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːw, *sʰaːws) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshoo • Middle-Chinese : tshaw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòo • Middle-Chinese : tshawH
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to conduct • to run • to control • to manage • (military) to drill • to have somebody overwork • to speak (an accent) • calisthenics • exercise • (Cantonese) to train; to practice • a surname ‖ conduct; behaviour
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‖ 操(みさお) • (Misao)
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chastity • fidelity • honor • faith ‖ a male given name
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操 (eumhun 잡을 조 (jabeul jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“conduct; behaviour”) • hanja form of 조 (“to control; to manage”) • hanja form of 조 (“to drill; to train”) • hanja form of 조 (“to operate; to manipulate”)
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Hán-Nôm : thao • Hán-Nôm : tháo • Hán-Nôm : thạo • Hán-Nôm : xáo • Hán-Nôm : thảo
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操
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| 支
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Characters in the same phonetic series (支) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 十 (“(half of 竹) branch of bamboo”) – a hand breaking off a branch of bamboo.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tsye
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to support; to bear; to sustain • to disburse; to pay; to defray • to prop up; to put up • to send away; to put off somebody • branch; limb; offshoot; subdivision • a surname • Classifier for long, thin objects. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for songs or musical pieces. • (Southern Min) Classifier for certain body parts. • (now usually derogatory and offensive) Short for 支那 (Zhīnà, “China”). • (～日) (telegraphy) the fourth day of a month
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‖ 支(し) • (shi)
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little pieces separated; a branch • hands and legs ‖ (obsolete) China; Chinese
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支 (eumhun 지탱할 지 (jitaenghal ji))
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Hán-Nôm : chi
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chữ Hán form of chi (“branch; to spend”).
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支
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| 改
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In the oracle bone script, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klɯːʔ) : phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs) + semantic 攴. \ Since the small seal script, the phonetic component has been changed to 己 (OC *kɯʔ). \ Related to 革 (OC *krɯːɡ, “to change”), 更 (OC *kraːŋ, “to change”) (Wang, 1982). ‖ Probably from Japanese 回(かい) (kai).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ké • Middle-Chinese : kojX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kái
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to change; to transform; to alter; to modify • to correct; to improve • to mark; to correct; to grade (homework, an assignment, a test, etc.) • (Hokkien) to give up; to quit; to abstain from (a bad habit) • a surname ‖ (Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for times, as in frequency.
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‖ 改(かい) • (kai) ‖ 改(かい) • (-kai)
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reform • correct • change ‖ change; modify; reform ‖ revision • revised, modified
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改 (eumhun 고칠 개 (gochil gae))
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hanja form of 개 (“reform; fix”)
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Hán-Nôm : cải • Hán-Nôm : cãi • Hán-Nôm : gởi • Hán-Nôm : gửi
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改
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| 攻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːŋ, *kuːŋ) : phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 攵. \ Cognate with 工 (OC *koːŋ). See there for more. \ ; “top; seme”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Middle-Chinese : kuwng • Middle-Chinese : kowng
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to attack; to assault • to criticize • (slang) top; seme • to handle; to delve into • (Cantonese, of odour and smoke) to spread in air • a surname
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attack
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攻 (eumhun 칠 공 (chil gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“attack, hit”)
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Hán-Nôm : công
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攻
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| 放
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paŋʔ, *paŋs) : phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ) + semantic 攵 (“hand, action”) – an action, release. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paŋʔ, *paŋs) : phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ) + semantic 攵 (“hand, action”) – an action, release.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hòng • Middle-Chinese : pjangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Middle-Chinese : pjangX
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to release; to free; to liberate • to let out; to let go; to launch; to shoot • to put; to place; to set down • to lay aside • (of a flower) to open out • to expand; to enlarge; to extend • to cause to fall down; to knock down • to put on; to play (a recording) • to take livestock out to feed on grass; to graze; to put out to pasture; to herd • to ignite; to set on fire; to light; to kindle • to distribute; to hand out; to issue; to dispense • to lend (to allow to be used temporarily) • (Cantonese) unbridled; without restraints or limits • (Sichuanese) to betroth (one's daughter) to somebody • ^† to cause; to make • ^† to banish; to exile • (Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) at (used after a verb) ‖ Alternative form of 仿 (“to imitate; to resemble”) • to base on • to reach • a surname: Fang
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set free • release • fire • shoot • emit • banish • liberate
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放 (eumhun 놓을 방 (no'eul bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“to release; to let go; to emit”) • hanja form of 방 (“to shoot; to fire”) • hanja form of 방 (“to banish; to exile”)
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canonical : 放: Hán Việt readings: phóng 放: Nôm readings: phúng • canonical : phưng
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chữ Hán form of phóng (“to emit; to launch; to throw; to release”). • chữ Hán form of phóng (“to rush along”).
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放
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| 政
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋs) : phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) + semantic 攵 (“action”). \ Specialization of 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs, “straight, upright; right, correct; proper”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìng • Middle-Chinese : tsyengH
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government; political power • regulation; rule; decree • politics; political affairs • administrative affairs of governmental departments, families or organisations • to govern; to rule • to correct; to comment on (a manuscript)
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‖ 政(まつりごと) • (matsurigoto) ‖ 政(まつりごと) • (Matsurigoto) ‖ 政(せい) • (sei) ‖ 政(せい) • (sei) ‖ 政(せい) • (Sei) ‖ 政(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?)
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‖ (politics) a government, rule • (especially in Shinto) a festival, ritual ‖ a surname ‖ a law, rule • a doctrine, precept, way ‖ government, politics, rule • administration ‖ a male or female given name ‖ government, politics, rule • administration
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政 (eumhun 정사 정 (jeongsa jeong)) · 政 (eumhun 칠 정 (chil jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“political affairs, to hit”)
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canonical : 政: Hán Việt readings: chinh • canonical : chánh • canonical : chính 政: Nôm readings: chiếng • canonical : chính
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政
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| 故
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Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːs) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 攵. \ Derivative of 古 (OC *kaːʔ, “old”). The sense “cause, reason” may be related to (“thing or person of former times”), or the same word as 固 (OC *kaːs, “solid, secure, sure”) (Schuessler 2007, apud Pulleyblank 1989). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Middle-Chinese : kuH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gu²
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old; of the past • cause; reason • accident; misfortune; unexpected event • past things; antiquity • old friend; good friend; close friend • to die; to pass away • deceased; dead • formerly; originally • intentionally; deliberately • still; as before • therefore; so ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 古 (gu², “story”)
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‖ 故(こ) • (ko-) ‖ 故(こ) • (ko)
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happenstance • old, past • therefore • late (deceased) ‖ the deceased, late ‖ old; past; former
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故 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))
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hanja form of 고 (“old; ancient”) • hanja form of 고 (“cause; reason”) • hanja form of 고 (“accident; unexpected event”) • hanja form of 고 (“late (deceased)”)
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Hán-Nôm : cố • Hán-Nôm : cớ
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故
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| 敏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ) : phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ) + semantic 攴 (“hand; action”). The 攴 component was sometimes written as 又 (“hand”) in early writing.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bín • Middle-Chinese : minX
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quick • clever
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‖ 敏(びん) • (bin) -na (adnominal 敏(びん)な (bin na), adverbial 敏(びん)に (bin ni)) ‖ 敏(びん) • (bin) ‖ 敏(さとし) • (Satoshi)
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alert • agile • quick ‖ quick, sharp ‖ quickness, sharpness ‖ a male given name
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敏 (eumhun 민첩할 민 (mincheophal min))
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hanja form of 민 (“nimble, agile”) • hanja form of 민 (“quick-witted”) • hanja form of 민 (“humble, well-mannered”) • hanja form of 민 (“thorough”) • hanja form of 민 (“hardworking”)
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Hán-Nôm : mẫn • Hán-Nôm : mắn
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敏
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| 救
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kus) : phonetic 求 (OC *ɡu) + semantic 攴. \ Likely cognate with Burmese ကူ (ku, “to help”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiù • Middle-Chinese : kjuwH
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to aid; to support • to save; to rescue • ^† to prohibit; to forbid
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salvation • save • help • rescue • reclaim
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救 (eumhun 건질 구 (geonjil gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“save, rescue, relieve”) • hanja form of 구 (“help, aid”)
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canonical : 救: Hán Việt readings: cứu
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chữ Hán form of cứu (“to help”).
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救
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| 敢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːmʔ) : semantic 爭 (“to fight”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kán • Middle-Chinese : kamX
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bold; brave; daring • to dare (to); to venture (to) • to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume • (polite) may I venture • (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how • (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps • (Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
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‖ 敢(かん) • (kan)
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daring, brave, bold • sad, tragic, pitiful ‖ daring; brave; bold
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敢 (eumhun 감히 감 (gamhi gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“dare”)
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Hán-Nôm : cám • Hán-Nôm : cảm • Hán-Nôm : dám
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敢
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| 散
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Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 竹 (“bamboo”) + 攴 (“to knock, to tap”) – to smash bamboos. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) : semantic 肉 + phonetic 𢽳 (). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjwar ~ g/b-sjwa-n/t (“flow; pour; scatter; spill; sow; broadcast”). Cognate with 撒 (OC *saːd, “to cast away; to let go”), 宣 (OC *sqʰon, “to spread; to proclaim”), Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to escape; to flow out”), Burmese သွန် (swan, “to pour out; to spill”), Lahu šē (“to sow; to broadcast”), Lahu šêʔ (“to pour; to spill; to disperse; to sow; to broadcast”). ‖ Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 竹 (“bamboo”) + 攴 (“to knock, to tap”) – to smash bamboos. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) : semantic 肉 + phonetic 𢽳 (). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjwar ~ g/b-sjwa-n/t (“flow; pour; scatter; spill; sow; broadcast”). Cognate with 撒 (OC *saːd, “to cast away; to let go”), 宣 (OC *sqʰon, “to spread; to proclaim”), Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to escape; to flow out”), Burmese သွန် (swan, “to pour out; to spill”), Lahu šē (“to sow; to broadcast”), Lahu šêʔ (“to pour; to spill; to disperse; to sow; to broadcast”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sáng • Middle-Chinese : sanX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : saan³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàm • Middle-Chinese : sanH
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free and unfettered • natural and restrained; at ease • loose; free • to become loose; to break apart; to fall apart • scattered; fragmentary; odd; apart; sporadic; temporary • mixed and disorderly; miscellaneous; random • (literature) free from parallelism • careless; incautious; inattentive • ordinary; useless • (traditional Chinese medicine) medicine in powder form • (Hokkien) to sprinkle; to spread (such as salt, powder, wood, ashes, medicinal powder, sawdust, fuel, etc.) • (Quanzhou and Tong'an Hokkien) to put on the fire (such as wood or fuel) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gobble; to devour; to gorge • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) casually; at random; carelessly; haphazardly; randomly; as one pleases; without restraint or goal ‖ to break up; to disperse; to scatter • to distribute; to disseminate • to open; to open wide • to dissipate; to distract; to find diversion • to run away; to escape; to flee • to express; to declare; to explain • to end; to finish; to be over • to lose; to miss • to herd; to graze; to walk (animals) • chaotic; helter-skelter • (Hokkien) to induce sweat • (Hokkien) buttoned; fastened with a Chinese button knot or button; buckled; clasped • (Mainland China Hokkien) courageous; fearless • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) to stroll; to saunter; to go for a walk • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) poor
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scatter
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散 • (san) · 散 • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)
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Hán-Nôm : tản • Hán-Nôm : tảng • Hán-Nôm : tan • Hán-Nôm : tởn • Hán-Nôm : tán
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散
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| 敬
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 茍 + 攵, the left component represents a sitting dog, the right component represents authority. \ Cognate with 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to scare”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Middle-Chinese : kjaengH
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to respect; to honor • to present; to offer (alcohol, food, cigarettes, tea, etc.) • (literary, or in compounds) to concentrate completely on; to devote oneself to; to focus all of one's attention on • (literary, or in compounds) respectful; deferential • a surname
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‖ 敬(けい) • (kei) ‖ 敬(うやまい) • (uyamai) ‖ 敬(たかし) • (Takashi)
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‖ respect, honor, reverence ‖ respect, esteem ‖ a male given name
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敬 (eumhun 공경할 경 (gonggyeonghal gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“respect, honor”) • hanja form of 경 (“respectfully”)
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canonical : 敬: Hán Việt readings: kính 敬: Nôm readings: kính • canonical : kỉnh • canonical : kinh
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chữ Hán form of kính (“to respect”).
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敬
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| 整
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋʔ) : semantic 敕 + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) \ Endoactive of 正 (OC *tjeŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsíng • Middle-Chinese : tsyengX
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to gather; to assemble • to put in order; to sort out • to fix; to repair • (literary, or in compounds) to rebuild; to renovate; to recondition; to refurbish • orderly; neat; tidy • whole; entire; all; complete • exactly • number whose decimal representation ends in one or more zeroes; round number • (dialectal Mandarin) to do • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese) to make (something); to create; to fix • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese) to turn something from one state into another; to make; forming a causative. • (Cantonese) to provide • (colloquial) to make someone suffer; to mess with someone; to prank someone
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organize • arrange
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整 (eumhun 가지런할 정 (gajireonhal jeong))
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Hán-Nôm : chỉnh • Hán-Nôm : chệnh • Hán-Nôm : chểnh • Hán-Nôm : xiềng • Hán-Nôm : chửng • Hán-Nôm : chỉn
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整
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| 文
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Characters in the same phonetic series (文) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a man with a painted or tattooed chest – original form of 紋. In current form, tattoo has vanished, so simply an outline of a man (head, outstretched arms, legs, chest). Compare 大, which has no chest. \ Possibly a derivation, with -n nominal suffix, of 煤 (*mɯː) "soot (obs.), ink (obs.), coal" (Schuessler, 2007). \ Semantic shift: "pattern, tattoo (made of soot)", "written glyph (made of ink)" > "literature" > "refined, cultured" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (文) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a man with a painted or tattooed chest – original form of 紋. In current form, tattoo has vanished, so simply an outline of a man (head, outstretched arms, legs, chest). Compare 大, which has no chest. \ Possibly a derivation, with -n nominal suffix, of 煤 (*mɯː) "soot (obs.), ink (obs.), coal" (Schuessler, 2007). \ Semantic shift: "pattern, tattoo (made of soot)", "written glyph (made of ink)" > "literature" > "refined, cultured" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bûn • Middle-Chinese : mjun ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁶
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Original form of 紋／纹 (wén, “mark, pattern, design, tattoo, decoration”). • Original form of 紋／纹 (wén rú lí, “to tattoo”). • writing; literary composition; literature (Classifier: 篇 c) • official document • literary language; Literary Chinese • Short for 文讀／文读 (wéndú, “literary reading”). • script; written form • (written) language • culture • liberal arts; humanities • natural or social phenomenon • ritual; etiquette • of a government position, non-military: civil, civilian • gentle; refined • 47th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "pattern, repetition" (𝌴) • (archaic) Classifier for coins. • (numismatics) mill (a tenth of a cent) • (～日) (telegraphy) the twelfth day of a month • a surname ‖ to cover
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‖ 文(もん) • (mon) ‖ 文(ぶん) • (bun) ‖ 文(ふみ) • (fumi) ‖ 文(あや) • (aya)
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‖ the mon, an old currency • a unit of length for measuring the size of one's foot (from the way that the mon coins would be lined up and used as a kind of inch marker) • a character, a letter • writing, something written • a magical spell • (also spelled 紋) a design, a pattern • (also spelled 紋) a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) ‖ (grammar) a sentence • writing, composition • a design or pattern as decoration • literature, learning, scholarship • elegance, refinement (especially of writing or wording) • a saying, an aphorism, a proverb ‖ writing, something written • a letter (written communication), an epistle • (archaic) study, scholarship (especially of classical Chinese) • a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) ‖ (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a pattern, a design, especially one with diagonally crossing lines • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a diagonal crossing • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a flowery expression or turn of phrase • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a plot, a scheme • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a refrain or recurring phrase in a piece of music • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a harder vein or grain in a leaf or piece of wood or bamboo • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a stain, a blemish • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a mediator, a go-between (apparently from the way that a go-between can make the relationship more indirect and indistinct) • (also spelled 紋, 綾) · a small indistinct fluctuation in a trend line • (also spelled 綾, 絢) · a kind of woven silk textile with a diagonally crossing pattern • (also spelled 綾, 絢) · short for 綾織 (ayaori): a twill weave; someone who weaves twill • (also spelled 綾, 絢) · short for 綾竹 (ayadake): in a loom, a bamboo pole placed between the heddle and the back beam or platen, used to improve the handling • (also spelled 綾, 絢) · short for 綾取り (ayatori): cat's cradle
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文 (eumhun 글월 문 (geurwol mun))
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Hanja form of 문 (“writing”).
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canonical : 文: Hán Việt readings: văn 文: Nôm readings: văn • canonical : von • canonical : vằn
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chữ Hán form of văn (“literature; letters; culture; civilization”). • chữ Hán form of Văn (“a surname”). • chữ Hán form of Văn (“a male middle name”).
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文
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| 斗
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Pictogram (象形) (Shuowen), indicating a ladle-shaped dou (see below) held by hand. \ Pronunciations 1 (“dipper, ladle”) and 2 (“water ladle”) are cognate. Variant character: 枓 (zhǔ, “ladle”). They probably belong to the same word family as 注 (OC *tjos, “to pour”), as a derived noun. Within Sino-Tibetan, compare Tibetan ཆུ (chu, “water”), འཆུ ('chu, “to scoop up, to ladle water”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) (Shuowen), indicating a ladle-shaped dou (see below) held by hand. \ Pronunciations 1 (“dipper, ladle”) and 2 (“water ladle”) are cognate. Variant character: 枓 (zhǔ, “ladle”). They probably belong to the same word family as 注 (OC *tjos, “to pour”), as a derived noun. Within Sino-Tibetan, compare Tibetan ཆུ (chu, “water”), འཆུ ('chu, “to scoop up, to ladle water”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) (Shuowen), indicating a ladle-shaped dou (see below) held by hand. \ Pronunciations 1 (“dipper, ladle”) and 2 (“water ladle”) are cognate. Variant character: 枓 (zhǔ, “ladle”). They probably belong to the same word family as 注 (OC *tjos, “to pour”), as a derived noun. Within Sino-Tibetan, compare Tibetan ཆུ (chu, “water”), འཆུ ('chu, “to scoop up, to ladle water”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : táu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tió • Middle-Chinese : tuwX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : táu • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tauh
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(historical) A dipper or cup-like object, used in ancient China as a wine vessel. • Any dou-shaped object; dipper, ladle. • Round or spiral shaped; fingerprint (a dactylogram) • A unit of dry measure (for grains, especially rice) roughly equal to 1 decaliter. • A unit of measure based on dou. • (figurative) small, short, narrow (as with a dipper) • (figurative) big, high, to be full of (as with a dipper) • Stars in general. • (北斗) The Big Dipper, an asterism of seven stars. • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Dipper (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions) • (南斗) A subconstellation of the above mansion, consisting of six stars. • (小北斗) The Little Dipper, a constellation of six stars. • A Chinese constellation (星官) consisting of five stars. • Short for 刁斗 (“cauldron, cymbal”). • Short for 科斗 (“tadpole”). • (斗姆) Doumu, a goddess in Taoism. • Alternative form of 枓 (dǒu, “the system of wood brackets on the top of a column supporting the crossbeam”) • Alternative form of 陡 (dǒu, “steep, cliffy”) • Alternative form of 陡 (dǒu, “suddenly, in a sudden”) • Alternative form of 抖 (dǒu, “to tremble, to shake off”) ‖ A unit of measure for liquids. • Alternative form of 枓 (“ladle or spoon used for scooping water”) • Alternative form of 主 (“master, God”) ‖ (Hokkien) time; an instance or occurrence ‖ (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) snare; trap (especially with a trigger) • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to snare; to catch in a trap; to ensnare • (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, possibly dated) to catch between two sticks • (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, possibly dated) to fasten a latch or small bolt • (Taiwanese Hokkien, in general, possibly dated) to engage a trigger with a click sound (of a gun, trap, etc.) • (Taiwanese Hokkien, in general, possibly dated) device with a trigger
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‖ 斗(と) • (to)
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a unit of liquid measure ‖ an obsolete unit of liquid measure equal to about 18 liters (18,000 cm³)
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斗 (eumhun 말 두 (mal du))
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hanja form of 두 (“measure of about 18 liters; such measuring vessel”) • hanja form of 두 (“cauldron; cymbal”) • hanja form of 두 (“dipper, ladle”) • hanja form of 두 (“asterism around Polaris such as Big Dipper and Little Dipper”)
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Hán-Nôm : đẩu • Hán-Nôm : đấu • Hán-Nôm : điếu • Hán-Nôm : tẩu
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斗
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| 料
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 米 (“rice”) + 斗 (“dipper”) – to measure; to gauge. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 米 (“rice”) + 斗 (“dipper”) – to measure; to gauge. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 米 (“rice”) + 斗 (“dipper”) – to measure; to gauge.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁶⁻² • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liau • Middle-Chinese : lewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Middle-Chinese : lew ‖
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to anticipate; to predict; to foresee; to expect • to oversee; to manage; to deal with • material; matter; substance • ingredient; constituent; component • material (person or thing suited for a certain purpose); makings • (Cantonese) information ‖ Alternative form of 撩 (“to tease; to provoke”) ‖ (Hakka) Alternative form of 嫽
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‖ 料(りょう) • (-ryō)
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fee • materials ‖ fee, cost • material of something
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料 (eumhun 헤아릴 료 (hearil ryo), word-initial (South Korea) 헤아릴 요 (hearil yo))
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hanja form of 료/요 (“fee; price; cost; count”) • hanja form of 료/요 (“material; ingredient”) • hanja form of 료/요 (“to predict; to anticipate”)
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Hán-Nôm : liệu • Hán-Nôm : liều • Hán-Nôm : xệu • Hán-Nôm : lẽo • Hán-Nôm : liêu
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料
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| 斜
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ce⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ce³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâ • Middle-Chinese : zjae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ • Middle-Chinese : yae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˊ
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tilted; sloping; inclined; oblique; slanting • to slant; to tilt; to slope • (Cantonese) slope (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Chinese calligraphy) a bend to the right (such as in ㇂, ㇃, or ㇠) • a surname: Xie ‖ name of valley in Zhongnan Mountains, Shaanxi province ‖ Only used in 伊稚斜.
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‖ 斜(はす) • (hasu) ‖ 斜(しゃ) • (sha)
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slanted, tilted ‖ diagonal, slant, oblique ‖ diagonal, slant, oblique
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斜 (eumhun 비낄 사 (bikkil sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“aslant”)
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Hán-Nôm : tà
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斜
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| 斤
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Characters in the same phonetic series (斤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) - an axe. \ ;ax ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (斤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) - an axe. \ ;ax
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kirn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Middle-Chinese : kj+n ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Middle-Chinese : kj+nH
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catty, a unit of weight · (Mainland China) catty or jin, a traditional unit of weight, equal to 0.5 kilograms • catty, a unit of weight · (Hong Kong) catty or kan, a traditional unit of weight, legally defined as equal to 0.60478982 kilograms (公斤 or sometimes approximated as 500 grams) • catty, a unit of weight · (Taiwan) catty, a traditional unit of weight, equal to 0.6 kilograms, also equal to 16 taels • (archaic) axe; hatchet • keen; shrewd ‖ Only used in 斤斤 (jīnjīn).
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counter for loaves of bread • (chiefly Okinawan) catty, a unit of weight equaling approximately 600 grams, or a unit of volume equaling approximately 600 cubic centimeters
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斤 (eumhun 근 근 (geun geun))
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hanja form of 근 (“catty”) • hanja form of 근 (“axe”) • hanja form of 근 (“keen, shrewd”)
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Hán-Nôm : cân • Hán-Nôm : rìu
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斤
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| 斥
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Originally written 㡿, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡs, *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡ) : semantic 广 (“building”) + phonetic 屰 (OC *ŋraɡ). \ The 屰 later came to be written 干, and the 广 was sometimes written as 厂, eventually leading to the modern form of the character. \ Alternatively, may be derived from 宅. ‖ Originally written 㡿, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡs, *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡ) : semantic 广 (“building”) + phonetic 屰 (OC *ŋraɡ). \ The 屰 later came to be written 干, and the 广 was sometimes written as 厂, eventually leading to the modern form of the character. \ Alternatively, may be derived from 宅.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thak • Middle-Chinese : tsyhek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˋ • Middle-Chinese : tsyhaeH
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to scold; to upbraid; to accuse; to reproach • to expel; to dismiss; to drive away • (literary) to expand; to enlarge; to open up • (literary) to allocate (funds); to spend (money) • (literary) to reconnoitre; to scout • (literary) saline; alkaline (of soil) ‖ Only used in 斥山.
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repulse • retreat
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斥 • (cheok) · 斥 • (cheok) (hangeul 척, revised cheok, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏk, Yale chek)
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Hán-Nôm : xịch • Hán-Nôm : xệch • Hán-Nôm : xích • Hán-Nôm : sệch • Hán-Nôm : xếch
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斥
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| 新
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siŋ) : phonetic 亲 (OC *siŋ, “hazelnut tree”) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) – to cut down a tree with an axe (hence starting something new). 亲 is a variant of 辛 (OC *siŋ) \ Also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . Original form of 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”). \ Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Burmese သစ် (sac, “new”). Compare the cognacy between 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) and Burmese သစ် (sac, “wood; timber”). \ This word may belong to the Sino-Tibetan stem Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ (“alive, fresh, green”) and may hence be related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “green”) as well as 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sen • Middle-Chinese : sin
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new; fresh • new; unused • recently or just married • the new • to make new • newly; freshly; recently • (chemistry) meso- • a surname. Xin • (～朝) Xin dynasty • Short for 新疆 (Xīnjiāng). • Short for 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō). • Short for 新西蘭／新西兰 (Xīnxīlán).
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‖ 新(しん) • (shin) ‖ 新(しん) • (shin-) ‖ 新(しん) • (Shin) ‖ 新(にい) • (nii-) ‖ 新(あら) • (ara-) ‖ 新(あら) • (Ara) ‖ 新(さら) • (sara) ‖ 新(さら) • (Sara) ‖ 新(あらた) • (Arata)
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new • change, reform ‖ a novelty • Short for 新暦 (shinreki): the Gregorian calendar • Short for 新株 (shinkabu) • Short for 新銀 (shingin) • Short for 新造 (shinzō) ‖ neo- • attached to the title of a fiction work to mean “new storyline”, to distinguish it from older works • attached to the title of a fiction adaptation to mean “remake”, to distinguish it from older adaptations ‖ (historical) the Xin dynasty (8–23 CE) • a placename • a surname • a male or female given name ‖ new, novel • fresh • original ‖ new • unused • natural ‖ a surname ‖ something new and unused ‖ a female given name ‖ a male or female given name • a surname
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hanja form of 신 (“new”)
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Hán-Nôm : tân
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(only in compounds) new
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新
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| 方
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Characters in the same phonetic series (方) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 + 刀 (“sword”) – blade; tip of a blade. Original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “awn (of cereal); tip (of blade)”); later borrowed to mean “side”. Other theories regarding the origin of this character also exist. \ It is unrelated to 㫃 (“fluttering flag”), from which characters like 旗 (OC *ɡɯ, “flag”) and 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “troops”) are derived. \ ; "side; square; region" \ ; "parallel boats" \ ; "just now"; "now" \ ; "method; law" ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (方) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 + 刀 (“sword”) – blade; tip of a blade. Original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “awn (of cereal); tip (of blade)”); later borrowed to mean “side”. Other theories regarding the origin of this character also exist. \ It is unrelated to 㫃 (“fluttering flag”), from which characters like 旗 (OC *ɡɯ, “flag”) and 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “troops”) are derived. \ ; "side; square; region" \ ; "parallel boats" \ ; "just now"; "now" \ ; "method; law" ‖ Rendering of a dialectal pronunciation of 慌 (huāng). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 方 – see 仿 (“to imitate; to resemble; to be similar; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 仿). ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English phon.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : png • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pang • Middle-Chinese : pjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Middle-Chinese : bjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥ
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(obsolete) parallel; side by side • (obsolete) parallel boats; raft made of bamboo • (obsolete) to match; to be equal to • (obsolete) to compare; to set side by side • (obsolete) to differentiate; to discriminate • (obsolete) to occupy; to take up • (mathematics) square; rectangle; cube • side; aspect; party • place; region; locality • orientation; direction • (obsolete) law; rule; reason • method; way • (obsolete) sort; category; kind • (obsolete) moral principle and knowledge; learning • (obsolete) earth; solid earth; ground • (traditional Chinese medicine) prescription • (mathematics) power • (mathematics) Short for 平方米 (píngfāngmǐ, “Classifier for square metre.”). • (mathematics) Short for 立方米 (lìfāngmǐ, “Classifier for cubic metre.”). • Classifier for square objects. • (literary, preceding a measurement of length to indicate area) area surrounding (something); surroundings; vicinity • upright; honest; irreproachable • just; just when; at the time when; just now; now • just; only • at (a specific time); when • will; going to • (lexicography) Short for 方言 (fāngyán, “dialect”). • a surname ‖ Only used in 方輿／方舆 (Fángyù, “an ancient county in modern Shandong”). • to disobey • Alternative form of 房 • Alternative form of 防 (fáng) ‖ The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-pronunciation spelling of does not use the parameter(s): \ ‖ Used in 方羊 and 方洋. • Used in 方皇. • Alternative form of 旁 ‖ Only used in 方良. ‖ phon (unit of apparent loudness)
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‖ 方(ほう) • (hō) ^(←はう (fau)?) ‖ 方(かた) • (kata) ‖ 方(かた) • (-kata) ‖ 方(え) • (-e) ^(←へ (fe)?) ‖ 方(さま) • (sama)
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direction • person • alternative • (algebra, geometry) square ‖ direction, way, side • more so (preceded by ～の, often followed by ～が) ‖ (polite) person ‖ way, method (of doing) ‖ a suffix expressing location, direction, or time ‖ a person's appearance (as of body, or style, or face, etc.) • the state or situation of a thing • the general trend, tenor, or feel of a thing • one's social station, status, or quality • the way or means of doing something, how one does something • the reason or circumstances for something
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方 (eumhun 모 방 (mo bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“direction”)
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canonical : 方: Hán Việt readings: phương 方: Nôm readings: phương • canonical : vuông • canonical : phăng
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chữ Hán form of phương (“way; direction; means; method”).
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方
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| 施
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljal, *hljals) : semantic 㫃 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljal, *hljals) : semantic 㫃 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljal, *hljals) : semantic 㫃 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljal, *hljals) : semantic 㫃 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljal, *hljals) : semantic 㫃 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sua • Middle-Chinese : sye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : syeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ
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(ideophonic) flag fluttering; flag waving • flag ornament • to give; to render • to spread (something) • to set up; to put in place; to establish • to use; to utilise • to put into force; to implement • to apply; to add • to teach; to instruct • to convict; to judge • to display a corpse • to reproduce • Meaningless particle. • a surname: Shi ‖ kindness; favour • to disperse; to become spread • to grant; to bestow; to give ‖ to extend to; to reach • Alternative form of 移 (yí, “to change”) ‖ Alternative form of 弛 (“to cast away; to relieve”) • Alternative form of 侈 (chǐ, “to boast”) ‖ Alternative form of 邪 (“awry”) • Used in 施施 (yíyí, “walking in a crooked way”).
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give • bestow • perform • alms
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施 (eumhun 베풀 시 (bepul si)) ‖ 施 (eumhun 옮길 이 (omgil i))
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to give (to help, to benefit) • conduct ‖ widespread; breed • reveal • boast; exaggerate
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Hán-Nôm : thí
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施
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| 旅
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㫃 (“flag”) + 从 (“together”) – brigade. \ ;anything lined up in a regular fashion > one after another > line up in a row, set forth; troops, multitude \ ;guest, stranger, lodging
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Middle-Chinese : ljoX
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(military) brigade • army; troops • an army consisting of 500 soldiers • traveller • journey; trip • hotel • to travel • 56th hexagram of the I Ching • a surname
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‖ 旅(りょ) • (ryo) ^(←りよ (ryo)?) ‖ 旅(りょ) • (ryo-) ^(←りよ (ryo)?) ‖ 旅(たび) • (tabi) ^(←たび (tabi)?) ‖
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trip • travel ‖ in ancient China, a military unit of 500 soldiers • one of the I Ching hexagrams: sojourning (I Ching hexagram interpretation on Wikipedia here) ‖ a trip, a journey, travel ‖ a journey; travel • (archaic) a temporary time spent in a place • (more specifically) a place where a 神輿 (mikoshi, “portable shrine”) spends a temporary time outside of the 本宮 (hongū, “main shrine building”) during a 祭り (matsuri, “festival”) ‖ to travel, to go on a journey or trip
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旅 (eumhun 나그네 려 (nageune ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 나그네 여 (nageune yeo))
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hanja form of 려/여 (“trip; travel”)
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Hán-Nôm : lữ
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旅
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| 旋
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㫃 (“flag”) + 疋 (“foot”). Like the waving of a flag in the wind, represents turning around of a foot, or rotating. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㫃 (“flag”) + 疋 (“foot”). Like the waving of a flag in the wind, represents turning around of a foot, or rotating. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㫃 (“flag”) + 疋 (“foot”). Like the waving of a flag in the wind, represents turning around of a foot, or rotating.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sn̂g • Middle-Chinese : zjwen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˋㄦ • Middle-Chinese : zjwenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuīnn • Middle-Chinese : zjwenH
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to revolve; to turn • to return; to go back; to come home • circle; loop; cycle • immediately • (Classical) to urinate ‖ revolving; turning; circling • at the time • Alternative form of 鏇 (xuàn, “to pare”) • Alternative form of 鏇 (xuàn, “hot water container for warming wine”) • (dialectal or slang) to stuff into mouth to eat ‖ whorl on the head
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旋 (eumhun 돌 선 (dol seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“revolve”)
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Hán-Nôm : toàn • Hán-Nôm : triệng • Hán-Nôm : trình • Hán-Nôm : triền • Hán-Nôm : tuyền • Hán-Nôm : xoan • Hán-Nôm : xoăn • Hán-Nôm : xoắn
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旋
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| 族
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㫃 (“flag”) + 矢 (“arrow”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㫃 (“flag”) + 矢 (“arrow”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄡˋ
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clan; family clan; tribe • ethnic group; nationality • group or class of things with common features • (historical) to impose a death penalty on an offender and his entire family, and even on the families of his mother and wife • (literary) to gather • (Taiwan, specifically) the Taiwanese indigenous peoples ‖ Alternative form of 奏 (zòu)
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‖ 族(ぞく) • (zoku)
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tribe • family ‖ (chemistry) a group (column in the periodic table) • (taxonomy) a tribe
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族 (eumhun 겨레 족 (gyeore jok)) ‖ 族 (eumhun 풍류 가락 주 (pungnyu garak ju))
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hanja form of 족 (“clan; tribe; ethnic group”) • hanja form of 족 (“group or class of things with common features”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 주 (“to perform music”) • Alternative form of 嗾
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canonical : 族: Hán Việt readings: tộc 族: Nôm readings: tọc • canonical : tộc • canonical : sộc
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chữ Hán form of tộc (“family name; clan”). • Nôm form of tọc (“only used in certain compounds such as 族脈 (tọc mạch)”).
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族
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| 旗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯ) : semantic 㫃 (“flag”) + phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gi
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flag; banner (Classifier: 面 m; 支 c) • (historical) banner (type of administrative and military division under the Qing dynasty) • banner (type of administrative division in Inner Mongolia, China) • (Hong Kong Cantonese taxi driver jargon) fare; customer; trip (Classifier: 支 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese slang) opium pipe • a surname
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‖ 旗(はた) • (hata) ‖ 旗(き) • (ki) ‖ 旗(き) • (ki)
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national flag • banner • standard ‖ flag ‖ flag; banner ‖ banner (type of administrative division in Inner Mongolia, China)
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旗 (eumhun 깃발 기 (gitbal gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“flag; banner”) [noun; affix]
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Hán-Nôm : cờ • Hán-Nôm : kỳ • Hán-Nôm : kì
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旗
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| 日
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Characters in the same phonetic series (日) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – the Sun. A dot or line was added in the centre to distinguish it from visually similar characters, e.g. 囗 (early form of 丁). Compare earlier forms of the character with the astronomical and astrological symbol for the Sun (☉) and the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓇳. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəj. Cognate to Tibetan ཉི་མ (nyi ma, “sun, day”), Burmese နေ (ne, “sun”) or Burmese နေ့ (ne., “day”), S'gaw Karen နံၤ (nĩ, “day”), and Nuosu ꑍ (nyip, “day, daytime”). ‖ Essentially a substitute character for 入 (MC nyip, “to enter”) that preserves the expected modern pronunciation of 入; see the etymology there for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : le̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ji̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍t • Middle-Chinese : nyit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mik⁶
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(astronomy) Sun • daytime; time between sunrise and sunset • day; twenty-four hours • everyday; daily; day-to-day • day of the month • some day; some other time • former times; previous times; the past • time; period; age • Classifier for days. • Short for 日本 (Rìběn, “Japan; Japanese; Nippo-”): • Alternative form of 二 (èr, “two”) • (obsolete) Short for 日斯巴尼亞／日斯巴尼亚 (Rìsībāníyà, “Spain”). • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 日 (MC nyit) ‖ (dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu, dialectal Xiang, vulgar, often in abuses) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse with ‖ Only used in 日磾／日䃅, a Han dynasty-era personal name borne by Jin Midi (金日磾) and Ma Midi (馬日磾).
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‖ 日(にち) • (nichi) ‖ 日(にち) • (-nichi) ‖ 日(にち) • (nichi) ‖ 日(じつ) • (jitsu) ‖ 日(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 日(か) • (-ka)
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‖ Short for 日曜日 (nichiyōbi): Sunday ‖ ordinal day of a month • number of days ‖ sun • daytime, daylight • day • Short for 日本 (Nihon, Nippon): Japan, Japanese, Nippo- • Short for 日向国 (Hyūga-no-kuni): Hyūga Province ‖ sun • day ‖ the sun • sunlight, sunshine • daytime, daylight • a day • time and date • a daily (something done every day) • the weather • a (usually unfortunate) case, event, situation • the times (age, era, or time in the past) • an auspicious or inauspicious aspect of a given day • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with a sun-shaped design ‖ daytimes • number of days
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日 (eumhun 날 일 (nal il)) ‖ 日 • (Il) (hangeul 일)
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hanja form of 일 (“day”) [noun] • hanja form of 일 (“sun; daytime”) [affix] • hanja form of 일 (“Short for 일요일(日曜日) (iryoil, “Sunday”).”) ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 日(일)本(본) (Ilbon, “Japan”).
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canonical : 日: Hán Việt readings: nhật • canonical : nhựt 日: Nôm readings: nhặt • canonical : nhật • canonical : nhạt • canonical : nhựt • canonical : nhờn
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chữ Hán form of nhật (“sun; day”).
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日
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| 旦
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 + 一 – the sun (日) appearing over the horizon (一). \ Cognate with Chepang दारःदो (darʔ.do, “place of sunrise; in east”) (Schuessler, 2007). Unrelated to 丹 (OC *taːn, “cinnabar; red”). ‖ A post-classical word.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàn • Middle-Chinese : tanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuànn
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(literary) early morning; dawn • (literary) day • first day of a lunar month ‖ (Chinese opera) female character, particularly a lead role, in a traditional Chinese opera • (Chinese opera) actor or actress known for playing such characters
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morning • dawn
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旦 (eumhun 아침 단 (achim dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“early morning; dawn”)
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Hán-Nôm : đán • Hán-Nôm : đắn • Hán-Nôm : đến
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旦
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| 早
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Early bronze inscriptions: Pictogram (象形) – acorn. Original form of 皂 (OC *zuːʔ) (once also written as 草 (cǎo)). Borrowed for "morning" sense. \ Late bronze inscriptions: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsuːʔ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 棗 (OC *ʔsuːʔ), with 棗 sometimes simplified as 朿. \ Small seal script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 甲 (“first”) – when the sun first rises. \ In some ancient texts, 蚤 (OC *ʔsuːʔ) was often used instead. \ Possible cognate found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntsi̯ouˣ (“early”), whence White Hmong ntxov and Iu Mien nziou (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007), and Proto-Tai *ɟaːwꟲ (“early morning”), whence Thai เช้า (cháao) and Lü ᦋᧁᧉ (tsaw²).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zou² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Middle-Chinese : tsawX
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early; in advance; soon • long ago; for a long time • (early) morning • good morning • before; in the past time • (Taiwan, informal) Short for 早上 (zǎoshang).; a.m. • (Hainanese) breakfast • a surname
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‖ 早(はや) • (haya)
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‖ already, now
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早 (eumhun 일찍 조 (iljjik jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“early”)
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canonical : 早: Hán Việt readings: tảo 早: Nôm readings: tảo • canonical : chảo • canonical : tảu
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chữ Hán form of tảo (“early; in advance”). • chữ Hán form of tảo (“morning”).
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早
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| 旬
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Characters in the same phonetic series (匀) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢʷin) : phonetic 螾 (OC *lin, *linʔ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”). \ The pictographic protoform of 螾 was borrowed to represent "period of days" in oracle bone script. In bronze inscriptions, the semantic component 日 (“sun/day”) was added to this character. In the Warring States period, the phonetic component was mistaken as 勹 (“bow down”), hence the incorrect analysis in Shuowen Jiezi of this character as 勹 + 日.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : zwin
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ten-day period • ten years • period of time
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‖ 旬(しゅん) • (shun) ^(←しゆん (syun)?) ‖ 旬(ひとし) • (Hitoshi)
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period of ten days ‖ season (of something, as in "in season") ‖ a male given name
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旬 (eumhun 열흘 순 (yeolheul sun))
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hanja form of 순 (“ten-day period”)
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Hán-Nôm : tuần
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week
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旬
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| 明
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Characters in the same phonetic series (明) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 月 (“moon”) – the sun just rising and the moon not yet set – dawn (天明 (tiānmíng)). Alternatively, it may be interpreted as two bright celestial bodies – bright. This form was already found in the oracle bone script and was prevalent throughout the eras. \ Three other forms were found in the oracle bone script: \ * 朙 (míng) < 囧 (“window”) + 月 – the moon shining through a window – moonlight. This form was also prevalent in the ancient scripts and was considered to be the standard form in Shuowen. See this form's entry for its historical forms. \ * 眀 (míng) < 目 (“eye”) + 月 – bright eyes. This form was rarely attested, so it is still uncertain whether this form is actually equivalent to 明. It reappeared in the bamboo script of the Qin dynasty, but this was probably a corruption of 朙 (míng). \ * 𤰾 < 田 + 月 – probably a corruption of the above forms. \ Of either Proto-Sino-Tibetan origin, compare \ * Tibetan མདངས (mdangs, “facial color, appearance, brightness”) (Bodman, 1980), or \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brwaŋ (“loud; bright”) (STDET); making it cognate with Burmese ပြင်း (prang:, “acute; violent”), Burmese ပြောင် (praung, “to shine”). \ Or from Austroasiatic, cognate with 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”) (Schuessler, 2007). For more see 亮 (OC *raŋs). \ 盟 (OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs, “covenant”) is a derivative (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : miâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mâ • Middle-Chinese : mjaeng
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bright; light; brilliant • clear; limpid (transparent; light-conducting; not obscured) • manifest; apparent (easily seen, perceived, or detected) • vision; sight (the ability to see) • (of vision) acute; sharp; keen • (figurative) intellect; knowledge; judgement; discernment; sensibility • (figurative) intelligent; sensible; informed; wise • to understand; to know • evidently • (literary) to make known • next; following • (literary) tomorrow • (～朝) Ming dynasty • a surname, listed as #111 on the Baijiaxing • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 明 (MC mjaeng)
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‖ 明(めい) • (mei) ‖ 明(めい) • (mei) ‖ 明(みょう) • (myō) ^(←みやう (myau)?) ‖ 明(みょう) • (myō) ^(←みやう (myau)?) ‖ 明(みん) • (Min) ‖ 明(あきら) • (Akira)
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‖ bright, brightening • clarifying, understanding • brighten, enlighten • open to the world • deity, god ‖ brightness • insight • eyesight, vision ‖ bright • light, lamp • clarifying • passing to the next in time • graceful, respectful • (Buddhism) passing of knowledge, scholarship, or study ‖ (Buddhism) knowledge or wisdom that dispels the darkness of ignorance and brings to the realization of truth; enlightenment • (Buddhism) an esoteric mantra ‖ the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) ‖ a male given name
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明 (eumhun 밝을 명 (balgeul myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“bright”)
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canonical : 明: Hán Việt readings: minh 明: Nôm readings: mừng • canonical : minh • canonical : mầng • canonical : miêng • canonical : mênh
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chữ Hán form of minh (“bright; clear”). • chữ Hán form of Minh (“given name”). • Nôm form of mừng.
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明
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| 易
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Oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions: a pictogram (象形) of a filled container, the original form of 賜 (OC *sleːɡs, “to confer, to bestow”). Possibly specialised from 益 (OC *qleɡ, “to increase, to add”). \ From 移 (OC *lal, “to change; to alter”) + k-extension (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lwa(ː)j (“easy”). Cognate with Burmese လွယ် (lwai, “easy”). ‖ Possibly from 慧 (OC *ɡʷeːds) (Li Ru-long, 2002).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Middle-Chinese : yek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : yeH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuē
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^† Original form of 賜／赐 (cì, “to give; to bestow”). • to exchange; to interchange • to change; to alter; to modify • Short for 易經／易经 (Yìjīng, “I Ching”). • a surname ‖ easy; simple; not difficult • gentle; kind • effortless; prone to • easily; effortlessly ‖ (Min) easy; not difficult
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‖ 易(えき) • (eki) ‖ 易(えき) • (Eki) ‖ 易(えき) • (eki) ‖ 易(い) • (i) ‖ 易(い) • (i)
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‖ divination; fortune-telling ‖ Short for 易経 (Ekikyō, “I Ching (Chinese classic text)”). ‖ exchange • divination; fortune-telling ‖ something easy to do; easiness ‖ easy; simple
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易 (eumhun 바꿀 역 (bakkul yeok)) ‖ 易 (eumhun 쉬울 이 (swiul i))
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hanja form of 역 (“change; alteration; modification”) ‖ hanja form of 이 (“easy”)
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Hán-Nôm : dịch • Hán-Nôm : dể • Hán-Nôm : dễ • Hán-Nôm : di • Hán-Nôm : diệc • Hán-Nôm : dẻ • Hán-Nôm : dẹ • Hán-Nôm : dị • Hán-Nôm : dịu • Hán-Nôm : rẻ • Hán-Nôm : rể
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易
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| 昔
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Oracle bone form: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡿧 (“disaster; floods”) + 日 (“sun”) – the flood submerging the sun; the former times. \ Shuowen: Two pieces of flesh (仌) left to dry in the sun (日). Original form of 腊 (OC *sjaːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“night, full 24-hour day, spend the night”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates this to 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) and 夜 (OC *laːɡs); however, see those two entries for more. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Middle-Chinese : sjek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsá
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^⁜ former times; the past; long ago; ancient times • yesterday • sunset; dusk • Alternative form of 腊 (“dried meat”) • Alternative form of 夕 (xī, “evening; night”) • a surname ‖ coarse; rough • Alternative form of 錯／错 (“to criss-cross”) • Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to use; to carry out”) ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 早
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‖ 昔(むかし) • (mukashi) ‖ 昔(むかし) • (mukashi)
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‖ once (in the indeterminate past) ‖ the past, old times • ancient
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昔 • (seok, chak) · 昔 • (seok, chak) (hangeul 석, 착, revised seok, chak, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, ch'ak, Yale sek, chak)
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formerly • ancient • in beginning
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Hán-Nôm : tích • Hán-Nôm : tếch • Hán-Nôm : thách • Hán-Nôm : tách
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昔
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| 星
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Simplified from 曐 (晶 → 日), which is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleːŋ) : semantic 晶 (“twinkling stars”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese as *s-tsʰˤeŋ, which can be analysed as a verbal root *tsʰˤeŋ (“bright”) with a prefix *s-. This reconstruction accounts for the Min initial *tsh- and the use of the character to write the word 晴 (OC *N-tsʰeŋ). \ Possibly related to 清 (OC *sʰleŋ, “clear”) (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), in turn from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”). \ Proto-Kiranti *saŋ (“star”) either develops from a parallel Sino-Tibetan root (Schuessler, 2007) or derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kar (“star”) (STEDT). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : senn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : san • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : seng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹
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star; planet; heavenly body (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c mn) • star-shaped object • star; celebrity • weight marks on a steelyard • a bit; a tiny bit • tiny; minute • whitish; white • numerous and scattered everywhere; countless • rapid; flying • Synonym of 碰鈴／碰铃 (pènglíng) • (dated or informal) Short for 星加坡 (Xīngjiāpō, “Singapore”). • a surname: Xing ‖ transliteration of Indian name Singh
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‖ 星(ほし) • (hoshi) ‖ 星(ほし) • (Hoshi) ‖ 星(せい) • (Sei) ‖ 星(せい) • (-sei) ‖ 星(せい) • (sei)
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‖ (astronomy) a star (luminous celestial body) • (geometry) a star (concave polygon with regular, pointy protrusions and indentations, especially used as a symbol to rate quality) • (tarot) the Star • (loosely) a celestial body • (poetic, especially fiction) planet • (by extension of a star's movement) time, years • (sumo) a round mark indicating a victory or defeat in a bout • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various representations of stars • a star (actor in a leading role) • an objective • an objective · (slang) the perp, the culprit • a kagura song sung at the end of a 御神楽 (mikagura) ‖ a surname ‖ (Chinese astronomy) one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions in the Chinese system of constellations • Short for シンガポール (Shingapōru): Singapore ‖ (loosely, especially fiction) attached to names of planets ‖ star, celestial body • passing of time • star, celebrity
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星 (eumhun 별 성 (byeol seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“star; planet”)
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Hán-Nôm : tinh • Hán-Nôm : tình
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星
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| 映
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːŋʔ, *qraŋs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 央 (OC *qaŋ). \ Denominal derived from 影 (OC *qraŋʔ, “shadow; image”) (Gong, 2019). The 上聲 pronunciations in Cantonese, Gan and Hakka come from 影 (MC 'jaengX). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iann • Middle-Chinese : 'jaengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˇ • Middle-Chinese : 'angX
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to reflect (light); to mirror; to shine • to project (movie) • sunshine; sunlight • to cover; to hide • the hours of the goat (1:00pm to 3:00pm) ‖ ^‡ Only used in 映㬒 (“not bright; not clear”).
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‖ 映(えい) • (ei)
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‖ a reflection; to reflect • a projection; to project
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映 (eumhun 비칠 영 (bichil yeong))
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hanja form of 영 (“to project”) • hanja form of 영 (“to shine; to light up; to flash”) • hanja form of 영 (“to reflect”)
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Hán-Nôm : ánh • Hán-Nôm : tử
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映
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| 春
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Characters in the same phonetic series (屯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjun) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun, “sprout”) + semantic 日 (“sun”). Later 艸 and 屯 merged into 𡗗. \ The character 春 itself is probably a variant of 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun) as they are equivalent for the meaning “spring” in Old Chinese literature. \ table \ Schuessler (2007) relates it to 芚 (OC *duːn, “(of plants) to begin to grow”); he also compares it Khmer ដុះ (doh, “to grow; to germinate; to sprout”), as well as 穿 (OC *kʰljon, *kʰljons, “to bore through”) (ibid.). \ Sagart (2023b) relates it to a vulgar (i.e. ignoble and popular) word which means "egg", which lacked a character, whose modern reflexes are Meixian Hakka 春 (cun¹, “egg, roe”), Sixian Hakka 春 (chhûn), and Cantonese 春 (ceon¹, “egg, roe; testicle”) (IPA: /t͡ʃʰɵn⁵⁵/); and for which he further reconstructs Old Chinese *tʰu[n] ~ *tʰu[r]. He further relates OC *tʰu[n] ~ *tʰu[r] to Bodo (India) dəy, Mizo tui, Proto-Karen *ʔdejᴮ, from tentative Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tʰur, (STEDT, however, reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d(w)əy (“egg, testicle”)) and notes a connection between "eggs" and Chinese new year season, as birds generally nest and lay eggs in the warmer months in the north https://www.skedaddlewildlife.com/location/durham-region/blog/when-do-birds-lay-eggs/. ‖ tabletable \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d(w)əj (“egg; testicle”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Sagart (2023b) reconstructs Old Chinese *tʰu[n] ~ *tʰu[r] from tentative Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tʰur, some of whose other descendants are Bodo (India) dəy, Mizo tui, Proto-Karen *ʔdejᴮ, etc.; he also relates it to 春 (chūn) "springtime" after noting a connection between eggs and Chinese new year season, as birds generally nest and lay eggs in the warmer months in the north (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshun • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwin ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ceon¹
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spring (season) • (literary) year; age • spring scenery • vitality; liveliness; energy; life • love; lust • a type of alcoholic drink which is fermented from spring to winter ‖ (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) egg; roe • (Cantonese, vulgar) testicle • (Cantonese, vulgar) goddamn, the hell • (Cantonese, vulgar, always with the classifier) nothing; damn all; jack shit; bugger all (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese, vulgar) negates the meaning of the sentence
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‖ 春(はる) • (haru) ‖ 春(しゅん) • (shun)
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‖ the spring (season) • (by extension) the New Year • adolescence, youth • a heyday of one’s life • a time of happiness after a long period of difficulty • (slang, euphemistic) sexual intercourse ‖ spring (season) • New Year • life, vitality • lust, passion • months and years
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春 (eumhun 봄 춘 (bom chun))
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Hanja form of 춘 (“spring (season)”). [affix]
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canonical : 春: Hán Việt readings: xuân 春: Nôm readings: xuân • canonical : xoan
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Chữ Hán form of xuân (“spring (season)”).
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春
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| 昨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zaːɡ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs). \ Related to 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “the past”) (Sagart, 1999). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsā • Middle-Chinese : dzak ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̋ng
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^⁜ yesterday • ^⁜ in former times; past ‖ (Taiwanese Hokkien) Contraction of 昨昏 (cha-hng, “yesterday”).
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yesterday; last, past (day, week, month, year, etc.)
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昨 (eumhun 어제 작 (eoje jak))
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hanja form of 작 (“yesterday; last”)
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Hán-Nôm : tạc
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昨
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| 昭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjew) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews). \ 照 (OC *tjews, “to shine”) is the exoactive of 昭 (OC *tjew, “bright”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Compare with Burmese တောက် (tauk, “bright, brilliant, shining”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau • Middle-Chinese : tsyew
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(literary) bright; luminous • obvious; clear • (literary) to display; to make clear • (literary) light • illustrious • (historical) the left side position of tablets in ancestral shrines • a surname
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‖ 昭(しょう) • (shō) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 昭(あきら) • (Akira)
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‖ bright • enlightened, glorious ‖ a male given name
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昭 • (so, jo) · 昭 • (so, jo) (hangeul 소, 조, revised so, jo, McCune–Reischauer so, cho, Yale so, co)
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Hán-Nôm : chiu • Hán-Nôm : chiêu
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昭
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| 是
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Characters in the same phonetic series (是) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeʔ) : semantic 早 + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ), but the original meaning is unclear. It has been suggested that 早 looks like a spoon, so 是 may have been the original character for 匙 (OC *dje, “spoon”). As early as in late bronze inscriptions, the lower part of 早 split off and combined with 止 to give 昰, which carried over to the small seal script, and Shuowen considers this a compound of 日 (“sun”) + 正 (“upright; right”) (i.e. as the upright sun). \ “This [an independent pronoun] > this, it [object recapitulation], be right, correct, so > to be, indeed”. The modern copulative sense only emerged by the Eastern Han dynasty (Dobson, 1964; Norman, 1988; Zürcher, 2013), and gradually replaced the archaic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”) and the classical copulative construction with 也 (OC *laːlʔ). \ This was due to the lack of a left-branching copula as archaic 唯 shifted into a contrasting and restricting particle, as well as its frequent use in presentational copulative constructions, often in the form of "A, 是 B 也" ("A, this is B"), which led to it being gradually reinterpreted as the copula instead of 也. Also note the semantic opposition with literary negative copula 非 (OC *pɯl) as in "right" and "wrong", which emerged by the Warring States period from the frequent collocation of the expression "是 X 也, 非 Y 也" (This is X, not Y) (Pulleyblank, 1995) . \ To understand this development, compare 之 (OC *tjɯ, “him, it, this > possessive”), 其 (OC *kɯ, “he, his, its > dialectal possessive”). Compare French c’est which in colloquial speech often replaces copula est, as well as Japanese は, the topic particle like Old Chinese 者 (OC *tjaːʔ), 也 (OC *laːlʔ, “topicalizer”) and left-branching 夫 (OC *ba), but frequently misinterpreted as the copula by learners. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-daj ~ m-di (“that; this”). In Chinese, cognate with 寔 (OC *djɯɡ, “this (subject contrastive)”), 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “this (subject contrastive)”), 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; him; her; it (oblique)”), 諟 (OC *djeʔ, “to examine, to consider”). In Tibeto-Burman, cognate with Tibetan དེ (de, “that”), Jingpho dai, ndai (“this”), and Burmese ဒီ (di, “this”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (是) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeʔ) : semantic 早 + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ), but the original meaning is unclear. It has been suggested that 早 looks like a spoon, so 是 may have been the original character for 匙 (OC *dje, “spoon”). As early as in late bronze inscriptions, the lower part of 早 split off and combined with 止 to give 昰, which carried over to the small seal script, and Shuowen considers this a compound of 日 (“sun”) + 正 (“upright; right”) (i.e. as the upright sun). \ “This [an independent pronoun] > this, it [object recapitulation], be right, correct, so > to be, indeed”. The modern copulative sense only emerged by the Eastern Han dynasty (Dobson, 1964; Norman, 1988; Zürcher, 2013), and gradually replaced the archaic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”) and the classical copulative construction with 也 (OC *laːlʔ). \ This was due to the lack of a left-branching copula as archaic 唯 shifted into a contrasting and restricting particle, as well as its frequent use in presentational copulative constructions, often in the form of "A, 是 B 也" ("A, this is B"), which led to it being gradually reinterpreted as the copula instead of 也. Also note the semantic opposition with literary negative copula 非 (OC *pɯl) as in "right" and "wrong", which emerged by the Warring States period from the frequent collocation of the expression "是 X 也, 非 Y 也" (This is X, not Y) (Pulleyblank, 1995) . \ To understand this development, compare 之 (OC *tjɯ, “him, it, this > possessive”), 其 (OC *kɯ, “he, his, its > dialectal possessive”). Compare French c’est which in colloquial speech often replaces copula est, as well as Japanese は, the topic particle like Old Chinese 者 (OC *tjaːʔ), 也 (OC *laːlʔ, “topicalizer”) and left-branching 夫 (OC *ba), but frequently misinterpreted as the copula by learners. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-daj ~ m-di (“that; this”). In Chinese, cognate with 寔 (OC *djɯɡ, “this (subject contrastive)”), 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “this (subject contrastive)”), 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; him; her; it (oblique)”), 諟 (OC *djeʔ, “to examine, to consider”). In Tibeto-Burman, cognate with Tibetan དེ (de, “that”), Jingpho dai, ndai (“this”), and Burmese ဒီ (di, “this”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐ • Middle-Chinese : dzyeX ‖
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(literary) this; this thing • (literary) this; this thing · (literary, archaic) a pronoun that refers to an anteposed object of the verb, usually introduced by the a topicalizer or constrative like 唯 in the form of 唯 …… 是 + V, adding emphasis to the object of the verb. Compare 之 (zhī), which as a pronoun can also refers to the topic as the object, and in earlier forms was also placed before the verb. • (copulative) to be · indicating that the subject and object are the same. • (copulative) to be · indicating that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase. • (copulative) to be · indicating a place being occupied by the object, where the place forms the subject. • a particle emphasizing the word following it. • a particle showing agreement. In this meaning, 是 is stressed. truly; indeed. • a particle used in an alternative or a negative question • (in affirmative answers) yes; right • true; correct • a surname ‖ (Northern Wu) Pronominal prefix
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‖ 是(ぜ) • (ze)
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this • right, correct, just • indicates agreement or affirmation ‖ right, justice
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是 (eumhun 이 시 (i si)) ‖ 是 (eumhun 바를 시 (bareul si))
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hanja form of 시 (“this, to be”) ‖ hanja form of 시 (“right”)
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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是
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| 普
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 並 + 日 (“sun”). \ ; “wide; universal” \ ; “man”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóo • Middle-Chinese : phuX
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(obsolete, of sun) lustreless • universal; general; widespread • wide; vast • (obsolete, Tibet) adult man • Short for 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, “Putonghua”). • Short for 普魯士／普鲁士 (Pǔlǔshì, “Prussia”). • a surname
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general; universal
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普 (eumhun 넓을 보 (neolbeul bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“universal, general, widespread”)
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Hán-Nôm : phổ • Hán-Nôm : phơ
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普
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| 景
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraŋʔ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ). \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Probably related to 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”) and 影 (OC *qraŋʔ, “shadow”) (Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). STEDT compares it to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”) and lists 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”), 陽 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”), 章 (OC *kjaŋ, “emblem; to display”) as additional comparanda. ‖ Cognate with 京 (OC *kraŋ, “mound; capital”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : kjaengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : kjaengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging² • Middle-Chinese : kjaengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing²
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sunlight • sun • bright; luminous • time • scenery; view (Classifier: 個／个 c) • conditions; situation • scene; setting; scenario • Classifier for scenes of a play, drama, etc. • a surname ‖ great; large • auspicious • to admire; to appreciate ‖ Alternative form of 幜 (jǐng, “a kind of coat”) ‖ Alternative form of 影 (yǐng, “shadow”)
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‖ 景(けい) • (kei) · 景(かげ) • (kage)
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scenery ‖ vista, view, scene • counter for scenes (in a play) • Alternative form of 影
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景 (eumhun 볕 경 (byeot gyeong)) ‖ 景 (eumhun 그림자 영 (geurimja yeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“view; vista”) ‖ Alternative form of 影 (“hanja form of 영 (“shadow”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : cảnh • Hán-Nôm : ảnh • Hán-Nôm : khảnh • Hán-Nôm : kiểng • Hán-Nôm : ngoảnh • Hán-Nôm : kẻng • Hán-Nôm : ngảnh ‖ romanization : cảnh
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‖ chữ Hán form of cảnh. · a beautiful appearance of which one enjoys the sight of • chữ Hán form of cảnh. · situation; state of affairs; state; condition
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景
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| 晴
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Written as 夝 in Shuowen and as 星 in the Classic of Poetry. \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zleŋ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is from 清 (OC *tsʰeŋ, “clear”) with the intransitivizing/stativizing prefix *N-. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntshji̯əŋ (“clear”), whence White Hmong ntshiab. \ Alternatively, it is perhaps derived from 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”): "become starry" > "weather clearing during the night" > "clearing when the sun is coming out" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsênn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsēnn • Middle-Chinese : dzjeng
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(of weather) clear; fine; cloudless • a surname
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‖ 晴(はれ) • (hare)
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clear up ‖ Alternative form of 晴れ
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晴 (eumhun 갤 청 (gael cheong))
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hanja form of 청 (“clear up”)
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Hán-Nôm : tạnh • Hán-Nôm : tành • Hán-Nôm : tình • Hán-Nôm : thanh • Hán-Nôm : thinh
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晴
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| 暇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ) \ Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “idle, unoccupied, relaxed, etc.”). \ Sagart (2023b) relates it to 夏 (OC *[ɡ]ˤraʔ) "summer" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ) \ Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “idle, unoccupied, relaxed, etc.”). \ Sagart (2023b) relates it to 夏 (OC *[ɡ]ˤraʔ) "summer" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hê • Middle-Chinese : haeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ
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leisure; relaxation; free time; spare time • leisurely; relaxed; carefree; idle ‖ Alternative form of 假 (“to use; to borrow”)
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‖ 暇(ひま) • (hima) -na (adnominal 暇(ひま)な (hima na), adverbial 暇(ひま)に (hima ni)) ‖ 暇(ひま) • (hima) ‖ 暇(いとま) • (itoma)
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spare time • rest • leisure • time • leave of absence • not busy ‖ free; leisure; idle; vacant ‖ time, free time • leisure ‖ leisure • paid vacation • divorce • loss of one's job • farewell
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暇 • (ga) · 暇 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)
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Hán-Nôm : hạ • Hán-Nôm : hả • Hán-Nôm : há • Hán-Nôm : hã • Hán-Nôm : he • Hán-Nôm : hẻ • Hán-Nôm : hẽ
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暇
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| 暑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hjaʔ) : semantic 日 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Middle-Chinese : syoX
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hot; heated • summer; hot weather • (traditional Chinese medicine) summer heat (a cause of illness)
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hot, warm (weather), heat
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暑 (eumhun 더울 서 (deoul seo))
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hanja form of 서 (“hot”)
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Hán-Nôm : thử • Hán-Nôm : xừ • Hán-Nôm : thừ • Hán-Nôm : thữ • Hán-Nôm : xữ
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暑
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| 暖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *noːnʔ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan). Later also used as a variant of 煖／暖 which is used as another word with different pronunciation. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *noːnʔ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan). Later also used as a variant of 煖／暖 which is used as another word with different pronunciation.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lún • Middle-Chinese : nwanX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun¹
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warm; toasty • (transitive) to warm; to warm up ‖ Used in 暖姝. • Used in 暖暖 (xuānxuān).
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‖ 暖(だん) • (dan) ^(←だん (dan)?) ‖ 暖(あたた) or 暖(いふ) or 暖(うらら) or 暖(だん) or 暖(のどか) or 暖(のん) or 暖(はる) or 暖(はるか) or 暖(はるな) or 暖(ひなた) • (Atata or Ifu or Urara or Dan or Nodoka or Non or Haru or Haruka or Haruna or Hinata)
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warm ‖ (only in set phrases) warmth ‖ a female given name
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暖 (eumhun 따뜻할 난 (ttatteuthal nan)) ‖ 暖 (eumhun 부드러울 훤 (budeureoul hwon))
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hanja form of 난 (“warm”) ‖ hanja form of 훤 (“genial”)
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canonical : 暖: Hán Việt readings: huyên • canonical : noãn • canonical : nõng • canonical : nóng • canonical : nũn • canonical : nuỹn • canonical : nuyễn 暖: Nôm readings: hoãn • canonical : nuyễn
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chữ Hán form of noãn (“warm”).
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暖
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| 暗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːms) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 音 (OC *qrɯm).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : am³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àm • Middle-Chinese : 'omH
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dark (without light); dim • dull; not bright • secret; covert • confused; ignorant • (Southern Min) late • (Cantonese) to lull
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‖ 暗(あん) • (an) ‖ 暗(あん) • (an)
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darkness ‖ darkness ‖ dark • blackish • foolish • secret; covert • memorize; recite from memory
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暗 (eumhun 어두울 암 (eoduul am))
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hanja form of 암 (“darkness”)
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Hán-Nôm : ám
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暗
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| 暮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Middle-Chinese : muH
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evening; dusk; sunset • (of time) late; closing
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dusk • twilight • livelihood • make a living • spend time
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暮 (eumhun 저물 모 (jeomul mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“evening; closing”)
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Hán-Nôm : mộ • Hán-Nôm : mò
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暮
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| 暴
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – originally (in oracle script) the antler of a buck (at bottom), indicating a savage attack. Subsequently significantly simplified and abstracted: in seal script analyzed as 日 + 出 + 廾 + 米, while in current form rather 日 + 共 + 水 (similar to unrelated 異); compare bottom component to bottom right of 様. In the Liushutong, it is analyzed as 日 + 鹿 + 火, a salivating savage deer. ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Middle-Chinese : bawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : buk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍h • Middle-Chinese : buwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : buk⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pō • Middle-Chinese : buwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : puh ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : pauh
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sudden • violent; cruel; brutal; tyrannical • quick-tempered; hot-tempered • to spoil; to waste; to damage • (literary) to abuse; to oppress; to treat cruelly ‖ Alternative form of 曝 (“to sun; to air in the sun”) ‖ to show; to expose ‖ to stick out; to bulge ‖ Used in 暴樂／暴乐 (bóluò). ‖ (Hokkien) to sprout; to send forth (leaves, buds, beard, bubbles, etc.) ‖ (Hokkien) to emerge; to pop up; to spring forth
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‖ 暴(ぼう) • (bō) -na (adnominal 暴(ぼう)な (bō na), adverbial 暴(ぼう)に (bō ni)) ‖ 暴(ぼう) • (bō)
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violent; brutal; fierce ‖ violent ‖ violentness
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暴 (eumhun 나타날 폭 (natanal pok)) · 暴 (eumhun 드러날 폭 (deureonal pok)) ‖ 暴 (eumhun 사나울 폭 (sanaul pok)) ‖ 暴 (eumhun 사나울 포 (sanaul po)) ‖ 暴 (eumhun 앙상할 박 (angsanghal bak))
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(only in compounds) hanja form of 폭 (“to show; to appear; to manifest”) ‖ (only in compounds) hanja form of 폭 (“fierce; violent; brutal”) ‖ hanja form of 포 (“fierce; violent; brutal”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 박 (“sparse; bare; thin; skinny”)
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canonical : 暴: Hán Việt readings: bạo • canonical : bộc 暴: Nôm readings: bạo • canonical : bão • canonical : bộc • canonical : bậu • canonical : bẹo
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chữ Hán form of bạo (“ferocious; cruel; violent”).
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暴
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| 曲
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Ideogram (指事) – a bent object. \ Also simplified from 麴 via the variant character 麯／曲. \ ; used in names of rivers \ ; to bend, bent, curved, crooked, wrong \ ; mocking; ridiculing ‖ Ideogram (指事) – a bent object. \ Also simplified from 麴 via the variant character 麯／曲. \ ; used in names of rivers \ ; to bend, bent, curved, crooked, wrong \ ; mocking; ridiculing
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiau • Middle-Chinese : khjowk ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kuk¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Middle-Chinese : khjowk
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not straight; bent · twisting • not straight; bent · curved • not straight; bent · crooked • wrong; not right • (Hong Kong Cantonese, chiefly Internet slang) mocking; ridiculing • a surname • Used in names of rivers in Tibet and surrounding regions. ‖ song • Qu (poetry)
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‖ 曲(きょく) • (kyoku)
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song, melody, composition • bent, curve • to turn, to twist • crooked ‖ a piece of music
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曲 (eumhun 굽을 곡 (gubeul gok))
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hanja form of 곡 (“bent; twisted; curved”) • hanja form of 곡 (“a piece of music; tune”)
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canonical : 曲: Hán Việt readings: khúc 曲: Nôm readings: khúc
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chữ Hán form of khúc (“bent; curved”). • chữ Hán form of khúc (“piece; section; chunk; tune; song”).
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曲
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| 更
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Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) , showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, “two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨. ‖ Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) , showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, “two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨. ‖ Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) , showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, “two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨. ‖ Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) , showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, “two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng • Middle-Chinese : kaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kenn • Middle-Chinese : kaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gang³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ang³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǹg • Middle-Chinese : kaengH ‖
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to change; to replace • to take turns; to rotate • to experience • 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡) ‖ (historical) watch (of a sentry) • (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided • (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period ‖ more; even more • (literary or Hong Kong) further; also ‖ (Nanning Pinghua) so, to such an extent
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‖ 更(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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grow late • night watch • of course • renew ‖ one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China
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更 (eumhun 다시 갱 (dasi gaeng)) ‖ 更 (eumhun 고칠 경 (gochil gyeong))
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hanja form of 갱 (“again”) ‖ hanja form of 경 (“to change; to fix”)
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canonical : 更: Hán Việt readings: canh • canonical : cánh 更: Nôm readings: canh • canonical : cánh • canonical : cành • canonical : gánh • canonical : ngạnh
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chữ Hán form of canh (“to watch; to guard”).
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更
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| 替
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 竝 + 曰 – two figures (竝) changing places. Two top components have been simplified from 立 to 夫.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thueh • Middle-Chinese : thejH
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to substitute for; to displace • for; in place of • to decline; to go downhill; to be on the wane; to fall; to decay
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exchange, replace • spare, substitute
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替 (eumhun 바꿀 체 (bakkul che))
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hanja form of 체 (“to change; switch”)
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Hán-Nôm : thế
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替
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| 最
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zloːds) : semantic 冃 + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuè • Middle-Chinese : tswajH
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most; -est • the most ... thing; the best
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‖ 最(かなめ) • (Kaname) ‖ 最(さい) • (Sai) ‖ 最(さい) • (sai-)
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makes superlatives, most, -est ‖ a male given name ‖ a female given name ‖ most, greatest
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最 (eumhun 가장 최 (gajang choe))
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hanja form of 최 (“most”)
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Hán-Nôm : tối • Hán-Nôm : tíu • Hán-Nôm : tụi • Hán-Nôm : tếu
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chữ Hán form of tối (“the most; -est”).
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最
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| 月
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Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of a crescent moon. Compare 夕 (xī). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋʷ(j)a-t (“moon; star”), whence also Magar [Term?] (gya hot, “moon”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *mwatᴸ (“star; moon”) (whence Lahu məʔ-kə (“star”)), Drung gurmet (“star”) (Matisoff, 1980; LaPolla, 1987; STEDT). \ Various alternative etymologies have also been proposed: \ * Unger (1992) proposes cognation with Tibetan ངོ (ngo, “waxing and waning moon; half moon”) (as in མར་ངོ (mar ngo, “waning moon”) and ཡར་ངོ (yar ngo, “waxing moon”)), which Schuessler (2007) connects to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋow (“white; light colour”). However, Sagart (1999) points out that the Tibetan word may be analyzed as a derivative of Tibetan ངོ (ngo, “face”), which would mean the semantic connection between “moon” and “face” had to occur either independently in Chinese and Tibetan or in Proto-Sino-Tibetan; it also requires positing a suffix -t in Chinese. \ * Pulleybank (1995a) proposes another etymology based on the glyph for 名 (míng) (reconstructed as *màŋʲ), which he analyses as a phono-semantic compound of phonetic 夕 (xī, “moon”) and semantic 口 (kǒu, “mouth”). He suggests that the phonetic component represents a lost word *màŋʲ (“moon”), and reconstructs 月 as *mŋʲ (consonantal frame of “moon”) + *-at (suffix) > *ŋʲʷat. However, there are more straightforward ways of explaining the glyph origin of 名 (míng) (see there), which would nullify the hypothesis of the lost word. \ * Related to 越 (“to pass over; to cross over”) in some way. \ ** Mei (1979) derives 月 from 越 (OC **gjot > *gwjat): **N-gjot > *ngwjat. Also in this proposed word family is 歲 (OC **s-gjots > *skwjadh, “year”). The semantics of this word family is centred around "to pass; to elapse". While Matisoff (1980) seems supportive of this word family, STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”) for 越 and 歲／岁 (suì), separate from the root for 月. \ ** Ferlus (2012) reconstructs the Old Chinese as *ŋ.wat and puts it in a word family formed from a Chinese root *wat, having a meaning of "circularity" or "circular boundary". This proposed word family includes 越 (OC *wat, “to cross over”), as in "to cross the enclosure of the village", and 外 (OC *ŋ.wat-s, “outside”), as in "out of the enclosure of the village".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ge̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ge̍rh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gua̍t • Middle-Chinese : ngjwot
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(literary or dialectal) moon (Classifier: 輪／轮 m) • moon-shaped; round like a moon • (literary) moonlight • (Cantonese, in compounds) Short for 月餅／月饼 (“mooncake”). • month (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 h) • monthly • Classifier for months. • a surname
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‖ 月(つき) • (tsuki) ‖ 月(つき) • (Tsuki) ‖ 月(がつ) • (-gatsu) ^(←ぐわつ (gwatu)?) ‖ 月(がつ) • (gatsu) ^(←ぐわつ (gwatu)?) ‖ 月(げつ) • (-getsu) ^(←ぐゑつ (gwetu)?) ‖ 月(げつ) • (getsu) ‖ 月(げつ) • (getsu) ‖ 月(がち) • (gachi) ^(←ぐわち (gwati)?) ‖ 月(がち) • (gachi) ^(←ぐわち (gwati)?)^†-nari ‖ 月(がち) • (gachi) ^(←ぐわち (gwati)?)
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‖ the moon • (astronomy) a natural satellite • moonlight, moonbeam • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of the moon • (tarot) the Moon, the eighteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks • a month • Short for 月囲い (tsukigakoi): a mistress on a monthly allowance • (archaic) a menstrual cycle, menstruation (believed to be caused by the moon) ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ month of the year ‖ moon • month ‖ a month (as a duration of time) • (possibly obsolete) month of the year ‖ Short for 月曜日 (getsuyōbi): Monday ‖ moon • month • menstruation, menstrual cycle ‖ (Kansai, historical) during the Edo period, a low rank of low-end prostitute ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) crude, unrefined, hickish ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) something that (or someone who) is crude, unrefined, or hickish
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月 (eumhun 달 월 (dal wol))
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hanja form of 월 (“month”) [noun] • hanja form of 월 (“moon”) [affix] • hanja form of 월 (“Short for 월요일(月曜日) (woryoil, “Monday”).”)
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canonical : 月: Hán Việt readings: nguyệt • canonical : ngoạt • canonical : nhục 月: Nôm readings: nguyệt • canonical : nhục
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chữ Hán form of nguyệt, ngoạt (“moon; month”). • chữ Hán form of nhục (“Alternative form of 肉 (“meat radical”)”).
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月
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| 有
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Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs). \ Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic. \ Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to: \ * 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”] \ * 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial] \ * 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite] ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs). \ Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic. \ Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to: \ * 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”] \ * 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial] \ * 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iú • Middle-Chinese : hjuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶
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to have; to possess (when a subject is present) • there is; to exist (when a subject is absent) • (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child • abundant; affluent • many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old • some (indefinite pronoun) • (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done. • a surname • A meaningless prefix. • (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal. ‖ Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”) • Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”)
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‖ 有(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←いう (iu)?) ‖ 有(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←いう (iu)?) ‖ 有(う) • (u) ‖ 有(う) • (u) ‖ 有(なお) • (Nao)
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have; possess; own • to exist; to bring into existence • keep; maintain • happen; occur ‖ exist • have; possess; own • (between numbers) and; with a remainder of ‖ existence • possession • (Buddhism) Synonym of 有 (u) • Short for 有限会社 (yūgengaisha, “limited company”). ‖ exist ‖ (Buddhism) bhava (becoming, existence) ‖ a female given name
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有 (eumhun 있을 유 (isseul yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“to possess; to have; to exist”)
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canonical : 有: Hán Việt readings: hữu 有: Nôm readings: hữu • canonical : hỡi • canonical : hơi
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chữ Hán form of hữu (“to have; to own”).
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有
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| 服
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Characters in the same phonetic series (服) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯɡ) : semantic 凡 (“tray”) + phonetic 𠬝 (*[b]ək, “to subdue”) – to serve. 凡 here has been corrupted into 舟 and subsequently 月.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k • Middle-Chinese : bjuwk
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^⁜ clothes; garment; dress • mourning dress; mourning apparel • to wear; to put on (clothes) • to take; to eat • to serve; to be engaged in • to submit; to agree; to accept; to obey; to be convinced • Used to express defeat even though one is not convinced of the opposing arguments • to convince; to persuade • to be accustomed to • (gaming) Short for 伺服器 (sìfúqì); server • (historical) inner pair of horses among the four that pull an imperial carriage • Classifier for doses for TCM regimens. • a surname: Fu
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‖ 服(ふく) • (-fuku) ‖ 服(ふく) • (fuku) ‖ 服(ふく) • (-fuku)
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clothing • an amount equal to one swallow (act of swallowing), a gulp • obey ‖ an amount equal to one swallow: · doses of medicine • an amount equal to one swallow: · gulps of tea • an amount equal to one swallow: · puffs of tobacco ‖ clothes ‖ clothes
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服 (eumhun 옷 복 (ot bok))
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hanja form of 복 (“clothes, clothing”)
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Hán-Nôm : phục
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(only in compounds) clothing, clothes • to submit, to serve, to obey • to admire, to esteem
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服
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| 望
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Originally written 𦣠, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 臣 (“eye”) + 𡈼 (“person standing on the ground”) – a person standing up and looking off into the distance. Later 月 (“moon”) was added to produce 朢. \ The 臣 component is now written 亡, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maŋ, *maŋs) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 月 + semantic 𡈼. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mraŋ (“to see”). Cognate with Burmese မြင် (mrang).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōng • Middle-Chinese : mjang • Middle-Chinese : mjangH
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to see; to watch (especially from a distance) • (chiefly dialectal) to look; to look at • to gaze at; to stare at • (figurative) to observe; to watch • to hope; to expect • fame; reputation • location; locality • (Chinese astronomy) the day or night of the full moon
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‖ 望(のぞむ) • (Nozomu) ‖ 望(のぞみ) • (Nozomi)
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wish • hope • desire ‖ a male given name ‖ a female given name
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望 (eumhun 바랄 망 (baral mang))
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Hanja form of 망 (“to desire; to expect; to hope”). • Hanja form of 망 (“to gaze; to look”). • Hanja form of 망 (“to admire; to respect”). • Hanja form of 망 (“to peek; to peep”).
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Hán-Nôm : vọng
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望
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| 朝
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In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 2 or 4 屮 (“grass”) or even 木 (“tree”) + 日 (“sun”) + 月 (“moon”) – the sun rising above the ground while the waning moon is still in the sky – the morning. \ In the bronze script, it was a compound of 𠦝 and a pictograph of a river (川 or 水) – this was possibly an original form for 潮 (OC *r'ew, “tide”). The river glyph may be a corruption of 月 due to association with tides or diurnal events. Chi (2010) considers such forms to be phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , where 𠦝 is the abbreviated form of the phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew). In the some late Western Zhou forms, 𠦝 was corrupted into a form resembling 車. \ According to Guo Moruo, in the stone drum inscriptions (石鼓文 (shígǔwén), likely from the Spring and Autumn period) 㫃 was added (attached to 車), and the river glyph was replaced with 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which was interpreted as the phonetic component; the small seal script might have inherited from this form. Shuowen interpreted the fused components of 𠦝 and 㫃 as a semantic component 倝 (“dawn”). However, the accuracy of identification has been questioned; the character was a heavily weathered one in which the 㫃 identification was probably spurious and likely influenced by the Shuowen. Meanwhile, the 舟 component on the right remained somewhat legible. \ The 舟 component remained in the bamboo and wooden slips of the Warring States period (see the table). In the clerical script since the Han dynasty, 舟 had been reverted to 月; it is unclear whether this was a remnant from 月 in the oracle bone script or a corruption of 舟 (as in 朕 < 𦩎 and many other characters). The current form is essentially inherited from the clerical script. \ “Morning” > “perform the morning ceremony” > “to go/come to court; to have an audience”. Derivative: 潮 (OC *r'ew, “morning tide”). \ Perhaps related to Thai เพรา (prao, “morning”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). ‖ In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 2 or 4 屮 (“grass”) or even 木 (“tree”) + 日 (“sun”) + 月 (“moon”) – the sun rising above the ground while the waning moon is still in the sky – the morning. \ In the bronze script, it was a compound of 𠦝 and a pictograph of a river (川 or 水) – this was possibly an original form for 潮 (OC *r'ew, “tide”). The river glyph may be a corruption of 月 due to association with tides or diurnal events. Chi (2010) considers such forms to be phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , where 𠦝 is the abbreviated form of the phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew). In the some late Western Zhou forms, 𠦝 was corrupted into a form resembling 車. \ According to Guo Moruo, in the stone drum inscriptions (石鼓文 (shígǔwén), likely from the Spring and Autumn period) 㫃 was added (attached to 車), and the river glyph was replaced with 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which was interpreted as the phonetic component; the small seal script might have inherited from this form. Shuowen interpreted the fused components of 𠦝 and 㫃 as a semantic component 倝 (“dawn”). However, the accuracy of identification has been questioned; the character was a heavily weathered one in which the 㫃 identification was probably spurious and likely influenced by the Shuowen. Meanwhile, the 舟 component on the right remained somewhat legible. \ The 舟 component remained in the bamboo and wooden slips of the Warring States period (see the table). In the clerical script since the Han dynasty, 舟 had been reverted to 月; it is unclear whether this was a remnant from 月 in the oracle bone script or a corruption of 舟 (as in 朕 < 𦩎 and many other characters). The current form is essentially inherited from the clerical script. \ “Morning” > “perform the morning ceremony” > “to go/come to court; to have an audience”. Derivative: 潮 (OC *r'ew, “morning tide”). \ Perhaps related to Thai เพรา (prao, “morning”) (Manomaivibool, 1975).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiau • Middle-Chinese : trjew ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Middle-Chinese : drjew
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morning • daytime; day; full day • (obsolete) beginning; start • (Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min) breakfast • a surname ‖ (historical) to wish elders or seniors good health; to visit (a senior person) • (historical) to have an audience with the king or emperor; to perform the morning ceremony; to go to court • to make a pilgrimage to; to pay homage to • to assemble; to call; to gather • imperial court • dynasty (line of rulers) • emperor's reign; period ruled by a particular emperor or king • government; imperial government • affairs of the state • (historical) courtier class • (Huizhou) paternal grandfather • to face • towards; to; on • Short for 朝鮮／朝鲜 (Cháoxiǎn, “North Korea; Korea”).
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‖ 朝(あさ) • (asa) ‖ 朝(あした) • (ashita) ‖ 朝(ちょう) • (chō) ^(←てう (teu)?) ‖ 朝(ちょう) • (-chō) ^(←てう (teu)?) ‖ 朝(ちょう) • (chō) ^(←てう (teu)?)
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‖ the morning ‖ (archaic) the morning, morn • (archaic) the morrow, next morning ‖ the morning • an imperial court • an imperial reign or dynasty • a country governed by a monarch • a bustling place, such as downtown ‖ dynasty ‖ morning • imperial court • (by extension) Japan • having an audience with the emperor • dynasty, regime • (by extension) epoch, period • Short for 朝鮮 (Chōsen): Korea, specifically short for 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku): Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
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朝 (eumhun 아침 조 (achim jo)) ‖ 朝 (eumhun 조정(朝廷) 조)
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Hanja form of 조 (“morning; day”). • Hanja form of 조 (“Joseon”). ‖ Hanja form of 조 (“dynasty; imperial court”).
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Hán-Nôm : triều • Hán-Nôm : chầu • Hán-Nôm : chào • Hán-Nôm : tràu • Hán-Nôm : trều • Hán-Nôm : triêu • Hán-Nôm : chiều • Hán-Nôm : giàu • Hán-Nôm : giầu • Hán-Nôm : trào
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Related to chầu (“to attend an audience; to attend upon (in design)”). (Nguyễn Văn Khang. Từ ngoại lai trong tiếng Việt, 2007)
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朝
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| 期
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Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) : phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) + semantic 月 (“moon”) – changing moon marks the passage of time, hence a period of time. \ Cognate with 其 (OC *kɯ, “should; probably”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) : phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) + semantic 月 (“moon”) – changing moon marks the passage of time, hence a period of time. \ Cognate with 其 (OC *kɯ, “should; probably”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Middle-Chinese : ki
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to arrange a time; to engage; to arrange to meet • (literary) to meet; to gather • to hope; to wish; to expect • date; specific day; scheduled time (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Cantonese) time slots; schedule • period of time; stage • (geology) age (geochronologic unit) • Classifier for issues of periodical publications. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for periods of time or stages of a project. • (obsolete) undoubtedly; certainly • (obsolete) limit • (obsolete) good fortune; chance ‖ (obsolete) one-year anniversary • (historical, obsolete) one-year mourning (garment) for the death of a senior family member
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‖ 期(き) • (ki) ‖ 期(き) • (-ki)
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period • time • date • term ‖ time; period • to expect; to look forward to ‖ period (of time) • (television show) season • geological age
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期 (eumhun 기약할 기 (giyakhal gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“expect; time; period”)
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Hán-Nôm : kì • Hán-Nôm : kề • Hán-Nôm : kỳ
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期
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| 木
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Characters in the same phonetic series (木) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a tree: branches on top, roots on the bottom (more visible in earlier forms). \ No known cognate exists. It can perhaps be compared with Proto-Karen *məŋᴮ (“trunk (of a tree); firewood”) (Starostin) or Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔmuk (“stump (of a tree)”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ The common Sino-Tibetan root for “tree; wood” is *siŋ ~ sik, represented by 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Middle-Chinese : muwk
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tree; woody plant • wood; timber (Classifier: 條／条 c; 塊／块 c; 嚿 c; 轆／辘 c) • wooden • (literary or in compounds) coffin • simple; plain; slow; emotionless; wooden • numb • a surname • (Mandarin, neologism, slang) Eye dialect spelling of 沒／没.
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‖ 木(き) • (ki) ‖ 木(こ) • (ko) ‖ 木(もく) • (moku) ‖ 木(ぼく) • (boku) ‖ 木(ぼく) • (boku) -na (adnominal 木(ぼく)な (boku na), adverbial 木(ぼく)に (boku ni))
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‖ a tree or shrub • wood, timber, lumber • (graph theory, computer science) a tree (data structure) • (theater, sumo, etc.) a clapper used to signal the opening or closing of a match or play ‖ Combining form of 木 (き, ki): tree; wood ‖ a tree • Short for 木曜日 (mokuyōbi): Thursday • wood grain ‖ a tree; more specifically, a living tree • the bent and gnarled trunk or roots of an old tree • wood, lumber • something made of wood • in ancient China, a wooden musical instrument ‖ (derogatory) wooden, as of a person's character or behavior • (derogatory) wooden, as of a person's mental abilities: blockheaded, stupid, dimwitted
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木 (eumhun 나무 목 (namu mok))
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hanja form of 목 (“tree; wood; wooden”) [affix] • hanja form of 목 (“Short for 목요일(木曜日) (mogyoil, “Thursday”).”)
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canonical : 木: Hán Việt readings: mộc 木: Nôm readings: mọc • canonical : mốc • canonical : mộc • canonical : móc • canonical : mục • canonical : chúc
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chữ Hán form of mộc (“tree; wood”).
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木
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| 未
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Pictogram (象形) – a tree with two layers of branches, or a tree's top branches not yet at full growth, signifying not grown (yet) \ ; "not yet" \ ; "eighth earthly branch" \ : As for its association with the goat, Ferlus (2013) notes there is good correspondence with Austronesian Atayal miːts (“lamb”); also compare Lao ມົດ (mot, “year of the lamb”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : běr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bī • Middle-Chinese : mj+jH
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to have not; not yet • not • Alternative form of 味 (wèi) • (Cantonese, Min) used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet • eighth of twelve earthly branches • lamb (羊) of Chinese zodiac
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‖ 未(ひつじ) • (Hitsuji) ‖ 未(み) • (mi-) ‖ 未(み) • (Mi)
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‖ the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ un-; in- (not yet) ‖ the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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未 (eumhun 아닐 미 (anil mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“not; un-; in- (not yet)”) • hanja form of 미 (“to have not; not yet”)
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Hán-Nôm : mùi • Hán-Nôm : vị
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chữ Hán form of Mùi (“eighth of the twelve earthly branches”). • chữ Hán form of vị (“not yet”).
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未
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| 末
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Ideogram (指事) : a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本, 朱. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍t • Middle-Chinese : mat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄇㄜ ‖
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tip; treetop • (by extension) effect; result • late or the last stage; conclusion; close • final; the last; concluding; closing; terminal • insignificant; trivial; inferior; low-priority; low-class • powder; fine particulate matter • (literary, dated) not; none; no (negative indicator) • mo (a category of male roles in traditional Chinese theatre and opera) ‖ Same as 麼／么 (me). ‖ Used to mark a conditional subordinate clause. • Used to mark the topic in a topic-comment construction.
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‖ 末(すえ) • (sue) ^(←すゑ (suwe)?) ‖ 末(うら) • (ura) ‖ 末(うれ) • (ure) ‖ 末(まつ) • (matsu) ‖ 末(まつ) • (-matsu)
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tip, top • end, terminal ‖ the tip or top of a plant · a twig or shoot • the tip or top of a plant · a treetop • the tip or end of something • the top or peak of a mountain • the edge or verge of a road or field • a descendant • the future, later, after • the end of a period of time • (by extension) old age, the end period of a lifetime • (by extension) a degraded world, a world with low morals and corrupt politics • the end of a month, the latter third of a month • some time considerably later • the result, outcome, or trace, remains of something having been done • the direction in which someone has gone or will go • the youngest or last child • youth, childhood • the lowest seat, the seat at the foot of a table; the lowest rank • the last two seven-mora stanzas or lines of a 短歌 (tanka) poem • the end of a sentence or word • the latter portion of a book or serial • the origin, the starting point • (historical) the interior rooms of a palace or manor where maids worked; a maid who worked in such a household • a low class or grade; an item of low class or grade • something minor, a trifle • downstream • (kagura, music) in a 神楽 (kagura) performance, the seats on the right side facing the altar or shrine; the performers playing in these seats ‖ (archaic) the tip or top of a plant · a twig or shoot • (archaic) the tip or top of a plant · a treetop • (archaic) the tip or end of something ‖ (archaic) the tip or top of a plant · a twig or shoot • (archaic) the tip or top of a plant · a treetop ‖ powder • (theater) in traditional Chinese theater, an extra, a minor part ‖ the end of a period of time
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末 (eumhun 끝 말 (kkeut mal))
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(끝): the end, last, low • (가루): flour, powder • (허드레): something coarse, improper, inferior, trivial
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Hán-Nôm : mạt • Hán-Nôm : mất • Hán-Nôm : mặt • Hán-Nôm : mết • Hán-Nôm : mệt • Hán-Nôm : mượt
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末
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| 本
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Ideogram (指事) : a tree (木 (mù)) with its bottom highlighted with an extra stroke, accentuating the roots; contrast 末, 朱. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(b/p)ul (“root; stump; tree”) (STEDT). Cognate with Mizo bul (“cause; beginning; root; stump”), Jingpho phun (“tree; bush; stalk; wood”), Garo bol (“tree”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄣˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pńg • Middle-Chinese : pwonX
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(of plants) root; stem • source; origin; root • foundation; basis • edition; version; copy • originally; initially • current; present • this; here; this very • capital (money used in investment) • Classifier for books, periodicals, files. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • volume • (Korean Classical Chinese) ancestral seat of a descent group
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‖ 本(もと) • (-moto) ‖ 本(もと) • (moto) (counter 個) ‖ 本(ほん) • (-hon) ‖ 本(ほん) • (hon) (counter 冊) ‖ 本(ほん) • (hon-)
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‖ blades of grass and tree trunks • falcons ‖ Alternative form of 元 ‖ long cylindrical things such as glasses of drink, pairs of jeans, pens or trains and buses • films or TV shows • home runs or goals • rounds of a match in boxing, wrestling or judo ‖ a book • a script; a scenario • source; origin; root ‖ current, this, the matter in question • original, actual, base
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本 (eumhun 근본 본 (geunbon bon))
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hanja form of 본 (“root; basis; foundation; stem”) • hanja form of 본 (“source; origin”) • hanja form of 본 (“main; primary; principal”) • hanja form of 본 (“mind; nature; essence; true self”) • hanja form of 본 (“ancestor; fatherland; hometown”) • hanja form of 본 (“counter for books; book; publication”) • hanja form of 본 (“model; version”) • hanja form of 본 (“this; this very”) • hanja form of 본 (“(finance) principal”)
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canonical : 本: Hán Việt readings: bổn • canonical : bản 本: Nôm readings: vốn • canonical : bộn • canonical : bổn • canonical : bủn • canonical : bốn • canonical : vỏn • canonical : bỏn • canonical : bản • canonical : vón • canonical : bọn
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chữ Hán form of bản (“basis; origin”). • chữ Hán form of bổn (“basis; origin”). • Nôm form of bốn (“four”). • Nôm form of vón (“to clot”). • Nôm form of vốn (“capital; bond; fund”).
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本
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| 朱
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Ideogram (指事) : a tree (木) with its center highlighted with an extra dot-like stroke, accentuating the tree's core; contrast 本, 末. \ Compare Proto-Vietic *tɔh (“red”) (Schuessler, 2007). 赭 (OC *tjaːʔ, “red paint”) may be related. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : tsyu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁴ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu¹
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cinnabar; vermilion • bright red • (Hong Kong Cantonese, triad slang) one • a surname ‖ Only used in 朱提 (Shūshí). ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 朱古力.
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‖ 朱(あけ) • (ake) ‖ 朱(しゅ) • (shu)
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vermilion • cinnabar • scarlet • red • bloody ‖ crimson ‖ Abbreviation of 朱色 (“vermilion”).
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朱 (eumhun 붉을 주 (bulgeul ju))
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Hanja form of 주 (“vermillion, cinnabar”).
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Hán-Nôm : cho • Hán-Nôm : chẩu • Hán-Nôm : chõ • Hán-Nôm : Chu • Hán-Nôm : chau • Hán-Nôm : châu • Hán-Nôm : choa
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朱
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| 朴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰroːɡ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 卜 (OC *poːɡ). \ Officially adopted as the simplified form of 樸 (etymology 6) in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956. ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 朴 – see 樸 (“simple; plain; rough; unpolished; sincere; honest; etc.”). \ (This character is the simplified form of 樸). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phoh • Middle-Chinese : phaewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Middle-Chinese : phaewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : piu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Phiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Phok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : po¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨ • Middle-Chinese : phaewk
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bark of a tree • root; stem • Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis) ‖ big • big timber • rat meat which has not been air-dried ‖ a historical surname used by the Yi (夷 (yí)) people. ‖ Park, a surname from Korean ‖ (historical) Only used in 朴刀 (pōdāo, “ancient sword with a long blade and a short hilt”). ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 扑 (pū, “to hit”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 扑 (pū, “instrument of torture of beating”)
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‖ 朴(ほお) • (hō) ^(←ほほ (fofo)?) ‖ 朴(えのき) or 朴(エノキ) • (enoki) ‖ 朴(パク) • (paku)
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‖ Japanese bigleaf magnolia ‖ Chinese hackberry ‖ Park, a surname from Korean
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朴 (eumhun 성씨 박 (seongssi bak)) · 朴 (eumhun 순박할 박 (sunbakhal bak))
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hanja form of 박 (“a surname.”) • hanja form of 박 (“naive; simple”)
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Hán-Nôm : phắc • Hán-Nôm : phác • Hán-Nôm : vóc
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朴
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| 材
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯː) : semantic 木 + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)saːy ⪤ *(d)zaːy (“temperament; talent; resources”) (STEDT). See 才 for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : coi⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâi • Middle-Chinese : dzoj
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material; stuff • timber • Alternative form of 才 (cái, “talent; ability”)
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‖ 材(ざい) • (zai)
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‖ wood • raw material • talent, genius
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材 (eumhun 재목 재 (jaemok jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“material; talent”)
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Hán-Nôm : tài
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材
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| 村
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰuːn) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 寸 (OC *sʰuːns). \ Origin unclear. Seems a late graph, not in Shuowen dictionary of ca.100AD. Ogawa treats it as variant of CO graph 杶 ‘lacquer tree’ which was used phonetically in the sense of‘village’ in place of another graph for ’village’, 邨, which may be taken provisionally as 阝 (邑)‘settlement, village’, and 屯 ‘accumulate, stay’ as semantic and phonetic.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Middle-Chinese : tshwon
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village; hamlet (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (especially Hong Kong) housing estate • (attributive) rustic; boorish; uncouth; vulgar • (Beijing Mandarin) to scold • rural village (an administrative unit in the Republic of China)
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‖ 村(そん) • (son)
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‖ village • local administrative division
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村 (eumhun 마을 촌 (ma'eul chon))
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hanja form of 촌 (“village”)
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Hán-Nôm : thôn • Hán-Nôm : thon • Hán-Nôm : thun • Hán-Nôm : chon • Hán-Nôm : chôn • Hán-Nôm : thuôn • Hán-Nôm : thuốn • Hán-Nôm : xóm
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村
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| 束
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Characters in the same phonetic series (束) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) – bag tied at both ends (earlier forms were often vertically symmetric) similar to 東. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (束) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) – bag tied at both ends (earlier forms were often vertically symmetric) similar to 東.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Middle-Chinese : syowk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : soh
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to bind; to tie up • (now in compounds) to control; to restrain • (now in compounds) end • bunch; bundle; bale • (geometry) pencil (family of geometric objects with a common property) • Classifier for objects in bunches or bundles, such as bouquets of flowers. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • a surname ‖ (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to cling to something and climb upwards (of a person) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to bind or tie tightly • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to absorb (moisture, etc.)
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‖ 束(たば) • (-taba) ‖ 束(たば) • (taba) ‖ 束(つか) • (tsuka) ‖ 束(そく) • (-soku) ‖ 束(そく) • (soku)
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bunch • to bind • to end ‖ counter for bundles ‖ bundle, bunch, batch, sheaf, coil ‖ handbreadth, bundle ‖ large bundles ‖ (mathematics, order theory) lattice
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束 (eumhun 묶을 속 (mukkeul sok))
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hanja form of 속 (“bunch; to bind”)
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Hán-Nôm : thút • Hán-Nôm : súc • Hán-Nôm : thót • Hán-Nôm : thúc • Hán-Nôm : thóc • Hán-Nôm : thắt
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束
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| 杯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plɯː) : semantic 木 + phonetic 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ'). \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཕོར་པ (phor pa, “bowl; cup”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pue • Middle-Chinese : pwoj
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drinkware; cup; glass; mug (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • cup; trophy • alcoholic drink • Classifier for cups/glasses of drinks/food. • (Cantonese, Eastern Min, Southern Min) moon blocks (divination device)
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‖ 杯(はい) • (-hai) ‖ 杯(はい) • (-hai)
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cup ‖ cupfuls • squids (as food) ‖ (games) cup (contest)
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杯 (eumhun 잔 배 (jan bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“cup, glass”)
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canonical : 杯: Hán Việt readings: bôi 杯: Nôm readings: bôi
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chữ Hán form of bôi (“cup”).
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杯
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| 松
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢloŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ). \ Miyake (1997), apud Schuessler (2007), associated 松 (OC *sɢloŋ) with Old Japanese 杉 (sugi₂, “cryptomeria”); superficially similar to Thai สน (sǒn, “pine”). \ The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is sóng. The sound change to the yinping (陰平／阴平) pronunciation in Mandarin dialects is to avoid homophony with the word 㞞／𪨊 (sóng, “semen”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Middle-Chinese : zjowng
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pine tree • a surname, 216th in the Baijiaxing
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‖ 松(まつ) • (matsu) ^(←まつ (matu)?) ‖ 松(まつ) • (Matsu)
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‖ a pine tree • a pine branch decorated for the celebration of New Year • the highest rank of a 3-tier ranking system • a 家紋 (“crest”) in the shape of pine branches or needles • (card games) a suit in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of January • (historical) Synonym of 松明 (taimastu, “torch made of a pine branch”) • (nyōbo kotoba) Synonym of 松茸 (“matsutake mushroom”) ‖ a surname
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pine
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Hán-Nôm : tùng • Hán-Nôm : thông • Hán-Nôm : tòng
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松
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| 板
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːnʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). \ Officially adopted as the simplified form of 闆 (etymology 2) in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956. \ The same word as 版 (OC *praːnʔ, “plank”). Cognate with Tibetan འཕར ('phar, “panel; small plank”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pán • Middle-Chinese : paenX
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plank; board • blackboard • sluggish; stiff; inflexible • to harden; hardened • (Internet) board (sub-unit of a larger BBS or imageboard) • (music) clapper • (music) beat; meter; rhythm (in music or Chinese opera) • to look serious or displeased • (literary or Southern Min) wooden coffin • (Southern Min) ability; capability; talent • (Suzhounese) to have to; must
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‖ 板(いた) • (ita)
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‖ plank, board • (cooking) Short for 俎板. • (cooking) Short for 板前. • (cooking) Short for 板場. • (laundry) Short for 洗濯板. • (Internet) board (sub-unit of a larger BBS or imageboard)
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板 (eumhun 널빤지 판 (neolppanji pan))
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hanja form of 판 (“plank”)
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Hán-Nôm : ván • Hán-Nôm : bản • Hán-Nôm : bửng • Hán-Nôm : phản
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板
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| 析
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“wood”) + 斤 (“axe”) - to split wood.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : sek
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to split wood • to break apart • to divide • to analyse
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divide, split
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析 • (seok) · 析 • (seok) (hangeul 석, revised seok, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, Yale sek)
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Hán-Nôm : chiết • Hán-Nôm : tích
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析
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| 枕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums) : semantic 木 + phonetic 冘 (OC *lu, *lum). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums) : semantic 木 + phonetic 冘 (OC *lu, *lum). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums) : semantic 木 + phonetic 冘 (OC *lu, *lum).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsím • Middle-Chinese : tsyimX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam³ • Middle-Chinese : tsyimH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Middle-Chinese : drim
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pillow • occipital bone • Alternative form of 軫／轸 (zhěn, “cross board at rear of a carriage”) ‖ to pillow; to lay one's head on • to approach • to lean on • a surname ‖ Lindera umbellata • Alternative form of 沉 (chén)
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pillow
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枕 (eum 침 (chim))
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Hán-Nôm : chẳm • Hán-Nôm : chắm • Hán-Nôm : chẩm • Hán-Nôm : chũm • Hán-Nôm : chấm • Hán-Nôm : chỏm
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枕
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| 林
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Duplication of 木 (“tree”) to give the idea of multiple trees (compare 森), thus a forest. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Cognate with 森 (OC *srɯm, “forest”), Mizo ram (“forest; country”), Karbi ram (“jungle”). \ Or perhaps an area word (Schuessler, 2007), shared with Khmer រាម (riəm, “thick bushy jungle that grows along a stream”), Old Khmer *rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”), Old Khmer sarāma ~ sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), Mon ရာံ (rèm, “copse; patch of woodland”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lêm • Middle-Chinese : lim
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forest; grove; woods • circle; community; group of similar people or things • forestry • a surname, commonly romanized as Lin, Lim, and Lam
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‖ 林(はやし) • (hayashi) ‖ 林(はやし) • (Hayashi) ‖ 林(りん) • (rin) ‖ 林(りん) • (Rin)
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‖ a grove, woods, copse • (figurative) a forest of something ‖ a surname • a female given name ‖ grove, forest, woods, copse • gathering • lined up ‖ a surname • (rare) a female given name
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林 (eumhun 수풀 림 (supul rim), word-initial (South Korea) 수풀 임 (supul im))
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hanja form of 림/임 (“forest”)
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Hán-Nôm : lâm • Hán-Nôm : Lâm
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forest • gathering • dense • Chữ Hán form of Lâm (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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林
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| 果
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Pictogram (象形) – fruit on a tree. \ Possibly related to 卵 (OC *ɡ·roːlʔ, *ɡ·roːnʔ, “egg”) (Sagart and Ma, 2020).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ké • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kó • Middle-Chinese : kwaX
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fruit • result • sure enough; really • determined • to fill • to come true • (literary) finally; at last • (literary) actually • (literary) if indeed; if • a surname
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‖ 果(か) • (-ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 果(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?)
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‖ pieces of fruit ‖ fruit • (Buddhism) phala, attained state, result • (Buddhism) enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice)
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果 (eumhun 열매 과 (yeolmae gwa))
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hanja form of 과 (“fruit”) • hanja form of 과 (“result”)
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Hán-Nôm : quả • Hán-Nôm : hủ
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果
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| 枝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kje) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje, “branch”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kje) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje, “branch”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tsye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴
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branch; twig • Classifier for long cylindrical objects (stick, pen, rod, flower with stem, etc). • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 跂 (“extra toe”) • Alternative form of 歧 (qí, “divergent”)
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‖ 枝(えだ) • (eda) ^(←えだ (eda)?)
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branch, limbs ‖ branch, limbs • (graph theory) edge
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枝 • (ji) · 枝 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : chi • Hán-Nôm : che
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枝
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| 枯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ). \ Apparently Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ខះ (khah, “to dry up; to wither”) (Schuessler, 2007), which is from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ckəh (“dry”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khoo • Middle-Chinese : khu
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(of plants, etc.) dry; withered • (of wells, rivers, etc.) dried out • (of muscle) withered; decayed • boring; uninteresting; dry • (dialect) dregs • (traditional Chinese medicine) partial paralysis • a surname
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wither; dry up
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枯 (eumhun 마를 고 (mareul go))
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hanja form of 고 (“dry up, wither”) • hanja form of 고 (“thirst”)
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canonical : 枯: Hán Việt readings: khô 枯: Nôm readings: khô • canonical : gỗ • canonical : khò • canonical : khua
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chữ Hán form of khô (“dry, dried”). • Nôm form of gỗ (“wood”).
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枯
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| 架
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːls) : phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl) + semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) – a wooden prop. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kèe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Middle-Chinese : kaeH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuè
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rack; stand; prop; frame; framework • to prop up; to support • to put up; to construct; to frame • quarrel; fight • Classifier for planes, large vehicles, radios, etc. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (dialectal) Classifier for vehicles. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier ‖ (Southern Min) to place; to put; to rest on
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‖ 架(か) • (ka) ‖ 架(か) • (-ka)
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construct • build • raise • install • undergird • support ‖ a rack; a mount; a stand ‖ flat framed items
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架 • (ga) · 架 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)
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Hán-Nôm : giá • Hán-Nôm : dứa • Hán-Nôm : gá • Hán-Nôm : rớ
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架
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| 某
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“tree”) + 甘 (“sweet”); original form of 梅 (OC *mɯː). \ Possibly Austroasiatic; compare Mon မူ (“what; anything”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Tu (2018) suggests it is from 姥 (MC muX), which was ultimately derived from 母 (OC *mɯʔ, “mother”). The usage of 姥 (“old woman”) to refer to "wife" parallels that of 翁 (“old man”) to refer to "husband" in Min Nan. \ Cognate with Teochew 𡚸 (bhou2), Eastern Min 𡚸 (muō).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mau⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo • Middle-Chinese : muwX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo
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unspecified or not explicitly named (amount, person, or thing); some; a certain; so-and-so • (humble, by itself) I • Used in place of a person's given name, for anonymity purposes. • Used in place of someone else's given name, to show dissatisfaction. • Used in place of one's own given name, to refer to oneself with an intensified emotion. ‖ (Hokkien) wife
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‖ 某(ぼう) • (bō-) ‖ 某(ぼう) • (bō) ‖ 某(ぼう) • (bō) ‖ 某(それがし) • (soregashi)
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a certain person; a certain object ‖ certain (denoting that the speaker is referring to a specific person or thing that they do not want to name directly, implying that the listener should infer the identity of the referent) ‖ (literary) a certain person or thing; a so-and-so ‖ (obsolete) I; me ‖ (obsolete) someone; somebody; a certain person • (obsolete, used by samurai) I; me
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某 (eumhun 아무 모 (amu mo)) · 某 (eumhun 매화나무 매 (maehwanamu mae))
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hanja form of 모 (“certain thing or person”) • hanja form of 매 (“Prunus mume tree”)
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canonical : 某: Hán Việt readings: mỗ 某: Nôm readings: mỗ • canonical : mới • canonical : mấy • canonical : mõ • canonical : mọ • canonical : mỏ • canonical : mổ • canonical : múa • canonical : mỏi • canonical : màu • canonical : mó • canonical : mồi • canonical : với
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某
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| 染
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 氵 (“water”) + 九 (“hook”) + 木 (“tree”) – to hang (on a hook 九) from a tree (木) into water (氵), so as to dye. \ Earlier forms more often graphically 氵 + 杂; in the modern form, the water radical is moved upward to the upper-left corner. \ Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཉམས་པ (nyams pa, “be stained, tarnished, spoiled”); Pan (1987) also notes Proto-Tai *ɲuɔmᴬ as well as Vietnamese nhuộm, both meaning "to dye". \ Schuessler (2007) cites Downer (1986)'s opinion that form with 上 (shàng) tone is the verb, while form with 去 (qù) tone is the noun meaning "kind of cloth" (Lǐjì).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ní • Middle-Chinese : nyemX • Middle-Chinese : nyemH
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to dye • to catch (a disease); to fall into (a bad habit) • a surname: Ran
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dye, color, paint, stain, print
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染 (eumhun 물들일 염 (muldeuril yeom))
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hanja form of 염 (“dye”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhuộm • Hán-Nôm : nhẹm • Hán-Nôm : nhiễm • Hán-Nôm : nhuốm • Hán-Nôm : ruộm • Hán-Nôm : vẩn
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染
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| 柔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlju) : phonetic 矛 (OC *mu) + semantic 木 (“tree”) – wood soft enough that it can easily be cut. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 肉 (OC *njuɡ, “meat”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ ; “ronto-”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiû • Middle-Chinese : nyuw
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soft; supple • to soften • gentle; pliant • to make gentle • (～州) Short for 柔佛 (Róufó, “Johor”). • (Mainland China) ronto- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 柔(じゅう) • (jū) ^(←ぢう (diu)?) ‖ 柔(じゅう) • (jū) ^(←じう (ziu)?) ‖ 柔(にゅう) • (nyū) ^(←にう (niu)?) ‖ 柔(やわ) • (yawa) ^(←やは (yafa)?)-na (adnominal 柔(やわ)な (yawa na), adverbial 柔(やわ)に (yawa ni))
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‖ gentle, soft, supple • calm, gentle, mild, peaceful • calm, relieve, soften • martial art involving gentleness, such as jujitsu or judo ‖ gentleness, softness, suppleness; also, such an object ‖ gentle, supple, weak • kindhearted ‖ weak
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柔 • (yu) · 柔 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : nhu
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柔
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| 柱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toʔ, *doʔ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duːŋ (“post; column”) (STEDT). Cognate with 拄 (OC *toʔ, “to support”), as well as Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuŋ-I, *tun-II (“to erect; post; vertical”), Proto-Central Naga *tuŋ (“stem; trunk; post; tree”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǔ • Middle-Chinese : drjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Middle-Chinese : trjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Middle-Chinese : trjuX
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pillar; post; column (Classifier: 條／条 c) • column-shaped thing • (music) bridge (on a string instrument, such as a guzheng) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) flats of the same layout on different floors • to stand tall and erect • stiff • a surname ‖ to support; to lean on • to block; to obstruct ‖ Only used in 柱夫.
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‖ 柱(はしら) • (hashira) ‖ 柱(はしら) • (-hashira) ‖ 柱(ちゅう) • (-chū) ^(←ちゆう (tyuu)?)
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pillar • (geometry) prism, cylinder ‖ pillar ‖ gods, spirits, worshipped entity. • spirit tablets, cremation remains. ‖ (geometry) prism, cylinder
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柱 (eumhun 기둥 주 (gidung ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“pillar”)
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Hán-Nôm : trụ
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柱
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| 柳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ruʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) in oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions. \ Later 桺 (semantic 木 + phonetic 丣 (OC *luʔ)) in small seal script. \ The glyph finally turned back to 木 (mù) + 卯 (mǎo) in the current form. \ Smith (2011) reconstructs *[m-]ruʔ, with volitional or agentic prefix *m- (see Sagart, 1999) and root verb 流 (OC r(j)u) "to flow", resulting in *m-ruu "(cause to flow >) pour out, empty". If unprefixed, 柳 means "the flowing one"; if prefixed, "the pouring one". Recall English weeping willow.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liú • Middle-Chinese : ljuwX
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willow, a member of the genus Salix • (in compounds) fillet • a surname
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‖ 柳(りゅう) • (ryū) ^(←りう (riu)?) ‖ 柳(りゅう) • (Ryū) ^(←りう (riu)?)
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‖ willow, especially weeping willow • thin as a willow leaf ‖ (Chinese astronomy) the Willow as one of the twenty-eight mansions • a female given name • a surname
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柳 (eumhun 버들 류 (beodeul ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 버들 유 (beodeul yu))
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hanja form of 류/유 (“willow tree”)
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Hán-Nôm : liễu • Hán-Nôm : lẫu • Hán-Nôm : lãu
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Chữ Hán form of Liễu (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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柳
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| 校
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːws, *ɡreːws) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw). ‖ ‖ A derivative, with causative suffix -s, of 交 (OC *kreːw). (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu • Middle-Chinese : haewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Middle-Chinese : kaewH
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school; college; university • a surname ‖ (military) field officer ‖ fetters; shackles • railing; barracks • (historical) horsekeeper official • to examine; to check • to proofread; to check; to compare • (printing) proof • (Cantonese) to adjust • to oppose; to resist • to contest • to bother about; to fuss about • to decorate • to calculate
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school building • shackles
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校 (eumhun 학교 교 (hakgyo gyo))
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hanja form of 교 (“school; educational establishment”)
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Hán-Nôm : hiệu • Hán-Nôm : chò • Hán-Nôm : giâu • Hán-Nôm : giáo • Hán-Nôm : hào
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校
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| 株
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *to) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 朱 (OC *tjo). \ Perhaps Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟhooʔ (“tree; wood”), whence Mon ဆု (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : trju
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tree stump • plant • Classifier for plants. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for viruses. • root
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‖ 株(かぶ) • (kabu) ‖ 株(かぶ) • (-kabu) ‖ 株(しゅ) • (shu)
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‖ stump of a tree • stock (in a company) • share(s) of stock • (virology) variant; strain ‖ Abbreviation for 株(かぶ)式(しき)会(がい)社(しゃ) (kabushiki gaisha, “stock company”); inc. ‖ stump of a tree
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株 (eumhun 그루 주 (geuru ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“stump of a tree”)
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Hán-Nôm : chò • Hán-Nôm : châu • Hán-Nôm : chu
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株
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| 核
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed. \ The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007). \ Generally thought to be of Sino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared to Tibetan རག་ཙེ (rag tse), Karbi rak (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007). However, Hill (2012) rejects the connection to the Tibetan word because most words ending with ཙེ (tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the 子 suffix. \ Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”: \ * 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”), \ * 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted by Schuessler, 2007), \ * 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”), \ * 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed. \ The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007). \ Generally thought to be of Sino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared to Tibetan རག་ཙེ (rag tse), Karbi rak (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007). However, Hill (2012) rejects the connection to the Tibetan word because most words ending with ཙེ (tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the 子 suffix. \ Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”: \ * 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”), \ * 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted by Schuessler, 2007), \ * 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”), \ * 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch". ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : he̍rt ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hat⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu̍t • Middle-Chinese : heak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞˋ
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seed; pit; stone; kernel; core; nut (Classifier: 粒 c) • (computing) -core • (physics, chemistry, biology) nucleus • (physics) nuclear • (mathematics, algebra, linear algebra) kernel • (Hokkien) swelling in the lymph glands (lymphatic hard lumps due to inflammation, etc.) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) small formed lump • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for fruits with a pit inside. ‖ to examine; to check; to verify • rigorous; detailed; reliable ‖ a kind of tree • Alternative form of 荄 (gāi) ‖ eaves of a house
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‖ 核(かく) • (kaku)
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‖ atomic nucleus • (algebra) kernel • (astronomy) core, nucleus • cell nucleus
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核 • (haek, hol) · 核 • (haek, hol) (hangeul 핵, 홀, revised haek, hol, McCune–Reischauer haek, hol, Yale hayk, hol)
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(atomic) nucleus
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Hán-Nôm : hạch
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核
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| 根
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːn) : semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). \ Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)). \ Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄣㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kern • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kirn • Middle-Chinese : kon
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(botany) root (Classifier: 條／条 m) • base; basis; foundation • family root; ancestors • (figurative) descendant; offspring • source; origin • (figurative) penis (Classifier: 條／条 m) • (Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty • (arithmetic) root • (mathematics) solution to an algebraic equation (Classifier: 個／个 m) • (chemistry) radical • (computing) root • completely; from the source • Classifier for long, slender objects, such as cigarettes, fingers, candles, ropes, and guitar strings. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
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‖ 根(ね) • (ne) ‖ 根(こん) • (kon)
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root • base, foundation ‖ a root of a plant • (by extension) the source or root of something • the cause or basis for something • one's nature, the character one has by birth ‖ (Buddhism) the original motive force leading to perception of something by the five senses or by thought • genitals; more commonly, the male genitals • perseverance, patience • (mathematics) a root, such as a square root (calque of English root)
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根 (eumhun 뿌리 근 (ppuri geun))
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hanja form of 근 (“root; base; stump”)
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Hán-Nôm : căn • Hán-Nôm : cằn • Hán-Nôm : cỗi
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根
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| 格
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Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). \ ; “to go; to come; to arrive” \ : Baxter (1992) proposes that this is related to 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “road”). Compare 客 (OC *kʰraːɡ, “guest, visitor”), 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “travel, lodge”), and 行 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs, *ɡraːŋ, *ɡraːŋs, “to go”) \ ; “to obstruct; to hinder” \ ; “frame; square” \ ; “style; form; pattern; standard; personality; character” ‖ Onomatopoeic. ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ka(:)k (“fork, branch, crotch”). Cognate with Apatani á-ha (“branch”), Mizo kâk (“fork of a tree”), Burmese အခက် (a.hkak, “tree branch”). \ Attested since the Northern and Southern dynasties period. According to Schuessler (2007), the word may be much older as the graph already appeared in Zhou texts and was intended to mean "branch" (with 木 radical). ‖ Checked-tone variant of 個／个.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : keh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : keeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kerk • Middle-Chinese : kak • Middle-Chinese : kaek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaak³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gok³ ‖
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(literary, or in compounds) pattern; standard; form; style • square; frame • (literary, or in compounds) special property; personality; character (particularly for the "personality" in literary form) • (grammar) case • (mathematics) lattice; grid; cross-hatch; checkers • (literary) to beat; to lash; to strike; to hit • (Cantonese) partitioned cell; cubicle • to come; to arrive; to go to • to obstruct; to hinder • to investigate • 22nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "resistance" (𝌛) • (Hokkien) breed; body type (of certain poultry and livestock) • (Hokkien) Classifier for graduation in a measuring container. • (Mainland China Hokkien) to examine; to explore; to inspect; to check out (the reason, principle, etc.) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to change the original structural layout (to increase number of spaces, etc.) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) Used in place names to describe the topography of a watershed. • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to build by laying bricks or stones • a surname ‖ An onomatopoeia. ‖ tree branch ‖ this • Alternative form of 個／个 (possessive particle)
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‖ 格(かく) • (kaku) ‖ 格(いたる) • (Itaru) · 格(かく) • (Kaku) · 格(とおる) • (Tōru)
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‖ status, rank • (grammar) case (of a word) • capacity • character • case (law) ‖ a male given name • a male given name • a male given name
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格 (eumhun 바로잡을 격 (barojabeul gyeok)) ‖ 格 (eumhun 가지 각 (gaji gak))
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hanja form of 격 (“status”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 각 (“tree branch”)
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Hán-Nôm : cách • Hán-Nôm : ghếch
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格
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| 栽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯː, *zlɯːs) : semantic 木 + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯː, *zlɯːs) : semantic 木 + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯː, *zlɯːs) : semantic 木 + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoi¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsai • Middle-Chinese : tsoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˋ • Middle-Chinese : dzojH ‖
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to cultivate; to plant; to grow • seedling; sprout • to care for plants; to tend to • to insert • to impose on; to force onto someone • to tumble • (by extension) to fail ‖ to build using an ancient method of architectural construction ‖ Only used in 栽瞌睡, alternative form of 跩瞌睡
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‖ 栽(さい) • (Sai)
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farm • cultivation • plantation ‖ a surname
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栽 • (jae) · 栽 • (jae) (hangeul 재, revised jae, McCune–Reischauer chae, Yale cay)
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Hán-Nôm : tài • Hán-Nôm : trài
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栽
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| 桃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːw) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ). \ Possibly borrowed from the linguistic ancestor of Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaau³ᴬ (Bodman 1980, Schuessler, 2007). The oldest-known domesticated peach stones so far have been excavated in Zhejiang, east of the Central Plain cradle of Chinese civilization.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô • Middle-Chinese : daw
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peach tree • peach (fruit) • peach-shaped object • birthday • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) immature poultry or livestock • walnut • a surname: Tao
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‖ 桃(もも) or 桃(モモ) • (momo) ‖ 桃(もも) • (Momo)
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peach ‖ peach • peach tree ‖ a female given name
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桃 (eumhun 복숭아 나무 도 (boksung'a namu do))
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hanja form of 도 (“peach”) • hanja form of 도 (“marriage”)
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Hán-Nôm : đào
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桃
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| 案
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːns) : semantic 木 + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : on³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uànn • Middle-Chinese : 'anH
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long table; counter • long board that serves as a table or counter • (law) case (legal matter, proceeding or lawsuit) • event; incident; occurrence • record; file • plan submitted for consideration; proposal • wooden plate used to serve food in ancient times • (dated) alternative form of 按 (àn, “to check against something; to make comments; to write notes”)
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‖ 案(あん) • (an)
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‖ (literary) desk; table • idea; suggestion; opinion; thought • plan; proposal; bill • legal case • expectation; anticipation • rough draft
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案 (eumhun 책상 안 (chaeksang an))
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hanja form of 안 (“(literal) desk; table”) • hanja form of 안 (“idea; suggestion; opinion; thought”) • hanja form of 안 (“plan; proposal; bill”)
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Hán-Nôm : án
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案
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| 桑
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Unknown (Schuessler (2007)). ‖ Borrowed from Japanese さん (-san). Compare Min Nan 卡桑 (khà-sàng), 多桑 (tò-sàng), 歐巴桑／欧巴桑 (o͘-bá-sáng), and 歐吉桑／欧吉桑 (o͘-jí-sáng).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : song • Middle-Chinese : sang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄤ
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mulberry tree • a surname ‖ (Mandarin, ACG, Internet slang) -san
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‖ 桑(くわ) or 桑(クワ) • (kuwa) ^(←くは (kufa) or クハ (kufa)?) ‖ 桑(そう) • (sō) ^(←さう (sau)?)
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mulberry ‖ mulberry ‖ mulberry • (US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).
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桑 (eumhun 뽕나무 상 (ppongnamu sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“mulberry tree”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : tang • Hán-Nôm : dâu
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桑
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| 梅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ). \ Seemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume₂) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River, now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : m̂ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buê • Middle-Chinese : mwoj
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Prunus mume (Chinese plum or Japanese apricot) • (in compounds) A plant sharing similarities with Prunus mume in habit, flowers or fruits • (obsolete) Alternative name for 楠 (nán, “Machilus nanmu”). • Short for 梅雨 (méiyǔ). • Short for 梅州 (Méizhōu). • a surname
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‖ 梅(うめ) or 梅(ウメ) • (ume) ‖ 梅(うめ) • (Ume) ‖ 梅(むめ) • (mume) ‖ 梅(ばい) • (bai) ‖ 梅(ばい) • (bai) ‖ 梅(ばい) • (Bai)
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‖ Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume • a white plum blossom, as opposed to 紅梅 (kōbai, “red plum blossom”) • the lowest of a three-level rank system • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with varying designs of plum blossoms • Short for 梅襲 (ume-gasane): a style of layering garments with dark crimson over light crimson • (card games) the suit of plum blossoms in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of February • (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 天神 (tenjin): the second-highest ranked prostitute in Edo-period Kamigata, below the 大夫 (tayū) ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (archaic, obsolete) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume ‖ (usually in Chinese contexts) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume • (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 天神 (tenjin): the second-highest ranked prostitute in Edo-period Kamigata, below the 大夫 (tayū) ‖ plum • Short for 梅雨 (baiu): East Asian rainy season • Short for 梅毒 (baidoku): syphilis ‖ a surname
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梅 (eumhun 매화나무 매 (maehwanamu mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“Prunus mume, a fruit tree”) • hanja form of 매 (“plum blossom, a blossom of this tree”) • hanja form of 매 (“a Korean surname”)
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Hán-Nôm : mai
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rattan
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梅
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| 梨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ril) : phonetic 利 (OC *rids) + semantic 木. \ Unknown. Also found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *rəj; folk etymology derives this from 利 (OC *rids, “sharp”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁴⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Middle-Chinese : lij
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pear (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 c) • Alternative form of 剺 (lí, “to cut”)
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‖ 梨(なし) or 梨(ナシ) • (nashi) ‖ 梨(り) • (ri) ‖ 梨(りん) • (rin)
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pear ‖ a pear tree • a pear (the fruit) • more specifically, a Japanese pear or Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) ‖ a pear tree • a pear (the fruit) • more specifically, a Japanese pear or Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) ‖ pear
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梨 (eumhun 배나무 리 (baenamu ri), word-initial (South Korea) 배나무 이 (baenamu i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“pear tree”)
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Hán-Nôm : lê • Hán-Nôm : lệ
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chữ Hán form of lê (“pear”). • chữ Hán form of lệ (“pear”).
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梨
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| 械
|
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâi • Middle-Chinese : heajH
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weapons • implements; instruments
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‖ 械(かい) • (kai) ‖ 械(かい) • (kai)
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contraption ‖ machine; instrument • contraption; fetter ‖
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械 (eumhun 형틀 계 (hyeongteul gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“weapons, instruments”)
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Hán-Nôm : giới
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械
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| 植
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯɡs, *djɯɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍t • Middle-Chinese : driH • Middle-Chinese : dzyik
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to plant; to grow; to cultivate • to set up; to establish • plant; flora • a surname
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|
plant
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植 (eumhun 심을 식 (simeul sik)) ‖ 植 (eumhun 둘 치 (dul chi))
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hanja form of 식 (“to plant”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 置 (“hanja form of 치 (“to put”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : thực
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|
植
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| 模
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Middle-Chinese : mu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bôo
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model; standard; example • to copy; to imitate • Short for 模特 (mótè, “model; fashion model”). • Short for 模範／模范 (mófàn, “model person; role model”). • (mathematics) modulus • (mathematics) modulo • (mathematics) modular • (mathematics) module • a surname ‖ appearance • mold; matrix; shape; pattern
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‖ 模(も) • (mo) ‖ 模(ぼ) • (bo)
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‖ model; pattern • appearance ‖ (uncommon) Same as も (mo) above
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模 (eumhun 법 모 (beop mo)) · 模 (eumhun 본뜰 모 (bontteul mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“model, standard, pattern”) • hanja form of 모 (“copy, imitate”)
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Hán-Nôm : mô • Hán-Nôm : mo • Hán-Nôm : mọ • Hán-Nôm : mu • Hán-Nôm : mua • Hán-Nôm : mạc • Hán-Nôm : mù
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|
模
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| 次
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Characters in the same phonetic series (次) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and possibly phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sn̥ʰis) : phonetic 二 (OC *njis, “two”) + semantic 欠. \ Probably from *s- + 二 (OC *njis, “two”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-ni-s (Pulleyblank, 1962; Sagart and Baxter, 2012; STEDT). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìr • Middle-Chinese : tshijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ
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order; sequence • (algebra) order • next in sequence; second • (literary) to come next in order • (literary) to arrange into ordered form; to put into sequence; to impose order; to compile • inferior; substandard • Classifier for times, as in frequency. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (archaic, military) to station the troops at some place; to hold position at some place • (literary) resting place • (literary) middle ‖ Only used in 榆次 (Yúcì). ‖ Only used in 次且. ‖ Only used in 具次.
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‖ 次(し) • (shi) ‖ 次(じ) • (-ji) ‖ 次(じ) • (ji) ‖ 次(じ) • (ji-) ‖ 次(つぎ) • (tsugi) ‖ 次(すき) • (suki) ‖ 次(ついで) • (tsuide)
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‖ next, secondary • following ‖ number of times: an ordinal marker • number in a sequence, number of aspects or dimensions ‖ (rare) order, sequence ‖ (attached to nouns) the next, secondary, vice- • (chemistry) hypo- (used to distinguish the oxidation levels of various acids) ‖ next, order, sequence, below ‖ (Shinto) at the 大嘗祭 (Daijōsai) and other major Shintō ceremonies, refers to the group of regional representatives making offerings of sake and grain, who do so after the initial offering ‖ order, sequence • follower, successor; the next thing in a sequence • a good opportunity to do something; doing something incidental to something else
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次 (eumhun 버금 차 (beogeum cha))
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hanja form of 차 (“second; next”)
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canonical : 次: Hán Việt readings: thứ • canonical : tư 次: Nôm readings: thớ • canonical : thứ • canonical : thứa • canonical : khứa
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chữ Hán form of thứ (“inferior in quality; order, rank, sequence”). • Nôm form of thớ. • Nôm form of thứa.
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次
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| 欲
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Characters in the same phonetic series (谷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loɡ) : phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) + semantic 欠. \ Sino-Tibetan. Compare Burmese လို (lui, “to want; to desire”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ju(w) (“to ask; to request”), whence Tibetan ཞུ (zhu, “to request”) (ibid.). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 欲 – see 慾 (“desire; lust”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 慾). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. \ \ From the grammaticalization of 發 (OC *pad, “to send out; to go forth; to proceed”) (Tu, 2017). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍k • Middle-Chinese : yowk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : beh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : berh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : boh ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ài
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wish; desire • to wish; to desire; to want • about to ‖ (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Hainanese) to want (to do) • (Hokkien) to wish to have or keep • (Eastern Min, Hokkien) about to • (Hokkien, Hainanese) if ‖ (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱 · (Eastern Min, Hokkien) to like • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱 · (Teochew) to want (an object) • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱 · (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (to do); to wish • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱 · (Hokkien, Teochew) to need to; must • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱 · (Teochew) about to • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱 · (Eastern Min, Hokkien) to be prone; to be easy to
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‖ 欲(よく) • (yoku)
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want ‖ desire, a want, that which is wanted • greed, avarice • ambition, will
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欲 (eumhun 바랄 욕 (baral yok))
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Hán-Nôm : dục • Hán-Nôm : giục
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欲
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| 欺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯ) : phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) + semantic 欠 (“breath”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi • Middle-Chinese : khi
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to cheat; to deceive • to bully • ^† to excel; to surpass; to be better than
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|
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欺 (eumhun 속일 기 (sogil gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“cheat, doublecross, deceive”)
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Hán-Nôm : khi
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欺
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| 歌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːl) : phonetic 哥 (OC *kaːl) + semantic 欠 (“blow”). Specialized form of 哥 (OC *kaːl, “to sing”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaːr ~ *ga (“to dance; to sing; to leap; to stride”). Cognate with Burmese က (ka., “to dance”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : ka
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to sing; to chant • song; tune (Classifier: 首 m c mn; 支 m c; 闋／阕 m; 隻／只 c w; 條／条 h mn; 塊／块 mn) • to praise
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‖ 歌(うた) • (uta) ‖ 歌(か) • (ka)
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‖ (music) a song • (poetry) poetry ‖ a song; to sing • Japanese poetry; waka
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歌 (eumhun 노래 가 (norae ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“to sing, song”)
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Hán-Nôm : ca • Hán-Nôm : cà • Hán-Nôm : cao
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chữ Hán form of ca (“to sing”).
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歌
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| 止
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Characters in the same phonetic series (止) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a footprint, originally meaning "foot". The derivative 趾 (OC *kjɯʔ) refers to the original meaning. Compare 手 (“hand”). Note that in oracle script, composed of 3 toes and a sole. \ Compare to 夊, 夂, which have similar shape in oracle script, but pointing down (toe pointing right), and 𡕒 (as in right side of 舛, roughly ヰ, toe pointing left), hence different evolution.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyiX
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foot • to stop; to halt • to bring to an end; to stop; to relieve • to end; to finish • only (original form of 只 (zhǐ)) • 71st tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝍌) • (literary, archaic) Sentence-final particle indicating an emphasis.
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(とめる): to stop • (やめる): to stop, to terminate
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止 (eumhun 그칠 지 (geuchil ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“stop”)
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Hán-Nôm : chỉ
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止
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| 正
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) : phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 止 (“foot”) – to go on a long journey. Original form of 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go on long campaign”). \ Sino-Tibetan or area word: “centre; target; first (month); straight; correct”. \ Compare Mizo dîng (“to go straight or direct (as person, arrow etc.); to go straight through without breaking the journey; straight; direct”). Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”) for this, which includes 正, 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”). \ Additionally, Matisoff has Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(r)waŋ (“straight; straighten”), whence Chepang धेङ्सा (dʰeŋ-, “straight”), Jingpho ding (“straight”), Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight; correct; upright; just; fair”), Burmese တန်း (tan:, “straight; to head straight for”). Also compare Khmer ទៀង (tiĕng, “accurate; correct; exact; precise; honest”). \ Derivatives: \ * 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go straight > to go on a journey”) \ * 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; to govern; government; to determine”) \ * 整 (OC *tjeŋʔ, “orderly; to arrange; to dispose”) \ For etymology of pronunciation 正 (zhĕng) in the month 正月 (zhēngyuè)'s name, see there. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) : phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 止 (“foot”) – to go on a long journey. Original form of 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go on long campaign”). \ Sino-Tibetan or area word: “centre; target; first (month); straight; correct”. \ Compare Mizo dîng (“to go straight or direct (as person, arrow etc.); to go straight through without breaking the journey; straight; direct”). Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”) for this, which includes 正, 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”). \ Additionally, Matisoff has Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(r)waŋ (“straight; straighten”), whence Chepang धेङ्सा (dʰeŋ-, “straight”), Jingpho ding (“straight”), Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight; correct; upright; just; fair”), Burmese တန်း (tan:, “straight; to head straight for”). Also compare Khmer ទៀង (tiĕng, “accurate; correct; exact; precise; honest”). \ Derivatives: \ * 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go straight > to go on a journey”) \ * 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; to govern; government; to determine”) \ * 整 (OC *tjeŋʔ, “orderly; to arrange; to dispose”) \ For etymology of pronunciation 正 (zhĕng) in the month 正月 (zhēngyuè)'s name, see there.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zeng³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìng • Middle-Chinese : tsyengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiann • Middle-Chinese : tsyeng
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straight; upright in proper position; middle • right; proper; correct; upright • obverse; right • regular; standard • precisely; directly; perfectly • primary; chief; main; full • pure; unmixed; authentic; true • pretty; attractive; beautiful • (Cantonese) awesome; fantastic • just now; right now; in the process of • just; exactly; precisely • to straighten; to make straight • to make right; to rectify; to correct • (numeral) ten duodecillion(10⁴⁰) • (mathematics) regular • (mathematics) positive; plus • (physics) positive • (time) sharp; on the dot • (Hakka, Teochew) only; merely • (Hakka, Teochew) just; just now • (Hakka, Teochew) only then; only after • (Hakka, Teochew) Used to emphasize that something is/is not. • (Southern Min) right (direction) • a surname • (tally marks) five (successive strokes of 正 are added in writing sequence to tally a count of five per character) ‖ first (month of the lunar year) • bull's eye; centre of target • target; goal • Original form of 征 (zhēng, “to levy”). • Original form of 征 (zhēng, “to go on a punitive expedition”).
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‖ 正(せい) • (sei) ‖ 正(せい) • (sei) ‖ 正(せい) • (sei) ‖ 正(しょう) • (shō-) ‖ 正(しょう) • (shō) -na (adnominal 正(しょう)な (shō na), adverbial 正(しょう)に (shō ni)) ‖ 正(しょう) • (shō) ‖ 正(まさし) or 正(ただし) or 正(たゞし) • (Masashi or Tadashi)
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correct • justice • (arithmetic) positive • (geometry) regular ‖ correctness ‖ 生: (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males) ‖ A number of ten-duodecillion (10⁴⁰) in modern Japanese since 17th century. • 5, as tally marks. Similar to four vertical lines followed by a slanted horizontal line crossing through them, this character is used to count to 5 stroke by stroke. Thus this kanji written up to the third stroke represents 3. After the fifth and final stroke, when this character is completed, one starts writing this character again to count to higher numbers. ‖ (history) "senior" ranking for 位 (-i, “Japanese courtier rank”) • 正: exactly (of a number) ‖ proper; straight, direct; genuine, true ‖ ten-duodecillion (10⁴⁰) ‖ a male given name
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正 (eumhun 바를 정 (bareul jeong)) ‖ 正 (eumhun 정월(正月) 정)
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Hanja form of 정 (“straight; upright; erect”). ‖ hanja form of 정 (“first (month of the lunar year)”) • hanja form of 정 (“target”)
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canonical : 正: Hán Việt readings: chinh • canonical : chánh • canonical : chính 正: Nôm readings: chánh • canonical : chênh • canonical : chính • canonical : chếnh • canonical : chiếng • canonical : chỉnh • canonical : giêng
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Chữ Hán form of chánh (“chief; head”). • Chữ Hán form of chính (“main; major, chief; just, righteous”). • Nôm form of chếnh.
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正
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| 武
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Characters in the same phonetic series (武) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戈 (“blade”) + 止 (“foot; to walk; to stop”) – army going on an expedition. In the character 武, the 戈 component is written above the 止 component. \ The graphical origin of 武 as “to stop violence” — the ultimate state of just warfare — is traditionally attributed to King Zhuang of Chu [597 BCE]: \ 楚子曰：「非爾所知也。夫文，止戈為武。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]楚子曰：「非尔所知也。夫文，止戈为武。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE \ Chǔ Zǐ yuē: “Fēi ěr suǒ zhī yě. Fú wén, zhǐ gē wéi wǔ.” [Pinyin] \ Said Lord "Chǔ" (楚): “Not exactly as what you might have believed. The term itself means: stopping ("止") the blades ("戈") thus martiality ("武").” \ Linguistically, this was likely a misinterpretation, as 止 always means “to walk” (趾) when used as a radical, compare 步 (bù), 歷／历 (lì) and 歧 (qí). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-mak (“war, army, soldier”). Cognate with Tibetan དམག (dmag, “army”), Burmese မက် (mak) (as in ရဲမက် (rai:mak, “soldier”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 2017d).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bú • Middle-Chinese : mjuX
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military (related to warfare, fighting) • martial arts; wushu • valiant; brave; courageous • soldier; warrior • footstep; footprint • Classifier for half steps. • (obsolete) to inherit • a surname
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‖ 武(む) • (mu) ‖ 武(ぶ) • (bu) ‖ 武(たけし) • (Takeshi) · 武(たける) • (Takeru)
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‖ military, martial ‖ courage, ferocity, valor • military power, force of arms • the act of carrying out military force: a battle, a war • the way of carrying out military force: strategy, tactics, martial arts • a military person: an officer, a soldier • (obsolete) a unit of length, equivalent to half of a 歩 (bu, six 尺 (shaku), roughly six feet or 1.8 meters), roughly equivalent to one yard or 90 centimeters ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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武 (eumhun 굳셀 무 (gutsel mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“military nobility; soldier, warrior; weaponry, weapons”) • hanja form of 무 (“courage, honor”) • hanja form of 무 (“martial arts, wushu; to demonstrate military force: strategy, tactics, martial arts”)
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Hán-Nôm : vũ • Hán-Nôm : võ
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martial arts • (compounds) violence • chữ Hán form of Võ (“a surname”). • chữ Hán form of Vũ (“a surname”).
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武
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| 死
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 歹 + 人. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Middle-Chinese : sijX
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(intransitive) to die • (intransitive) to die · ^† (transitive) to die for the sake of; to sacrifice oneself for; to die together with someone • inactive • (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing; to the death • (colloquial) very; bloody; totally • (offensive) damned; damn • (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go; (as in "where the hell did ... go") • (Cantonese, Southern Min) persistently; stubbornly • (Cantonese) screwed • (Cantonese) awful • (Southern Min) closely; firmly; tightly
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‖ 死(し) • (shi) ‖ 死(し) • (shi)
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‖ death • (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”) ‖ death, to die • dead, unfunctional • life-or-death situation • dangerous, life-threatening • (baseball) out
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死 (eumhun 죽을 사 (jugeul sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“death”) [noun, affix]
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Hán-Nôm : tử • Hán-Nôm : long
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death
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死
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| 殉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢʷins) : semantic 歹 + phonetic 旬 (OC *sɢʷin).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : zwinH
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to be buried alive with the dead • to die for the cause of; to be a martyr for • (literary) to pursue
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殉 (eum 순 (sun))
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Hán-Nôm : tuẫn
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殉
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| 殊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *to, *djo) : semantic 歺 + phonetic 朱 (OC *tjo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sû • Middle-Chinese : dzyu
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to behead; to decapitate; to kill • to die; to lose one's life • to cut off; to sever • different; disparate; dissimilar • to distinguish; to differentiate • outstanding; exceptional; excellent • special; peculiar; distinctive • extremely; very • still; yet • a surname
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particularly; especially; exceptionally
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殊 • (su) · 殊 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : thùa • Hán-Nôm : thù • Hán-Nôm : thò
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殊
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| 段
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In the bronze script it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 殳, showing a hand breaking a stone with fragments coming off (Li Xueqin, 2012).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dyun⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuān • Middle-Chinese : dwanH
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section; piece; division • administrative unit; department (especially in railways) • (sports) grade; level (in chess, martial arts, etc.) • Classifier for a segment or section of something that is long: piece; segment • Classifier for a distance or a period of time. • Classifier for writing, speech, etc. • a surname
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‖ 段(だん) • (dan) ‖ 段(だん) • (-dan) ‖ 段(たん) • (tan)
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step • rank; grade ‖ steps (up and down); stairs • rating; ranking • row; line (of text) • (mathematics) multiplication table • (typography) the equivalent to a column in Western layout, but that can be horizontal or vertical depending on the writing direction ‖ (after a number) -th rank; -th degree black belt (in karate, judo, etc) • a section (horizontal line) in the gojūon table, which consists of kana that have or historically have had the same vowel • (typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 1408 mils, ¹⁴⁰⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 128 U (U) and 16 倍 (bai) ‖ a unit of areal measure equivalent to 300 坪 (tsubo), now standardised at exactly 120000/121 square metres (around 991.7 m²)
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段 (eumhun 구분 단 (gubun dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“step”)
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Hán-Nôm : đoạn • Hán-Nôm : đoàn
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段
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| 殿
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Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːns, *dɯːns) : phonetic 𡱂 (OC *duːn) + semantic 殳 (“hand holding a weapon”) – the sound of hitting (not attested in ancient documents). \ Chi (2010) considers the character to be developed from 𠂤 (“buttocks”); 尸 (“body”) and 丌 (“pedestal”) are added to form 𡱂 (“buttocks”), and 殳 is added to emphasize the meaning of “hitting the buttocks”. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(u/i)l (“buttocks; heel; dull; blunt; rounded part”). Compare Jingpho shatin (“buttocks”). Related to 臀 (OC *duːn, “buttocks”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Whether “lofty building” is related is unclear; Chi (2010) suggests that it is a semantic extension of “buttocks”, which are elevated from the ground.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Middle-Chinese : denH • Middle-Chinese : tenH
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lofty building; hall; palace; temple • to bring up the rear • (military) rear • to protect; to defend • a surname
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‖ 殿(どの) • (-dono) ‖ 殿(との) • (tono)
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palace, hall, temple • lord, noble ‖ Mr., Ms., a more formal title than さん (-san) but not so respectful as 様(さま) (-sama) ‖ a feudal lord
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殿 • (jeon) · 殿 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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Hán-Nôm : điện • Hán-Nôm : đền • Hán-Nôm : điếng
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殿
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| 母
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Differentiated form of 女 with the addition of distinguishing dots. In the early oracle bone texts both words 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) and 母 were written as 女 (Yao, 1989, Liu, 2011, Huang, 2014). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman, female”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bió • Middle-Chinese : muwX
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mother • Used to address a female elder member of a family. • (of animal) female • (figuratively, of instruments, tools, or connectors) female • pertaining to origin • a surname
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‖ 母(はは) • (haha) ^(←はは (fafa)?) ‖ 母(はわ) • (hawa) ^(←はは (fafa)?) ‖ 母(は) • (ha) ‖ 母(あも) • (amo) ‖ 母(おも) • (omo) ‖ 母(かか) • (kaka) ‖ 母(かあ) • (kā)
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‖ mother ‖ (humble) mother ‖ (obsolete) mother ‖ (obsolete) mother ‖ (obsolete) mother • a woman who breastfeeds and raises a child in place of a parent: a wet nurse ‖ (childish) mommy, mummy • (obsolete) wife ‖ mother
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母 (eumhun 어미 모 (eomi mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“mother”)
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canonical : 母: Hán Việt readings: mẫu 母: Nôm readings: mẫu • canonical : mẹ
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chữ Hán form of mẫu (“mother”).
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母
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| 毒
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Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). \ Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːɡ) : semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant." \ ; “poison” \ ; “to poison” (Pronunciation 2) \ ; “nerdy” ‖ Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). \ Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːɡ) : semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant." \ ; “poison” \ ; “to poison” (Pronunciation 2) \ ; “nerdy” ‖ Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). \ Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːɡ) : semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant." \ ; “poison” \ ; “to poison” (Pronunciation 2) \ ; “nerdy”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍k • Middle-Chinese : dowk ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thāu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : doi⁶
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poison; toxin; venom; bane • calamity; disaster; trouble • pain; suffering • crime; evil • to poison; to administer poison to • to harm; to injure • to hate; to resent • Alternative form of 督 (dū, “to manage; to govern”) • poisonous; noxious • heavy; thick • (figurative) pernicious influence; harmful influence • severe; fierce; violent • malicious; cruel; sinister • (literary, or in compounds) narcotics; narcotic drugs • (Hong Kong Cantonese) nerdy ‖ (Cantonese, Hakka, Min, colloquial) to poison; to administer poison to ‖ Used in 毒冒, which is an alternative form of 玳瑁 (dàimào)
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‖ 毒(どく) • (doku)
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poison ‖ poison, toxin
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毒 (eumhun 독 독 (dok dok)) ‖ 毒 (eumhun 거북 대 (geobuk dae))
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hanja form of 독 (“poison”) ‖ Alternative form of 玳 (“hanja form of 대 (“turtle”)”) • Alternative form of 瑇 (“hanja form of 대 (“turtle”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : độc • Hán-Nôm : nọc
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毒
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| 比
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Characters in the same phonetic series (比) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 人 – to juxtapose. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (比) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 人 – to juxtapose. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (比) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 人 – to juxtapose. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (比) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 人 – to juxtapose. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (比) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 人 – to juxtapose.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bei² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pí • Middle-Chinese : pjijX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Middle-Chinese : bjijH • Middle-Chinese : pjijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bjij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : bjit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ
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to compare; to contrast; to have a contest • to liken; to draw an analogy to • to emulate; to copy; to imitate • to match; to be equal • to be the ratio of; ... to ... • indicating the score of a match • to gesticulate; to gesture • metaphor; analogy • ratio; proportion • than; more ... than; -er compared to • Short for 比利時／比利时 (Bǐlìshí, “Belgium”). ‖ to be next to; to be near to; to stand close together; to lie next to • to cling to; to collude with • intimate; close; friendly • dense; closely packed • harmonious; melodious • all; completely • lately; recently • frequently; repeatedly • until; till • eighth hexagram of the I Ching ‖ Used in 比蒲 (“placename”). • Used in 皋比 (“tiger skin”). • Used in 師比／师比 (shībǐ, “ancient belt hook”). ‖ close; near • dense; closely packed ‖ Alternative form of 庀 (pǐ, “to have; to possess”)
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‖ 比(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 比(ひ) • (hi)
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‖ a ratio ‖ comparison, match, equal • ratio • Short for フィリピン (Firipin): the Philippines
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比 (eumhun 견줄 비 (gyeonjul bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“comparison”)
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Hán-Nôm : tỉ • Hán-Nôm : tị • Hán-Nôm : tí • Hán-Nôm : Bỉ
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chữ Hán form of tỉ (“compare”). • chữ Hán form of Bỉ (“Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)”).
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比
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| 毛
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Characters in the same phonetic series (毛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – feather or hair. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/r-m(u/i/ja)l (“hair; fur; feather”); related to 眉 (OC *mril, “eyebrow”) and cognate with Manipuri ꯃꯨꯅ (mun, “pubic hair”), Garo খিমিল (khimil, “hair; fur”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-məw¹ (“body hair”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ (Cantonese) (mold): folk etymology suggests from English mold. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴⁻¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : moo • Middle-Chinese : maw • Middle-Chinese : mawH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : mng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : moo
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hair (of humans or animals); fur; feather (Classifier: 根 m; 條／条 c; 支 mn) • (dialectal) hair on the head • mildew; mold • (colloquial) jiao; one tenth of a yuan or dollar; ten cents; dime • coarse; raw; semifinished • (of an amount) gross • rough; sketchy • small; little • careless; unthinking • panicked; scared; nervous • angry; furious • (of currency) depreciated • (Mainland China, colloquial or slang) no; nothing; damn all; my ass • (Cantonese, colloquial, always with the classifier) nothing; damn all; jack shit; bugger all (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (ACG) hair (in unnatural colours) • (Hokkien) tiny; minute • (Hokkien) impure; contaminated; false; mixed • (Mainland China Hokkien) crops; vegetation; greenery; plants • (Mainland China Hokkien) unrefined; crude • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) mountain weed
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‖ 毛(け) • (ke) ‖ 毛(もう) • (mō)
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hair, fur ‖ hair, fur ‖ one thousandth · one thousandth of a 寸 (sun) (approximately 0.0303 mm) • one thousandth · one thousandth of a 匁 (monme) (exactly 3.75 mg) • one thousandth · one thousandth of a 割 (wari) (0.01 percent)
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毛 (eumhun 터럭 모 (teoreok mo))
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Hanja form of 모 (“hair”).
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Hán-Nôm : mao • Hán-Nôm : mau • Hán-Nôm : mào
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chữ Hán form of mao. • Nôm form of mau (“quick, fast”). • Nôm form of máu (“blood”).
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毛
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| 氏
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Characters in the same phonetic series (氏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) . Various interpretations exist: a man bending over to sow the field, the root of a tree, a man bowing over to the right, a spoon or mallet, a man holding an object, etc. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : dzyeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Middle-Chinese : tsjeng
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clan; family; lineage; hereditary house • surname • person with the surname of ...; Mr. • (historical) née; born as; maiden name • suffix to a personal proper noun for attribution (of a work, invention, discovery, etc.) • (Classical) suffix to a noun that refers to family membership (actual or honorary) ‖ Used in 月氏 (yuèzhī, “Yuezhi”). • Used in 閼氏／阏氏 (yānzhī, “wife of a Xiongnu chief”). ‖ Only used in 狋氏 (“name of an ancient county”).
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‖ 氏(し) • (shi) ‖ 氏(し) • (-shi)
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‖ a family, a clan • a certain person ‖ (honorific) Mr.; Ms.
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氏 (eumhun 성씨(姓氏) 씨 (seongssi ssi)) ‖ 氏 (eumhun 나라 이름 지 (nara ireum ji))
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hanja form of 씨 (“lineage; surname”) • hanja form of 씨 (“Mr.; Ms.”) ‖ (historical) hanja form of 지 (“Only used in 월지 (月氏, wolji)”)
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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chữ Hán form of thị (“she/her; that criminal; you (derogatory); bitch”). • chữ Hán form of Thị (“a female middle name”).
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氏
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| 民
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Characters in the same phonetic series (民) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – an eye pierced by a dagger. This may be interpreted as 盲 (OC *mraːŋ, “blind”) or “slave < to enslave by blinding”. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-mi(j)-n (“people, man, human being”). Cognate with Tibetan མི (mi) and Dzongkha མི (mi).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîn • Middle-Chinese : mjin
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people; citizens • folk; popular • member of an ethnic group • person of a particular occupation • civilian
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‖ 民(みん) • (min) ^(←みん (min)?) ‖ 民(みん) • (-min) ^(←みん (min)?)
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nation, peoples ‖ citizen ‖ (Internet slang, dated) regular of a certain social website or website section
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民 (eumhun 백성 민 (baekseong min))
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hanja form of 민 (“the people; the populace; the nation”)
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Hán-Nôm : dân • Hán-Nôm : rân ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of dân.
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民
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| 水
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Pictogram (象形) – compare 川 (chuān). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lwi(j) (“flow; stream”) (Benedict, 1974; Coblin, 1986; Handel, 1998; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Mizo lui (“stream; brook; river”), Tedim Chin [script needed] (luːi³, “stream; river”), Jingpho lawi (“to flow (as water)”). \ Old Chinese 水 (*lhuiʔ), as reconstructed by Schuessler, is Sino-Tibetan root's endoactive derivation with suffix *-ʔ, meaning "that which is flowing"; its voiceless initial suggests the presence of a nominalizing prefix *k- or *s-. Another derivative from the Sino-Tibetan root is possibly 泫 (winʔ, “to flow”) (minimally reconstructed). \ Compare also areal etymon Proto-Mon-Khmer *lujʔ ~ luuj() ~ luəj() ~ ləəj() (“to wade; to swim”). \ Alternatively, Gong (1995) reconstructs Old Chinese *hljədx and compares it to Tibetan ཆུ (chu, “water”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsju (“water; liquid; bodily fluid”). Baxter and Sagart (2014), employing evidence from the Proto-Min form of the Min colloquial variant 沝, reconstructs the latter *turʔ and thereby reconstructs Old Chinese *s.turʔ, and compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *twəj (“to flow; to suppurate”), which is likely related to *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; to soak; to be wet”) (STEDT). Like Gong (1995), Sagart (2017) compares it to Tibetan ཆུ (chu), but he also compares it to Bodo (India) दै (dwi), Mizo tui, Proto-Karen *thejᴬ, all of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s. Handel deems derivations from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsju or *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s unlikely because of phonological issues (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄟˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suí • Middle-Chinese : sywijX
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water (Classifier: 瓶 m; 樽 c; 滴 m c; 池 m c; 盆 m c; 杯 m c) • liquid; potion; juice • (colloquial, chiefly Singapore, Malaysia) Synonym of 飲料／饮料 (yǐnliào, “beverage”) • (archaic) river • body of water • flood • additional cost or income • (dialectal) rain • (Cantonese) money • (Cantonese) hundred dollars (Classifier: 嚿 c) • (Cantonese) source of revenue (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese) to fool; to deceive; to misguide • to swim • (colloquial) lacking substance or power; worthless • Short for 划水 (huáshuǐ, “to shirk; to slack off”). • one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行) • (colloquial) Classifier for the number of times clothing was washed. • Sui people • a surname
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‖ 水(みず) • (mizu) ^(←みづ (midu)?)
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‖ water (sometimes cold and/or fresh) • drinking water • a fluid, liquid • a flood • (sumo) Short for 水入り (mizuiri): halting • (sumo) Short for 力水 (chikara mizu): water offered to sumo wrestlers before a bout
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水 (eumhun 물 수 (mul su))
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hanja form of 수 (“water”) [affix] • hanja form of 수 (“Short for 수요일(水曜日) (suyoil, “Wednesday”).”)
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canonical : 水: Hán Việt readings: thủy • canonical : thuỷ 水: Nôm readings: thủy • canonical : thuỷ • canonical : nước
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chữ Hán form of thuỷ (“water”). • (uncommon) Nôm form of nước (“water”).
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水
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| 永
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Uncertain. \ * STEDT compares 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) to provisional Proto-Lolo-Burmese meso-root *ʔ-m(y)aŋ¹/³; \ * Bodman (1980) derived 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wrjaŋ & considered it cognate with Lepcha ᰝᰥᰤᰰ (hryăn) as well as Tibetan རྒྱོང་བ (rgyong ba, “to extend; to stretch”) and རྒྱང་མ (rgyang ma, “distance”); \ * Schuessler (2007) considered to be unclear any connection with 泂 (OC *ɡʷeːŋʔ) and Tibetan རིང (ring, “to be tall, long”), Western Tamang rehng pā (“to be long”), Burmese ရှည် (hrany, “to be long”), (all from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(i/u)ŋ (“to be long, to elongate”)) & Proto-Loloish *s/m-riŋ (“long (adv.)”); so Schuessler compared 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) to Khmer វែង (vɛɛng, “long”) and Khmer បង្វែង (bɑngvaeng, “to prolong, divert, mislead, deceive”) (both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *waiŋ (“long”)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : íng • Middle-Chinese : hjwaengX
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perpetual; eternal; permanent; forever • long (space or time) • to prolong; to lengthen • 53rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "eternity" (𝌺) • a surname
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‖ 永(えい) • (ei) ‖ 永(えい) • (ei) ‖ 永(よう) • (yō) ^(←やう (yau)?)
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eternity • long • lengthy ‖ long (time) • perpetual; eternal ‖ (historical) Abbreviation of 永楽銭 (eirakusen). ‖ (historical) · (rare) Synonym of 永 (ei, “long (time), eternal”)
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永 (eumhun 길 영 (gil yeong))
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hanja form of 영 (“long, deep, forever”)
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canonical : 永: Hán Việt readings: vĩnh 永: Nôm readings: vắng • canonical : vẳng • canonical : vánh • canonical : vảnh • canonical : vênh • canonical : vểnh • canonical : viếng • canonical : vĩnh
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永
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| 求
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Pictogram (象形) - fur coat. \ Jiajie (假借) - The character was subsequently borrowed for a near-homophone meaning "to request", and the original meaning came to be represented by 裘 (OC *ɡʷɯ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kau⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiû • Middle-Chinese : gjuw
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to seek; to look for • to beg; to request; to implore • to request; to ask for • to require; to demand • to covet; to seek (fame, riches) • to attract • a surname
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‖ 求(もとむ) • (Motomu)
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request, wish ‖ a male given name
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求 (eumhun 구할 구 (guhal gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“request, wish”)
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Hán-Nôm : cầu
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求
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| 汗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns) : semantic 水 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-(k/ŋ)rul (“sweat”). Compare Tibetan རྔུལ (rngul, “sweat”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hān • Middle-Chinese : hanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hân • Middle-Chinese : han ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Middle-Chinese : kan
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sweat; perspiration (Classifier: 滴 m c) • (literary, or in compounds) to sweat; to perspire • (literary) condensation on bamboo when put over fire • Used in 汗漫. • (Internet slang) Word used to express embarrassment, speechlessness or helplessness. • a surname: Han ‖ Short for 可汗 (kèhán). • a surname: Han ‖ Only used in 餘汗／馀汗.
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‖ 汗(あせ) • (ase) ‖ 汗(かん) • (kan) ‖ 汗(かん) • (kan)
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sweat ‖ sweat ‖ sweat ‖ Synonym of ハン (han): khan
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汗 (eum 한 (han))
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(땀 한, ttam-): sweat • (물 질펀할 한, mul-jilpeonhal-): flood • (되 임금 한, doe-imgeum-): khan
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Hán-Nôm : cạn • Hán-Nôm : hãn • Hán-Nôm : khan
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汗
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| 江
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ ; "Yangtze River" \ Borrowed from a substrate Austroasiatic language as Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river, valley”); compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ ruuŋ ~ ruəŋ (“river”) > Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”) (Vietnamese sông), Mon ကြုၚ် (krɜŋ, “small river, creek”). \ Derivative: 港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Middle-Chinese : kaewng
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Yangtze River • (by extension) river (Classifier: 條／条) • (～日) (telegraphy) the third day of a month • a surname: Jiang (mainland China), Chiang (Taiwan), Kong (Hong Kong), Kiang (Old fashion)
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‖ 江(え) • (e) ‖ 江(え) • (E) ‖ 江(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?) ‖ 江(こう) • (Kō) ^(←かう (kau)?) ‖ 江(ごう) • (Gō) ‖ 江(へ) • (e) ‖
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creek • inlet • bay ‖ inlet, bay • (archaic, possibly obsolete) (general term for a large body of water) · sea • (archaic, possibly obsolete) (general term for a large body of water) · large river • (archaic, possibly obsolete) (general term for a large body of water) · lake ‖ a surname ‖ (archaic) large river ‖ short for 長江 (Chōkō): the Yangtze River • old name for 琵琶湖 (Biwa-ko): Lake Biwa • a surname • a unisex given name ‖ a surname • a unisex given name ‖ (dated) Alternative spelling of へ (e, “to, towards”) ‖ (obsolete) Identical in meaning to the particle へ, but used only after pronunciations of え, 𛀁, and ゑ.
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江 (eumhun 강 강 (gang gang))
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hanja form of 강 (“river”)
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Hán-Nôm : giang • Hán-Nôm : giăng • Hán-Nôm : nhăng • Hán-Nôm : gianh
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(only in compounds) river • Chữ Hán form of Giang (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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江
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| 池
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Characters in the same phonetic series (也) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːl, *l'al) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ). \ Perhaps a Sino-Tibetan word; compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *lii (“pool; lake; pond”), whence Mizo li (“quiet, deep pool”) (STEDT). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Middle-Chinese : drje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : to⁴ • Middle-Chinese : da
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pool; pond • moat • cistern • (computing) pool • a surname ‖ Only used in 虖池／呼池 (“Hutuo River”).
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‖ 池(ち) • (Chi)
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pond, lake, moat • object used for storage ‖ a surname
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‖
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pool, pond ‖ a surname
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Hán-Nôm : trì • Hán-Nôm : đìa
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池
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| 沈
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam³ • Middle-Chinese : drim • Middle-Chinese : drimH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sím • Middle-Chinese : syimX • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam³ • Middle-Chinese : drim • Middle-Chinese : drimH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam³ • Middle-Chinese : drim • Middle-Chinese : drimH
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Alternative form of 沉 (chén) • (obsolete) ritual sacrifice in which animals are submerged in water • (obsolete) put poison in liquid • sixty-fourth tetragram of the Taixuanjing, "sinking" (𝍅) ‖ (historical) Shen, a state during the Zhou dynasty and located in modern-day Henan • a surname ‖ Only used in 沈沈.
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sink • be submerged • subside • be depressed • aloes
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沈 (eumhun 잠길 침 (jamgil chim)) ‖ 沈 (eumhun 성씨 심 (seongssi sim))
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hanja form of 침 (“to sink; to submerge”) • hanja form of 침 (“to indulge in”) • hanja form of 침 (“dark; gloomy”) ‖ hanja form of 심 (“a surname.”)
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Hán-Nôm : trầm • Hán-Nôm : đắm
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沈
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| 沙
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : see • Middle-Chinese : srae • Middle-Chinese : sraeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ
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sand • (usually used in place names) shoal • something granular • mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality. • (of a voice) hoarse; husky • (Buddhism) the number 10⁻⁸ • Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng). • (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”). • (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”). • (Hong Kong) Short for 沙田 (shātián, “Sha Tin”). • a surname ‖ (Teochew) · (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed ‖ (alt. form 娑) to twirl; to whirl • (alt. form 挲) to fondle; to caress
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‖ 沙(すな) • (suna) ‖ 沙(いさご) • (isago) ‖ 沙(さ) or 沙(しゃ) • (sa or sha)
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‖ sand ‖ small rock • sand ‖ Number of units, 1 of 100 million parts.
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hanja form of 사 (“sand”)
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Hán-Nôm : sa
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沙
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| 河
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Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). \ Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases. \ External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed: \ * Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986). \ * A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998). \ * Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995). \ * Takashima (2012), citing palaeographical and archaeological evidence, posits that the Yellow River's name stemmed from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu".
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ho⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho⁴⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ô • Middle-Chinese : ha
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Yellow River, Huang He · (obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River • Yellow River, Huang He · (obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed) • Yellow River, Huang He • (by extension) river, especially a smaller river, creek, or stream, as distinguished from 江 and 川 (Classifier: 條／条 m c; 道 m) • (obsolete) streamside; riverside • (literary, figurative) Milky Way • (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 河粉 (héfěn). • a surname: He; Ho
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‖ 河(か) • (ka) ‖ 河(ホー) or 河(ホウ) • (hō)
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river ‖ river ‖ (mahjong) river: a player's discard pile
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河 (eumhun 물 하 (mul ha))
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hanja form of 하 (“river”)
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canonical : 河: Hán Việt readings: hà 河: Nôm readings: hà ‖ romanization : hà
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‖ chữ Hán form of hà. · river • chữ Hán form of hà. · Abbreviation of Hoàng Hà (“Yellow River”). • chữ Hán form of hà. · an amassed object with the shape of a river • chữ Hán form of hà. · a surname
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河
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| 油
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Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯw, *lɯwɢs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯw, *lɯwɢs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : yuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶ • Middle-Chinese : yuwH
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name of an ancient river • oil: fat, grease, lard, etc. • petroleum; fuel • to paint • (Cantonese) Short for 油漆 (“paint”). • (Cantonese) to colour (with crayons, coloured pencils, oil pastel, etc.) • (Cantonese) Short for 油門／油门 (yóumén, “accelerator; gas pedal; throttle”). • (Cantonese) oily • to be grease-stained • sly; glib • vigorous, abundant • shiny • sweet-tempered, acquiescent • flippant and insincere • dark • (chiefly Taiwan, originally ACG, slang) resembling a weeb; obsessive towards ACG • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 釉 (yòu, “to glaze”) • Used in 浩油.
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hanja form of 유 (“oil”)
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canonical : 油: Hán Việt readings: du 油: Nôm readings: dầu • canonical : dàu • canonical : rầu • canonical : ru • canonical : dù • canonical : râu • canonical : trầu • canonical : dư • canonical : dẫu
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chữ Hán form of du (“oil”). • Nôm form of dầu (“oil”).
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油
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| 治
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯ, *l'ɯs, *l'is) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 台 (OC *l̥ʰɯː, *l'ɯː, *l'ɯː, *lɯ) — name of a river. \ Sagart (1999) relates it to 釐 (OC *rɯ, “to govern; to regulate”). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐ • Middle-Chinese : dri • Middle-Chinese : drijH • Middle-Chinese : driH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁴ • Middle-Chinese : dri ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶
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to govern; to regulate; to administer • to treat; to cure (disease) • to exterminate; to kill • to punish; to discipline; to teach someone a lesson • to research; to specialise in (a topic) • socially stable • (historical) seat of a local government • political affairs • a surname ‖ Ancient river name. ‖ Ancient river name. ‖ (Cantonese) Short for 三文治 (“sandwich”).
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‖ 治(おさむ) • (Osamu)
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govern, regulate, administer, reign • cure ‖ a male given name
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治 • (chi) · 治 • (chi) (hangeul 치, revised chi, McCune–Reischauer ch'i, Yale chi)
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to govern; to manage
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Hán-Nôm : trị • Hán-Nôm : chệ • Hán-Nôm : trịa
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治
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| 沿
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The same word as 緣 (OC *lon, “to go along”). Cognate with 緣 (OC *lons, “hem; border on garment”), which is the exopassive of 沿 (OC *lon) (literally "what is followed/follows") (Schuessler, 2007). \ Possibly related to Proto-Tai, compare Thai เลียน (liian, “to mimic”), or from Sino-Tibetan; compare Mizo zeelᴸ (“to walk along, a road along a hillside”) and Jingpho mə³¹-jan³³ (“flow along a cliff”) (Schuessler, 2007); nevertheless, Schuessler finds Middle Chinese descendant's rounded element difficult to reconcile phonologically with these items and proposes also a derivation from 由 (OC *lɯw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iân • Middle-Chinese : ywen
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to follow a course, go along • to continue or hand down
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‖ 沿(えん) • (en)
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‖ follow; go along
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沿 (eumhun 물 따라갈 연 (mul ttaragal yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“to follow a course”) • hanja form of 연 (“to continue”)
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Hán-Nôm : duyên • Hán-Nôm : diềm
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沿
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| 泉
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Pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 白 (“spring mouth”) + 水 (“water”) – water flowing from the source of a spring. \ Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs the Old Chinese as *dzwan and also reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tso (“to bubble; to boil”) (> Tibetan འཚོད་པ ('tshod pa, “to be boiled”), Tibetan བཙོས (btsos, “to cook in boiling water”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil; to bubble”)), and considers 泉 (OC *sɡʷen, “spring (of water)”) to be cognate to it (with an n-suffix nominalization). However, STEDT considers the above three Tibeto-Burman terms to be descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to bake; to bake”), to which 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to roast; to burn; to scorch”) is cognate.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuân • Middle-Chinese : dzjwen
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springwater (Classifier: 口 m; 眼 m) • mouth of a spring • mythical abode of the dead • (historical) an ancient type of coin • Short for 泉州 (Quánzhōu, “Quanzhou”).
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‖ 泉(いずみ) • (izumi) ^(←いづみ (idumi)?) ‖ 泉(いずみ) • (Izumi) ^(←いづみ (idumi)?)
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spring (source of water) ‖ natural spring, a wellspring ‖ a place name • a surname • a female given name
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泉 (eumhun 샘 천 (saem cheon))
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hanja form of 천 (“spring”)
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Hán-Nôm : tuyền
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泉
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| 泊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ) – a ship stays still after running aground in shallow water. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ) – a ship stays still after running aground in shallow water. ‖ Phono-semantic matching of English park. ‖ Borrowing from English poise. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍h • Middle-Chinese : bak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baak³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍h ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ
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to anchor (a vessel); to moor • to stay for a while; to find refuge • modest; tranquil • Alternative form of 薄 ‖ lake (large, landlocked stretch of water) ‖ (chiefly Cantonese) to park ‖ poise (unit of viscosity) ‖ Used in 漠泊. • Alternative form of 洦 (pò)
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‖ 泊(はく) • (-haku) ‖ 泊(とまり) • (Tomari)
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‖ nights stayed, nights ‖ a surname
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hanja form of 박 (“stay; visit”)
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Hán-Nôm : bạc
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泊
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| 法
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Simplified from earlier 灋, which was originally used to represent 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside; to abrogate”). \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huat • Middle-Chinese : pjop ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˇ
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law; rule; regulation; statute • norm; standard; model; example • to imitate; to emulate • method; way; solution • (Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha • magic; magic arts; sorcery; witchcraft • 40th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "law" (𝌭) • (Cantonese) such a way • (Shanghainese) very • a surname ‖ Short for 法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī, “France”). ‖ Short for 法拉 (fǎlā, “farad”).
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‖ 法(ほう) • (hō) ^(←はふ (fafu)?) ‖ 法(フラン) • (furan)
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method • law, rule • principle • model • system ‖ principle • law • code of law • method • etiquette • (Buddhism) dharma • (grammar) mood • (mathematics) divisor ‖ Alternative spelling of フラン
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法 (eumhun 법 법 (beop beop))
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hanja form of 법 (“law”)
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canonical : 法: Hán Việt readings: pháp 法: Nôm readings: pháp • canonical : phép • canonical : phấp • canonical : phăm • canonical : phắp • canonical : bắp • canonical : mép
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chữ Hán form of pháp (“law, method, standard”). • chữ Hán form of Pháp (“France, French”). • Nôm form of phép (“custom, permission”).
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法
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| 波
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːl) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ table \ ; “wave; undulation” \ : STEDT and Starostin derive it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/m-ba (“wave; ripple”). Cognate with Tibetan རྦ (rba), དབའ (dba', “wave”). \ : Schuessler (2007) notes a mismatch of the vowels in the above comparanda, and instead posits a root *paj (“slanted; not level”), also subsuming 陂 (OC *pral, “slope; slanting”). \ : Wang (1982) relates it to 播 (OC *paːls, “to winnow”), 簸 (OC *paːlʔ, *paːls, “to winnow”). ‖ tabletable \ Borrowed from English ball.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poo • Middle-Chinese : pa ‖
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wave; breaker • undulation • (physics) wave • (Sichuanese, including Chongqing and Neijiang) elderly person • Short for 波蘭／波兰 (Bōlán, “Poland”). • Short for 波斯 (Bōsī, “Persia”). • a surname • Used in 波羅／波罗 (bōluó), alternative form of 菠蘿／菠萝 (bōluó) ‖ (Cantonese, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) ball (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c) • (Cantonese) ball game, especially football (Classifier: 場／场 c) • (Cantonese) team in a ball game, especially football (Classifier: 隊／队 c) • (Cantonese) goal (act of scoring with the ball) in a ball game, especially football (Classifier: 球 c) • (Cantonese) automotive gear, gearbox; transmission • (Hong Kong Cantonese) typhoon signal (issued by the Hong Kong Observatory) • (chiefly Hong Kong Cantonese, figurative) boob; breast (Classifier: 對／对 c; 個／个 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) ball; dance party (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, figuratively, always with the classifier) responsibility (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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‖ 波(なみ) • (nami) ‖ 波(なみ) • (Nami) ‖ 波(は) • (ha) ‖ 波(ぽ) • (Po)
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‖ a wave ‖ a female given name ‖ wave ‖ Short for ポーランド (Pōrando): Poland
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波 (eumhun 물결 파 (mulgyeol pa))
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hanja form of 파 (“wave, undulation”)
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Hán-Nôm : Ba
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波
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| 泣
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“to weep”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྲབ་ཁྲབ (khrab khrab, “weeper”) (STEDT; Mei, 1980b; Coblin, 1986; Baxter, 1995; Schuessler, 2007). \ Often thought to be related to 淚 (OC *ruds, “tears”) (Mei, 1980b; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), but see there for more. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jap¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khip • Middle-Chinese : khip ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄜˋ
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to weep; to sob (especially silently or quietly) • tears ‖ (ideophonic, of wind) blowing rapidly; violent ‖ Alternative form of 澀／涩 (sè)
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to cry, to weep
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泣 • (eup) · 泣 • (eup) (hangeul 읍)
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Hán-Nôm : khắp • Hán-Nôm : khấp • Hán-Nôm : lớp • Hán-Nôm : rắp • Hán-Nôm : rập • Hán-Nôm : khóc
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泣
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| 泥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *niːl, *niːls) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil). \ Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”). \ On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared. ‖ Schuessler (2007) suggests it is the exopassive derivation of 敜 (OC *nɯːb, “to stop up”) or 涅 (OC *niːɡ, “to stop up”) and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nê • Middle-Chinese : nej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nai⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁶ • Middle-Chinese : nejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nai⁵ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˋ
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mud (Classifier: 嚿 c; 坺 c) • (dialectal) soil; earth • any mush-like substance • (obsolete) paint (used on walls) • An ancient river in modern Hunan • An ancient river in modern Gansu • (obsolete) weak • (Chinese mythology) a kind of animal that lived in sea • a surname • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 泥 (MC nej) ‖ to hold up; to bog down • to plaster; to cover with plaster • stubborn; obstinate • to pester using soft words • to be obsessed with and be reluctant to let go of ‖ Only used in 泥泥. ‖ Only used in 泥母.
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‖ 泥(どろ) • (doro)
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‖ mud
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泥 (eumhun 진흙 니 (jinheuk ni), word-initial (South Korea) 진흙 이 (jinheuk i))
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hanja form of 니/이 (“mud; dirt”)
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Hán-Nôm : nề • Hán-Nôm : nê • Hán-Nôm : nệ • Hán-Nôm : nè • Hán-Nôm : nể • Hán-Nôm : nễ • Hán-Nôm : nơi
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泥
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| 注
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjos) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsù • Middle-Chinese : tsyuH
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to pour into; to fill • to concentrate; to pay attention • (gambling) stake • Classifier for sums of money, business deals.
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‖ 注(ちゅう) • (chū) ^(←ちゆう (tyuu)?)
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to pour • (replacing 註) to place an order (as in 注文) ‖ annotation, note
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注 (eumhun 부을 주 (bueul ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“pour”)
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Hán-Nôm : chú • Hán-Nôm : chõ • Hán-Nôm : giú • Hán-Nôm : chua
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注
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| 泰
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːds) : phonetic 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big; great”) + semantic 廾 (“two hands”) + semantic 水 (“water”). The 大 and 廾 later fused into 𡗗. \ Same word as 太 (OC *tʰaːds, “great; greatest; excessive”); both are derived from 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds, “big”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thài • Middle-Chinese : thajH
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big; large • great; extensive • extreme; greatest • exalted; honourable; superior • good; excellent • safe; peaceful; stable • excessively; overly • 11th hexagram of the I Ching • Short for 泰國／泰国 (Tàiguó, “Thailand”). • a surname
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‖ ‖ 泰(やすし) • (Yasushi)
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peaceful, calm • Thailand ‖ ‖ a male given name
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泰 • (tae) · 泰 • (tae) (hangeul 태)
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Tai (ethnic group) • Thai
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Hán-Nôm : Thái
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Tai (ethnic group) • Thai; Thailand
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泰
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| 泳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷraŋs) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ). \ Possibly related to Thai ว่าย (wâai, “to swim”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : íng • Middle-Chinese : hjwaengH
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to swim • a surname
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‖ 泳(えい) • (ei)
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to swim ‖ swim
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泳 (eumhun 헤엄칠 영 (heeomchil yeong))
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hanja form of 영 (“dive”) • hanja form of 영 (“swim”)
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canonical : 泳: Hán Việt readings: vịnh 泳: Nôm readings: vịnh • canonical : vạnh
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Nôm form of vịnh (“gulf, bay”). • chữ Hán form of vịnh (“dive, swim”).
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泳
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| 洋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ). \ ; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”). \ : Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”). \ ; "vast expanse of flat land" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ). \ ; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”). \ : Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”). \ ; "vast expanse of flat land" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ). \ ; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”). \ : Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”). \ ; "vast expanse of flat land"
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Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâng • Middle-Chinese : yang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng⁴ • Middle-Chinese : zjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˇ
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multitudinous; vast • ocean; vast area of sea; great expanse of water • overseas; foreign; western; imported • modern; stylish; fashionable • novel; unusual • (historical or Shanghainese) foreign money; dollar (Classifier: 隻／只 w) • (Min, Hakka, often in place names) plain; flatland • (historical) A river in southern Shaanxi, China • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 翔 (xiáng, “to soar; wing; side”) • Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “good fortune; to bless”) • Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “gentle; tender”) • Alternative name for 彌河／弥河 (“Mi River in Shandong”). • (～州) Yang Prefecture (an ancient prefecture of Shaanxi, China) ‖ Only used in 洋洋, alternative form of 養養／养养 (“worried; anxious”)
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‖ 洋(よう) • (yō) ^(←やう (yau)?) ‖ 洋(よう) • (Yō) ^(←やう (yau)?) ‖ 洋(なだ) • (nada) ‖ 洋(なだ) • (Nada) ‖ 洋(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
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ocean • foreign country • the West • vast, wide ‖ an ocean • (by extension, from the sense of across the ocean) the East (Orient) or especially the West (Occident) ‖ a surname • a male or female given name ‖ Alternative spelling of 灘 (nada): the open sea ‖ a surname ‖ a surname • a male or female given name
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洋 (eumhun 큰 바다 양 (keun bada yang))
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hanja form of 양 (“ocean; western”)
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Hán-Nôm : dương
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chữ Hán form of dương (“ocean”).
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洋
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| 洗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɯːlʔ, *sɯːnʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 先 (OC *sɯːn, *sɯːns). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/b-s(j)il ~ *m/b-sjal (“to wash; to bathe”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan བསིལ (bsil, “to wash”), Mizo sil (“to wash”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɯːlʔ, *sɯːnʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 先 (OC *sɯːn, *sɯːns). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/b-s(j)il ~ *m/b-sjal (“to wash; to bathe”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan བསིལ (bsil, “to wash”), Mizo sil (“to wash”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : seré • Middle-Chinese : sejX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sián • Middle-Chinese : senX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sai²
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to wash; to rinse • to clean; to purify • to redress; to right • (religion) baptism • to kill and loot; to sack • (photography) to develop (a photo) • (photography, figurative, colloquial) to print (a photo) from digital camera • to clear; to erase (a recording, a file, etc.) • (card games) to shuffle • (derogatory) to whitewash • (Northern Min) to give birth to; to beget ‖ to wash one's feet • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 使 (“to need”)
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to wash
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洗 (eumhun 씻을 세 (ssiseul se))
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hanja form of 세 (“wash”)
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Hán-Nôm : tẩy • Hán-Nôm : dẫy • Hán-Nôm : giẫy • Hán-Nôm : rải • Hán-Nôm : rảy • Hán-Nôm : tiển
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洗
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| 洞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ, *doːŋs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ). \ ; “hole; cavity” > “penetrating; thorough; zero” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ, *doːŋs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ). \ ; “hole; cavity” > “penetrating; thorough; zero”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāng • Middle-Chinese : duwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung⁴ • Middle-Chinese : duwng
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hole; cavity; cave • (literary, or in compounds) thorough; penetrating • the numeral zero (used in radio communications in aviation and by the military) • dong, a submunicipal administrative division in North and South Korea ‖ Only used in 澒洞／𭱊洞 (hòngtóng) and 洪洞 (Hóngtóng, “Hongtong”).
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Cave, den, grotto
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洞 (eumhun 골 동 (gol dong)) ‖ 洞 (eumhun 밝을 통 (balgeul tong))
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hanja form of 동 (“hole; cavity; cave”) • hanja form of 동 (“dong, a submunicipal administrative division in North and South Korea”) ‖ hanja form of 통 (“bright; thorough; penetrating”)
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Hán-Nôm : đọng • Hán-Nôm : động • Hán-Nôm : đùng • Hán-Nôm : dộng • Hán-Nôm : dọng • Hán-Nôm : đỗng
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洞
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| 洪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːŋ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : âng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : huwng
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flood • big; vast; grand • a surname
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|
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洪 • (hong) · 洪 • (hong) (hangeul 홍, revised hong, McCune–Reischauer hong, Yale hong)
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Hán-Nôm : hồng • Hán-Nôm : hòng
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洪
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| 活
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Evolved from 𣴠: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːd, *ɡoːd) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes possible Austroasiatic etymology; compare Wa-Lawa-Bulang *gɑs "alive (of plants)" & Aslian *gɔs "to live" ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : hwat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kut³ • Middle-Chinese : kwat
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to live; to exist • life; existence • to make live; to provide food for • having life; live • lively; vivid • flexible; movable; moving; nimble; agile • flexible; adaptable; fluid • job; work • product; produce • simply; exactly • alive; living; in a living state • to save (a person's life) • (informal) sexual intercourse • (Mainland China Hokkien, emphasis in exclamations) so; how; what • (Mainland China Hokkien, in rhetorical questions) awful; unable to handle (used after either 會／会 or 𣍐／𫧃 to mean the same thing) ‖ Only used in 活活 (guōguō).
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‖ 活(かつ) • (katsu) ^(←くわつ (kwatu)?)
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alive • lively • (of a machine or device) on; active; in operation ‖ life
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活 (eumhun 살 활 (sal hwal))
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hanja form of 활 (“activity”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : hoạt • Hán-Nôm : oặt • Hán-Nôm : oạc
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活
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| 派
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m̥ʰreːɡs) : semantic 水 (“water; river”) + phonetic 𠂢. Originally written 𠂢. \ From Middle Chinese 派 (MC pheaH, “branch (of a river); to delegate, send, detach”). In the sense “pi”, borrowed from English pi. In the sense “pie”, borrowed from English pie. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paai³⁻¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phài • Middle-Chinese : pheaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa¹
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tributary of a river • school of thought; sect; branch; camp • style; air; manner • to send; to dispatch • to hand out; to distribute • to apportion; to impose • to censure; to blame • Classifier for a scene, an atmosphere, a speech or a sound. • Classifier for factions, schools of thought, groups, etc. • (mathematics) pi (π); the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter • pie ‖ Only used in 派司 (pāsi).
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‖ 派(は) • (-ha)
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‖ group, faction, (political) wing, school
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派 (eumhun 물갈래 파 (mulgallae pa))
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hanja form of 파 (“faction”)
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Hán-Nôm : phái • Hán-Nôm : pháy • Hán-Nôm : phai • Hán-Nôm : phới • Hán-Nôm : phe • Hán-Nôm : phơi • Hán-Nôm : vé
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派
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| 流
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 㐬 (). \ Cognate with Tibetan རྒྱུ་ (rgyu, “to move, to go, to wander”) (Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Middle-Chinese : ljuw
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to flow • to drift; to wander • class; grade • (of water, electricity, other fluids) current; flow; stream • to spread; to scatter; to disseminate • (physics) Short for 流明 (liúmíng, “lumen”). • (mathematics) flow • (computing) stream • (Cantonese, Hakka) of poor quality • (Cantonese) fake; ingenuine
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‖ 流(りゅう) • (ryū) ^(←りう (riu)?) ‖ 流(りゅう) • (ryū) ^(←りう (riu)?)
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‖ the flow of water or something like water • art forms, methods, styles, and techniques peculiar to a person or house ‖ current, flow, stream, waterflow • flowing, washing • spread
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流 (eumhun 흐를 류 (heureul ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 흐를 유 (heureul yu))
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hanja form of 류/유 (“flow”)
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canonical : 流: Hán Việt readings: lưu 流: Nôm readings: lưu
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流
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| 浦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water; river”) + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ). \ Austroasiatic; compare *pʰaʔ > Vietnamese phá (“inlet, cove, lagoon”) (Schuessler, 2007). Indirectly related to Proto-Kam-Sui *pwaŋ⁵ (“bank, shore”) and Saek [script needed] (viaŋꟲ¹, “bank of a river”) by way of *-ʔ ~ *-ŋ alternation (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou² • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Middle-Chinese : phuX
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riverbank; shore • river mouth, delta (when extends a river's mouth into deltaic mouth reach) • a surname
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‖ 浦(うら) • (ura) ^(←うら (ura)?) ‖ 浦(うら) • (Ura)
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bay, inlet ‖ bay; inlet ‖ a surname
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浦 (eumhun 개 포 (gae po))
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hanja form of 포 (“estuary; riverbank”)
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Hán-Nôm : phố • Hán-Nôm : phổ
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浦
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| 浪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋ, *raːŋs) : semantic 水 + phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ). \ May be a colloquial variant of 瀾／澜 (lán, “wave”). Probably not related to Tibetan དབའ་ཀློང (dba' klong, “wave”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ Lenition of 上: /zɑ̃¹¹³/ > /lɑ̃¹¹³/ (Shanghainese pronunciation). Compare 哉 (/zəʔ/), which underwent a similar process to 了 (/ləʔ/). ‖ From English furlong.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōng • Middle-Chinese : langH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁴ • Middle-Chinese : lang ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁶
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wave • something resembling waves • to be unrestrained • dissolute • (dialectal Mandarin or slang) to amuse oneself; to have fun; to go out; to hang out; to stroll • (literary) in vain • a surname ‖ Only used in 滄浪／沧浪 (Cāngláng) and 浪浪 (lángláng). ‖ (Wu) on; above ‖ furlong
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‖ 浪(ろう) • (-rō) ^(←らう (rau)?)
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wave • wandering ‖ failing the annual university entrance exams (see 浪人)
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浪 (eumhun 물결 랑 (mulgyeol rang), word-initial (South Korea) 물결 낭 (mulgyeol nang))
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hanja form of 랑/낭 (“wave”)
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Hán-Nôm : lảng • Hán-Nôm : lặng • Hán-Nôm : rằng • Hán-Nôm : lãng • Hán-Nôm : lăng • Hán-Nôm : trảng
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浪
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| 浮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bu) : semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fau⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : bjuw
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to float • (dialectal) to swim • superficial • temporary • movable • frivolous • hollow; inflated • excessive; surplus • (Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) to deep-fry • (Hokkien) to boil (food)
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to float
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浮 (eumhun 뜰 부 (tteul bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“to float”)
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Hán-Nôm : phù • Hán-Nôm : nổi
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浮
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| 浴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – bathe in water. \ Schuessler (2007) considers it to be an area word. \ Within Sino-Tibetan, Chinese, Tibetan, and Tani have a final *-k, while other Tibeto-Burman languages have open syllables; compare Tibetan ལྡུགས (ldugs, “to pour”), Proto-Tani *lɯk (“to pour”), Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-lu(w) (“to pour; to bathe”) (whence Angami [Term?] (rəlu, “to pour”), Garo rua (“to pour”), S'gaw Karen [script needed] (lu, “to pour”), Karbi [Term?] (iŋ lú, “to bathe; to wash”)) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). \ Outside of Sino-Tibetan, compare words in the Pearic languages, such as Chong [script needed] (kʰruk, “to pour”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ It is unclear how and whether 冶 (OC *laːʔ, “to smelt; to cast”) is related (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍k • Middle-Chinese : yowk
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to bathe; to wash; to take a bath • to bathe (in the sun, wind, etc.) • bath
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bathe
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浴 (eumhun 목욕할 욕 (mogyokhal yok))
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hanja form of 욕 (“bathing”)
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Hán-Nôm : dục • Hán-Nôm : dội • Hán-Nôm : dộc
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|
浴
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| 海
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmlɯːʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ). \ Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”). \ STEDT compares 海 (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hái • Middle-Chinese : xojX
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sea; ocean • big lake • (Cantonese) wide river • (of containers, amount, etc.) big; large • overseas; abroad • (figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness • (dialectal, colloquial) profuse; numerous • (dialectal, colloquial) unrestrainedly; randomly; casually • a surname. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)
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‖ 海(うみ) • (umi) ‖ 海(うみ) • (Umi) ‖ 海(うな) • (una-) ‖ 海(わた) • (wata) ‖ 海(み) • (mi) ‖ 海(かい) • (kai)
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sea, ocean • vastly gathered • large, wide ‖ a sea, an ocean • a lake • (figurative) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”) or 火の海 (hi no umi, “sea of fire”) • (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea) • (calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored ‖ a female given name ‖ of the sea, of the ocean ‖ (obsolete) sea, ocean ‖ (obsolete) sea, ocean ‖ sea; ocean
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海 (eumhun 바다 해 (bada hae))
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hanja form of 해 (“sea; ocean”) [affix]
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canonical : 海: Hán Việt readings: hải 海: Nôm readings: hẩy • canonical : hải • canonical : hái • canonical : hơi • canonical : hãi • canonical : hỏi
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Chữ Hán form of hải (“sea; ocean”). • Nôm form of hẩy (“to toss; to throw”).
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海
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| 浸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsims, *sʰim) : semantic 水 + phonetic 𡩠 (). \ Cognate with Burmese စိမ် (cim, “to steep; to soak”), Burmese စိမ့် (cim., “to seep; to ooze”) (Schuessler, 2007). Probably unrelated to 沉 (OC *l'um). ‖ ‖ From 沉 (MC drimH). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìm • Middle-Chinese : tsimH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam³ • Middle-Chinese : tshim ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zam³
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to soak; to sit in water (or liquid) • to immerse something in water (or liquid) • (literary) gradually ‖ Used in compounds. ‖ (Cantonese) to drown ‖ (Cantonese) Classifier for layers/sections.
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immersed • soak • dip • steep • moisten • wet • dunk
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浸 • (chim) · 浸 • (chim) (hangeul 침, revised chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im, Yale chim)
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soak, immerse, dip, percolate
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Hán-Nôm : tắm • Hán-Nôm : rẫm • Hán-Nôm : tẩm • Hán-Nôm : thấm • Hán-Nôm : thâm • Hán-Nôm : trẫm • Hán-Nôm : tẳm
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浸
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| 消
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sew) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Middle-Chinese : sjew
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to disappear; to vanish; to die down; to settle down • to eliminate; to terminate; to eradicate • to while away (time) • to spend (money) • to need • Used in 消息 (xiāoxi).
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to disappear • to extinguish
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消 (eumhun 사라질 소 (sarajil so))
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hanja form of 소 (“disappear; extinguish”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu • Hán-Nôm : teo • Hán-Nôm : tiu
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消
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| 涯
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From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”), and 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014). \ Same word as 崖 (yá, “cliff”) and 睚 (yá, “rim (of the eye)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâ • Middle-Chinese : ngje • Middle-Chinese : ngea
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(literary, or in compounds) bank; shore • (literary, or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin
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‖ 涯(はて) • (hate)
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shore, horizon ‖ the end of the land: the shore • the end of the visible world: the horizon
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涯 (eumhun 물가 애 (mulga ae))
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hanja form of 애 (“shore”)
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Hán-Nôm : rượi • Hán-Nôm : nhai • Hán-Nôm : nhười • Hán-Nôm : rười • Hán-Nôm : nhầy
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涯
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| 淑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljɯwɢ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 叔 (OC *hljɯwɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwk
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limpid; clear; pure • kind-hearted; virtuous; good • charming; beautiful; fair
|
|
graceful • gentle • pure
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淑 • (suk) · 淑 • (suk) (hangeul 숙, revised suk, McCune–Reischauer suk, Yale swuk)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : thục
|
|
淑
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| 淡
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːm, *l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms, *lamʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam) \ Word stems from something burning hot being tempered with water (ie spicy food "watered down"). As per the characters water + burning hot (ie to make mild or bland). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tām • Middle-Chinese : damX • Middle-Chinese : damH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁵ • Middle-Chinese : yemX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taam⁴ • Middle-Chinese : dam
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(of food) bland; tasteless • (of color) light; pale • (of liquid or gas) thin; low in density • indifferent; cold • slack; dull • meaningless; trivial ‖ Only used in 淡淡 (yǎnyǎn, yànyàn). • ^‡ appearance of water ‖ Alternative form of 痰 (tán) • ^‡ appearance of water
|
|
diluted • pale
|
|
hanja form of 담 (“clean; clear; pure”)
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Hán-Nôm : đạm • Hán-Nôm : đượm • Hán-Nôm : vạm • Hán-Nôm : đặm
|
|
淡
|
| 淫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯm) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 㸒 (). \ ; “to soak; excessive; to let loose; licentious” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯm) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 㸒 (). \ ; “to soak; excessive; to let loose; licentious” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯm) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 㸒 (). \ ; “to soak; excessive; to let loose; licentious”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâm • Middle-Chinese : yim ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴
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to soak; to permeate; to drench • to paint; to dye; to decorate • to spread; to diffuse; to become prominent • to move around; to shift; to travel • to exceed boundary; to overstep one's authority • excessive; uncontrolled; immoderate; overindulgent • great; sizeable; immense; big • (alt. form 霪) to rain for a prolonged period of time; to have continuous heavy rain • meretricious; flashy; ostentatious • extravagant; squandering; wasteful • evil; wicked; sinful; crafty • in disorder; disorderly; chaotic; disorganised • to confuse or be confused; to make someone dazed and confused • to let someone have his or her own way; to allow to run wild • (alt. form 婬／淫) to indulge in; to overindulge; to abandon oneself in; to be greedy for • (alt. form 婬／淫) to have illicit sexual relations; to commit adultery • (alt. form 婬／淫) licentious; obscene; lewd; lascivious; depraved; pornographic • Alternative form of 深 (shēn, “deep; deeply”) ‖ Only used in 淫預／淫预: Alternative form of 灩澦／滟滪 (“a dangerous pile of rocks in the middle of the Yangtze River in Sichuan”) ‖ (mythology, historical) Alternative name for 瑤池／瑶池 (Yáochí, “a legendary body of water”).
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‖ 淫(いん) • (in) ‖ 淫(いん) • (in)
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lewd; licentiousness ‖ lewd; licentious; obscene; indecent • excessive; go too far ‖ (literary) lewdness; licentiousness; Also used as a nari-adjective: lewd; obscene; licentious • (literary) lust; sexual desire • (literary) semen
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淫 • (eum) · 淫 • (eum) (hangeul 음, revised eum, McCune–Reischauer ŭm, Yale um)
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Hán-Nôm : dâm
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淫
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| 深
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljum, *hljums) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 𥥍 (). \ Unger (1995) that 深 (shēn) had Old Chinese initial *n- because of 淰 (shěn)'s phonetic component 念 (niàn). \ Schuessler (2007) reconstructs 深 (OC *nhəm) & proposes relations to Mizo hniam (“to be low, to sink into (land)”), Burmese နိမ့် (nim., “low”), Tangkhul Naga [script needed] (kʰənim, “to be humble”), Tibetan ནེམས་ (nems, “sink a little, give way”), which Schuessler traces to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *nem (“low”), which STEDT in turn derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-n(i/u)(ː)p/m ~ *r/s-nyap/m (“pinch, squeeze; press, oppress; submerge, sink into, west, low, soft”). If so, 深 (OC *nhəm) is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan. \ Schuessler also notices 深 (OC *nhəm)'s similarity to 沉 (OC *d-ləm), which he considers to be an areal etymon. \ Possibly cognate with 探 (tàn) and 揇 (nǎn) (however, see there). \ 深 (OC *nhəms), "depth" (in Rites of Zhou) & whence MC ɕiɪmᴴ, is nominal derivation with suffix *-s (> departing tone). \ 淰 (OC *nhəmʔ), "be startled and flee (of fish); i.e. to sink into the deep" (in Liji) & whence Mandarin shěn, is endoactive derivative with *-ʔ (> rising tone).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sim • Middle-Chinese : syim • Middle-Chinese : syimH
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(of distance) deep • depth; deepness • (of relationships, etc.) deep; profound • (of difficulty) great; profound; obtuse; obscure • (of time) long • (of colors) deep; dark • very; extremely
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deep, close, thick, profound
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深 (eumhun 깊을 심 (gipeul sim))
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hanja form of 심 (“deep”)
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Hán-Nôm : thâm • Hán-Nôm : thăm • Hán-Nôm : thum • Hán-Nôm : thẫm
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深
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| 混
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hùn • Middle-Chinese : hwonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwan² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄣ
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(literary, obsolete) torrential • (literary or dialectal) turbid • to mix; to blend • to pass off as • to muddle along • to get along with somebody • thoughtlessly; casually • (literary) to unite; to combine • (literary) to stir up trouble; to disturb • (literary) to joke • Used in 混沌 (hùndùn). ‖ Used in personal names. • Alternative form of 渾／浑 ‖ Only used in 混混 (gǔngǔn, “alternative form of 滾滾; rolling along”). ‖ Used in 混夷. • Alternative form of 崑／昆 (Kūn)
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to blend, mix, merge • to confuse
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混 (eumhun 섞을 혼 (seokkeul hon)) · 混 (eumhun 흐릴 혼 (heuril hon)) ‖ 混 (eumhun 오랑캐 이름 곤 (orangkae ireum gon))
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hanja form of 혼 (“mix; confuse; blend”) • hanja form of 혼 (“turbid; unclear; confuse”) ‖ hanja form of 곤 (“a barbarian”)
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Hán-Nôm : hổn • Hán-Nôm : hộn • Hán-Nôm : hỗn • Hán-Nôm : xổn • Hán-Nôm : cổn • Hán-Nôm : hỏn
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混
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| 添
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰiːm) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 忝 (OC *l̥ʰiːmʔ, *l̥ʰiːms) – to increase by pouring more water in. \ Compare Proto-Tai *k.temᴬ (“full”), whence Thai เต็ม (dtem, “full”) (Manomaivibool, 1975).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiam • Middle-Chinese : them
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to add; to increase; to supplement; to fill • to give birth to (a baby) • (Cantonese, Hakka, Wenzhounese) again; more • (Cantonese) Particle expressing surprise (mirativity). • (Taishanese) need to (do something); have to • a surname
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to attach
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添 (eumhun 더할 첨 (deohal cheom))
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hanja form of 첨 (“add”)
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Hán-Nôm : thêm • Hán-Nôm : thiêm • Hán-Nôm : thếch
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添
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| 渡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːɡs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 度 (OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ). \ Inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan འདས ('das, “to pass over”). \ Proto-Tai *daːᴮ (“river”) (whence Thai ท่า (tâa, “port; pier; quay”) and Zhuang dah (“river”)) is a loan from late Old Chinese (Schuessler, 2007). \ The Austroasiatic synonym of 渡 is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls, “to cross a river”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thōo • Middle-Chinese : duH
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to cross (a body of water) • to ferry • (figurative) to pull through (difficult times) • ferry crossing • ferry; ferryboat • (Hakka) to take; to bring along; to carry • (Hakka) to look after; to take care of; to care for; to attend to • a surname: Du
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transit • ford • ferry • cross • import • deliver • diameter • migrate
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渡 (eumhun 건널 도 (geonneol do))
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hanja form of 도 (“cross, ferry over”) • hanja form of 도 (“ferry”)
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Hán-Nôm : đò • Hán-Nôm : đác • Hán-Nôm : độ • Hán-Nôm : đạc
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渡
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| 港
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs) : semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs). \ Cognate with 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) (Schuessler, 2007). The southern dialectal word originally meant "small river/stream", which is still preserved in some Min languages. The irregular pronunciation in Mandarin (expected Mandarin reflex is *jiǎng) originated from southern dialects where velars have not palatalized (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káng • Middle-Chinese : kaewngX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : huwngH
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tributary of a larger river or lake • (dialectal) river • port; harbor • large airport • shorthand for Hong Kong • (colloquial) Hong Kong-styled • (Hokkien) Classifier for fluids: stream • a surname ‖ Only used in 港洞.
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‖ 港(みなと) • (minato) ‖ 港(みなと) • (Minato)
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‖ a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out • a port, harbour; a place where boats can unload • (figurative) a stop ‖ Minato (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan) • an administrative district in Nagoya prefecture • an administrative district in Osaka Prefecture • a male given name
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港 (eumhun 항구(港口) 항 (hanggu hang))
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hanja form of 항 (“harbour; port”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : cảng
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chữ Hán form of cảng (“port; harbor”).
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港
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| 湖
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Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaː) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : hu
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lake; loch • (Southern Min, in place names) basin • Short for 湖北 (Húběi, “Hubei Province”). • Short for 湖南 (Húnán, “Hunan Province”).
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‖ 湖(みずうみ) • (mizuumi) ^(←みづうみ (miduumi)?)
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lake ‖ a lake (body of water)
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湖 (eumhun 호수 호 (hosu ho))
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hanja form of 호 (“lake”)
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Hán-Nôm : hồ
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lake
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湖
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| 源
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷan) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “origin”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân • Middle-Chinese : ngjwon
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source of a river; headwaters; headspring; fountainhead • source; origin; root • a surname
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‖ 源(みなもと) • (minamoto) ‖ 源(みなもと) • (Minamoto) ‖ 源(げん) • (gen) ‖ 源(げん) • (gen)
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‖ a fountainhead (source of a river) • a source, origin ‖ a surname, especially those who are descendants of Emperor Saga ‖ a source, origin ‖ fountainhead • source, origin • Short for 源氏 (Genji): Minamoto clan
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源 • (won) · 源 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
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a spring • source
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Hán-Nôm : nguồn • Hán-Nôm : nguyên • Hán-Nôm : ngùn • Hán-Nôm : nguyễn
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源
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| 滴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːɡ) : semantic 水 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Middle-Chinese : tek ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dik⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ
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to drip; to dribble • to drip something into • drop of liquid • Classifier for drops of liquid. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • a little • (Mainland China Hokkien) trace left by a drop of liquid ‖ (Cantonese, of ball) to bounce against a surface ‖ (cute-sounding) Alternative form of 的². • (cute-sounding) Alternative form of 地². • (cute-sounding) Alternative form of 得 (“Used after a verb or an adjective and before a complement”).
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‖ 滴(しずく) • (shizuku)
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drop ‖ drop (of water or other liquids)
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滴 • (jeok) · 滴 • (jeok) (hangeul 적)
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Hán-Nôm : nhích • Hán-Nôm : nhếch • Hán-Nôm : rích • Hán-Nôm : tách • Hán-Nôm : tích • Hán-Nôm : trích
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滴
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| 漂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰew, *pʰews) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 票 (OC *pʰew) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pyaw (“swim, float, raft”) (STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007). \ :Inside Chinese, cognate with 浮 (OC *bu, “to float”), 柎 (OC *po, “raft”), 泭 (OC *pʰo, *bo) & 桴 (OC *bu, *pʰuw, “raft, beam”); \ :Outside Chinese, cognate with Tibetan འཕྱོ་བ ('phyo ba, “swim, float, soar”), & Jingpho [script needed] (pyau ~ byau, “fly, float; play, shoot, as a fish”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰew, *pʰews) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 票 (OC *pʰew) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pyaw (“swim, float, raft”) (STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007). \ :Inside Chinese, cognate with 浮 (OC *bu, “to float”), 柎 (OC *po, “raft”), 泭 (OC *pʰo, *bo) & 桴 (OC *bu, *pʰuw, “raft, beam”); \ :Outside Chinese, cognate with Tibetan འཕྱོ་བ ('phyo ba, “swim, float, soar”), & Jingpho [script needed] (pyau ~ byau, “fly, float; play, shoot, as a fish”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰew, *pʰews) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 票 (OC *pʰew) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pyaw (“swim, float, raft”) (STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007). \ :Inside Chinese, cognate with 浮 (OC *bu, “to float”), 柎 (OC *po, “raft”), 泭 (OC *pʰo, *bo) & 桴 (OC *bu, *pʰuw, “raft, beam”); \ :Outside Chinese, cognate with Tibetan འཕྱོ་བ ('phyo ba, “swim, float, soar”), & Jingpho [script needed] (pyau ~ byau, “fly, float; play, shoot, as a fish”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : piu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiau • Middle-Chinese : phjiew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : piu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiò • Middle-Chinese : phjiewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : piu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piàu • Middle-Chinese : phjiewH
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to float (on a liquid); to drift • to shake; to wave • high and faraway • fast; swift • Alternative form of 飄／飘 (piāo, “to drift (in air); to blow”) • to lead a wandering life; to roam; to wander ‖ to bleach • to rinse ‖ to not pay; to fail to pay or repay • to fail • fast • Used in 漂亮 (piàoliang, “beautiful”).
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to float; to drift
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漂 (eumhun 떠다닐 표 (tteodanil pyo))
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hanja form of 표 (“to float; to drift”)
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canonical : 漂: Hán Việt readings: phiêu • canonical : phiếu 漂: Nôm readings: xiêu • canonical : veo • canonical : phiêu • canonical : phều • canonical : phiếu • canonical : pheo • canonical : phếu • canonical : phao • canonical : xẻo • canonical : phịu • canonical : phêu
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(only used in compounds) chữ Hán form of phiêu (“to float; to bleach”). • Nôm form of xiêu (“to slant; to sag; to slope”).
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漂
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| 漆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰiɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ, “resin used to make varnish”). From earlier 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ, “varnish; lacquer”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsəj (“medicine; juice; paint”). Cognate with Jingpho tsì (“medicine”), Tibetan རྩི (rtsi, “juice; fluid; paint”), Burmese ဆေး (hce:, “medicine; potion; poison; paint”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshit • Middle-Chinese : tshit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ
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lacquer tree; varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) • paint; lacquer; varnish • to paint; to varnish • (literary) black; dark • Name of several rivers. • a surname ‖ Only used in 漆漆.
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‖ 漆(うるし) • (urushi)
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‖ lacquer, varnish • lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)
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漆 (eumhun 옻 칠 (ot chil)) · 漆 (eumhun 일곱 칠 (ilgop chil)) · 漆 (eumhun 삼갈 칠 (samgal chil))
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canonical : 漆: Hán Việt readings: tất
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漆
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| 漏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 屚 (OC *roːs, “to leak”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : luwH
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(of liquids and gases) to spill; to leak • (of information) to divulge; to leak; to let out • to leave out; to omit • funnel • clepsydra; water clock • (literary, or in compounds) moment • Alternative form of 瘺／瘘 (lòu, “fistula”)
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to leak • to escape • oversight • water clock, clepsydra
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漏 (eumhun 샐 루 (sael ru), word-initial (South Korea) 샐 누 (sael nu))
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hanja form of 루/누 (“leak”)
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Hán-Nôm : lậu • Hán-Nôm : lâu • Hán-Nôm : làu • Hán-Nôm : lạu
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漏
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| 演
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lenʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 寅 (OC *lil, *lin).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : én • Middle-Chinese : yenX
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to develop; to evolve • to deduce • to perform; to act; to put on • to drill; to practice; to exercise • a surname: Yan
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‖ 演(えん) • (en)
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do, perform • act, play • render • stage ‖ develop; evolve • practice; exercise • perform; act; play • speech; lecture; address
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演 (eumhun 펼 연 (pyeol yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“performance”)
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Hán-Nôm : diễn • Hán-Nôm : dăn • Hán-Nôm : dạn • Hán-Nôm : giỡn • Hán-Nôm : rởn • Hán-Nôm : dán • Hán-Nôm : dợn • Hán-Nôm : gián
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演
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| 漠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “no; there is no”) + semantic 水 (“water”). A place with no water — a desert.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mo̍oh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Middle-Chinese : mak
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desert • aloof; indifferent • the number 10⁻¹²
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vague • obscure • desert • wide
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漠 (eumhun 사막 막 (samak mak))
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hanja form of 막 (“desert”) • hanja form of 막 (“aloof, indifferent, cool”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạc • Hán-Nôm : mác
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漠
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| 漫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːns) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons) – Water overflowing. Note that 曼 (màn) means “vast, extended”, so connotations of “too much water, overflow”. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buān • Middle-Chinese : manH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˋㄦ
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to overflow (of water); to brim over; to flood • to be everywhere • long; endless • free; casual; unrestrained • do not ‖ Alternative form of 鏝／镘 (màn, “side of a coin without written characters”)
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Aimlessly, at random, unintentional; ridiculous, caricatural.
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hanja form of 만 (“overflow of water”) • hanja form of 만 (“spreading”)
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canonical : 漫: Hán Việt readings: mạn • canonical : man 漫: Nôm readings: mặn • canonical : mạn • canonical : mướn • canonical : mượn • canonical : man • canonical : mẳn • canonical : mớn • canonical : mằn • canonical : máng
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漫
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| 潮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r'ew) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew). \ "Rising tide in the daytime" > "tide" (in general). \ Derived from 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew, “morning”). Compare 汐 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening tide; ebb”) < 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Middle-Chinese : drjew
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rising tide • tide • wave • damp; moist; humid • (dialectal) wet • Short for 潮州 (Cháozhōu, “Chaozhou”). • trendy; popular • (colloquial, of quality or technique) poor; inferior; substandard; low-grade
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‖ 潮(しお) • (shio) ^(←しほ (sifo)?) ‖ 潮(しお) • (Shio) ^(←しほ (sifo)?) · 潮(しほ) • (Shiho) ‖ 潮(うしお) • (ushio) ^(←うしほ (usifo)?) ‖ 潮(うしお) • (Ushio) ^(←うしほ (usifo)?)
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tide • saltwater • opportunity ‖ a (morning) tide • seawater • a (usually favorable) chance or opportunity • charm, attractiveness • (historical) in the Edo period, name of a courtesan rank in the Shinmachi district of Osaka, next to the 鹿恋 (kakoi). ‖ a surname • a female given name • a surname • a female given name ‖ a (morning) tide • seawater • a tidal current • Short for 潮汁 (ushiojiru): a thin soup of fish or shellfish boiled in seawater ‖ a place name • a surname • a female given name
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潮 (eumhun 밀물 조 (milmul jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“tide”)
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Hán-Nôm : triều • Hán-Nôm : trào • Hán-Nôm : xèo • Hán-Nôm : rều
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潮
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| 激
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kleːwɢs, *kleːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ) – (of water) to swash. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kleːwɢs, *kleːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ) – (of water) to swash.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiak • Middle-Chinese : kek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Middle-Chinese : kewH
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(of water currents) to swash; to surge; to dash • to excite; to arouse; to incite; to irritate • to fall ill from getting wet • violently; fiercely; quickly; sharply • rapid; acute; fierce; strong • drastic; radical; extreme • resounding; reverberating; aroused • to restrain; to check • (dialectal, colloquial) to chill (something by dipping it in cold or ice water) • (Cantonese) brilliant; great; cool • (Cantonese) extremely • (Cantonese) to infuriate; to piss off • (Hokkien, Teochew) to brew; to ferment; to distill; to make (alcoholic beverage, etc.) • (Hokkien) to pretend; to feign; to put on; to simulate • (Mainland China Hokkien) to suffocate; to asphyxiate • (Teochew) to drown; to submerge in water; to flood • (Teochew) to compete • a surname: Ji ‖ ^† (of water) turbulent • ^† half-covered • ^† long • ^† bright • ^† Alternative form of 噭 (jiào)
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‖ 激(げき) • (geki-)
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violent, furious, intense ‖ (informal) very; intensely; extremely
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激 (eumhun 물결 격 (mulgyeol gyeok))
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hanja form of 격 (“wave, tide”)
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Hán-Nôm : váng • Hán-Nôm : khích • Hán-Nôm : kích
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激
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| 火
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Characters in the same phonetic series (火) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of a fire. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mej (Schuessler 2007; STEDT). However, see there for phonological problems.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hónn • Middle-Chinese : xwaX
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fire; flame • fire (as a disaster); inferno • red; fiery; bright; brilliant • to burn down • light; torch • (dialectal) light; lamp • anger; rage; wrath • to become enraged • angry; furious • (traditional Chinese medicine) internal heat • firearm; ammunition; weapon • war; warfare • thriving; brisk • urgent; pressing • (neologism) to become popular; to go viral • (neologism) to be popular; to be viral • (Cantonese) watt (unit of power) • Short for 火星 (Huǒxīng, “Mars”). • (Cantonese) roasted
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‖ 火(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 火(ほ) • (ho) ‖ 火(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 火(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 火(か) • (Ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?)
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‖ a fire: · a flame • a fire: · cooking fire • a fire: · a firestarter • a fire: · sparks • a fire: · light (matches or lighter) • a fire: · heat • a fire: · a conflagration • a fire: · a signal fire • (by extension) a light • a burning passion • menstruation ‖ a fire ‖ a fire • one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine: see Wu Xing on Wikipedia.Wikipedia • (historical) under the old 律令 (Ritsuryō) system of ancient Japan, a military grouping, consisting of 10 soldiers: a squad • Short for 火曜日 (kayōbi): Tuesday ‖ fire • light • burning • passion • imminently • explosive ‖ Antares, in the constellation Scorpio
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火 (eumhun 불 화 (bul hwa))
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hanja form of 화 (“fire; heat”) [affix] • hanja form of 화 (“anger”) [noun] • hanja form of 화 (“(as an abbreviation) Mars”) • hanja form of 화 (“Short for 화요일(火曜日) (hwayoil, “Tuesday”).”)
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canonical : 火: Hán Việt readings: hỏa • canonical : hoả 火: Nôm readings: hỏa • canonical : hoả • canonical : ỏa/oả
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chữ Hán form of hoả (“fire”).
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火
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| 炎
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 火 (“fire”). Duplication of 火 (“fire”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ljam (“tongue; lick; flame”) (STEDT). Cognate with Chepang लेम्ह्सा (lemh‑, “to lick”), Burmese အလျှံ (a.hlyam, “flame; iridescence”). Within Chinese, cognate with 焰 (OC *loms, “to flame up”), 舔 (OC *l̥ʰiːmʔ, “to lick”). Compare also Khmer លាម (liəm, “to flare up”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâm • Middle-Chinese : hjem
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flame; blaze; rising flame • to burn; to blaze • blazing; burning hot; scorching • red; bright red • (figurative) power and influence • (medicine) inflammation • (mythology) Yan Emperor (ancient legendary Chinese ruler)
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‖ 炎(ほのお) • (honō) ^(←ほのほ (fonofo)?) ‖ 炎(ほむら) • (homura) ‖ 炎(えん) • (-en) ‖ 炎(えん) • (en) ‖ 炎(えん) • (en)
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‖ a flame • (figuratively) an intense emotion, passion ‖ a flame • (figuratively) an intense emotion, passion ‖ (medicine) -itis, inflammation of... ‖ flame, blaze • burning • firehot, red-hot ‖ flame, blaze • (figurative) passion, emotion
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炎 (eumhun 불꽃 염 (bulkkot yeom))
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hanja form of 염 (“flame”) • hanja form of 염 (“(medicine) inflammation”)
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Hán-Nôm : viêm
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炎
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| 炭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tŋ̊ʰaːns) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + abbreviated phonetic 岸 (OC *ŋɡaːns). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tal (“charcoal; dust; ashes”). Cognate with Tibetan ཐལ་བ (thal ba, “ashes; dust; dirt”). \ Derivative: 碳 (tàn, “carbon”). \ ; (ACG slang) -tan
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Cantonese · Jyutping : taan³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuànn • Middle-Chinese : thanH
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charcoal • charcoal-like substance • charcoal fire; hot charcoal • (dialectal) coal • Alternative form of 碳 (tàn, “carbon”) • (ACG, Internet slang) -tan
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‖ 炭(たん) • (tan) ‖ 炭(たん) • (Tan)
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a coal or cinder from a fire • charcoal ‖ (rare) charcoal • (rare) coal (fossil fuel) ‖ a surname
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炭 (eumhun 숯 탄 (sut tan))
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hanja form of 탄 (“charcoal; coal; carbon”)
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Hán-Nôm : thán • Hán-Nôm : than • Hán-Nôm : tro
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炭
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| 烈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *red) : phonetic 列 (OC *red) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : le̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liat • Middle-Chinese : ljet
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(literary or Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) fiery; blazing; intense • (literary) bright; brilliant • (literary) to burn • (literary) vehement; ardent; extreme • (literary) staunch; upright; strong • (honorific) person who dies for a special cause; martyr • (literary) merits; exploits; achievements • (Hokkien) blistering (of fire in a stove) • a surname
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intense
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烈 (eumhun 세찰 렬 (sechal ryeol), word-initial (South Korea) 세찰 열 (sechal yeol))
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hanja form of 렬/열 (“fiery, violent, vehement, ardent”)
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Hán-Nôm : liệt • Hán-Nôm : lét • Hán-Nôm : lẹt • Hán-Nôm : lết • Hán-Nôm : lướt • Hán-Nôm : rét • Hán-Nôm : rẹt • Hán-Nôm : riệt
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烈
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| 然
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Characters in the same phonetic series (肰) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njen) : phonetic 肰 (OC *njen, “dog meat”) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to burn. Also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The derivative 燃 (OC *njen) stands for the original word in Modern Chinese. \ Note that the upper left component is analyzed as 肉 (meat), and in the component 肰 it is drawn as a tilted 月 (“moon”), appearing more like 夕 (“evening”) with an extra stroke (𱼀); compare 祭, 將. \ A fusion of 如 (OC *nja, *njas) with an element *-n which has a demonstrative meaning (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiân • Middle-Chinese : nyen
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Original form of 燃 (rán, “to burn”). • a demonstrative that refers to a previous verbal clause · so; thus; in this manner; like this • a demonstrative that refers to a previous verbal clause · Suffix forming adverbs, sometimes also adjectives, with an abstract meaning of “in the manner of, like”. • a demonstrative that refers to a previous verbal clause • metaphors extracted from fossilizations of sense 2 · but • metaphors extracted from fossilizations of sense 2 · correct; right • metaphors extracted from fossilizations of sense 2 · to regard as correct; to agree • (Teochew) to resemble; to be like
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‖ 然(ぜん) • (-zen)
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and; and then; and therefore • so; if so; as it is; in that way • however; but • a certain thing; a sort of thing ‖ indicates a state (no specific semantic content)
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然 (eumhun 그러할 연 (geureohal yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“be as it is”)
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canonical : 然: Hán Việt readings: nhiên
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然
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| 照
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjews) : semantic 灬 (“fire”) + phonetic 昭 (OC *tjew) – shine the light of a fire on. \ Exoactive of 昭 (OC *tjew, “bright”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiò • Middle-Chinese : tsyewH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn
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to shine upon; to illuminate • to reflect; to look (in the mirror) • to contrast; to compare • to notify; to inform • to take care of • to take a photo • sunshine; sunlight • photo; photograph; picture • license; permit • according to; as; in accordance with • regardless; anyway; continue to • towards; to ‖ (Southern Min) to illuminate; to cast light upon; to light up
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‖ 照(しょう) • (shō) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 照(てらし) • (Terashi)
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‖ illuminate, shine • sunlight • compare • photograph ‖ a male given name
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照 (eumhun 비칠 조 (bichil jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“to illuminate; to shine”) • hanja form of 조 (“to contrast; to compare”)
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Hán-Nôm : chiếu
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照
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| 熟
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯwɢ) : phonetic 孰 (OC *djɯwɢ, “cooked; ripe”) + semantic 灬 (“fire”) – cooked with fire. \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Proto-Kiranti (*tʰok ~ tʰuk, "ripen; cooked") (Schuessler, 2007)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwk
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(of fruits, etc.) ripe • (of cooked dishes, etc.) cooked; done • processed • familiar with; well-acquainted with • practiced • sound; deep • (historical ethnography) civilized; settled • (Hokkien) crop harvest
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boil • ripen • a complete state
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熟 • (suk) · 熟 • (suk) (hangeul 숙, revised suk, McCune–Reischauer suk, Yale swuk)
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Hán-Nôm : thục
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熟
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| 燃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njen) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 然 (OC *njen) – burn with fire. Originally 然 (OC *njen), but because it was phonetically borrowed for abstract senses, 火 (huǒ) was added for differentiation. \ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Jingpho nan (“to light”), shanan (“torch”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njen) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 然 (OC *njen) – burn with fire. Originally 然 (OC *njen), but because it was phonetically borrowed for abstract senses, 火 (huǒ) was added for differentiation. \ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Jingpho nan (“to light”), shanan (“torch”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiân • Middle-Chinese : nyen ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiânn • Middle-Chinese : nyen
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to burn; to be alight • to ignite; to light • to spark off (hopes); to start (debate); to raise (hopes) • (neologism, slang) lit; awesome; cool; uplifting • (neologism, slang) pumped up; hyper; stoked ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) to burn (wood, coal, etc.) • (Hokkien, Teochew) to heat up; to boil (a liquid)
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Burn, blaze, glow
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燃 (eumhun 탈 연 (tal yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“burn, light fire, ignite”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhiên • Hán-Nôm : nhen
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燃
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| 燥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːwʔ, *saːws) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːwʔ, *saːws) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : sawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sò
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dry; parched; arid • Alternative form of 躁 (“quick-tempered; anxious”) • (traditional Chinese medicine, Southern Min, of food or medicine) heaty • (Mainland China Hokkien) to absorb (moisture) • (Xiamen Hokkien) object that can absorb moisture ‖ minced meat
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parch; dry up
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燥 • (jo) · 燥 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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(마를 조, mareul): to be dry
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Hán-Nôm : táo • Hán-Nôm : ráo
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燥
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| 爆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *proːwɢs, *poːwɢ, *proːwɢ) : semantic 火 + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). \ Cognate with Burmese ပေါက် (pauk, “to explode, to burst”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *proːwɢs, *poːwɢ, *proːwɢ) : semantic 火 + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). \ Cognate with Burmese ပေါက် (pauk, “to explode, to burst”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *proːwɢs, *poːwɢ, *proːwɢ) : semantic 火 + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). \ Cognate with Burmese ပေါက် (pauk, “to explode, to burst”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho̍k • Middle-Chinese : paewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok³ • Middle-Chinese : paewk • Middle-Chinese : pak ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok
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to burst; to explode; to crackle (from fire) • to quick fry; to quick boil • (colloquial) full; filled to capacity; exceeding the limit • (Cantonese, colloquial) extremely; intensively; explosively • to expose; to reveal • (Cantonese) shocking; startling ‖ Only used in 爆爍／爆烁. ‖ (Hokkien) to heat up and have it release oil or have it burst while dry frying (of some fruits, etc.) • (Hokkien) to rupture and sprout due to burns, bumps, etc.
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bomb • explode, burst open
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爆 (eumhun 터질 폭 (teojil pok)) ‖ 爆 (eumhun 지질 박 (jijil bak))
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hanja form of 폭 (“to explode”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 박 (“to sear; scorch”)
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Hán-Nôm : bạo • Hán-Nôm : bạc • Hán-Nôm : bộc
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爆
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| 爵
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Pictogram (象形) , depicting an alcohol vessel in the shape of a sparrow. \ The sense of feudal title or rank was transferred from the ancient practice of conferring alcohol vessels on meritorious workers (who would also go on to attain the higher feudal ranks).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Middle-Chinese : tsjak
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(historical) jue (drinking vessel with three supporting feet) • feudal title or rank • Alternative form of 雀 (“sparrow”)
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jue (vessel) • peerage
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爵 • (jak) · 爵 • (jak) (hangeul 작, revised jak, McCune–Reischauer chak, Yale cak)
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Hán-Nôm : tước
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爵
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| 父
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Pictogram (象形) – A hand holding a stone, referring to a man working with a stone axe. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p/ba (“male; father”). \ Regular development from Middle Chinese would lead to the labiodental fù in Mandarin, but the colloquial word resisted the sound changes and is now written as 爸 (bà), with the 巴 (bā) phonetic component added to it to indicate the unchanged bilabial initial. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – A hand holding a stone, referring to a man working with a stone axe. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p/ba (“male; father”). \ Regular development from Middle Chinese would lead to the labiodental fù in Mandarin, but the colloquial word resisted the sound changes and is now written as 爸 (bà), with the 巴 (bā) phonetic component added to it to indicate the unchanged bilabial initial.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǔ • Middle-Chinese : bjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX
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father • Used to address a male elder member of a family. ‖ (literary, respectful) old man; elderly man • (literary) Alternative form of 甫 (“honorific suffix used after a man's name; courtesy name”) • a surname
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‖ 父(ちち) • (chichi) ‖ 父(てて) • (tete) ‖ 父(とと) • (toto) ‖ 父(ちゃん) • (chan) ‖ 父(ふ) • (fu) ‖ 父(ほ) • (ho) ‖ 父(かぞ) • (kazo)
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‖ father • (by extension, figurative) a father figure (male initiator or founder of something) • (Christianity) God, the Holy Father ‖ (archaic) one's own father ‖ (childish) one's own father: daddy • (by later extension) a husband, master of the house ‖ (informal, possibly dialect) one's own father • (by later extension) the head or master of an establishment such as a teahouse, boathouse, etc. ‖ father • father figure • uncle • old man, elderly man ‖ (honorific) old man ‖ (obsolete) one's own father
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父 (eumhun 아비 부 (abi bu)) ‖ 父 (eumhun 사내 보 (sanae bo))
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Hanja form of 부 (“father”). • Hanja form of 부 (“elderly male relative”). ‖ (literary) Hanja form of 보 (“respectful term for an elderly man”).
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canonical : 父: Hán Việt readings: phụ 父: Nôm readings: phụ • canonical : phủ ‖ romanization : phụ
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‖ Chữ Hán form of phụ (“father”). • Chữ Hán form of phụ (“elderly male relative”).
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父
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| 片
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Mirror image of 爿 (OC *braːn, “piece”). \ Shuowen: Half of 木 (“wood; tree”) to denote “to pare; to slice”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiàn • Middle-Chinese : phenH
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thin piece; flake; slice • film; TV play; photograph; record • (Cantonese) video (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese, specifically) film; movie (Classifier: 套 c) • (medicine) tablet • (dialectal) diaper; nappy (Classifier: 條／条 c) • part of a place; area • (linguistics) subgroup; subdivision of a language • to slice; to carve thin • (Cantonese) to fight • (Cantonese) to throw something along its thin side • (Cantonese, of a vehicle) to squeeze into a gap • (Cantonese) bribe • partial; incomplete; one-sided • Classifier for flat objects such as leaves, pieces of paper, slices, etc. • Classifier for small nonspherical medicinal objects such as pills, tablets. • Classifier for tracts of land and areas of water. • Classifier for CDs, movies and DVDs. • (used with numeral 一) Classifier for scenarios, scenes, feelings, atmospheres, sounds, clouds. • (Teochew) Classifier for doors and windows. • (Hakka, Teochew) side
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‖ 片(かた) • (kata-)
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‖ (prefixed to a noun) one side or part of a pair or larger set • (prefixed to a noun or verb) one-sided • (prefixed to a noun or verb) incomplete, partial, small • (prefixed to a noun) leaning or trending that way (emphasizing the quality of the prefixed noun) • (prefixed to a verb, archaic) frequently, intently, earnestly
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片 (eumhun 조각 편 (jogak pyeon))
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Hán-Nôm : phiến • Hán-Nôm : phiện
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片
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| 版
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːnʔ) : semantic 片 + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pán • Middle-Chinese : paenX
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plank; formwork (wooden slabs used for molding in rammed earth construction) • (printing) printing blocks; form • (by extension) page (of a newspaper or other media) • (by extension) edition; version • (by extension) the act of publishing • (Internet) message board • (Cantonese) Classifier for pages.
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‖ 版(ばん) • (-ban)
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printing blocks • edition, version • revision ‖ version
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版 • (pan) · 版 • (pan) (hangeul 판, revised pan, McCune–Reischauer p'an, Yale phan)
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Hán-Nôm : bản • Hán-Nôm : bảng • Hán-Nôm : bỡn • Hán-Nôm : phản • Hán-Nôm : ván
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copy, edition
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版
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| 牙
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Norman and Mei (1976) propose that this was a substrate loan; cf. Proto-Vietic *ŋaː (“ivory”) (Vietnamese ngà), Proto-Tai *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk; ivory”) (Thai งา (ngaa)). Pulleyblank (1983) disagrees with their hypothesis and considers Old Chinese to be the donor of this Wanderwort instead. \ STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋja (“tusk; tooth”), comparing it to Mizo ngho (“tusk; fang”), Manipuri ꯌꯥ (yaa, “tooth”), Mru [script needed] (hngou, “tooth”), Pa'o Karen [script needed] (tə́ʔ ŋà, “tooth”). \ ; Hong Kong Cantonese neologism prefix
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâ • Middle-Chinese : ngae
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(anatomy) tooth (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 棚 c) • (anatomy) ivory; tusk of elephant • screw thread • (literary, obsolete) to bite • (obsolete) Alternative form of 衙 (“government office; yamen”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 芽 (yá, “to sprout”) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, leetspeak, neologism) Prefix used in front of the surname or last character of someone’s given name to express familiarity or friendliness. • (historical) broker
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‖ 牙(き) • (ki) ‖ 牙(きば) • (kiba) ‖ 牙(かび) • (kabi) ‖ 牙(げ) • (ge) ‖ 牙(が) • (ga)
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tusk, fang ‖ (obsolete) fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canine) ‖ fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canines) • (falconry) dog (primarily used for counting hunting dogs) ‖ (obsolete) a plant sprout, a plant bud ‖ an animal's fang or tusk • an elephant's tusk: ivory • a tooth ‖ an animal's fang or tusk • an elephant's tusk: ivory • a tooth
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牙 (eumhun 어금니 아 (eogeumni a))
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hanja form of 아 (“molar; cheek tooth”)
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Hán-Nôm : nha • Hán-Nôm : ngà
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chữ Hán form of nha (“tooth”). • Nôm form of ngà (“ivory”).
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牙
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| 牛
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Pictogram (象形) . \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋwa.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngiû • Middle-Chinese : ngjuw
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bovine, e.g. cow, bull, ox, buffalo, bison, yak (Classifier: 頭／头 m c mb md; 條／条 m g h x; 隻／只 m c g mn w x) • beef • stubborn; pigheaded • (colloquial) arrogant • (Mainland China, Mandarin, slang) awesome; powerful • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Ox (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions) • (physics) Short for 牛頓／牛顿 (niúdùn, “newton”). • (Hong Kong Cantonese, computing) Short for 火牛 (“transformer”). (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • a surname
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‖ 牛(うし) or 牛(ウシ) • (ushi) ‖ 牛(ぎゅう) • (gyū) ^(←ぎう (giu)?)
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cow, ox, cattle ‖ cow, bull, ox, cattle, a domestic bovine • beef ‖ cow, bull, ox, cattle • beef • (astronomy) Ox
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牛 (eumhun 소 우 (so u))
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hanja form of 우 (“cow”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngưu • Hán-Nôm : ngọ • Hán-Nôm : ngỏ • Hán-Nôm : ngõ • Hán-Nôm : ngâu
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牛
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| 牧
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 牛 (“cow”) + 攴 (“a whip”) – to herd. \ Cognate with Tibetan འབྲོག་པ། ('brog pa, “herdsman; nomad; shepherd”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : muk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Middle-Chinese : mjuwk
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to herd; to tend; to breed livestock • herdsman; herder; shepherd • to govern; to rule • (historical) overlord; ruler (of one of the nine ancient city states in China) • Short for 畜牧業／畜牧业 (xùmùyè, “animal husbandry”). • (Christianity) pastor • (Eastern Min) to heal; to cure • a surname
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to herd
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牧 (eumhun 칠 목 (chil mok))
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hanja form of 목 (“to herd”)
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Hán-Nôm : mục • Hán-Nôm : mặt
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牧
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| 物
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Characters in the same phonetic series (勿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯd) : semantic 牛 + phonetic 勿 (OC *mɯd). \ Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/b)rəw (“grain; seed; lineage”) (STEDT), whence Tibetan འབྲུ ('bru, “seed; grain”), Jingpho amyu (ə myú, “kind; sort”), Burmese မျိုး (myui:, “seed”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mi̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mn̍gh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bu̍t • Middle-Chinese : mjut
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thing, matter • all of the outside world, excluding oneself • substance, content • Short for 物理 (wùlǐ, “physics”). • to choose, to select • to seek, to look for • (Teochew) to do • Alternative form of 勿 • (Southern Min) Alternative form of 乜 (“what”)
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‖ 物(もの) • (mono) ‖ 物(もの) or 物(モノ) • (-mono) ‖ 物(もの) • (mono-) ‖ 物(もん) • (mon) ‖ 物(ぶつ) or 物(ブツ) • (butsu) ^(←ぶつ (butu)?) ‖ 物(ぶつ) • (butsu) ^(←ぶつ (butu)?)
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‖ thing (concrete, tangible) • thing (concrete, tangible) · (law) a corporeal object ‖ story, genre (type of story) ‖ (non-productive, with adjectives) ‖ (informal) Alternative form of 物 (mono, “thing”) ‖ (slang) thing ‖ thing
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物 (eumhun 물건(物件) 물 (mulgeon mul))
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hanja form of 물 (“thing; stuff”)
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canonical : 物: Hán Việt readings: vật 物: Nôm readings: vật
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chữ Hán form of vật (“item; object; thing”).
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物
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| 特
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːɡ) : semantic 牛 (“ox”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs) – large bull. \ There seem to be two main semantic fields: "bull" and "single; unique". It is unclear whether these two fields are related. Schuessler (2007) suggests a possible derivation of "bull" from "match", but "bull" seems to be the earlier sense. The "single; unique" sense could be an extension of "bull" due to its largeness (Li Xueqin, 2012). \ In the "bull" sense, it is related to 犆 (OC *dɯɡ, “ox”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Wang (1982) relates the "three-year-animal" sense to 犢 (OC *l'oːɡ, “calf”); see there for more. \ In the "single" sense, it is related to 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “simply; only”), 職 (OC *tjɯɡ, “simply; only”) (Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates it to 徒 (OC *l'aː) and 但 (OC *daːnʔ) in the "only" sense, as well as 獨 (OC *doːɡ, “single”) in the "single" sense, but see these entries for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : te̍rk • Middle-Chinese : dok
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bull; ox • cattle • (of animals, especially bull) male • one domestic animal • three-year-old animal • (literary) single; alone; by oneself • match; mate; spouse • to stand tall • special; unique; distinguished • (literary) only; just • specially; intentionally • (colloquial) especially; outstandingly • in vain • unexpectedly; yet • Short for 特務／特务 (tèwù, “special agent; spy”). • (Mainland China) Short for 特克斯 (tèkèsī, “tex”). • a surname
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ox, bull • special, exceptional, extraordinary • especially
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特 (eumhun 특별할 특 (teukbyeolhal teuk)) · 特 (eumhun 수컷 특 (sukeot teuk))
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(used in compounds) hanja form of 특 (“special; exceptional”) • (literary) hanja form of 특 (“male animal”)
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Hán-Nôm : đặc • Hán-Nôm : đực • Hán-Nôm : đước • Hán-Nôm : được • Hán-Nôm : sệt
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特
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| 犬
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Characters in the same phonetic series (犬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – the side view of a dog. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”), Burmese ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”). \ This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by 狗 (OC *koːʔ) in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khián • Middle-Chinese : khwenX
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(formal or in compounds or Eastern Min, Waxiang, dialectal Wu) dog
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‖ 犬(いぬ) or 犬(イヌ) • (inu) (counter 匹)
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a dog • the dog radical (いぬ) ‖ dog, canine • servant; one who is loyal (like a dog) • spy
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犬 (eumhun 개 견 (gae gyeon))
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hanja form of 견 (“dog”) [noun; affix]
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canonical : 犬: Hán Việt readings: khuyển 犬: Nôm readings: khuyển • canonical : chó
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Nôm form of chó (“dog”).
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犬
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| 犯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bomʔ) : semantic 犬 + phonetic 𢎘 (). \ "To pass over" > "to offend against, oppose". Compare 氾. \ This character originally had bilabial nasal (*-m) final in Old and Middle Chinese, but had undergone dissimilation (from bilabial plosive *b-) to become *-n in most dialects. However, there are still some dialects that retain this feature, such as Meixian and Teochew dialect. Similar dissimilation happened in 帆 and 風.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : bjomX
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to infringe on; to attack; to encroach • to commit (crime); to violate • criminal; offender; culprit • to happen; to break out (usually something wrong or bad) • to brave; to face; to withstand • to be worth; to merit; to deserve; to be worthy of
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‖ 犯(はん) • (-han)
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crime, offense • criminal, culprit, offender ‖ perpetrators of a crime • some types of crime
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犯 (eumhun 범할 범 (beomhal beom))
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hanja form of 범 (“to violate; to commit”) [verbal root] • hanja form of 범 (“criminal”) [suffix] • hanja form of 범 (“count of crime”) [counter]
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Hán-Nôm : phạm
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犯
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| 狂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs) : semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 㞷 (). The latter is the ancient form of 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kn̂g • Middle-Chinese : gjwang • Middle-Chinese : gjwangH
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(of dogs) to go crazy; to act aggressively • mad; insane; crazy • wildly arrogant; conceited; stiff-necked • as one pleases; as one likes; whatever one wants; wildly • (literary, or in compounds) violent; ferocious • (literary, or in compounds) roaring; enormous • (Southern Min) flustered; hurried • (Eastern Min) to become angry • (Southern Min) to be hot for; to be crazy about • (Southern Min, of animal) to be in heat • Original form of 誑／诳 (kuáng, “to cheat; to deceive”). • Alternative form of 往 (“to go to”)
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crazy; insane; mad
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狂 (eumhun 미칠 광 (michil gwang))
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hanja form of 광 (“insane, violent, mad, wild”)
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Hán-Nôm : cuồng
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狂
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| 猛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋʔ) : semantic 犬 + phonetic 孟 (OC *mraːŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mée • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : meeh • Middle-Chinese : maengX
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ferocious; fierce; violent • bold; brave; courageous • powerful; vigorous; intense • (slang) awesome • (Cantonese) haunted; spooky • (Eastern Min, Teochew, Hainanese, Zhangzhou and Penang Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) fast; quick • suddenly; abruptly; quickly • (colloquial) to one's heart's content • (Cantonese) continuously; vigorously; persistently; insistently • a surname
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‖ 猛(もう) • (mō) ^(←まう (mau)?) ‖ 猛(もう) • (mō-) ^(←まう (mau)?) ‖ 猛(たけし) • (Takeshi) · 猛(たける) • (Takeru)
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fierce, ferocious ‖ ferociousness ‖ wild, ferocious, frenzied ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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猛 (eumhun 사나울 맹 (sanaul maeng))
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hanja form of 맹 (“violent, savage, cruel”) • hanja form of 맹 (“bold”)
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Hán-Nôm : mãnh • Hán-Nôm : mạnh
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猛
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| 玄
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Characters in the same phonetic series (玄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Unknown. The oldest basic color term for "black" which was later replaced by 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007). \ One of its derivations is 袨 (OC *ɡʷeːn, “a kind of black formal wear”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân • Middle-Chinese : hwen
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deep; profound; mysterious • black; reddish black • sky • a surname
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mysterious • occultness
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玄 • (hyeon) · 玄 • (hyeon) (hangeul 현, revised hyeon, McCune–Reischauer hyŏn, Yale hyen)
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玄
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| 率
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Pictogram (象形) – according to Xu Shen, a net to capture birds. 冫幺冫is the net, and the top and bottom is the stick. But in the original version, the horizontal stroke in the lower part is missing, therefore the whole character should represent a rope, 繂. \ ; “to lead” ‖ Pictogram (象形) – according to Xu Shen, a net to capture birds. 冫幺冫is the net, and the top and bottom is the stick. But in the original version, the horizontal stroke in the lower part is missing, therefore the whole character should represent a rope, 繂. \ ; “to lead”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leot⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leot⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lu̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seot¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suài • Middle-Chinese : srwijH • Middle-Chinese : srwit
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rate; frequency • ratio ‖ to lead • to catch (birds) with a net • to follow (a road) • frank, straightforward • hasty, indiscreet • generally
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‖ 率(りつ) • (-ritsu)
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lead a group • (mathematics) ratio ‖ rate, ratio
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率 (eumhun 비율 률 (biyul ryul), word-initial (South Korea) 비율 율 (biyul yul)) ‖ 率 (eumhun 거느릴 솔 (geoneuril sol)) ‖ 率 (eumhun 우두머리 수 (udumeori su))
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hanja form of 률/율 (“rate, ratio”) ‖ hanja form of 솔 (“to lead”) • hanja form of 솔 (“frank; straightforward”) ‖ Alternative form of 帥 (“hanja form of 수 (“commander”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : chuốt • Hán-Nôm : sót • Hán-Nôm : suất • Hán-Nôm : suốt • Hán-Nôm : sút • Hán-Nôm : thoắt
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率
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| 玉
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The character's shape was historically very similar to 王; a dot was introduced to differentiate the two. \ Pictogram (象形) : a picture of a cong (琮), a sort of ritual jade totem. \ It is also interpreted as three pieces of jade strung together on a string. \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-lu(ŋ/k) (“stone”), which is also compared to 琭 (OC *roːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gio̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngjowk
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jade (originally nephrite, now also including jadeite) • pure; beautiful • (honorific) your • (Cantonese, borrowing) Alternative form of 肉 • (Cantonese, borrowing) Alternative form of 肉 · Used in 玉冰燒. • a surname: Yu
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‖ 玉(たま) • (tama) ‖ 玉(たま) • (-tama) ‖ 玉(たま) • (tama-) ‖ 玉(たま) • (Tama) ‖ 玉(ぎょく) • (gyoku) ‖ 玉(ぎょく) • (gyoku)
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gem, jewel • beauty, elegance • euphemistic term related to an Emperor of Japan • euphemistic term related to a partner • geisha ‖ any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · a ball • any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · a orb • any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · a sphere • any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · a bead of an abacus • any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · lens • any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · a bullet • any spherical or similarly-rounded object: · an egg, especially of a chicken • a gem, jewel • an object of value • a female entertainer (geisha, prostitute, etc.) • (colloquial) Short for 金玉 (kintama): testicles ‖ counter for ramen and udon for one person ‖ ‖ a place name • a female given name ‖ a gem, jewel • generic name for jadeite or nephrite • chicken eggs used as food, especially as a topping for sushi • a stock being traded • Short for 建て玉 (tategyoku): • a geisha • Short for 玉代 (gyokudai): ‖ (shogi) king
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玉 (eumhun 구슬 옥 (guseul ok))
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hanja form of 옥 (“jade”) See there for further compounds.
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Hán-Nôm : ngọc
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gem; precious stone
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玉
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| 王
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Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ The traditional interpretation is that the three horizontal strokes represent Heaven, Man and Earth. The vertical stroke is the king, the one who connects them together. Older representation of the character shows a man like 大 or 天 (tiān) above a horizontal stroke. \ The modern interpretation is that the character is a pictogram (象形) of either an axe or a crown, one of two symbols of the king's power. A ceremonial axe was kept near the throne, and was used for performing rituals in ancient China. \ Compare the unrelated 玉 (yù, “jade”) and 主 (“master”). \ Uncertain. There are many proposed etymologies: \ * Sagart and Baxter (2009) compare it to Tibetan གོང་མ (gong ma, “superior one”). \ * Schuessler (2007) compares it to Tibetan དབང (dbang, “strength, power”) and Burmese အန် (an, “strength, power”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-baŋ (“strength, power”). However, reconstructing the Old Chinese as *waŋ, he notes the mismatch between Old Chinese *w- vs. Tibetan *b- (unless *dw- can become db-; for possible *b- ~ * w- variation, see 花). He also compares it to Proto-Northern Naga *waŋ (“chief”). \ * Schuessler (2007) alternatively proposes a connection to Old Khmer vāṅ, vaṅ (modern Khmer វាំង (veăng), “royal palace”), which he considers to be cognate with Khmer ហ្លួង (luŏng, “king”). This is perhaps supported by a bronze inscription where 王 refers to a place, not the Zhou king (Shaughnessy, 1991). The semantic shift from "palace" to "king" parallels Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“pharaoh”, literally “palace”), from pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”). The connection to the Old Khmer word would thus relate it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *waŋ ~ *waaŋ (“enclosure; to go round”), which is part of a larger Austroasiatic word family, including 營 (OC *ɢʷeŋ) and 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn). Bodman (1980) connects 王 with 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “sovereign”), which Schuessler (2007) connects to this word family. \ * Speculations exist about its connection to 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “lame, crippled”) and 狂 (OC *ɡʷaŋ, “mad”), based on theories about the connection between ancient Chinese kingship and shamanism (Keightley, 1995). ‖ 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ) with a denominalizing *-s suffix (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : n̂g • Middle-Chinese : hjwang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ōng • Middle-Chinese : hjwangH
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king; monarch • duke; prince • best or strongest of its kind • chief; head; ringleader • (chess) king • (graph theory) king (a vertex in a directed graph which can reach every other vertex via a path with a length of at most 2) • grand; great • (of feudal monarchs) to see the emperor • a surname: Wang; Wong; Ong; Heng ‖ to reign; to rule, to be a king • Alternative form of 旺 (wàng, “flourishing; prosperous”)
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‖ 王(おう) • (ō) ^(←わう (wau)?) ‖ 王(おう) • (ō) ^(←わう (wau)?) ‖ 王(コニキシ) or 王(コキシ) • (konikishi or kokishi)
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‖ a king, especially one who is not East Asian or was East Asian in pre-imperial times; in China and Vietnam, generally a king before Qin Shi Huangdi who invented the title 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”); in Korea, one of the many kings before the Korean Empire which was modeled after Japan's; in Japan, one of the rulers before Emperor Jinmu • an East Asian queen regnant • a nobility title for a Chinese or Vietnamese prince, bestowed on one of the 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”)'s adult sons, brothers, or nephews, especially as a coming-of-age title, generally comes with an estate ("principality"); compare 皇子 (ōji, “imperial princes”, especially pre-adult ones) and 公 (kō, “dukes”, an alternative used by certain dynasties) • a Japanese prince's son (such princes include 親王 (shinnō) or 王 (ō) themselves) ‖ king ‖ (archaic) an ancient Korean king
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王 (eumhun 임금 왕 (imgeum wang))
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hanja form of 왕 (“king; monarch”)
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canonical : 王: Hán Việt readings: vương • canonical : vượng 王: Nôm readings: vương • canonical : vướng
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chữ Hán form of vương (“king”). • chữ Hán form of Vương (“a surname; a male given name”). • Nôm form of vướng (“to be entangled in; to be involved in”). • chữ Hán form of vượng (“to reign”).
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王
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| 珍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'ɯn) : semantic 玉 + phonetic 㐱 (). Originally meant a rich, robust gemstone (玉), and then also developed the meaning of "rare". \ Compare Tibetan རིན (rin, “price; value”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsin • Middle-Chinese : trin ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tinn
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treasure • precious; valuable; rare • to treasure; to value ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 甜 (tiⁿ, “sweet”)
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‖ 珍(ちん) • (chin) -na (adnominal 珍(ちん)な (chin na), adverbial 珍(ちん)に (chin ni)) ‖ 珍(ちん) • (chin) ‖ 珍(めずらし) • (Mezurashi) ^(←めづらし (medurasi)?)
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‖ rare, strange ‖ rarity ‖ a surname
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珍 (eumhun 보배 진 (bobae jin))
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Hán-Nôm : trân • Hán-Nôm : trằn
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珍
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| 珠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjo) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 朱 (OC *tjo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu • Middle-Chinese : tsyu
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pearl (Classifier: 粒 m; 顆／颗 m) • pearl-like object; bead (Classifier: 粒 m; 顆／颗 m)
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pearl, gem, jewel
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珠 (eumhun 구슬 주 (guseul ju))
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pearl, gem, jewel • bead
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Hán-Nôm : châu • Hán-Nôm : thậm • Hán-Nôm : chau
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珠
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| 班
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 玨 (“two jade”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to cut jade to pieces with knife. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(b/p)ral (“to leave, depart, separate”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan བྲལ་བ (bral ba, “to be separated”), འཕྲལ་བ ('phral ba, “to cause to be separated, to separate”), Miju phɑ̆l⁵³ (“to pull (weeds)”), phɹɯl⁵⁵ lɑ³⁵ (“to collapse”), Thulung phal si- (“to collapse”), Burmese ပြား (pra:, “various”), Jingpho pə³¹-ran³¹. \ Karlgren (1933) grouped 班 (OC *praːn), 半 (OC *paːns), and 釆 (OC *brens) into one word family. \ Schuessler (2007) also pointed to Austroasiatic comparanda semantically closer to Chinese; such as Khmer រាល (riəl, “to spread, extend, distribute”) and Khmer ព្រាល (priəl, “to spread”) with causative prefix *p-. \ Possibly the same etymon as 斑 (OC *praːn, “variegated, spotted, striped”), which may be cognate to 羆 (OC *pral, “brown bear”) (Zhang, 2019).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : baan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pan • Middle-Chinese : paen
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group; party; class • (military) squad • shift; work shift • (dated) opera troupe • (literary) to divide; to distribute • (literary) to spread out • (literary) to rank; to arrange • (literary) rank; grade • (literary) equal; in the same rank • (alt. form 頒／颁) (literary) to promulgate; to issue • Classifier for a group of people. • Classifier for scheduled forms of transportation, such as flights and trains. • (in compounds, of transport) regular; scheduled • (Cantonese) Classifier for classes. • (Cantonese, figurative) league; rank; level; ability; competence • (Cantonese) to gather; to assemble • (literary) to withdraw • Alternative form of 斑 (bān, “spotted; striped”) • a surname
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‖ 班(はん) • (-han)
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group, party, section ‖ group, party • (military) section
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班 (eumhun 나눌 반 (nanul ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“group; class”)
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Hán-Nôm : ban • Hán-Nôm : băn
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班
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| 球
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡu) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 求 (OC *ɡu). \ "Ball", earlier some "kind of jade". Bodman (1980) relates this to Wuming Zhuang klauᴬ² (“ball”), and relates 俅 (qiú, “gem-adorned”) to Tibetan གྲུ (gru, “lustre of gems”). This character had a softened initial in Proto-Min. \ Originally written as 毬 (since Tang dynasty). The form 球 (since Qing dynasty) is now more common.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiû • Middle-Chinese : gjuw
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^† fine jade • ^† percussion instrument made of jade • ball; globe; orb • (mathematics) ball; solid sphere • earth • ball (in sports) • ball game • Classifier for spherical objects. • (Teochew, Xiang) Classifier for stringed objects. string • (dialectal Mandarin, Jin, vulgar) Expletive. Often used in the form of ……個球(…… my ass). Underlying meaning may be "testes". • (Cantonese, colloquial) million dollars • (Singapore, slang) testicle • (medicine, attributive) bulbar
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‖ 球(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きう (kiu)?) ‖ 球(たま) • (tama)
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‖ sphere, globe, orb • (baseball) pitch • (slang, electronics) vacuum tube, valve ‖ ball • bulb (as in a light bulb) • (slang, electronics) vacuum tube, valve • (baseball) pitch
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球 (eumhun 공 구 (gong gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“ball”)
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canonical : 球: Hán Việt readings: cầu
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球
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| 理
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ). \ According to Shuowen Jiezi, the character meant “to polish jade”. The current meaning “to order, tidy up” may be derived from it. \ ;"to cut jade, to mark out (field boundaries)" \ ;"to regulate" \ ;"to administer" \ ;"envoy, jail official, matchmaker" \ :Possibly the same word as 理 (lǐ) "to administer". \ :According to Schuessler (2007), from Austroasiatic; compare Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-..
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Middle-Chinese : liX
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(obsolete) to cut and polish jade • to put in order; to tidy up • to manage; to run; to handle • (usually in negative) to pay attention to; to care about • (Cantonese) to concern oneself with; to interfere with • texture; grain (of wood) • reason; logic; truth; science • natural science • a surname • (obsolete) envoy; jail-official; matchmaker
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‖ 理(り) • (ri) ‖ 理(おさむ) • (Osamu)
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‖ reason, logic ‖ a male given name
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理 (eumhun 다스릴 리 (daseuril ri), word-initial (South Korea) 다스릴 이 (daseuril i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“reason; logic”)
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Hán-Nôm : lí • Hán-Nôm : lẽ • Hán-Nôm : nhẽ
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理
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| 琴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯm) : semantic 珡 + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm). ‖ See 琴日.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîm • Middle-Chinese : gim ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kam⁴
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(music) qin (“Chinese zithers”), referring to any of several traditional Chinese musical instruments, most famously the guqin • (literary) to play the qin • (music) collective name for certain musical instruments, usually of string or keyboard types, such as piano, organ, violin, cello, huqin, accordion, harmonica, etc. • (music, specifically) piano (Classifier: 部 c) ‖ (Cantonese) yesterday
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‖ 琴(こと) • (koto) ‖ 琴(こと) • (Koto) ‖ 琴(きん) • (kin) ‖ 琴(きん) • (kin) ‖ 琴(きん) • (Kin) ‖ 琴(くむ) • (Kumu) · 琴(ぐん) • (Gun) · 琴(ことえ) • (Kotoe) · 琴(ことざき) • (Kotozaki) · 琴(ことみ) • (Kotomi)
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‖ koto: a Japanese zither derived from the Chinese guzheng • (colloquial) guzheng: a Chinese zither on which the koto was based ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a guqin, qin (seven-stringed Chinese zither) ‖ guqin (ancient Chinese seven-stringed zither) or other related instruments • any stringed or keyboard instrument ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a surname • a surname • a female given name • a surname • a female given name
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琴 (eumhun 거문고 금 (geomun'go geum))
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hanja form of 금 (“geomungo, a six-stringed Korean zither”)
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琴
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| 瓦
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Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile. \ Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uá • Middle-Chinese : ngwaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guā • Middle-Chinese : ngwaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uá
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earthenware; earthenware pottery • tile (roof covering) • (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile) • (historical) amusement park; market • (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel • (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”). • Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan. • a surname: Wa ‖ to tile; to cover with tiles ‖ Used in transcription. • Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).
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‖ 瓦(かわら) • (kawara) ^(←かはら (kafara)?) ‖ 瓦(が) • (ga) ^(←ぐわ (gwa)?)
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tile • gram, gramme ‖ roof tile ‖ roof tile • Used phonetically.
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hanja form of 와 (“roof tile”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngõa • Hán-Nôm : ngoã • Hán-Nôm : ngói • Hán-Nôm : ngoa
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瓦
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| 甘
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Ideogram (指事) – something in the mouth, sweet. Original form of 含. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-klum (“sweet”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Mizo thlum, Lepcha [script needed] (khlyam). \ Possibly related to 含 (OC *ɡɯːm, “to keep in mouth”) and 甜 (OC *l'iːm, “sweet”), 柑 (MC kam, “mandarin orange”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kann • Middle-Chinese : kam
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sweet • pleasant; satisfactory • willingly; readily • (Cantonese, ironic) bitter; difficult to bear • a surname • Short for 甘肅／甘肃 (Gānsù, “Gansu”).
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‖ 甘(かん) • (kan)
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sweet ‖ delicious • sweet-tasting; sweet • pleasant; pleased; content
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甘 • (gam) · 甘 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune–Reischauer kam, Yale kam)
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Hán-Nôm : cam
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chữ Hán form of cam (“sweetness; to be content with; to pledge”).
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甘
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| 甚
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Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 甘 + 匹. \ STEDT considers it to be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-(t/d)jam (“full; flat; straight”) and cognate with 斟 (OC *kljum, “to pour”), 淫 (OC *lɯm, “excessive”) and Tibetan གཏམས (gtams, “to fill up”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sap⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐm • Middle-Chinese : dzyimX • Middle-Chinese : dzyimH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam⁶
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serious; extreme; excessive • extremely; considerably; very • (literary) to exceed; to surpass • a surname ‖ (literary or dialectal Mandarin, Jin) what
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tremendously • very • great • exceedingly
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甚 (eumhun 심할 심 (simhal sim))
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great extent • considerably
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Hán-Nôm : thậm • Hán-Nôm : rậm
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甚
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| 生
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (“terminative suffix”). \ Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects. \ Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”). \ Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (“terminative suffix”). \ Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects. \ Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”). \ Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”). ‖ From Mandarin 上. ‖ Phono-semantic matching of Japanese さん (-san).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : senn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Middle-Chinese : sraeng • Middle-Chinese : sraengH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : caang¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : saang³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saang¹⁻⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan¹⁻⁴
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to live; to subsist; to exist • to grow; to develop; to bud • (transitive) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear • to be born; to come into existence • (dialectal) to lay (an egg) • pupil; disciple; student • (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar • (opera) actor or male character • Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “gentleman”). • Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “gentleman”). · (Cantonese, honorific, suffix) Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “Mr.”). • having life; live • life; existence; being; living • fresh; not stale • unripe • raw; uncooked • (historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage • strange; unfamiliar • mechanically; forcedly • very; quite; extremely • vivid; strong; forceful • innate; natural; born with • The template Template:zh-original does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-original does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-original does not use the parameter(s): \ • The template Template:zh-original does not use the parameter(s): \ • living things; organism • livelihood; subsistence • lifetime; all one's life • birthday; anniversary • to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue • to generate; to breed; to create • to manufacture; to produce • to happen; to occur; to take place • to catch (a disease) • (transitive) to be infested by a parasite • (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated • (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle • to light; to ignite (a fire) • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) Only used in 架生 ‖ (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note high do (1̇). ‖ (Hong Kong, honorific, suffix) -san, when referring to a Japanese person
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‖ 生(なま) • (nama) ‖ 生(なま) • (nama-) ‖ 生(せい) • (sei) ‖ 生(せい) • (sei) ‖ 生(せい) • (-sei) ‖ 生(き) • (ki) ‖ 生(き) • (ki-) ‖ 生(しょう) • (shō)
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‖ a raw, uncooked state • Short for 生ビール (“draft beer”). ‖ (broadcasting) live • fresh, draft • raw, uncooked, rare • natural, unprocessed ‖ a living • life ‖ (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males) ‖ a student • (be) born in ‖ purity, a lack of any admixture, a state of being undiluted ‖ unrefined • pure, undefiled, unadulterated ‖ life; lifetime
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生 (eumhun 날 생 (nal saeng))
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hanja form of 생 (“raw; uncooked”) • hanja form of 생 (“of life; to be born”) • hanja form of 생 (“to produce”)
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canonical : 生: Hán Việt readings: sinh • canonical : sanh 生: Nôm readings: sanh • canonical : siêng • canonical : sinh • canonical : xinh • canonical : xênh • canonical : sống • canonical : xanh
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chữ Hán form of sinh (“to produce; to yield; to give birth to”). • chữ Hán form of sanh (“to be born”). • Nôm form of siêng (“diligent; assiduous”).
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生
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| 用
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Pictogram (象形) : a water bucket. Compare 桶. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *z(j)um ~ *zuŋ, provisionally set up by STEDT. Cognates to 傭 (OC loŋ) and 庸 (OC loŋ), outside Sinitic, Southern Bai zv³¹ (“to use”) Burmese သုံး (sum:, “to use”), Ersu zi⁵⁵ (“to use”), Nuosu ꌬ (ssi, “to use”), Pa'o Karen [script needed] (sūŋ, “to use”). \ Sun (1999) and Schuessler (2007) consider this word a cognate to Tibetan ལོངས (longs, “use”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iōng • Middle-Chinese : yowngH
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to use; to employ; to operate • use; utility; usefulness • (honorific) to eat; to drink • expenses; outlay • with; by; using • (chiefly used in the negative or interrogative) to need • (literary) therefore • (obsolete) because of; due to; because • a surname
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‖ 用(よう) • (yō) ‖ 用(よう) • (-yō)
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‖ use (noun) • a task, business, an errand ‖ for the use of, for the purpose of, in case of
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用 (eumhun 쓸 용 (sseul yong))
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hanja form of 용 (“use”)
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Hán-Nôm : dụng • Hán-Nôm : dùng • Hán-Nôm : giùm • Hán-Nôm : rùng • Hán-Nôm : dộng • Hán-Nôm : đụng • Hán-Nôm : giùng • Hán-Nôm : rụng • Hán-Nôm : vùng
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to use • to eat or drink
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用
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| 田
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Characters in the same phonetic series (田) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of a field. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-liŋ (“field”). Cognate with Tibetan ཞིང (zhing, “field; realm”), Jingpho maling (mă³¹ liŋ³³, “forest”). Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ljiŋ (“field”). ‖ The Min native word for “paddy field; field”. \ Etymology unknown. Chinese scholars identify 塍 (OC *ɦljɯŋ, “raised path between fields”) as the etymological character (本字), although Norman proposes that this is related to 層 (OC *zɯːŋ, “layer”), reflecting the terraced fields commonly found in Fujian (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also 㽪 (“wet field”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiân • Middle-Chinese : den ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshân
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farmland (Classifier: 塊／块 m c) • field (area rich in mineral reserves) • (Cantonese) Short for 阿華田／阿华田 (Āhuátián, “Ovaltine”). • (obsolete) (alt. form 佃, 畋) to till land; to cultivate • (obsolete) (alt. form 佃, 畋, 甸) to hunt • a surname ‖ paddy field; wet field (Classifier: 坵 mn) • farmland in general; field (Classifier: 坵 mn)
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‖ 田(た) • (ta) ‖ 田(た) • (Ta) ‖ 田(でん) • (Den)
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paddy, field ‖ rice paddy • cultivated field ‖ A surname ‖ A surname
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田 (eumhun 밭 전 (bat jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“cultivated patch of land”) [noun] • hanja form of 전 (“A surname”)
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Hán-Nôm : điền • Hán-Nôm : ruộng
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chữ Hán form of điền (“field”).
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田
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| 由
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Pictogram (象形) – a container or helmet. \ If a helmet, may have been the same as or original character of 冑.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : yuw
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cause; reason • from • by; through; via • (done) by • because of; due to • by means of • to pass through • to follow; to let one determine
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cause, reason • from, arising from
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由 (eumhun 말미암을 유 (malmiameul yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“cause; reason”)
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Hán-Nôm : do • Hán-Nôm : dô • Hán-Nôm : ro • Hán-Nôm : yêu • Hán-Nôm : sân
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由
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| 甲
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Characters in the same phonetic series (甲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a turtle shell. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“shell; shield”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲབ (khrab, “coat of mail; shield”). Perhaps related to 鞈 (OC *kuːb, *kruːb, “leather jerkin or cuirass”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Borrowed from Dutch akker (“field”) or morgen (“morning”). ‖ From 到 (kàu). ‖ From 到 (kàu). ‖ Probably from 敢 (kám, káⁿ). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaap³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kap • Middle-Chinese : kaep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : á ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : á ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kā ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ
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shell; carapace • plate armor • nail (plate at the end of fingers and toes) • the first of the ten heavenly stems • number one; first; A • pronoun for an unspecified or unknown person or thing • a surname ‖ (Taiwan) unit of land (area) measure, equivalent to 2,934 坪 (píng) or 0.97 hectares, roughly 2.1 acres ‖ Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement. • (Taiwan) to; until; to the extent ‖ (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) very; really; badly ‖ (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) how is it that; how could • (Taiwanese Hokkien) since; as; now that; considering ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 佮 (kah, kap, “and; with”) ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 共 (kā) ‖ (Taiwanese Mandarin) gay; homosexual
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‖ 甲(こう) • (kō) ^(←かふ (kafu)?) ‖ 甲(こう) • (Kō) ‖ 甲(よろい) • (yoroi) ^(←よろひ (yorofi)?) ‖ 甲(かん) • (kan) ‖ 甲(きのえ) • (Kinoe)
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‖ carapace, shell • something A · first in rank • something A · instep or the back of the hand • something A · the first party ‖ the first of the ten heavenly stems ‖ armor ‖ treble range ‖ the first of the ten heavenly stems
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甲 (eumhun 갑옷 갑 (gabot gap)) · 甲 (eumhun 첫째 천간(天干) 갑) ‖ 甲 • (gap) (hangeul 갑)
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hanja form of 갑 (“armor; shell”) • hanja form of 갑 (“the first of the ten heavenly stems; something A”) ‖ (in headlines) number one, thus the best • (law) something A; the first party
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Hán-Nôm : giáp • Hán-Nôm : giẹp • Hán-Nôm : kép • Hán-Nôm : nháp • Hán-Nôm : ráp
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chữ Hán form of Giáp (“first of the ten heavenly stems”). • chữ Hán form of Giáp (“a male given name”). • chữ Hán form of giáp (“armour; carapace; cycle of twelve years”).
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甲
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| 申
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Characters in the same phonetic series (申) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) — a bolt of lightning. Original character of 電 (OC *l'iːns, “lightning”) and 神 (OC *hlin, “god; deity; spirit”). \ ; “to extend; to state; to request; to announce; again” \ ; 9th earthly branch \ : For its association with the monkey, compare Proto-Tai *liːŋᴬ (“monkey”), Proto-Hmong *ʔlinᴬ (“monkey”), and Proto-Mien *ʔbiŋᴬ (“monkey”). \ ; “Shanghai”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshun • Middle-Chinese : syin
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Original form of 電／电 (diàn, “lightning”). • to extend; to stretch • to state; to explain • to request; to report • to announce; to express • again; repeatedly • ninth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) · monkey of the Chinese zodiac • ninth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) · 3 to 5 p.m. • ninth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) · seventh month of the Chinese calendar • (～國) Shen (vassal state during the Zhou dynasty) • Alternative name for 上海 (Shànghǎi, “Shanghai”). • Alternative form of 神 (“deity”) • a surname
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‖ 申(さる) • (Saru) ‖ 申(しん) • (Shin)
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(humble) to speak • the monkey, one of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac ‖ the Monkey, the ninth of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Monkey, the ninth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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申 (eumhun 펼칠 신 (pyeolchil sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“to extend; to stretch”)
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Hán-Nôm : thân
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chữ Hán form of Thân (“ninth of the twelve earthly branches”).
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申
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| 男
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 田 (“field”) + 力 (“strength”) – man providing the strength for agricultural and/or other kinds of (physical) labour on a field. \ Probably an area word. Compare Proto-Kiranti *nam (“man”), Proto-Monic *k()ɲoom (“young child”), Proto-Wa *h/ʔn[o]m (“young man”), Thai หนุ่ม (nùm, “young man; young”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâm • Middle-Chinese : nom
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man; (only of human in Standard Chinese) male • son • baron, lowest of the five ranks of Chinese aristocracy (五等爵位) under the Zhou dynasty • a surname
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‖ 男(おとこ) • (otoko) ^(←をとこ (wotoko)?) ‖ 男(おとこ) • (Otoko) ^(←をとこ (wotoko)?) ‖ 男(お) • (o) ^(←を (wo)?) ‖ 男(おのこ) • (onoko) ^(←をのこ (wonoko)?) ‖ 男(なん) • (nan) ‖ 男(だん) • (dan) ‖ 男(だん) • (Dan)
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man • son • baron ‖ a male person • (specifically) a man, an adult male • 男, 漢: (specifically) a manly man • a male lover • a manservant • a husband • (obsolete) an unmarried young man • (colloquial) homosexuality ‖ a surname ‖ a man • a husband • a male • something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine ‖ a boy ‖ a man • a son ‖ a man • a son • a young man, especially one who reached adulthood • (historical) a baron ‖ a male given name
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男 (eumhun 사내 남 (sanae nam))
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hanja form of 남 (“man”)
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canonical : 男: Hán Việt readings: nam 男: Nôm readings: nam
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chữ Hán form of nam (“man; male”).
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男
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| 界
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːds) : semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuè • Middle-Chinese : keajH
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boundary • domain; realm; zone; area • circle; world; industry • (taxonomy) kingdom
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‖ 界(かい) • (kai)
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world • border ‖ boundary • a bounded area or region • a bounded group of people, a society, a world as a social grouping, such as business, celebrities, or finance • the border edge of a thing • (Buddhism) the category of a thing • (Buddhism) the world or realm of a thing • lines drawn between the lines of a text, as on lined writing paper • lines drawn to lay out a draft of a piece of artwork: a sketch • (biology, taxonomy) a kingdom • (geology) a stratum corresponding to a geologic age
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界 (eumhun 지경 계 (jigyeong gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“boundary”)
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Hán-Nôm : giới
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界
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| 畏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . \ In oracle bone script form, this character depicts a ghost (鬼 (guǐ)) holding a stick. (Hsiao-ting Li) \ The small seal glyph was analysed by Shuo Wen as a ghost head (甶 (fú)) with part of a tiger, including its claw.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uìnn • Middle-Chinese : 'jw+jH
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to fear • to respect; to admire • a surname: Wei
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‖ 畏(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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fear, dread, apprehension • awe, majesty, reverence ‖ fear • respect
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畏 (eum 외 (oe))
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Hán-Nôm : úy/uý • Hán-Nôm : hoáy • Hán-Nôm : hoay
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畏
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| 留
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In bronze inscriptions, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ru, *m·rus) : phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 田 (“field”). Later in small seal script, phonetic 丣 (OC *luʔ) + semantic 田. ‖ In bronze inscriptions, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ru, *m·rus) : phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 田 (“field”). Later in small seal script, phonetic 丣 (OC *luʔ) + semantic 田. ‖ In bronze inscriptions, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ru, *m·rus) : phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 田 (“field”). Later in small seal script, phonetic 丣 (OC *luʔ) + semantic 田.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Middle-Chinese : ljuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ljuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁵
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to stay; to remain • to ask someone to stay; to detain • to keep; to save; to hold in reserve; to retain; to maintain • to leave behind (a package, a message, an impression, etc.) • Short for 留學／留学 (liúxué, “to study abroad”). • to accept (a gift) • to allow to grow • to concentrate (on something) • Alternative form of 流 (liú) • a surname ‖ (archaic) to wait; to await ‖ Alternative name for 昴 (mǎo).
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detain • fasten • halt • stop • ateji (当て字) for ruble (unit of currency)
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留 (eumhun 머무를 류 (meomureul ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 머무를 유 (meomureul yu))
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hanja form of 류/유 (“stay”)
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Hán-Nôm : lưu
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to stay • to detain; keep • (computing); to save files
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留
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| 畜
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Pictogram (象形) : 玄 (“rope tying the bag of feed”) + 田 (“bag of feed”) – a bag of feed, hence livestock. \ Alternatively, 玄 (“rope”) + 田 or 囿 (“pen; fold; enclosure”) – tying animals and raising them in the enclosure. \ “To raise; to rear (an animal)” (*–k) > “domesticated animal; livestock” (*–k–s, exopassive: “what has been raised”). The various pronunciations in Old and Middle Chinese have been confused or merged in many extant dialects. \ Etymology unknown. Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to be born; birth; to rear”), and thus may be related to 好 (OC *qʰuːʔ, *qʰuːs, “good; to like”) (Matisoff). Alternatively, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruŋ (“to live; alive; to be born; to give birth; green; sprout”), whence Tibetan འཁྲུང ('khrung, “to be born; to arise; to sprout”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Zhengzhang (2015) relates Tibetan ལུག (lug, “sheep”) to this word; this would be parallel to 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) ?~ 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to rear”) (Sagart, 1999). In Sagart (1999), 畜 is related to 育 (OC *luɡ, “to nourish”) and 鞠 (OC *kuɡ, *kʰuɡ, *ɡuɡ, “to rear”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) : 玄 (“rope tying the bag of feed”) + 田 (“bag of feed”) – a bag of feed, hence livestock. \ Alternatively, 玄 (“rope”) + 田 or 囿 (“pen; fold; enclosure”) – tying animals and raising them in the enclosure. \ “To raise; to rear (an animal)” (*–k) > “domesticated animal; livestock” (*–k–s, exopassive: “what has been raised”). The various pronunciations in Old and Middle Chinese have been confused or merged in many extant dialects. \ Etymology unknown. Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to be born; birth; to rear”), and thus may be related to 好 (OC *qʰuːʔ, *qʰuːs, “good; to like”) (Matisoff). Alternatively, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruŋ (“to live; alive; to be born; to give birth; green; sprout”), whence Tibetan འཁྲུང ('khrung, “to be born; to arise; to sprout”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Zhengzhang (2015) relates Tibetan ལུག (lug, “sheep”) to this word; this would be parallel to 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) ?~ 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to rear”) (Sagart, 1999). In Sagart (1999), 畜 is related to 育 (OC *luɡ, “to nourish”) and 鞠 (OC *kuɡ, *kʰuɡ, *ɡuɡ, “to rear”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiok • Middle-Chinese : xjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiak • Middle-Chinese : trhjuwH • Middle-Chinese : xjuwH • Middle-Chinese : trhjuwk
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to nourish; to raise; to rear • to bring up; to nurture; to foster; to cultivate • to submit; to obey; to comply • to tolerate; to allow • to keep; to house; to collect • Alternative form of 蓄 (xù, “to store up; to accumulate”) • Alternative form of 慉 (“to like”) • (dialectal, of a smell) to irritate one's respiratory organs • a surname ‖ livestock; domesticated animal; farm animal • creature; beast
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livestock • domestic fowl and animals
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畜 • (chuk, hyuk) · 畜 • (chuk, hyuk) (hangeul 축, 휵, revised chuk, hyuk, McCune–Reischauer ch'uk, hyuk, Yale chwuk, hyuk)
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Hán-Nôm : súc • Hán-Nôm : húc • Hán-Nôm : sục ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of súc (“livestock”).
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畜
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| 略
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raɡ) : semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – to walk around a field (to outline it). \ ;"to plunder, to pillage" \ :掠 (lüè) is a graphic variant of this sense. \ ;"sharp" \ ;"to trace out; to measure (an area); to plan; plan, method; boundary, frontier" \ ;"outline, sketch, strategy, summary, brief" \ ;"to omit, to leave out"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loek⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍h • Middle-Chinese : ljak
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^† to draw boundaries; to outline; to trace out • ^† boundary; outline; border • plan; strategy; summary; outline • brief; abbreviated • to omit; to leave out • slightly; marginally • approximately; roughly • to plunder; to pillage • sharp; keen (Shi)
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‖ 略(りゃく) • (ryaku)
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plan, strategy • to omit • to abbreviate • to invade ‖ omission • abbreviation; short for
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略 (eumhun 간략할 략 (gallyakhal ryak), word-initial (South Korea) 간략할 약 (gallyakhal yak)) · 略 (eumhun 다스릴 략 (daseuril ryak), word-initial (South Korea) 다스릴 약 (daseuril yak))
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hanja form of 략/약 (“brief, concise”) • hanja form of 략/약 (“approximately, roughly”) • hanja form of 략/약 (“outline”)
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Hán-Nôm : lược • Hán-Nôm : trước
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略
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| 番
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) : phonetic 釆 () + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; original form of 蹯 (fán). \ ; “to do in turns; turn; time” \ ; “anime series” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) : phonetic 釆 () + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; original form of 蹯 (fán). \ ; “to do in turns; turn; time” \ ; “anime series” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) : phonetic 釆 () + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; original form of 蹯 (fán). \ ; “to do in turns; turn; time” \ ; “anime series” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) : phonetic 釆 () + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; original form of 蹯 (fán). \ ; “to do in turns; turn; time” \ ; “anime series” ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) : phonetic 釆 () + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; original form of 蹯 (fán). \ ; “to do in turns; turn; time” \ ; “anime series”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : han • Middle-Chinese : phjon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun¹ • Middle-Chinese : phan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Middle-Chinese : bjon • Middle-Chinese : paH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : po⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Middle-Chinese : pa
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to do in turns; to take turns; to repeat • Classifier for actions, deeds: a show of ... • Classifier for the number of times an action has been performed: turn; time • Classifier for different kinds of things: kind; type • A generic term for the non-Han people in China's west in historical times; (by extension) non-Han people; foreign land; foreign; non-native; barbarian • (Malaysian Hokkien) Muslim • (ACG) anime series (Classifier: 部) • (mahjong) points ‖ a surname • Only used in 番禺 (Pānyú). ‖ Original form of 蹯 (fán, “animal's foot”). • Alternative form of 藩 (“fence”) • Alternative form of 蕃 (“luxuriant”) ‖ (historical) (～縣) Former name of 鄱陽／鄱阳 (Póyáng) under the Qin dynasty. • Used in 番番 (pópó, “white; whitehaired”). • a surname ‖ Used in 番番 (bōbō, “valiant; courageous”). • Alternative form of 播 (“to spread; to propagate”)
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‖ 番(ばん) • (ban) ^(←ばん (ban)?) ‖ 番(ばん) • (-ban) ^(←ばん (ban)?) ‖ 番(ばん) • (-ban) ^(←ばん (ban)?)
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‖ one's turn (as in a game, etc.) ‖ (sports) matches ‖ (applied to numerals) -th: forms ordinal numerals • (music) verses and the following chorus
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番 (eumhun 차례(次例) 번) ‖ 番 (eumhun 땅 이름 반 (ttang ireum ban)) ‖ 番 (eumhun 날랠 파 (nallael pa))
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hanja form of 번 (“turn”) ‖ hanja form of 반 (“a surname”) • hanja form of 반 (“a placename”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 파 (“valiant”)
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Hán-Nôm : phen • Hán-Nôm : phan • Hán-Nôm : phiên • Hán-Nôm : ba • Hán-Nôm : bà ‖ canonical : 番: Hán Việt readings: ba • canonical : bà • canonical : phiên 番: Nôm readings: ba • canonical : phan • canonical : phiên • canonical : phen
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‖
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番
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| 疑
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Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 or 文 (“standing human figure”) + 夂 (“tilted head with open mouth”) + 丨 (“cane”) – a man with a cane looking around with his mouth wide open, not know where to go – to be confused; to doubt. Compare: 欠 and 既, both showing the "open-mouth" component but on a seated figure. In the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, 彳 or 辵 = 彳 + 止 (“foot; toes”) was often added to indicate travelling or movement. \ Various components were added later, e.g. 牛 in the bronze script of Western Zhou, 子 in the Qin-style scripts including the proto-clerical script, and 乙 in the early clerical script of Western Han. Meanwhile the main graphical element showing a standing figure eventually became 𠤕 or sometimes 矣 as in the Chu-style script (shown in the table). The Chu also added a 心 (“heart”) component indicating "the mind". \ The Shuowen, in which headwords were written in the Qin-style seal script, interpreted the character as “a child standing on an obstructed road to compare the paths”: semantic 子 (“child”) + semantic 止 (“to be obstructed”) + semantic 匕 (“to compare”) + phonetic 矢 (OC *hliʔ). Duan Yucai's commentary on Shuowen offered an alternative interpretation, pointing out that 矢 was unlikely to have a the phonetic component: semantic 子 (“child”) + semantic 𠤕 (“uncertain”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ). However, it is unlikely that any of the currently extant components had once indicated the pronunciation. Zhengzhang (2003) conjectured that the 子 was a corruption of 牛 (OC *ŋʷɯ) that had been the phonetic component. \ The current form is derived from the Qin–Han clerical scripts, where on the right-hand side the elements 子 + 止 or 子 + 乙 have recombined into 龴 + 疋. \ Perhaps related to 礙 (OC *ŋɯːs, “to obstruct”) (Schuessler, 2007); Cf. Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ʔ/N-g(r)ak (“to block; to obstruct”) (STEDT, provisional).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Middle-Chinese : ngi
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to doubt; to question · doubtful • to doubt; to question · question; query • to suspect • to suspect · suspicious • 62nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "doubt, unconfidence" (𝍃) • as if • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 疑 (MC ngi)
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doubt • suspect
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疑 • (ui, eung) · 疑 • (ui, eung) (hangeul 의, 응, revised ui, eung, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, ŭng, Yale uy, ung)
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Hán-Nôm : nghi
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疑
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| 疫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷeɡ) : semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + abbreviated phonetic 役 (OC *ɢʷeɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jik⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : ywek
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epidemic; plague; pestilence
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epidemic
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疫 • (yeok) · 疫 • (yeok) (hangeul 역, revised yeok, McCune–Reischauer yŏk, Yale yek)
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Hán-Nôm : dịch
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疫
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| 疲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bral) : semantic 疒 (“sick”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral) – sick and tired. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bal (“tired; thirsty”), whence Burmese ပန်း (pan:, “to be tired”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phî • Middle-Chinese : bje
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weary; tired; exhausted • weak
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fatigue • exhaustion • tiredness • weariness
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疲 • (pi) · 疲 • (pi) (hangeul 피, revised pi, McCune–Reischauer p'i, Yale phi)
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canonical : 疲: Hán Việt readings: bì 疲: Nôm readings: bì • canonical : mệt
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Nôm form of mệt (“tired; to have excessive interest in something”).
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疲
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| 疾
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 疒 (“illness”) + 矢 (“arrow”). \ The oracle glyph depicts a person being hit by an arrow.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzit
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(literary or in compounds) swift; quick; hasty • (literary or in compounds) strong; forceful • (literary or in compounds) illness; disease; sickness • (obsolete or dialectal Hakka) to ache; to be painful • (obsolete) (alt. form 嫉) to hate; to loathe • Alternative form of 嫉 (jí, “to envy”)
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disease, sickness • fast, quick, rapid
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疾 (eumhun 병 질 (byeong jil))
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illness, disease, sickness • to hate
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Hán-Nôm : tật
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疾
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| 病
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *braŋs) : semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 丙 (OC *pqraŋʔ) – illness. Note that 丙 also means “fire”, hence connotations of “lying feverishly in bed”. \ Cognate with 怲 (OC *praŋʔ, *praŋs, “to worry”) (Schuessler, 2007). This may be part of larger word family including 炳 (OC *praŋʔ, “bright”) with the basic meaning of “warm; hot” (ibid.). It has also been connected with 傷 (OC *hljaŋ) (Unger, 1986).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pēnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǐnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pienn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǐn • Middle-Chinese : bjaengH
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illness; sickness; disease • evil; ill • fault; flaw • to fall ill; to be sick; to be ill • to worry; to be anxious • to criticize; to denounce
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‖ 病(やまい) • (yamai) ^(←やまひ (yamafi)?) ‖ 病(びょう) • (-byō)
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have a disease; disease • being stiff and not able to move • difficult • suffer • make one suffer ‖ disease, illness • a bad habit ‖ disease, illness
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病 (eumhun 병들 병 (byeongdeul byeong))
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hanja form of 병 (“illness; disease”)
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Hán-Nôm : bệnh • Hán-Nôm : bạnh • Hán-Nôm : nạch • Hán-Nôm : bịnh
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病
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| 症
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯŋs) : semantic 疒 (“disease”) + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs). \ Alternative form of 證／证 (zhèng).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìng
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indication or sign of disease • disease; illness
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‖ 症(しょう) • (-shō)
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‖ (medicine) attached to the names of conditions
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症 • (jeung) · 症 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
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Hán-Nôm : chứng
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症
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| 痛
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàng • Middle-Chinese : thuwngH
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to hurt; to cause pain • physically sore; painful • mentally sore; sorrowful • to hate; to abhor • to take pity on; to lament • thoroughly; to the fullest
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pain
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痛 (eumhun 아플 통 (apeul tong))
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Hanja form of 통 (“pain”).
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Hán-Nôm : thống
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痛
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| 登
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 癶 (“left and right feet”) + 豆 (“pictogrammic of raised object; stepping stone”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Cf. 陟 (OC *tɯɡ) (Wang, 1923) < *l-t(j)ak (“to ascend”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dang¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tng • Middle-Chinese : tong
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to go up; to climb; to mount; to rise • to publish; to run (a story, an ad, etc.) • (historical) to succeed in imperial examinations • to ripen; to ripe • a surname
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‖ 登(のぼる) • (Noboru)
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‖ a male given name
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登 (eumhun 오를 등 (oreul deung))
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hanja form of 등 (“to go up; to climb”)
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Hán-Nôm : đăng • Hán-Nôm : đắng
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登
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| 白
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Characters in the same phonetic series (白) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Unclear; probably a pictogram (象形) . \ Guo (1954) suggests that it represents a thumb and is original form of 拇 (*mɯʔ) or, more probably, 擘 (*preːɡ). \ Alternatively, Unger (apud Schuessler, 2007) suggests that it represents an acorn, noting its use in 樂／乐 (“oak”) (= 櫟／栎) and 皂 (zào, “acorn”). In this interpretation, the meaning of “white” is derived from the color of an acorn's inside. \ STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bawk (“white”), whence also Proto-Bodo-Garo *bok (“white”), Limbu ᤑ (phô, “white”); also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɓɔɔk (“white, grey”). \ However, Schuessler (2007) finds it difficult to reconcile these forms with Middle Chinese due to the lack of medial r. Instead, he proposes a derivation from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bar (“white”) with -k extension, thus cognate with 皤 (OC *baːl, “white”) (Wang, 1982), Mizo vâr (“(to be) white”), Proto-Karen *ʔ(b)wa (“white”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pe̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pe̍eh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pia̍k • Middle-Chinese : baek
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white • clear; easy to understand • clear; pure; plain; blank • bright; well-lit • eminent; prominent • vernacular • dialect • Short for 白讀／白读 (báidú, “colloquial reading”). • reactionary; anticommunist • in vain; for nothing • free of charge; gratuitous; gratis • to stare coldly; to stare at someone with the white of the eyes • to explain; to present; to state • to mispronounce or wrongly write a character • spoken lines • funeral • (Hokkien) bland and tasteless • (Hokkien) cooked with just water without adding any seasoning • (Hokkien) greasy; with a lot of fat or oil • (Hokkien) jargon; cant • (Mainland China Hokkien) frank speech • a surname, commonly romanized as Bai • (～族) Bai, an ethnic group living primarily in Yunnan, China
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‖ 白(しろ) • (shiro) ‖ 白(しら) • (shira-) ‖ 白(しら) • (shira) -na (adnominal 白(しら)な (shira na), adverbial 白(しら)に (shira ni)) ‖ 白(はく) or 白(ハク) • (haku) ‖ 白(はく) • (haku) ‖ 白(びゃく) • (byaku)
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‖ the color white • (by extension) innocence • (go) a white go stone • something unwritten • (colloquial) the white team in a 紅白 (kōhaku) group • (colloquial) an unlicensed prostitute • (colloquial) Short for 銀 (shirogane): silver • (colloquial) Synonym of 塩 (shio): salt • (colloquial) Short for 白書院 (shiroshoin): a specific kind of drawing room or study, using unpainted cedar wood with straight grain • a type of もつ焼き (motsuyaki) made from pig intestines • in the game of 人狼 (Jinrō, “Werewolf; Mafia”), one who is on the villagers' side ‖ Combining form of しろ (shiro) above: · white • Combining form of しろ (shiro) above: · undyed, unpainted, unseasoned, etc. • Combining form of しろ (shiro) above: · pure • Combining form of しろ (shiro) above: · innocent • Combining form of しろ (shiro) above: · normal, unspecial ‖ unapplied, undecorated; also the object that is unapplied or undecorated • honest, serious; also the person who is honest or serious • normal, unspecial; also the person who is normal or unspecial in position, occupation, or condition ‖ the color white • Short for 白人 (hakujin): an amateur • a performer's lines • (mahjong) a white dragon tile • (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of white dragon tiles, worth 1 翻 (han, “double”) ‖ white • colorless, dirtless, markless • bright and clear • humbly say • sake cup • Short for 白居易 (Haku Kyoi): Bai Juyi ‖ white
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hanja form of 백 (“white”) • hanja form of 백 (“tell, inform”)
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canonical : 白: Hán Việt readings: bạch 白: Nôm readings: bạch • canonical : bạc • canonical : trắng
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(only in compounds) chữ Hán form of bạch (“white”). • Nôm form of bạc (“silver”).
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白
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| 百
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːɡ) : semantic 一 + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-r-gja.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Middle-Chinese : paek
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hundred • numerous; countless • every; all • a surname: Bai; Baak; Bak
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‖ 百(ひゃく) • (hyaku) ‖ 百(もも) • (momo) ‖ 百(ほ) • (ho) ‖ 百(お) • (o) ^(←ほ (fo)?)
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‖ hundred • a very many, lots, a lot • one hundred years old, advanced age ‖ (archaic) hundred • (archaic) a very many ‖ (obsolete) hundred • (obsolete) a very many ‖ (archaic) hundred • (archaic) a very many
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百 (eumhun 일백(一百) 백 (ilbaek baek))
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hanja form of 백 (“hundred”)
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canonical : 百: Hán Việt readings: bách • canonical : bá 百: Nôm readings: bách • canonical : bá • canonical : trăm
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chữ Hán form of bách (“hundred”).
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百
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| 的
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pleːwɢ) : semantic 白 (“white”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ). \ The original form was 旳 with the meaning of “bright”, hence the initial 日 semantic. See Etymology 1 below. \ “Bright”. Compare 灼. \ The sense of “mark in a target” may be secondary. Alternatively, it may be an independent root on its own. Compare Tibetan རྟགས (rtags, “mark, sign”). ‖ First attested in the Tang Dynasty as 底. This glyph was borrowed later to represent de, the possessive marker in Northern Chinese, superseding the earlier 底 as a way to write this word. \ There are three main competing proposals for its etymology: \ * Derived from the lenition of the literary genitive marker 之 (OC *tjɯ) (Demiéville, 1950; Wang, 1958; Mei, 1988), which is still preserved in many phrases, and in the written form to some extent, especially in Taiwan. \ * Derived from the lenition of 者 (OC *tjaːʔ, “nominalizer > medieval possessive”) (Lü, 1943; Yuan et al., 1996; Yang, R., 2016). Note that 的 is also a nominalizer like 者 in Classical Chinese. \ * Derived from the lenition of Middle Chinese demonstrative 底 (MC tejX) (Shi, 2015, 2023). \ If from either of the first two etymons, possibly cognate with the demonstrative 這／这 (zhè). \ Possibly cognate with the particle sense of 地, which is homophonic but now has its specialised usage. \ In contemporary times it is also used to represent unrelated equivalent particles in other Chinese varieties. Examples include Hokkien ê (个, 亓, 兮 or ㄟ, possibly derived from 其), Eastern Min gì (其), Wu geq (個) and Cantonese ge³ (嘅 < 個). ‖ Phonetic syllable used to transcribe certain syllables in foreign loanwords.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Middle-Chinese : tek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak
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bright; clear; distinct • white; white-coloured • white forehead of horses; white-foreheaded horse • centre of target for archery • aim; standard; criterion • target; objective • (historical) red dot worn on the centre of the forehead by women; bindi • Alternative form of 菂 (dì, “lotus seed”) • true; real • really; truly; certainly ‖ Used after an attribute. Indicates that the previous word has possession of the next one. It functions like ’s in English (or like the word “of” but with the position of possessor and possessee switched). ’s; of • Used to link a noun, an adjective or a phrase to a noun to describe it. that; who • Used to form a noun phrase or nominal expression. • Used after a verb or between a verb and its object to stress an element of the sentence. It can be used with 是 (shì) to surround the stressed element. • Used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis. • Used to express the idea of “of that kind”. • (informal) Used to express multiplication or addition. and, by ‖ Used in transcription. • Short for 的士 (dīshì, “taxi”).
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‖ 的(てき) • (-teki) -na (adnominal 的(てき)な (-teki na), adverbial 的(てき)に (-teki ni)) ‖ 的(てき) • (teki) ‖ 的(てき) • (teki) ‖ 的(てき) • (teki) ‖ 的(まと) • (mato) ‖ 的(いくは) • (ikuha) ‖ 的(ゆくは) • (yukuha)
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‖ -ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of ‖ target • bright, clear ‖ Alternative spelling of 敵: (rare) enemy, opponent ‖ (archaic, chiefly Kansai, somewhat derogatory) he, she, it, that one • (archaic, chiefly Kansai, somewhat derogatory) you ‖ a target, a mark, a bullseye • an objective, an object (of doing something) ‖ (archery, rare) an archery target ‖ (archery, rare) an archery target
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的 (eumhun 과녁 적 (gwanyeok jeok))
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hanja form of 적 (“-ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of”) • hanja form of 적 (“target”)
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Hán-Nôm : đích • Hán-Nôm : đét • Hán-Nôm : đít • Hán-Nôm : điếc • Hán-Nôm : đếch • Hán-Nôm : đễ
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的
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| 皆
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Attested in bronze script as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 比 (“two people; to compare”) + 曰 (“to speak”); to compare several people, hence all. 曰 later corrupts into 白. Based on the corrupted form, Shuowen reinterprets this character as a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 比 + 白.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai • Middle-Chinese : keaj
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(literary) all; every; everybody • (Taiwan) zetta- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 皆(かい) • (kai)
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‖ all; every
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皆 • (gae) · 皆 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
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Hán-Nôm : giai
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皆
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| 皇
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Pictogram (象形) ― a lit oil lamp. The derivative 煌 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ) refers to the original word. \ Later developed into a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 白 (“flame”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs). \ Bodman (1980) proposes a connection with 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ) "king" (see there for more information).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hwang
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^⁜ magnificent • ^⁜ emperor; sovereign; ruler; superior • ^⁜ royal; imperial; august • a surname
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‖ 皇(こう) • (kō) ^(←くわう (kwau)?) ‖ 皇(こう) • (Kō) ^(←くわう (kwau)?) ‖ 皇(おう) • (ō) ^(←わう (wau)?) ‖ 皇(すべ) • (sube-) ‖ 皇(すめ) • (sume-) ‖ 皇(すべら) • (subera-) ‖ 皇(すめら) • (sumera-) ‖ 皇(すめら) • (Sumera) ‖ 皇(すべらぎ) • (suberagi) ‖ 皇(すめらぎ) • (sumeragi) ‖ 皇(すめらぎ) • (Sumeragi) ‖ 皇(きみ) • (Kimi) · 皇(きらり) • (Kirari) · 皇(ただす) • (Tadasu) · 皇(みゆき) • (Miyuki)
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‖ Creator • monarch, ruler, sovereign • emperor, mikado, tenno • Japan, Japanese ‖ a unisex given name ‖ emperor, mikado, tenno ‖ (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · divine, godly, heavenly • (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · imperial, royal, august ‖ (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · divine, godly, heavenly • (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · imperial, royal, august ‖ (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · divine, godly, heavenly • (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · imperial, royal, august ‖ (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · divine, godly, heavenly • (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”): · imperial, royal, august ‖ a female given name ‖ (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan ‖ (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a female given name • a female given name • a unisex given name • a female given name
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皇 (eumhun 임금 황 (imgeum hwang)) ‖ 皇 (eumhun 엄숙할 왕 (eomsukhal wang))
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hanja form of 황 (“king; monarch; ruler”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 왕 (“to be solemn”)
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canonical : 皇: Hán Việt readings: hoàng • canonical : huỳnh 皇: Nôm readings: hoàng • canonical : huỳnh
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chữ Hán form of hoàng (“emperor”).
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皇
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| 皮
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Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a hand (又) stripping the fur from an animal pelt (similar to 革). The pelt moved to the top left and became abstracted. \ ;“skin” \ ; “pico-” ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a hand (又) stripping the fur from an animal pelt (similar to 革). The pelt moved to the top left and became abstracted. \ ;“skin” \ ; “pico-”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phî • Middle-Chinese : bje ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pei⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei⁴⁻²
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skin (Classifier: 塊／块 m c; 層／层 m c); peel; shell • hide; leather • wrapper; cover; skin • surface; top part • rubber • thin sheet • outer; superficial • sticky; glutinous • soggy; non-crispy • naughty; disobedient • thick-skinned • pico- (SI unit prefix) • (Cantonese, colloquial) ten thousand dollars • (VTuber fandom slang) model ‖ (Cantonese) Short for 皮費／皮费 (“operation expense”).
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‖ 皮(かわ) • (kawa) ^(←かは (kafa)?)
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‖ skin
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皮 (eumhun 가죽 피 (gajuk pi))
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hanja form of 피 (“skin”)
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Hán-Nôm : bì • Hán-Nôm : bề • Hán-Nôm : vừa • Hán-Nôm : bầy • Hán-Nôm : bìa • Hán-Nôm : vào
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chữ Hán form of bì (“skin; envelope”).
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皮
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| 益
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 皿 (“vessel”). Original form of 溢 (OC *liɡ, “to overflow”). Upper component resembles 氺 (“water”) in a horizontal form. \ Compare 易. \ Bodman (1980) relates it to Tibetan སྐྱེད (skyed, “growth; increase; profit; to generate”), སྐྱེ (skye, “to be born”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Middle-Chinese : 'jiek
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(obsolete) Original form of 溢 (yì, “to overflow”). • (literary) affluent; well-off • to increase; to add; to cause gain • profit; benefit; gain • (literary) more; further; even more • 42nd hexagram of the I Ching • (Cantonese) to benefit; to advantage
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‖ 益(えき) • (eki) ‖ 益(やく) • (yaku)
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benefit • gain • profit • advantage ‖ benefit • profit ‖ benefit
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益 (eumhun 더할 익 (deohal ik))
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hanja form of 익 (“gain; benefit”)
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canonical : 益: Hán Việt readings: ích 益: Nôm readings: ích • canonical : ịch
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chữ Hán form of ích (“benefit”). • Nôm form of ịch (“thud”).
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益
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| 盛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeŋ, *djeŋs) : phonetic 成 (OC *djeŋ) + semantic 皿. \ Cognate with 成 (OC *djeŋ, “to complete”), 城 (OC *djeŋ, “city wall; city”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 成 for more. \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive of pronunciation 1, literally meaning "to be filled". (Ibid.) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeŋ, *djeŋs) : phonetic 成 (OC *djeŋ) + semantic 皿. \ Cognate with 成 (OC *djeŋ, “to complete”), 城 (OC *djeŋ, “city wall; city”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 成 for more. \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive of pronunciation 1, literally meaning "to be filled". (Ibid.)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîng • Middle-Chinese : dzyeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siānn • Middle-Chinese : dzyengH
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to put in container • to hold; to contain ‖ flourishing; prosperous • abundant; growing; plentiful • great; large; huge • popular; widespread • deep; profound • vigorous; strong; intense • sparing no effort; trying one's best • (Cantonese) and so on; and what not; etc. • 38th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "fullness" (𝌫) • a surname
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prosper
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盛 (eumhun 성할 성 (seonghal seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“prosper”)
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Hán-Nôm : thịnh • Hán-Nôm : thình • Hán-Nôm : thạnh • Hán-Nôm : thành
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prosperous; thriving; flourishing
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盛
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| 盟
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Oracle bone script (𥁰): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs) : semantic 囧 + phonetic 皿 (OC *maŋʔ). \ Bronze inscriptions (𥂗): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs) : phonetic 朙 () + semantic 皿. 月 was added to 𥁰. 朙 is an ancient form of 明, and now this character (盟) is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs) : phonetic 明 (OC *mraŋ) + semantic 皿. ‖ Oracle bone script (𥁰): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs) : semantic 囧 + phonetic 皿 (OC *maŋʔ). \ Bronze inscriptions (𥂗): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs) : phonetic 朙 () + semantic 皿. 月 was added to 𥁰. 朙 is an ancient form of 明, and now this character (盟) is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs) : phonetic 明 (OC *mraŋ) + semantic 皿.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Middle-Chinese : mjaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maang⁶ • Middle-Chinese : maengH
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to swear; to pledge • oath; covenant; alliance • league (administrative unit in Inner Mongolia) ‖ Only used in 盟津, alternative form of 孟津 (Mèngjīn)
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alliance
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盟 (eumhun 맹세할 맹 (maengsehal maeng))
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hanja form of 맹 (“swear”) • hanja form of 맹 (“oath, covenant, alliance”)
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Hán-Nôm : minh
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盟
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| 目
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Pictogram (象形) – human eye, now rotated 90 degrees. Compare 臣 and the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjak ~ s-mik. Cognate with Tibetan མིག (mig, “eye”), Burmese မျက် (myak, “eye, face”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Middle-Chinese : mjuwk
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(literary or Min) eye (Classifier: 雙／双 mn-t) • eyesight • to look; to view; to see • to wink at • to judge; to comment on • opinion; viewpoint • to view as; to regard • ^⁜ item; entry • title; headline • section • ^⁜ list; catalogue; table of contents • name • ^⁜ target; goal • chief; head; leader • (taxonomy) order • (Classical) to call; to address (of people's names and titles) • (obsolete or Hokkien) hole; cavity; eyelet • (Hokkien) joint; knot; lump • (Hokkien) Classifier for segments, such as sugar cane. • (Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for pieces in Go.
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‖ 目(もく) • (moku) ‖ 目(ぼく) • (boku)
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‖ (taxonomy) an order in biology: smaller than a class, bigger than a family • a playing piece in a board game, such as a stone in the game of go • a point in the game of go ‖ eye • look, appearance
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目 (eumhun 눈 목 (nun mok))
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hanja form of 목 (“eye”) [affix] • hanja form of 목 (“(taxonomy) class”) [noun]
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canonical : 目: Hán Việt readings: mục 目: Nôm readings: mục • canonical : mụt
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chữ Hán form of mục (“item”).
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目
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| 盲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋ) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 目 (“eye”). Also Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 亡 (“to perish”) + semantic 目 (“eye”) - go blind (by losing your eye)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Middle-Chinese : maeng
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blind • (figurative) lacking understanding or common sense • person who is blind • person who is illiterate • carelessly; blindly
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‖ 盲(もう) • (mō) ^(←まう (mau)?)
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‖ blindness • blind person
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盲 (eumhun 소경 맹 (sogyeong maeng))
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hanja form of 맹 (“blind”)
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Hán-Nôm : manh
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Nôm: manh
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盲
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| 直
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Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 目 (“eye”) + 丨 (“vertical stroke”) – vertical stroke above the eye; looking straight ahead. \ The line on the side appears in bronze script and subsequently stretched under the 目 shape, while the traditional form appears in seal script. \ ; "simply; only" \ ; "straight; right" \ ; “heterosexual”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Middle-Chinese : drik
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straight; linear; undeviating • to straighten • vertical; upright; erect; perpendicular • honest; fair; just; upright • straightforward; forthright; frank • directly; straight • stiff; numb • constantly; continuously • simply; just; only • (Hokkien) simple and frank; without scruples or misgivings (in one's temperament, speech, or actions) • (Hokkien) settled; clear; brought to an end • (Mainland China Hokkien) a simple kind of board game similar to Go • (Chinese calligraphy) vertical stroke in Chinese characters • (slang) straight; heterosexual • (historical) Short for 直隸／直隶 (Zhílì, “Zhili”). • Alternative form of 值 (“to be worth”) • (Cantonese, slang, figurative) dead • a surname
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‖ 直(じき) • (jiki) ^(←ぢき,ちき (diki, tiki)?)-na (adnominal 直(じき)な (jiki na), adverbial 直(じき)に (jiki ni)) ‖ 直(じか) • (jika-) ‖ 直(ちょく) • (choku) ^†-tari (adnominal 直(ちょく)とした (choku to shita) or 直(ちょく)たる (choku taru), adverbial 直(ちょく)と (choku to) or 直(ちょく)として (choku to shite)) ‖ 直(ちょく) • (choku) -na (adnominal 直(ちょく)な (choku na), adverbial 直(ちょく)に (choku ni)) ‖
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straight ‖ soon, shortly • nearby, close ‖ directly ‖ direct, straight, frank ‖ sincere, straightforward, proper, frank • simple, not extravagant, not expensive, less formal ‖ to do one's duty, be on duty
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直 (eumhun 곧을 직 (godeul jik))
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hanja form of 직 (“straight”)
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Hán-Nôm : trực
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直
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| 相
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree. \ An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007). \ Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree. \ An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007). \ Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sionn • Middle-Chinese : sjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siùnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siònn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàunn • Middle-Chinese : sjangH
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to see for oneself; to evaluate by seeing for oneself • mutually; reciprocally; towards each other; one another • together; jointly • successively; one after another • towards; to • a surname ‖ to look at; to examine the appearance and judge; to observe • looks; appearance; features • posture; bearing • demeanour; manners • photo; picture; photograph (Classifier: 張／张 c; 幅 c) • phase; exterior; stage; period • (physics) phase • (geology) facies • to physiognomise; to practise physiognomy; to tell fortune by reading the subject's facial features • physiognomy; practice of physiognomy • to choose; to pick • to assist; to help; to oversee • (Chinese mythology) Xiang of Xia (fifth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) • (historical) Chancellor of State • (xiangqi) minister (on the red side) • (historical) master of ceremonies • (historical) attendant • to administer; to govern • to teach; to instruct • a person who guides or leads a blind person • a surname
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‖ 相(さが) • (saga) ‖ 相(しょう) • (-shō) ^(←しゃう (syau)?) ‖ 相(そう) • (sō) ^(←さう (sau)?)
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mutual, reciprocal, with one another • appearance, look ‖ nature, personality • fate, destiny • a habit, custom, or practice • the good and bad of a person; especially, one's faults ‖ minister of state ‖ appearance, how something looks • an aspect of something • (grammar) grammatical aspect • (physics) a phase, as of matter • (ikebana) the central supporting branch of an ikebana arrangement
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相 (eumhun 서로 상 (seoro sang)) ‖ 相 (eumhun 바탕 상 (batang sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“mutual; together”) ‖ hanja form of 상 (“looks; appearance”) • hanja form of 상 (“minister of state”)
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Hán-Nôm : tương
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相
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| 省
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Originally 眚. In oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreŋʔ, *sleŋʔ) : phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “sprout”) + 目 (“eye”) – "to inspect plants". In Shuowen Jiezi, 眚 and 省 became separate characters. 生 corrupted over time into 少. ‖ Originally 眚. In oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreŋʔ, *sleŋʔ) : phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “sprout”) + 目 (“eye”) – "to inspect plants". In Shuowen Jiezi, 眚 and 省 became separate characters. 生 corrupted over time into 少.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : síng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sénn • Middle-Chinese : srjaengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : síng • Middle-Chinese : sjengX
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to omit; to leave out • to reduce, to simplify • (colloquial, by extension) to have less strange, potentially genius but generally lousy ideas for the sake of others to save worry • to save, to economize • ^† palace • ^⁜ (historical, by extension) department (of a government) • ^⁜ (historical, by extension) department (of a government) · ministry of the Japanese government • province; (originally) Short for 行省 (xíngshěng). (Classifier: 個／个) • (chiefly Guangdong) Short for 省城 (shěngchéng, “Guangzhou”). • a surname ‖ to examine; to inspect • to greet; to visit • to understand; to comprehend
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‖ 省(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 省(しょう) • (shō-) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 省(しょう) • (-shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?)
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government ministry • Chinese province ‖ ministry, government department, office • Chinese province ‖ -saving, conservation ‖ ministry
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省 (eumhun 살필 성 (salpil seong)) ‖ 省 (eumhun 덜 생 (deol saeng))
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hanja form of 성 (“to examine; to inspect”) • hanja form of 성 (“Chinese province”) • hanja form of 성 (“ministry; department”) ‖ hanja form of 생 (“to reduce; to omit”) • hanja form of 생 (“saving; conservation”)
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Hán-Nôm : tỉnh • Hán-Nôm : xển • Hán-Nôm : xỉnh • Hán-Nôm : xĩnh • Hán-Nôm : tểnh • Hán-Nôm : tễnh
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chữ Hán form of tỉnh (“province; prefecture”).
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省
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| 眉
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Pictogram (象形) : 𠃜 + 目 (eye), hair above an eye. The component for hair became 𠃜 during the development into the seal and clerical scripts. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/r-m(u/i/ja)l (“hair; fur; feather”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྨིན་མ (smin ma, “eyebrow”), Burmese အမွေး (a.mwe:, “hair; fur; feather”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : mij
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eyebrow (Classifier: 條／条 c; 堂 c) • (by extension) upper margin of a book, leaflet, or page; header
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‖ 眉(まゆ) • (mayu) ‖ 眉(び) • (bi) ‖ 眉(み) • (mi)
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eyebrow ‖ eyebrow ‖ eyebrow ‖ eyebrow
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眉 (eumhun 눈썹 미 (nunsseop mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“eyebrow”)
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Hán-Nôm : mi • Hán-Nôm : mày • Hán-Nôm : mầy • Hán-Nôm : mì • Hán-Nôm : my
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|
眉
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| 看
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 手 (“hand”) + 目 (“eye”) – to put a hand above eyes to gaze afar. \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ka(n/ŋ) (“to know; to see”). \ Also compare Tibetan མཁན་པོ (mkhan po, “professor; abbot”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 手 (“hand”) + 目 (“eye”) – to put a hand above eyes to gaze afar. \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ka(n/ŋ) (“to know; to see”). \ Also compare Tibetan མཁན་པོ (mkhan po, “professor; abbot”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàn • Middle-Chinese : khanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuànn • Middle-Chinese : khan ‖
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(intransitive, transitive) to look; to see; to watch • (transitive) to read • ^† (transitive) to observe; to check • (transitive) to visit; to call on • to think; to feel (that) • to consider; to regard as; to treat like • to depend on • to treat (a patient or sickness) • Used to indicate the potential mood. ‖ to look after; to take care of; to tend; to keep an eye on ‖ (Teochew) Alternative form of 睇
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‖ 看(かん) • (kan)
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watch over • see ‖ to watch over; to watch attentively
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|
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Hán-Nôm : khan • Hán-Nôm : khán • Hán-Nôm : khản
|
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看
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| 眠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *miːn) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 民 (OC *min) – close your eyes and go to sleep. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *miːn) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 民 (OC *min) – close your eyes and go to sleep.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biân • Middle-Chinese : men ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˇ
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to sleep • to hibernate • (archaic) to feign death • (archaic) to lie down ‖ Only used in 眠娗.
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‖ 眠(みん) • (min)
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sleep ‖ rest (of a silkworm before moulting)
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眠 (eumhun 잠잘 면 (jamjal myeon))
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hanja form of 면 (“close eyes, sleep”) • hanja form of 면 (“hibernate”)
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Hán-Nôm : miên
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眠
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| 眼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯːnʔ) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). \ Derived from Etymology 2 (Sagart, 1999). Displaced common Sino-Tibetan 目 (OC *muɡ, “eye”) in many dialects. ‖ Unknown.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nguí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kán • Middle-Chinese : ngeanX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngan⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan²
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(anatomy) eye (Classifier: 隻／只 m c; 雙／双 m c; 對／对 c) • to see; to view; to see ... in person • to keep sight of; to monitor; to watch • sight; vision • Classifier for actions of the eye: glance; glimpse • to testify; to witness • eyelet; aperture; hole; opening • tempo in the opera • territory in game Go (board game). • loophole; shortcoming • bubbles of boiling water • mesh • key point; critical moment • (go) trap • Classifier for springs, wells and ponds. • (Northern Wu) some; a bit • (Cantonese, mahjong) two identical tiles which are an essential part of a legal winning hand • (Cantonese) Classifier for lamps. • (Cantonese) Classifier for needles. ‖ protruding; bulging (like bulging eyes)
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eyeball
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眼 (eumhun 눈 안 (nun an))
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hanja form of 안 (“eye”) [affix]
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|
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眼
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| 睡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djols) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 垂 (OC *djol) – sleep. \ May be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”) (STEDT), whence Burmese တွယ် (twai, “to cling”). May be related to 垂 (OC *djol, “to hang down”), 朵 (OC *toːlʔ, “to hang from a tree; classifier for blossoms”), 橢 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, “oblong; oval”), 惰 (OC *l'oːlʔ, *l'oːls, “lazy”) and 蕊 (OC *ŋljolʔ, *ŋljulʔ, “reproductive organ of flower”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsēr • Middle-Chinese : dzyweH
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(intransitive) to sleep • (of bed, room, transitive) to sleep; to have the capacity for • (colloquial, transitive) to sleep with (have sexual intercourse with somebody) • (dialectal) to lie; to recline • (literary, intransitive) to nod off
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sleeping
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睡 (eumhun 졸음 수 (joreum su))
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hanja form of 수 (“sleeping”)
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Hán-Nôm : thụy • Hán-Nôm : thuỵ
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睡
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| 督
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'uːwɢ) : phonetic 叔 (OC *hljɯwɢ) + semantic 目 (“eye”) – to look over, to oversee (with eyes).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : duk¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Middle-Chinese : towk
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^⁜ (literary or Cantonese, Mainland China Hokkien) to supervise; to superintend; to oversee • a surname
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coach • command • urge • lead • supervise
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督 (eumhun 살필 독 (salpil dok))
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hanja form of 독 (“supervise, direct”)
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Hán-Nôm : đốc
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督
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| 睦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mluɡ) : semantic 目 (“eyes”) + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : muk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Middle-Chinese : mjuwk
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harmonious
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harmony
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睦 (eumhun 화목할 목 (hwamokhal mok))
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hanja form of 목 (“friendly, amiable, peaceful”)
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canonical : 睦: Hán Việt readings: mục 睦: Nôm readings: mục
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chữ Hán form of mục (“harmony”). • chữ Hán form of Mục (“a surname”).
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睦
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| 瞬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljuns) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 舜 (OC *hljuns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut • Middle-Chinese : sywinH
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to wink; to blink • instant; moment; blink of an eye
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wink • blink • twinkle
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瞬 • (sun) · 瞬 • (sun) (hangeul 순, revised sun, McCune–Reischauer sun, Yale swun)
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wink • blink • in a wink • a flash
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Hán-Nôm : thuấn
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瞬
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| 矢
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Pictogram (象形) – an arrow. More recognizable in older forms. \ ; arrow \ ; to swear, to vow ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Middle-Chinese : syijX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si² • Middle-Chinese : syijX
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(Classical, archery, weaponry) arrow • to vow; to swear ‖ Alternative form of 屎 (“excrement; poop”)
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‖ 矢(や) • (ya) ‖ 矢(や) • (Ya) ‖ 矢(さ) • (sa)
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arrow ‖ (archery, weaponry) an arrow • a wedge used to break hard objects such as wood or stone • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of arrows ‖ a place name ‖ (obsolete) an arrow
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矢 (eumhun 화살 시 (hwasal si))
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hanja form of 시 (“arrow”)
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Hán-Nôm : thỉ • Hán-Nôm : tẻ • Hán-Nôm : thẻ • Hán-Nôm : yêu • Hán-Nôm : tử • Hán-Nôm : tủ • Hán-Nôm : tú • Hán-Nôm : siệu chữ Hán Nôm in this term 矢 ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of thỉ (“arrow”).
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矢
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| 知
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Originally the same character as 智, used interchangeably. In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“adult”) + 口 (“mouth”) + 子 (“child”) – to transmit knowledge. In the Warring States period, 大 corrupted into 矢 (OC *hliʔ) and became a sound component. In Western Han script the component 子 started being dropped, arriving at the modern form. \ The two pronunciations are cognate. The word is possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin, compare Mizo hria, hriat (“to know”), Jingpho chye (“to know”), Tibetan རིག (rig, “to know”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 智 (OC *ʔl'es). ‖ Originally the same character as 智, used interchangeably. In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“adult”) + 口 (“mouth”) + 子 (“child”) – to transmit knowledge. In the Warring States period, 大 corrupted into 矢 (OC *hliʔ) and became a sound component. In Western Han script the component 子 started being dropped, arriving at the modern form. \ The two pronunciations are cognate. The word is possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin, compare Mizo hria, hriat (“to know”), Jingpho chye (“to know”), Tibetan རིག (rig, “to know”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 智 (OC *ʔl'es).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti • Middle-Chinese : trje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì
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to know; to understand; to comprehend • to cause to know; to tell; to inform • to administer; to take charge of • to distinguish • to appreciate • to be close friends; close friends • to perceive • to participate in; to have a hand in • (Hakka, including Changting, Xiaosanjiang, Shicheng) to hear; to listen • knowledge • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 知 (MC trje) ‖ Original form of 智 (zhì, “knowing, wisdom, intelligence”).
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‖ 知(ち) • (chi)
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to know • wisdom ‖ wisdom
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知 (eumhun 알 지 (al ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“know”)
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canonical : 知: Hán Việt readings: tri • canonical : trí 知: Nôm readings: tri • canonical : trơ
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知
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| 短
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːnʔ) : semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs). \ The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist: \ * Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also: \ ** 端 (OC *tˤor) vs 瑞 (OC *[d]or-s) \ ** 算 (OC *[s]ˤorʔ-s) \ ** 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ). \ * Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) (“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း (taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw (“short”), whence Burmese တို (tui, “short”), Mizo tawi (“short”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : té • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuán • Middle-Chinese : twanX
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short (of distance) • short (of time); brief • (literary or Wu) short (in stature) • deficient; lacking • weakness; shortcoming; mistake • (Mainland China, transitive) to text; to send a text message to
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‖ 短(たん) • (tan)
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short, brief ‖ fault, weak point • (music) minor
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短 (eumhun 짧을 단 (jjalbeul dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“short”)
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Hán-Nôm : đoản • Hán-Nôm : đuỗn • Hán-Nôm : ngắn • Hán-Nôm : vắn
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短
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| 石
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Characters in the same phonetic series (石) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a stone beneath a cliff (厂). The cliff was subsequently distorted into 丆. \ Alternatively, a cave set into the side of a cliff or mountain. \ Unknown. Probably related to Proto-Vietic *l-taːʔ (“stone”) (whence Vietnamese đá and Khmer ដា (daa, “rock; stone”)) (Schuessler, 2007), to which Chinese would have added the familiar final -k. ‖ Contains pronunciations from 擔／担 (dàn) (Qiu, 1988, p. 220).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzyek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daam³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sek⁶
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stone; rock (Classifier: 嚿 c; 塊／块 c) • (Cantonese) gem; jewel; jade • a surname ‖ a unit of dry measure for grain (equal to 100 liters)
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‖ 石(いし) • (ishi) ‖ 石(こく) • (koku) ‖ 石(せき) • (-seki) ‖ 石(せき) • (seki) ‖ 石(せき) • (seki)
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‖ a stone • (slang, electronics) a transistor ‖ a traditional Japanese unit of volume: · for grains of rice; one koku is equal to approximately 180 litres • a traditional Japanese unit of volume: · (by extension, historical) for land of famous daimyo or samurai; one koku is also approximately 180 litres • a traditional Japanese unit of volume: · for 和船 (wasen); one koku is equal to 10 cubic shaku or approximately 0.278 cubic metres • a unit of quantity for 鮭 (sake, “salmon”) and 鱒 (masu, “trout”); one koku is equal to 40 salmon or 60 trout ‖ counter for gemstones used as bearings in watches and other devices • (slang, electronics) counter for transistors, especially discrete ones ‖ Same as こく (koku) above ‖ stone • needle made of stone • go stone • something solid but worthless • Short for 石見国 (Iwami-no-kuni): Iwami Province
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石 (eumhun 돌 석 (dol seok))
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hanja form of 석 (“stone”)
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canonical : 石: Hán Việt readings: thạch • canonical : đán 石: Nôm readings: thạch • canonical : sạch
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chữ Hán form of thạch (“stone”).
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石
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| 破
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːls) : semantic 石 + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with Burmese ဖဲ့ (hpai., “to break off a small piece”), Dimasa bai (“break”), Mizo peh (peʔ, “to break; be broken”). However, STEDT derives the above three terms from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(p/b)aj (“to break out; to break off; to hatch”) and does not compare 破 (OC *pʰaːls) to it.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuà • Middle-Chinese : phaH
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to break; to tear • to break; to break with; to smash • to ruin; to destroy • to rout; to drive out; to drive away; to banish • to remove; to clear; to eliminate; to dispel • to spend; to expend • to cleave (with a tool or hands); to cut open; to split open • to expose; to lay bare; to show up • to break a banknote into small change • broken; worn out; damaged • (colloquial) low-quality; poor; lousy • (slang) to handle; to deal with; to do
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break • cut
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破 (eum 파 (pa))
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Hán-Nôm : phá • Hán-Nôm : vỡ
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破
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| 硬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs) : semantic 石 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gǐng • Middle-Chinese : ngeangH
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hard (resistant to pressure) • tough; strong; firm • good (in terms of quality or ability) • stiff; inflexible • obstinately; forcibly; resolutely • (slang) to become hard; to have an erection • (Cantonese, Teochew) certainly; definitely; of course
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Solid, hard, firm.
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硬 (eumhun 굳을 경 (gudeul gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“harden, stiffen”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngạnh
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硬
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| 碑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pre) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bei¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi • Middle-Chinese : pje
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stele (Classifier: 塊／块)
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‖ 碑(ひ) • (hi) ^(←ひ (fi)?)
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gravestone ‖ stone engraved with memorial text
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碑 • (bi) · 碑 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi, Yale pi)
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Hán-Nôm : bi
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碑
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| 磨
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Originally written as 䃺 (mó). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːl, *maːls) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + abbreviated phonetic 靡 (OC *mralʔ). ‖ ‖ Possibly from 摩 (OC *maːl, “to approach; to touch; to draw near”); cognate with Cantonese 埋 (maai4, “to approach”) (Yan et al., 2016).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mo⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Middle-Chinese : ma ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mo⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mōo • Middle-Chinese : maH ‖
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to grind; to sharpen • to rub; to chafe • to wear away; to obliterate • to wear out; to wear down; to erode • to dawdle; to waste (time) • to pester; to plague (someone) ‖ grinder; mill • to grind; to mill • to turn around • (Cantonese) to waste time ‖ (Teochew) to approach
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to polish • to grind • to brush (teeth)
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磨 (eumhun 갈 마 (gal ma))
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hanja form of 마 (“grind, polish, rub, wear out”) • hanja form of 마 (“millstone”)
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Hán-Nôm : ma • Hán-Nôm : mài
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磨
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| 示
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Pictogram (象形) – an altar. The original form is similar to unrelated character 丅, and additional strokes are added to prevent confusion. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : zyijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ
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to show; to reveal; to indicate; to notify; to instruct ‖ a surname
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causing attention, showing, important
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示 (eumhun 보일 시 (boil si))
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hanja form of 시 (“to show; to display; to demonstrate; to exhibit”)
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Hán-Nôm : thị • Hán-Nôm : kì
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chữ Hán form of thị (“to show”).
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示
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| 社
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 示 (“god; deity”) + 土 (“soil”) \ Probably related to 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, “earth, soil”); Takashima (2004) considers them an etymological doublet.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : se⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǎ • Middle-Chinese : dzyaeX
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(historical) god of the soil • (historical) altar for offering sacrifices to the god of the soil • (historical) festival for offering sacrifices to the god of the soil • (historical) to offer sacrifices to the god of the soil • (historical) an ancient grass-root administrative unit • organized body; society; association • agency (used for certain agencies that provide services) • a surname: She • (in Vietnam) commune (third level division along with wards and commune-level towns)
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‖ 社(しゃ) • (-sha)
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‖ Short for 会社 (kaisha): company, co. • (historical, Taiwan under Japanese rule, specifically) aboriginal settlement
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社 (eumhun 모일 사 (moil sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“company”) [noun] • hanja form of 사 (“social”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : xã
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rural commune (administrative subdivision of Vietnam)
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社
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| 祈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯl) : semantic 示 (“altar”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gj+j
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to pray • to entreat; to beseech; to beg
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‖ 祈(き) • (ki) ‖ 祈(うけい) • (ukei) ^(←うけひ (ukefi)?) ‖ 祈(いのり) • (Inori) ‖ 祈(いのる) • (Inoru) ‖ 祈(えば) • (Eba) ‖ 祈(きらり) • (Kirari)
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‖ to pray • to wish ‖ (historical, archaic) an ancient form of divination or fortunetelling found in the Nihon Shoki • (archaic) a covenant ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a female given name ‖ a female given name ‖ a female given name
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祈 (eumhun 빌 기 (bil gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“pray”) • hanja form of 기 (“entreat, beseech”)
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Hán-Nôm : kì
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祈
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| 祖
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Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːʔ) : semantic 示 + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa). Specialization of 且. See there for more. \ ;“to Zucc”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Middle-Chinese : tsuX
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ancestor; forebear; forefather • grandparent; grandfather or grandmother • founder • (literary) to follow the example of; to pattern after • (Internet slang, usually passive voice) to ban someone on Facebook; to Zucc • a surname. Zu • (Cantonese) A transliteration of the English male given name Joe
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‖ 祖(そ) • (so)
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founder, ancestor ‖ ancestor
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祖 (eumhun 할아버지 조 (harabeoji jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“grandfather; ancestor”)
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chữ Hán form of tổ.
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祖
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| 祝
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Ideogram (指事) – a man kneeling with open mouth (兄) next to an altar (示). ‖ Ideogram (指事) – a man kneeling with open mouth (兄) next to an altar (示).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Middle-Chinese : tsyuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau³ • Middle-Chinese : tsyuwH
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to offer good wishes • (literary, or in compounds) to pray; to say prayers • (literary) words said in a prayer in a religious ceremony • (literary) wizard; warlock; sorcerer • (literary) temple attendant who burns joss sticks and candles • (literary) to break off; to cut off; to sever • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 咒 (zhòu, “to curse”)
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‖ 祝(しゅく) • (shuku-)
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celebrate, congratulate • blessing ‖ celebration of …
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祝 (eumhun 빌 축 (bil chuk))
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hanja form of 축 (“wish; celebrating”)
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Hán-Nôm : chúc • Hán-Nôm : chóc • Hán-Nôm : chọc • Hán-Nôm : chốc • Hán-Nôm : chuốc • Hán-Nôm : dốc • Hán-Nôm : gióc
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祝
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| 神
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hlin) : semantic 示 (“god; deity”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin, “lightning”). \ Originally 申 in the oracle bone script and in some bronze inscriptions. The ancients feared the unpredictable lightning and considered it to be divine or of divine origin. 示 was added for specialization. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Chepang ग्लीङ्ह (gliŋh, “spirit, mind, soul”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîn • Middle-Chinese : zyin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹
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(religion) god; deity; spirit • (religion) god; deity; spirit · (Protestantism, specifically) God • spirit; soul; mind • expression; countenance; appearance • supernatural; magic; psychic • extraordinary; unbelievable; sublime • a surname. Shen • (neologism, Internet slang) Sinophobe of Chinese nationality ‖ Only used in 神荼 (Shēnshū).
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‖ 神(かみ) • (kami) ‖ 神(かみ) • (Kami) ‖ 神(しん) • (shin) ‖ 神(しん) • (shin) ‖ 神(じん) • (jin) ‖ 神(じん) • (jin) ‖ 神(み) • (mi)
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‖ (Shinto) a spirit or an essence present in all things, the main subject of worship of Shinto • (by extension, religion) a deity, god • (by extension) thunder • a Shinto shrine • a person of outstanding talent or skill • (Internet slang, attributive) something amazing; great; fantastic; awesome ‖ (Christianity) God ‖ (religion) a deity, god, kami • a mysterious or incomprehensible force, compare English act of God • a mind, soul, spirit • Short for 神道 (shintō): Shinto ‖ deity, god, kami • mysterious or incomprehensible force • mind, soul, spirit • Short for 神道 (shintō): Shinto • Short for 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kōbe (a city in Japan)”). ‖ (rare) Same as しん (shin) above ‖ deity, god, kami • mysterious or incomprehensible force ‖ (rare) a god or spirit
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神 (eumhun 귀신 신 (gwisin sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“ghost; spirit; phantom; god”)
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romanization : thần
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chữ Hán form of thần. · deity • chữ Hán form of thần. · heavenly beings • chữ Hán form of thần. · mind; spirit; look; expression; mien
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神
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| 祥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ) : semantic 示 (“altar”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ). Originally just 羊, 示 was added later to distinguish it. \ ;"fortune, omen (good or bad)" > "good luck" \ ;ancient funeral sacrifice
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Middle-Chinese : zjang
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good luck, good omen, auspicious • (obsolete) fortune, omen (good or bad) • (obsolete) ancient funeral sacrifice
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‖ 祥(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 祥(しょう) • (Shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 祥(さが) • (saga)
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auspiciousness, happiness • good omen or sign • celebration after the end of a mourning ‖ an omen of good fortune or happiness • a sign of good or bad luck ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (archaic) a sign, omen
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祥 • (sang) · 祥 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang, Yale sang)
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Hán-Nôm : tường
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祥
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| 票
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‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : biu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : piu³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiò ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠ
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ticket; coupon (Classifier: 張／张 m) • ballot; voting slip; vote (Classifier: 張／张 m) • bank note; bill • person held for ransom; hostage • (Chinese opera) amateur performance of Chinese opera • Classifier for shipments and business. • swift • to mark • a surname: Piao ‖ roaring flame • ethereal • to shake
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‖ 票(ひょう) • (hyō) ^(←へう (feu)?)
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ballot • label • ticket • sign ‖ vote
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|
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Hán-Nôm : phiếu
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票
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| 祭
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⺼ (“meat”) + 又 (“hand”) + 示 (“altar, ceremony”) – the hand offers a piece of meat at the altar during a ceremony. \ The top is not related to but may be corrupted to 癶 in calligraphy and handwriting; 癶 also served as the second-round simplified form of the component. The left part is ⺼ twisted to the left (compare 將, 然). The right part is a form of 又. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⺼ (“meat”) + 又 (“hand”) + 示 (“altar, ceremony”) – the hand offers a piece of meat at the altar during a ceremony. \ The top is not related to but may be corrupted to 癶 in calligraphy and handwriting; 癶 also served as the second-round simplified form of the component. The left part is ⺼ twisted to the left (compare 將, 然). The right part is a form of 又.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Middle-Chinese : tsjejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaai³ • Middle-Chinese : tsreajH
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to make offerings to; to sacrifice to; to worship • a ceremony where one offers sacrifices to one's ancestors ‖ (～國) Zhai (a state during the Spring and Autumn period (祭國)) • a surname
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festival
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祭 • (je, chae) · 祭 • (je, chae) (hangeul 제, 채, revised je, chae, McCune–Reischauer che, ch'ae, Yale cey, chay)
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Hán-Nôm : tế
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祭
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| 禁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89). \ Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ်း (hkrim:, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89). \ Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ်း (hkrim:, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gam¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kam¹ • Middle-Chinese : kim ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gam³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìm • Middle-Chinese : kimH
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to bear; to endure • to be able to withstand • (chiefly in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself • to torment; to torture • (Cantonese) durable • Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”) ‖ to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict • to pin down; to restrain • to block; to hinder • to imprison; to detain; to take into custody • to use incantation • to store up; to hoard • ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict • taboo; banned item or thing • prison; jail; confinement • (historical) court; palace • (historical) ritual table; wine altar • sorcery; incantation; spell
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‖ 禁(きん) • (kin)
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to ban, to prohibit, to forbid • to confine • palace ‖ ban, prohibition • banned, prohibited, forbidden
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禁 (eumhun 금할 금 (geumhal geum))
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hanja form of 금 (“prohibition”)
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Hán-Nôm : cấm • Hán-Nôm : bấm • Hán-Nôm : quắm
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禁
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| 福
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯɡ) : semantic 示 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). \ Proto-Sino-Tibetan [Term?]. Cognate with 富 (OC *pɯɡs, “rich”), Tibetan ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “livestock”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯɡ) : semantic 示 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). \ Proto-Sino-Tibetan [Term?]. Cognate with 富 (OC *pɯɡs, “rich”), Tibetan ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “livestock”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯɡ) : semantic 示 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). \ Proto-Sino-Tibetan [Term?]. Cognate with 富 (OC *pɯɡs, “rich”), Tibetan ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “livestock”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : pjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu³ • Middle-Chinese : phjuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiannh
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blessing; happiness; prosperity; good fortune • (obsolete) to bless • Short for 福建 (Fújiàn, “Fujian”). • a surname. Fu ‖ to store; to garner • to conform to; to fit in with ‖ Only used in 福埔 (“a place in Jinjiang, Fujian”).
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‖ 福(ふく) • (fuku) ‖ 福(ふく) • (fuku) -na (adnominal 福(ふく)な (fuku na), adverbial 福(ふく)に (fuku ni)) ‖ 福(ふく) • (Fuku) ‖ 福(ふく) • (fuku)
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good fortune, good luck ‖ good luck, good fortune • happiness • (Shinto, Buddhism) a blessing ‖ wealthy ‖ a placename • a surname • a female given name ‖ Short for 福岡 (Fukuoka, “Fukuoka (a province of Japan)”).
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福 (eumhun 복 복 (bok bok))
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hanja form of 복 (“fortune”)
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Hán-Nôm : phúc • Hán-Nôm : phước • Hán-Nôm : Phúc
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happy • fortunate • blessing
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福
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| 秀
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From an earlier form 𥝙, attested in the stone drum inscriptions (石鼓文 (shígǔwén)) from the Warring States period. \ According to Chi (2010), the character is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 禾 (“rice plant”) + 引 (“to draw out flowers”) — blooming of a rice plant. The Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts (睡簡) recorded this character as ⿱禾引. The bottom component 弓 found in the stone drum inscriptions is likely a reduction of 引. \ Xu Kai (徐鍇), the author of 《說文解字繫傳》 (10th century AD) gave the following explanation: Pictogram (象形) : 禾 (“plant”) + 乃, resembling a fruit/an ear hanging off a plant. \ Shuowen states that this character was tabooed at that time (2nd century AD) and so did not elaborate on its origin, due to it being the birth name of Emperor Guangwu of Han. \ May be a causative of 褎 (OC *lɯws, “growth of seedlings”). Compare Proto-Vietic *m-loh (“to blossom”) (whence Vietnamese trổ (“to burst, to open, to display”), lổ (“naked”)), and Khmer លាស់ (lŏəh, “to grow, to blossom, to prosper”). ‖ Phono-semantic matching of English show. Doublet of 騷／骚 (sāo)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siù • Middle-Chinese : sjuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sió
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(of plants, especially of crops) to shoot out into ears; earing; ear • (of plants) to bear fruit • (of plants) to blossom • beautiful; elegant; graceful • (especially of a person) outstanding; prominent; extraordinary ‖ to manifest; to show; to display • show
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‖ 秀(しゅう) • (Shū)
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excellent, outstanding ‖ a male given name
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秀 (eumhun 빼어날 수 (ppaeeonal su))
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outstanding, remarkable, excellent
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Hán-Nôm : tú
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秀
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| 私
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sil) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 厶 (OC *sil) – private grain or field. \ Displaced the original form 厶.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : sij
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self; personal; private • selfish • (Classical, humble) first-person singular pronoun: I; me • illegal or secret goods • stealthily; secretly • (obsolete) Used by women to refer to their sister's husband • reproductive organs; genitals • (Internet slang) Short for 私聊 (sīliáo, “to PM, to DM”).
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‖ 私(わたし) • (watashi) ‖ 私(わたくし) • (watakushi) ‖ 私(わたくし) • (watakushi) ‖ 私(し) • (shi) ‖ 私(し) • (shi)
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‖ (polite) first-person singular pronoun: I, me ‖ a personal or private matter • (by extension) selfishness ‖ (formal) first-person singular pronoun: I, me ‖ personal, private • secret ‖ a personal or private matter • selfishness • privacy, secrecy • (women's speech, obsolete) a brother-in-law
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私 (eumhun 사사 사 (sasa sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“private, personal”)
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Hán-Nôm : tư • Hán-Nôm : tây
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private, personal
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私
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| 秋
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The oracle bone forms and bronze inscriptions show the pictogram (象形) of a cricket or a locust, sometimes with a fire 火 glyph underneath. In its later form, became a Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯw) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + abbreviated phonetic 𤒅 (). Often thought of as an Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 禾 (“grain”) + 火 (“fire”); after harvesting the grain, the fields are burned to kill locusts and their eggs. \ Unclear. \ Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *tshiu < Proto-Chinese *C-nh(i)u and proposes its cognacy to either: \ * 收 (OC *(n)hiu, “to reap, harvest, gather”); or \ * 卒 (OC *tsut, “to finish, end, die”), as vegetation dies in autumn; additionally in Zuozhuan, this word's referent was winter's dead vegetation. \ Alternatively, Sagart (2023b) relates 秋 (OC *tsʰiw) to 揫 (OC *[dz]iw, “to collect, bring together”), whose Old Chinese reconstruction should possibly be amended to *m-tsʰiw or *m-tsiw.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiu • Middle-Chinese : tshjuw
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harvest season • autumn; fall • (literary) year • period; time • autumn crops • a surname
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‖ 秋(あき) • (aki)
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autumn ‖ autumn, fall (season)
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秋 (eumhun 가을 추 (ga'eul chu))
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hanja form of 추 (“autumn; fall”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : thu
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chữ Hán form of thu (“fall, autumn”).
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秋
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| 科
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”). \ Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”). \ Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kher • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kho • Middle-Chinese : khwa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˋ • Middle-Chinese : khwaH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fo¹
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sort; class; kind • law; regulation • (historical) imperial examination • article; clause • norms; rules • division; branch (of study) (Classifier: 個／个) • section; department • (taxonomy) family • (Chinese theater) action; enactment (as opposed to dialogue, recitation, or singing) • to pass a sentence • to check; to examine • to punish; to fine or levy taxes ‖ to grow; to tiller ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese) Alternative form of fol (fo¹, “to follow”).
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‖ 科(か) • (-ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 科(とが) • (toga)
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grade • categorized classes or the text of law • graded crimes • examinations graded in classes • divide taxes or crimes • a (circular) hole ‖ department, section • (taxonomy) family ‖ mistake, error • crime, offense, wrongdoing • fault, flaw
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科 (eumhun 과정 과 (gwajeong gwa))
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hanja form of 과 (“sort; class”)
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Hán-Nôm : khoa
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|
科
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| 秒
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mewʔ) : semantic 禾 (“cereal; grain”) + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bió • Middle-Chinese : mjiewX
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(obsolete) awn; arista • (obsolete) tiny; minute; insignificant • (obsolete) tip; end; extremity • Classifier for time: second • Classifier for measuring an angle or latitude/longitude: second; arcsecond • (obsolete) unit of length equal to 0.0001 cun • (neologism, Internet slang, by extension) in seconds; immediately; instantly; at once
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‖ 秒(びょう) • (byō) ^(←べう (beu)?)
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second ‖ second (one-sixtieth of a minute; SI unit of time) • second (unit of angular measure)
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秒 (eumhun 초 초 (cho cho))
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hanja form of 초 (“the SI unit of time, second”) • hanja form of 초 (“(geometry) a second of arc”)
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Hán-Nôm : miểu • Hán-Nôm : sao
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秒
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| 租
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaː) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa). \ Land rent was paid in grain.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zou¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsoo • Middle-Chinese : tsu
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to rent; to hire; to charter • to rent out; to lease • rent payment • land tax • a surname: Zu
|
|
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租 • (jo) · 租 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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|
Hán-Nôm : tô • Hán-Nôm : to • Hán-Nôm : tò
|
|
租
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| 秩
|
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dit⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍t • Middle-Chinese : drit
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(literary) order • (literary, historical) official's salary • (literary, historical) official rank • (literary) ten years; decade • (mathematics) rank • accumulate
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|
regularity • salary • order
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秩 (eum 질 (jil))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : trật • Hán-Nôm : chặt • Hán-Nôm : chật • Hán-Nôm : chợt • Hán-Nôm : giật • Hán-Nôm : trặc • Hán-Nôm : dựt • Hán-Nôm : đột • Hán-Nôm : giựt • Hán-Nôm : mất • Hán-Nôm : rặt • Hán-Nôm : trắt
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秩
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| 移
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lal) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/s-laj ~ r/s-lej ~ b-rej (“to change, exchange, buy”). Compare also Tibetan རྗེ་བ་ (rje ba, “to change, barter”) and Burmese လှယ် (hlai, “to exchange”). \ Characters 易 (OC *leɡ, “to change”) and 賜 (OC *sleːɡs, “to give”) are derivates of it.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : ye
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to change place; to move; to move about • to change; to shift • to transplant
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‖ 移(い) • (i) ‖ 移(い) • (i)
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change • transfer ‖ (historical) under the Ritsuryō system of ancient Japan, an official document exchanged between officials with no direct authority over each other ‖ shift; move; change
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移 (eumhun 옮길 이 (omgil i))
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hanja form of 이 (“to change place”)
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canonical : 移: Hán Việt readings: di • canonical : dời • canonical : rời • canonical : chòm • canonical : đệm • canonical : xờm • canonical : day • canonical : dây • canonical : dê • canonical : giay • canonical : sỉ • canonical : xỉ 移: Nôm readings: đưa
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chữ Hán form of di (“to change place; to move”). • Nôm form of dời (“to move; to relocate”). • Nôm form of đưa (“to give, to hand over”).
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移
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| 程
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rleŋ) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 呈 (OC *rleŋ, *l'eŋs) – measurements.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thênn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Middle-Chinese : drjeng
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weights and measures; measurements of all kinds • rules; regulations • model; law; standard • limit; limitation; quota; norm • period of time; time • schedule; agenda; order • stage of a journey • journey; trip; distance travelled • procedure; process; course • to measure; to weigh; to judge • a surname
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extent • degree • law • formula • distance • limits • amount
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程 • (jeong) · 程 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : trình
|
|
程
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| 稿
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːwʔ) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gou² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo
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(literary) stalk of grain; straw • (literary, or in compounds) draft; sketch • (literary, or in compounds) manuscript • (literary, or in compounds) looks; appearance (of a person)
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‖
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manuscript, version, draft ‖ to write (a manuscript/rough copy)
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稿 (eumhun 볏집 고 (byeotjip go))
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hanja form of 고 (“draft, manuscript”)
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Hán-Nôm : cảo • Hán-Nôm : khao
|
|
稿
|
| 穴
|
Characters in the same phonetic series (穴) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) —possibly an entrance to a cave or a door flap.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyut⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍t • Middle-Chinese : hwet
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hole • grave (pit) • cave; cavern • (literal, figurative) den; nest; lair • (traditional Chinese medicine) acupoint
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‖ 穴(あな) • (ana)
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hole, opening ‖ hole • opening, aperture • pit • cave, cavern • lair, den, burrow • loss, deficit • flaw, defect
|
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(구멍 혈, gumeong-): hole, hollow • (구덩이 혈, gudeong'i-): pit, ditch • (굴 혈, gul-): cave, cavern, cavity; den, burrow, sett • (움 혈, um-): dugout
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Hán-Nôm : huyệt
|
chữ Hán form of huyệt (“grave; acupoint”).
|
穴
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| 究
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kus) : semantic 穴 (“cave”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiù • Middle-Chinese : kjuwH
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to reach the end or limit; to exhaust • to study intensively; to research • to investigate; to scrutinise • after all; actually; in fact
|
|
research
|
究 (eumhun 연구할 구 (yeon'guhal gu))
|
hanja form of 구 (“examine, investigate”)
|
Hán-Nôm : cứu
|
to search, to examine
|
究
|
| 空
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khong • Middle-Chinese : khuwng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàng • Middle-Chinese : khuwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥˇ
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empty; hollow; void • exhausted; emptied • open; spacious; vast • quiet and still; secluded • lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated • (Eastern Min) hungry • air; sky; atmosphere • space; outer space; cosmos; universe • (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses • (Taoism) emptiness and quiet • in vain; for nothing • only (left, remain, etc.) • to exhaust • to miss the target • (Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) hole; cavity ‖ to make empty; to impoverish • to leave empty; to leave blank • vacant; unoccupied; available • spare time; free time; leisure • empty space; room • (of time) gap; interval; break • chance; opportunity • (Southern Min) zero ‖ Alternative form of 孔 (kǒng, “hole; cave; mouth”)
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‖ 空(そら) • (sora) ‖ 空(から) • (kara) ‖ 空(くう) • (kū)
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‖ the sky ‖ something empty • ineffectual • false ‖ empty air • meaninglessness • (Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness • (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”) and the highest of the five elements
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空 (eumhun 빌 공 (bil gong))
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Hanja form of 공 (“empty; void”). • Hanja form of 공 (“sky; air”). • Hanja form of 공 (“zero”).
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canonical : 空: Hán Việt readings: không 空: Nôm readings: không • canonical : khung • canonical : khỏng • canonical : khong • canonical : cung • canonical : khống
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Chữ Hán form of không (“empty; void”). • Chữ Hán form of không (“air; sky”). • Chữ Hán form of không (“zero; none”).
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空
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| 突
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Characters in the same phonetic series (突) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 穴 (“cave; den”) + 犬 (“dog”) – a dog suddenly coming out of a den. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (突) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 穴 (“cave; den”) + 犬 (“dog”) – a dog suddenly coming out of a den.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thu̍t • Middle-Chinese : dwot • Middle-Chinese : thwot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : duk¹
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to dash forward; to break through; to charge • suddenly; abruptly; unexpectedly • to go against; to offend • to stick out; to protrude • (historical) flue; chimney • (onomatopoeia) pit-a-pat (tapping sounds) • to chug; to gulp liquid • (Cantonese) to be in excess; to have extra • (Cantonese) with excess • (obsolete) to penetrate; to pierce ‖ Used in the place name 趵突泉, a famous spring in Jinan, Shandong, China.
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poke · prod, nudge • poke · prick, stab • poke · bump into, collide • poke · stick out, protrude • suddenly, abruptly, unexpectedly • (martial arts) an attacking move in kendo, sumo, et al.; thrust, lunge
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突 (eumhun 갑자기 돌 (gapjagi dol))
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hanja form of 돌 (“dash; clash”) • hanja form of 돌 (“sudden”) • hanja form of 돌 (“protrusion; penetration; piercing”)
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Hán-Nôm : đột • Hán-Nôm : đuột • Hán-Nôm : sột • Hán-Nôm : tọt • Hán-Nôm : chặt • Hán-Nôm : chợt • Hán-Nôm : dột • Hán-Nôm : đợt • Hán-Nôm : đụt • Hán-Nôm : lọt • Hán-Nôm : mất
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突
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| 立
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Characters in the same phonetic series (立) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a person standing on the ground; compare 大. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-r(j)ap (“to stand”). Cognate with 位 (OC *ɢʷrɯbs). ‖ From English litre.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍p • Middle-Chinese : lip ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍p
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to stand • to erect • to set up; to establish • to institute; to lay down; to draw up; to compose (legal document) • to exist; to live • standing • to place on the throne; to take the throne • upright; vertical • immediately; at once ‖ (Southern Min) litre
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‖ 立(りつ) • (ritsu)
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to stand up • to rise • erect • to set up ‖ stand
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立 (eumhun 설 립 (seol rip), word-initial (South Korea) 설 입 (seol ip))
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hanja form of 립/입 (“to stand; to make erect; to establish”)
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Hán-Nôm : lập • Hán-Nôm : lụp • Hán-Nôm : sập • Hán-Nôm : lớp • Hán-Nôm : sầm • Hán-Nôm : sụp • Hán-Nôm : nhân
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chữ Hán form of lập (“stand; set up, establish”). • chữ Hán form of Lập (“a male given name”).
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立
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| 章
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : A chisel (䇂, now 辛) piercing a piece of untreated jade (now 日). Originally meaning "to treat jade", likely the original character of 璋 or 彰.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiang • Middle-Chinese : tsyang
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chapter; section • composition; structure • rules; regulations; constitution; charter • seal; stamp • badge; medal; emblem • order • memorial to the throne • (Cantonese) mahjong tiles • (alt. form 彰) obvious; well-known • (alt. form 彰) to make manifest; to display; to express • (alt. form 彰) to commend; to praise; to distinguish • Classifier for chapters, etc. • (Chinese astronomy) the cycle of 19 years (approximate common multiple for the synodic month and tropical year, similar to the Metonic cycle) • a surname. Zhang; Cheung
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‖ 章(しょう) • (shō) ‖ 章(あきら) • (Akira)
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‖ chapter; section • badge ‖ a male given name
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章 (eumhun 글 장 (geul jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“chapter”)
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Hán-Nôm : chương
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章
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| 童
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In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 䇂 (“chisel”) + 目 (“eye”) + 𡈼 (“person standing on soil”). It depicts a person getting their eye gouged out, a common punishment for slaves in ancient China. Compare 民, 臧. \ In bronze inscriptions, the phonetic component 東 (OC *toːŋ) was added, making the character phono-semantic (形聲／形声) . \ In the modern form 䇂 has corrupted into 立. The bottom 里 derives from 東 combining with 土, similar to 重. \ ; “child; servant boy; virgin; bare” \ ; “shaman”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : duwng
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child • young servant; servant boy • (Min, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu) shaman • virgin • bare; exposed • a surname • 12th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "youthfulness" (𝌑)
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juvenile, child
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童 (eumhun 아이 동 (ai dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“child”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồng
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(occult, divination) of mediums or divination
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童
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| 端
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Characters in the same phonetic series (耑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːn) : semantic 立 + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dyun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuan • Middle-Chinese : twan
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to hold something level with hand • end; tip • beginning; start • upright; erect • (of a person) decent; upright; proper • to wipe out; to destroy altogether • (figurative, colloquial, derogatory, usually followed by 著／着) to put on airs; to act pretentiously • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 端 (MC twan) • a surname: Duan
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‖ 端(はし) • (hashi)
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‖ an edge; the beginning or end of something
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端 (eumhun 끝 단 (kkeut dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“end”) • hanja form of 단 (“(geography) cape”) • hanja form of 단 (“clue”)
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Hán-Nôm : đoan
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端
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| 竹
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Characters in the same phonetic series (竹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – two bamboo stalks, with leaves. Earlier forms resembled 个 + 个, current form resembles rather ケ + ケ. \ Compare Proto-Tai *b.twuːkᴰ (“bamboo strip for tying or weaving”), whence Thai ตอก (dtɔ̀ɔk, “bamboo strip”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiok • Middle-Chinese : trjuwk
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(～亞科) bamboo (Classifier: 枝; 棵 m; 根 m; 轆／辘 c) • (music) musical instrument made of bamboo • a surname: Zhu
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‖ 竹(たけ) or 竹(タケ) • (take)
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bamboo ‖ bamboo • the middle of a 3-tier ranking system
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hanja form of 죽 (“bamboo”)
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Hán-Nôm : trúc
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(Sino-Vietnamese) bamboo • any bamboo species of phyllostachys
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竹
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| 笑
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) or phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰows) : phonetic 艸 (OC *sʰuːʔ, “grass”) + semantic 犬 (“dog”). \ Later, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰows) : semantic 竹 + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàu • Middle-Chinese : sjewH
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(intransitive) to laugh; to smile • (transitive) to laugh at; to ridicule • (ditransitive) to laugh at; to ridicule • (literary, or in compounds) funny; amusing • (obsolete, figurative) to blossom; to bloom • (rare) a surname
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‖ 笑(わらい) • (warai) ^(←わらひ (warafi)?) ‖ 笑(えみ) • (emi) ^(←ゑみ (wemi)?) ‖ 笑(えみ) • (Emi) ^(←ゑみ (wemi)?) ‖ 笑(え) • (e) ^(←ゑ (we)?) ‖ 笑(わら) • (wara)
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to laugh; laughter • to smile; a smile ‖ a laugh, laughing, laughter • a smile, smiling ‖ a smile, smiling • a bloom, blooming • the opening of a nut or other fruit as it ripens ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (in compounds) smile ‖ (informal, teen slang) Alternative form of (笑): LOL
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笑 (eumhun 웃을 소 (useul so))
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hanja form of 소 (“laugh”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiếu • Hán-Nôm : téo
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笑
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| 符
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bo) : semantic 𥫗 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 付 (OC *pos).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Middle-Chinese : bju
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(historical) tally • symbol; sign • charm • to match; to correspond • a surname
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符 (eumhun 부호 부 (buho bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“mark, tally, symbol, charm, ID tag”)
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Hán-Nôm : phù • Hán-Nôm : bùa
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符
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| 第
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *diːls) : semantic 𥫗 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 弟 (OC *diːlʔ, *diːls). 竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. accounting, classification) in ancient times. See also 等. \ Alternatively, may have originally been written 弟. \ Karlgren (1956: 14) connects this word with → tī 梯 ‘ladder’. ‖ Contraction of 第二 (dai6 ji6, “second”). ‖ Contraction of 第一 (tē-it, “first”). ‖ From 是 or 然.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Middle-Chinese : dejH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dai⁶ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : té ‖
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sequence; number • grade; degree • (historical) rank in the imperial examinations • Ordinal number marker, used before a number to make the number ordinal. • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) different; another; other ‖ (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) most ‖ (Shanghainese, obselete) this
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‖ 第(だい) • (dai-)
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‖ ordinal marker, often with affix 号
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第 (eumhun 차례(次例) 제)
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hanja form of 제 (“turn; sequence”)
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Hán-Nôm : đệ
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第
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| 等
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs). \ 竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ A medieval word, probably related to 待 (OC *dɯːʔ, “to wait”) (Wang, 1982).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tńg • Middle-Chinese : tojX • Middle-Chinese : tongX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tńg
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to arrange bamboo slips neatly • rank; grade; class • sort; kind; type • (Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia • (in compounds or after a number/degree) equal; equivalent • and the like; and so on; etc.; et al. • Particle indicating the ending of enumeration. • (literary or Hakka) Plural particle used after personal pronouns or nouns. • a surname ‖ to wait (for) • when (something happens at a point in time in the future) • (Cantonese) to be in need of • (Cantonese, Xiang) to let; to allow; to permit • (Cantonese) to let (used to give notice to something in the future) • (Cantonese) to cause; to make • (Cantonese) Introduces a clause that expresses negative surprise. • (Gan) by • (Hakka) Progressive particle, used after verbs to indicate the continuation of an action or a state.
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‖ 等(とう) • (tō) ‖ 等(とう) • (-tō) ‖ 等(など) • (nado) ‖ 等(なんど) • (nando) ‖ 等(ら) • (-ra)
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equal • et cetera • a pluralizer ‖ et cetera ‖ rank, class, order • et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on ‖ et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on ‖ (archaic, chiefly obsolete) et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on ‖ pluralizer • qualifier, softener: around abouts
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等 (eumhun 무리 등 (muri deung))
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hanja form of 등 (“rank, class, order”) • hanja form of 등 (“et cetera”)
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Hán-Nôm : đẳng • Hán-Nôm : đấng • Hán-Nôm : đứng
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等
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| 答
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Cognate with 對 (OC *tuːbs, “to respond”) (Schuessler, 2007), which is the exoactive of 答 (OC *tkuːb). Compare Tibetan འདེབས ('debs, “to cast; to send”) (Hill, 2019). ‖ Cognate with 對 (OC *tuːbs, “to respond”) (Schuessler, 2007), which is the exoactive of 答 (OC *tkuːb). Compare Tibetan འདེབས ('debs, “to cast; to send”) (Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tap • Middle-Chinese : top ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚ
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to answer; to reply • to repay; to requite ‖ Used in the compounds below.
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‖ 答(こたえ) • (kotae) ^(←こたへ (kotafe)?)
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answer ‖ Alternative spelling of 答え
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答 (eumhun 답할 답 (daphal dap))
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hanja form of 답 (“answer”)
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Hán-Nôm : đáp • Hán-Nôm : đớp • Hán-Nôm : hóp
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答
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| 策
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰreːɡ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsherk • Middle-Chinese : tsrheak
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plan; scheme; strategy • (literary) to plan; to scheme • to calculate; to estimate • (historical) bamboo or wooden strips used for writing on in ancient China • (historical) a kind of emperor's edict • (historical) a type of essay in ancient China, used in imperial examinations where questions on political or economic affairs were set • (historical) a kind of computing tool in ancient China, on which the multiplication table was written for multiplication, division or extracting the square root during the Qing dynasty • (historical) spur • (literary) to spur; to whip; to urge with a horsewhip • to drive; to urge • number; value • (literary) cane; walking stick • to lean on; to rest on support • (calligraphy) upward horizontal stroke (the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to confer; to consult; to coordinate; to discuss • (Chinese astronomy) Gamma Cassiopeiae • a surname
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‖ 策(さく) • (saku) ‖ 策(さく) • (-saku)
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scheme; plan; policy; step; means ‖ plan; policy • the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong ‖ plan, policy
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策 • (chaek) · 策 • (chaek) (hangeul 책, revised chaek, McCune–Reischauer ch'aek, Yale chayk)
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Hán-Nôm : sách
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策
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| 算
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In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾. \ The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo. \ It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suàn • Middle-Chinese : swanX
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to count; to calculate; to figure • to plan; to arrange; to design • to guess; to estimate; to approximate • to regard as; to consider • to count; to be of significance • to let it pass; to give up • finally; eventually • Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”) • (Guanzhong Mandarin, Mandarin) while • (Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
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Counting, calculation
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算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))
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hanja form of 산 (“to count; to calculate”)
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Hán-Nôm : toán • Hán-Nôm : toan
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chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).
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算
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| 管
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːnʔ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóng • Middle-Chinese : kwanX
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(music) a cylindrical double-reed woodwind instrument made of bamboo or wood • (music, by extension) any wind instrument • (by extension) slender tubular hollow object; pipe; tube; duct; canal; valve; fistula • (literary) calligraphy brush; inkbrush • Classifier for tube-shaped objects. • to administer; to manage; to control; to be in charge • to subject someone to discipline; to discipline • to concern oneself with; to interfere with • to be responsible for the provision of; to provide; to supply • to assure; to guarantee; to ensure; to keep • despite; regardless of; irrespective of • (colloquial) used in the pattern 管……叫…… (“to call (someone/something the name of)”), where 管 is followed by the entity that is being called a name • (dialectal, colloquial) indicates the object of an action: to • (Sichuanese) to be worth • a surname
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‖ 管(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 管(くだ) • (kuda)
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pipe • wind instrument • administer • brush; handle of a brush ‖ pipe • a wind instrument ‖ a pipe or tube, such as that made of bamboo, wood, metal, or rubber • a shuttle for weaving with a loom (from the way the earliest shuttles were made from bamboo tubes) • the central axis of a spindle for winding the thread • short for 管の笛 (kuda no fue), a kind of small pipe or flute used for signalling during a battle, similar to a fife • an agricultural tool, used to gather up cut rice stalks • short for 管狐 (kudagitsune), a kind of mythical fox roughly the size of a weasel, that would live in bamboo stalks and make prophecies of the future
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管 (eumhun 피리 관 (piri gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“pipe, tube”) • hanja form of 관 (“piri, a woodwind instrument”)
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Hán-Nôm : quản
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管
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| 簿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːʔ, *baːɡ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 溥 (OC *pʰaːʔ, *paːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phok • Middle-Chinese : buX • Middle-Chinese : bak
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register; account book; notebook (Classifier: 本 c) • a surname
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register, record book
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簿 (eumhun 장부 부 (jangbu bu)) ‖ 簿 (eumhun 잠박 박 (jambak bak)) · 簿 (eumhun 얇을 박 (yalbeul bak))
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hanja form of 부 (“register, account book, notebook”) ‖ hanja form of 박 (“silkworm-raising basket”) • hanja form of 박 (“thin, light, frail”)
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Hán-Nôm : bộ • Hán-Nôm : bạ • Hán-Nôm : bợ
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簿
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| 籍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zjaːɡ) : semantic 𥫗 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 耤 (OC *zjaːɡ) – the (bamboo) census books.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzjek
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record; register; list • hometown • census • a surname
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‖ 籍(せき) • (seki)
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a register, registry, list, census • enrollment, membership, registration ‖ a family register • membership, enrollment, registration in a group
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籍 • (jeok) · 籍 • (jeok) (hangeul 적, revised jeok, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, Yale cek)
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Hán-Nôm : tịch
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籍
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| 米
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Characters in the same phonetic series (米) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai. ‖ Short for 米突 (mǐtū), from English metre. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bí • Middle-Chinese : mejX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bí ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : bì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bih
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hulled or husked uncooked rice (Classifier: 粒 m c mn; 顆／颗 m) • husked seed • grain-like things • (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”). • (Cantonese, Shanghainese, slang) money • (Shanghainese, slang) ten thousand of a currency designation; ten grand (Classifier: 粒 w) • a surname ‖ metre ‖ Only used in 米魯／米鲁.
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‖ 米(こめ) • (kome) ‖ 米(こめ) • (Kome) ‖ 米(よね) • (yone) ‖ 米(よね) • (Yone) ‖ 米(めめ) • (meme) ‖ 米(メートル) • (mētoru)
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rice • (ateji) meter • (ateji) America • (ateji) United States ‖ rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa), one of the five grains ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa • rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa) • (colloquial) an eighty-eight-year-old ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (colloquial) rice (husked grains of the rice plant) ‖ Rare spelling of メートル (mētoru): metre (SI unit of length) • Rare spelling of メーター (mētā): meter (a device or implement used for measurement)
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米 (eumhun 쌀 미 (ssal mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“rice”) [affix]
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米
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| 粉
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Characters in the same phonetic series (分) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯnʔ) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns) – face powder made of rice. \ The earliest sense is believed to be "face powder". The term is then used for the color of this powder, "white", and later also the color of a face with this cosmetic, "pink". In early modern Chinese, the ancient "face powder" sense is partly reinforced by 粉底 (fěndǐ) (from English foundation). ‖ Short for 粉絲／粉丝 (fěnsī), from English fans.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hún • Middle-Chinese : pjunX ‖
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powder · face powder • powder · flour • powder · (Cantonese, slang) heroin • powder • ^† (ergative) to powder • (color) · (～色) pink • (color) · ^⁜ white • (dialectal) to whitewash • (food) · food made from starch or flour (noodles, vermicelli, etc.) • (food) · bean or sweet potato noodles ‖ fan; fanatic • (Internet, neologism, slang) follower on a social media platform; subscriber • (transitive) to be a fan of (a person, a group, etc.); to admire
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‖ 粉(こ) • (ko) ‖ 粉(こな) • (kona)
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powder ‖ powder • flour ‖ powder • flour
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粉 (eumhun 가루 분 (garu bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“powder”)
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Hán-Nôm : phấn
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chữ Hán form of phấn (“powder”).
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粉
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| 精
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ) – polished rice. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ) – polished rice.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsinn • Middle-Chinese : tsjeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : tsjengH
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polished rice • essence; energy • spirit; energy; vigour • seminal fluid; semen • spirit; soul • essence; concentrate • demon; goblin • (dialectal, of meat) lean • fine; refined • pure; unmixed • concentrated; sincere • clear; bright • exquisite; profound • extremely; very • to be proficient; to be expert at • to expose; to be bare • smart; clever • (Cantonese) Suffix used to describe person with a negative attribute • Alternative form of 睛 • Alternative form of 菁 (jīng) • Alternative form of 晶 (jīng) • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 精 (MC tsjeng) ‖ ^‡ strong
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‖ 精(せい) • (sei) -na (adnominal 精(せい)な (sei na), adverbial 精(せい)に (sei ni)) ‖ 精(せい) • (sei) ‖ 精(しらげ) • (shirage)
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essence ‖ detailed, conscientious • pure, refined ‖ polishing, refining • care, conscientiousness • something polished or refined, particularly polished white rice • vim and vigor, energy in doing things • life force, vitality, the energy of living • one's emotions, mind, or soul • the soul or spirit of a thing, particularly when appearing on its own; a fairy, a sprite • semen ‖ rice polishing, rice milling • polished or milled rice • excellence
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精 • (jeong) · 精 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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Hán-Nôm : tinh
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pure, unadulterated; refined • essence, spirit • detailed, conscientious • smart, clever • energy, vigour • demon; goblin; spirit • semen, seminal fluid, a sperm cell
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精
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| 糖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːŋ) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 唐 (OC *ɡl'aːŋ). \ Original meaning was “sweet rice cake” or “sugar syrup”. Cognate with 餳 (OC *ljaːŋ). \ Compare Proto-Lingao lhaŋ² ("sugar"), whence Lincheng /haŋ˧/, Qiongshan /liaŋ˩˧/.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâng • Middle-Chinese : dang
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sugar • Short for 糖果 (tángguǒ). sweets; candy; lollies; confectionery (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c) • (organic chemistry) saccharide; carbohydrate • to preserve food in alcohol or alcohol dregs • (Internet slang, figurative) loveable and likeable, cute • (transgender slang, figurative) HRT (hormone replacement therapy) drugs, especially pills
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‖ 糖(とう) • (tō) ^(←たう (tau)?)
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‖ (organic chemistry) sugar
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糖 (eumhun 엿 당 (yeot dang)) ‖ 糖 (eumhun 엿 탕 (yeot tang))
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hanja form of 당 (“sugar”) ‖ hanja form of 탕 (“sugar”)
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Hán-Nôm : đường
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chữ Hán form of đường (“sugar”).
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糖
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| 系
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 手 + 糸. Also used as simplified forms: \ * Simplified from 繫 (𣪠 → 丿). \ * Simplified from 係 (elimination of 人). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 手 + 糸. Also used as simplified forms: \ * Simplified from 繫 (𣪠 → 丿). \ * Simplified from 係 (elimination of 人).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hai⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Middle-Chinese : hejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ
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department; faculty • system • to belong to; to be part of; to fall under; to be categorised as; to be classified as ‖ ^‡ chopsticks
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‖ 系(けい) • (-kei)
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‖ type, kind, system, family
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系 (eumhun 이을 계 (ieul gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“connect, link, join”)
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系
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| 素
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Characters in the same phonetic series (素) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – hands 廾 braiding thread 糸. \ In modern form, top component looks like 生 without the diagonal stroke – compare 責, 青. \ Austroasiatic in origin; compare Khmer ស (sɑɑ, “white; to show something clearly”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 索 (OC *sraːɡ, *sreːɡ, “to search”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : suH
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white silk • silk or paper used for writing • white • plain • vegetarian (food) • original; unprocessed • usually; always; all along • element • (mathematics) prime
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‖ 素(す) • (su) ^(←す (su)?) ‖ 素(そ) • (so) -na (adnominal 素(そ)な (so na), adverbial 素(そ)に (so ni))
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basic • plain ‖ unadorned state • (cooking) essence ‖ plain • (mathematics) prime (having no factors but 1 and itself)
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素 (eumhun 흴 소 (huil so)) · 素 (eumhun 본디 소 (bondi so))
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hanja form of 소 (“plain; white”) • hanja form of 소 (“element; basis”)
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素
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| 索
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“thread”) + 𣎳 (“strip fibres off a hemp stalk”). Threads (rope) being removed from a fabric. \ 糸 visually represents the middle interior of the small seal script form, whereas 𣎳 is the three-pointed top part and the left and right lines. \ From Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Vietic *ɟaːk (“rope”) (> Vietnamese chạc), Mon ဇုက် (“string; cord; rope; lashing; creeper”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ultimately Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ស (sɑɑ, “white; to show something clearly”); cognate with 素 (OC *saːs, “colourless; plain”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : sak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : srjaek • Middle-Chinese : sreak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Sak • Middle-Chinese : sak ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sok³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sok³
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rope; cable • (Teochew) to climb; to clamber • (mahjong, regional) bamboo tile ‖ to search; to look for; to inquire into • to request; to demand • (literary) alone; solitary • (literary) uninteresting; dull; insipid ‖ a surname ‖ (Cantonese) to absorb • (Cantonese) to sniff; to smell ‖ (Cantonese, of a female) beautiful; pretty; hot; sexually attractive
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string, thread
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索 (eumhun 찾을 색 (chajeul saek)) ‖ 索 (eumhun 노 삭 (no sak))
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hanja form of 색 (“to search”) • hanja form of 색 (“to request; to demand”) • hanja form of 색 (“to inquire”) ‖ hanja form of 삭 (“rope; cable”)
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索
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| 紫
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Characters in the same phonetic series (此) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseʔ) : phonetic 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) + semantic 糸.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsír • Middle-Chinese : tsjeX
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purple; violet; dark pink (combination of red and blue colours) • a surname
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‖ 紫(むらさき) or 紫(ムラサキ) • (murasaki) ‖ 紫(むらさき) • (Murasaki) ‖ 紫(し) • (shi) ‖ 紫(ゆかり) • (Yukari)
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‖ the purple or red-root gromwell, Lithospermum erythrorhizon • the root of the murasaki used as a natural dye • Short for 紫色 (murasaki-iro): the color purple • (colloquial, from its purplish color) Synonym of 醤油 (shōyu): soy sauce • (colloquial) a woman • (archaic women's speech) Synonym of 鰯 (iwashi): a sardine, especially the Japanese pilchard, Sardinops sagax • (historical, from being allowed to wear purple clothing) Synonym of 検校 (kengyō): the highest ranked blind court official ‖ (historical, colloquial, from 江戸紫 (Edo murasaki, “royal purple”), where the dye is traditionally made in) Edo, the de facto capital of the Tokugawa shogunate • (colloquial) Short for 紫式部 (Murasaki Shikibu): Heian-period novelist and lady-in-waiting • (colloquial, by extension) Synonym of 源氏物語 (Genji Monogatari): The Tale of Genji • a female given name • a surname ‖ purple ‖ a female given name
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紫 • (ja) · 紫 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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紫
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| 累
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Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田). \ Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸). \ Various semantic fields can be distinguished: \ ; “to add; to accumulate” \ ; “to damage; exhausted; tired” \ ; “to bind; to wind around” ‖ Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田). \ Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸). \ Various semantic fields can be distinguished: \ ; “to add; to accumulate” \ ; “to damage; exhausted; tired” \ ; “to bind; to wind around” ‖ Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田). \ Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸). \ Various semantic fields can be distinguished: \ ; “to add; to accumulate” \ ; “to damage; exhausted; tired” \ ; “to bind; to wind around” ‖ Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田). \ Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸). \ Various semantic fields can be distinguished: \ ; “to add; to accumulate” \ ; “to damage; exhausted; tired” \ ; “to bind; to wind around” ‖ Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田). \ Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸). \ Various semantic fields can be distinguished: \ ; “to add; to accumulate” \ ; “to damage; exhausted; tired” \ ; “to bind; to wind around”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luí • Middle-Chinese : ljweX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luī • Middle-Chinese : ljweH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luî • Middle-Chinese : ljweH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ
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to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate • repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent • (obsolete) to repeat; to replicate; to overlap • (obsolete) to add (to); to increase; to grow • (obsolete) to amount (to); to sum up (to) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 絫 (lěi, “ancient weight unit”) • a surname ‖ to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder • (obsolete) burden; tribulation; affliction; problem • (obsolete) to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully • (obsolete) to entrust; to delegate; to devolve • to strain; to wear out; to cause to be tired • to strain; to wear out; to cause to be tired · to cause trouble to; to trouble (someone) • (obsolete) suffering; misery; harm; disaster • (obsolete) fault; crime; slip; defect • to work hard; to toil; to overwork • tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted • (obsolete) wife and children; one's family • (Changsha Xiang, polite) please; asking for help ‖ Used in 累贅／累赘 (léizhui, “cumbersome”). ‖ Only used in 謼遫累／呼遫累. ‖ Only used in 肥累.
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accumulate
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累 (eumhun 묶을 루 (mukkeul ru), word-initial (South Korea) 묶을 누 (mukkeul nu))
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hanja form of 루/누 (“tired”) • hanja form of 루/누 (“implicate, involve”) • hanja form of 루/누 (“bother”)
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累
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| 繁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːl, *baːn, *ban) : phonetic 敏 (OC *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ) + semantic 糸 (“silk”) \ The same word as 蕃 (OC *ban, “luxuriant; numerous”). See there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːl, *baːn, *ban) : phonetic 敏 (OC *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ) + semantic 糸 (“silk”) \ The same word as 蕃 (OC *ban, “luxuriant; numerous”). See there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːl, *baːn, *ban) : phonetic 敏 (OC *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ) + semantic 糸 (“silk”) \ The same word as 蕃 (OC *ban, “luxuriant; numerous”). See there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːl, *baːn, *ban) : phonetic 敏 (OC *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ) + semantic 糸 (“silk”) \ The same word as 蕃 (OC *ban, “luxuriant; numerous”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Middle-Chinese : bjon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˊ • Middle-Chinese : ba ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊ • Middle-Chinese : ban ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄣˇ
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numerous; many • complicated • luxuriant; lush ‖ Alternative form of 皤 (pó, “white”) • a surname • Only used in 繁塔 and 繁台 ‖ Alternative form of 鞶 (pán) ‖ Alternative form of 敏 (mǐn) • Used in 繁鳥／繁鸟.
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‖ 繁(はん) • (han) ^(←はん (fan)?) ‖ 繁(はん) • (han) ^(←はん (fan)?) ‖ 繁(しげ) • (shige) ^(←しげ (sige)?) ‖ 繁(しげる) • (Shigeru)
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‖ flourishing, luxuriant, heavy or dense (of foliage) • rich, prosperous • rhythm, regularity • complication, difficulty • cumbersome, troublesome ‖ a flourish, luxuriance ‖ (archaic, obsolete) a copse, thicket • (archaic, obsolete) a repeat, frequency ‖ a male given name
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繁 (eumhun 번성할 번 (beonseonghal beon)) · 繁 (eumhun 뱃대끈 반 (baetdaekkeun ban)) · 繁 (eumhun 흴 파 (huil pa))
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hanja form of 번 (“complicated, complex, difficult”) • hanja form of 번 (“thicket, foliage”) • hanja form of 번 (“luxurious, lush, flourishing”) • hanja form of 반 (“cinch, saddle girth, sash”) • hanja form of 파 (“white”)
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Hán-Nôm : phồn • Hán-Nôm : phiền
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many; numerous
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繁
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| 罪
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”). \ Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsěr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Middle-Chinese : dzwojX
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crime; vice • (theology) sin • hardship; suffering • fault
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‖ 罪(つみ) • (tsumi) ‖ 罪(つみ) • (tsumi) -na (adnominal 罪(つみ)な (tsumi na), adverbial 罪(つみ)に (tsumi ni)) ‖ 罪(ざい) • (-zai)
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‖ guilt • sin • offence ‖ sinful ‖ (law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge
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罪 (eumhun 허물 죄 (heomul joe))
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hanja form of 죄 (“sin; crime; fault”)
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Hán-Nôm : tội • Hán-Nôm : tụi
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罪
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| 置
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯɡs) : semantic 罒 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì • Middle-Chinese : triH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī
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to put; to place; to plant • to establish; to set up; to install • to abandon; to set aside • to set free • to buy; to purchase ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 佇 (tī, “to be at; to be in; at; in; during”)
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置く: to put • (following a て-form verb) to do in advance; to do for some future purpose
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置 • (chi) · 置 • (chi) (hangeul 치, revised chi, McCune–Reischauer ch'i, Yale chi)
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Hán-Nôm : trí
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置
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| 署
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djas) : semantic 罒 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) derive it from a root *taʔ (“to place”), from which they also derive 緒 (OC *s-m-taʔ, “to arrange in order”). The root also has a velar variant *tak, whence 著 (OC *tak, “to place”), 著 (OC *tak-s, “visible”), 席 (OC *s-m-tAk, “mat”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djas) : semantic 罒 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) derive it from a root *taʔ (“to place”), from which they also derive 緒 (OC *s-m-taʔ, “to arrange in order”). The root also has a velar variant *tak, whence 著 (OC *tak, “to place”), 著 (OC *tak-s, “visible”), 席 (OC *s-m-tAk, “mat”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Middle-Chinese : dzyoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Middle-Chinese : dzyoH
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(public) office; bureau • a surname ‖ to arrange • to sign • to handle by proxy; to act as deputy
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signature • government office • police station
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署 • (seo) · 署 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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Hán-Nôm : thự • Hán-Nôm : thợ • Hán-Nôm : thùy • Hán-Nôm : thuỳ
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署
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| 羊
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Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – picture of a ram's head. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jaŋ (“sheep; yak”). Cognate with Tibetan གཡག (g.yag, “yak”), Lepcha ᰚᰩᰭ (yók, “yak”), Tangut 𗇼 (*gjwã², “goat”), Northern Tujia zo³⁵ (“goat; sheep”). ‖ Orthographic borrowing from translingual ¥. Perhaps influenced by 大洋 (dàyáng).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâng • Middle-Chinese : yang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁴
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caprid (e.g. sheep, goat, antelope, etc.) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c) • (slang, neologism, humorous) Alternative form of 陽／阳 (yáng, “positive result (in a medical test)”) • ^† Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “auspicious”) • ^† Alternative form of 徉 (yáng) • a surname: Yang ‖ (slang) Japanese yen • (slang) Chinese yuan
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‖ 羊(ひつじ) or 羊(ヒツジ) • (hitsuji) ‖ 羊(よう) • (yō)
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sheep ‖ a sheep (animal) ‖ a sheep (animal)
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羊 (eumhun 양 양 (yang yang))
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hanja form of 양 (“sheep”)
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Hán-Nôm : dương
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chữ Hán form of dương (“goat, sheep”).
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羊
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| 美
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Pictogram (象形) – a person (大) wearing a headdress (now written 羊) of feathers or ram's horn. \ The modern form could be considered an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羊 (“ram or feathers”) + 大 (“person”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mwaj (“beautiful, well, perfectly”) (STEDT). \ According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with Mizo mawi (“beautiful, lovely”), Jingpho moi (“perfectly, beautifully”) as well as Karbi me- (“be good”) and Jingpho cha mai (“good”); the former two items from *moy "beautiful" and the latter from *may "good, well", which were two roots reconstructed separately by Benedict (1972).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bí • Middle-Chinese : mijX
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beautiful; pretty; attractive; good-looking • delicious; tasty; flavoursome • good; fine; satisfactory; happy • to beautify; to prettify • to praise; to commend • (colloquial) to be pleased with oneself • beautiful things; beauty • Short for 美洲 (Měizhōu, “America (continent)”). • Short for 美國／美国 (Měiguó, “United States of America”). • a surname. Mei
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‖ 美(び) • (bi) -na (adnominal 美(び)な (bi na), adverbial 美(び)に (bi ni)) ‖ 美(び) • (bi) ‖ 美(み) • (mi) ‖ 美(み) • (-mi)
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beauty; beautiful ‖ beautiful ‖ beauty ‖ beauty; beautiful ‖ suffix used by female given names, such as 奈美 (なみ, Nami), 恵美 (えみ, Emi; めぐみ, Megumi), 宏美 (ひろみ, Hiromi) • (rare) suffix used by male given names
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美 (eumhun 아름다울 미 (areumdaul mi)) ‖ 美 • (Mi) (hangeul 미)
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hanja form of 미 (“beauty; beautiful”) [noun] • hanja form of 미 (“the USA, the Americas (in compounds, in news media)”) [proper noun] ‖ (in headlines) Short for 美(미)國(국) (Miguk, “the USA”).
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canonical : 美: Hán Việt readings: mỹ • canonical : mĩ 美: Nôm readings: mẻ • canonical : mẹ • canonical : mỹ • canonical : mẽ • canonical : mỉa • canonical : mở • canonical : mỉ • canonical : mĩ
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chữ Hán form of mĩ/mỹ (“beautiful; pretty; good”).
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美
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| 羽
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Pictogram (象形) : wings or feathers. \ Either from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-grwa (“feather”), whence Tibetan སྒྲོ (sgro, “large feather”) (Coblin, 1986; Gong Hwang-cherng, 2002; STEDT), or *w(a/u) (“bird; egg; wing; fowl”) (Matisoff, 2000; Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 2021b; STEDT). ‖ Based on a commentary to the following passage from the Kao Gong Ji in the Rites of Zhou by the Eastern Han scholar Zheng Xuan (鄭玄, 127–200): 「弓而羽閷，末應將發。」 The Tang-era scholar Jia Gongyan (賈公彥) considers Zheng's reading as 破讀／破读 (pòdú, “isolated instance of unusual pronunciation”). The textual quality of the passage, along with the meaning of the Zheng–Jia commentaries, has been called into question.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : hjuX • Middle-Chinese : hjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ
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feather; plume • wing • birds • Classifier for birds. • fletching • arrow • banner; flag • letter (written communication) • feather fan • float (object attached to a fishing line) • friends; comrades • (music) fifth note in the Chinese pentatonic scale • a surname ‖ The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: • The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: · slow and relaxed (the same as 緩)
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‖ 羽(はね) • (hane) ‖ 羽(はね) • (Hane) ‖ 羽(は) • (ha) ‖ 羽(は) or 羽(ば) or 羽(ぱ) or 羽(わ) • (-ha or -ba or -pa or -wa) ‖ 羽(う) • (u) ‖ 羽(う) • (u)
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‖ (archaic) the portion of a feather where the quill attaches to the skin • a feather, down, plume • a wing (as of a bird, bat, insect, or airplane) • a fletching on an arrow • a shuttlecock • a blade (of a fan) ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a feather (including synthetic feathers, as on a modern shuttlecock) • a wing (as of a bird, bat, insect, or airplane) • a fletching on an arrow • (archery) when a bow is strung, the distance between the grip and the serving (nocking point) on the bowstring • the thin, flange-like overhanging part of a tea ceremony kettle • Short for 羽振り (haburi): • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of bird feathers ‖ counter for birds • counter for leporids ‖ (music) the fifth and highest note in the Chinese pentatonic scale ‖ wing (of a bird or insect) • (historical) Short for 出羽国 (Dewa-no-kuni): Dewa Province
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羽 (eumhun 깃 우 (git u)) · 羽 (eumhun 늦출 호 (neutchul ho))
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hanja form of 우 (“feather”)
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Hán-Nôm : võ • Hán-Nôm : vũ
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羽
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| 翁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qloːŋ) : phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ) + semantic 羽 (“wings”). Originally representing the meaning “feathers”, it was later loaned to mean “old man” and similar senses, by association with the semantic 公. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Mizo ung (“to be old, elderly, aged; to be venerable, antique, ancient; to be of long standing, to be an old inhabitant, to be an old stager (v.; adj.)”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Baxter & Sagart (2017) included 翁 (OC *qˤoŋ) "old man" in the same word-family as 公 (OC *C.qˤoŋ) "father, prince" and 妐 (OC *t-qoŋ) "husband's father". ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ong • Middle-Chinese : 'uwng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : jung¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄥˇ
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elderly man • (literary, or in compounds) father • (literary, or in compounds) father of one's husband or wife • (Southern Min) husband • (obsolete) the feathers of a bird's neck • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) to contract muscles on one's face, usually causing folds to appear ‖ (obsolete) Used in 翁翁.
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‖ 翁(おう) • (ō) ^(←をう (wou)?) ‖ 翁(おう) • (ō) ^(←をう (wou)?) ‖ 翁(おう) • (-ō) ^(←をう (wou)?) ‖ 翁(おう) • (ō) ^(←をう (wou)?)
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King • old man • venerable gentleman ‖ old man ‖ old man; venerable gentleman ‖ (honorific) venerable; old; father ‖ (humble, used by elderly men) I; me
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翁 (eum 옹 (ong))
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Hán-Nôm : ông
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翁
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| 翼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯɡ) : semantic 羽 + phonetic 異 (OC *lɯɡs). \ Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lak ~ C-jak (“arm, hand, wing”), especially if the Old Chinese is reconstructed with *l- (Schuessler, 2007; Handel, 2009). Cognate with 腋 (OC *laːɡ, “armpit”), Tibetan ལག་པ (lag pa, “hand, arm”), Burmese လက် (lak, “hand, arm”). \ However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruct the Old Chinese with *-p instead of *-k because of evidence from the oracle bones, making it difficult to compare to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lak. \ Sagart (2020) proposes a revised Old Chinese reconstruction *m-rəp, which he compares to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/b-ram (“rib”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : yik
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(literary or dialectal) wing (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 對／对 c) • wing (of an airplane) • (figurative) wing; flank • (Chinese astronomy) the Wings mansion, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions • (literary, or in compounds) to assist • a surname: Yi
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‖ 翼(つばさ) • (tsubasa) ‖ 翼(つばさ) • (Tsubasa) ‖ 翼(よく) • (yoku) ‖ 翼(よく) • (-yoku) ‖ 翼(よく) • (yoku) ‖ 翼(よく) • (Yoku) ‖ 翼(たすく) • (Tasuku)
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‖ a wing (of a bird or bat) • (by extension) a bird • (aviation) an airfoil, wing • (by extension) an aircraft ‖ a male or female given name • a surname ‖ a wing (of a bird or insect) • (aviation) an airfoil • (military) a flank • a blade (of a propeller, turbine, etc.) with the same cross section of an aircraft wing ‖ counter for wings of birds • (by extension) counter for birds • counter for boats ‖ wing (of a bird, insect, aircraft, etc.) • (by extension) something overhanging both left and right, like a wing • assist, help, support ‖ (Chinese astronomy) the Wings constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions • a female given name ‖ a female given name
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翼 (eumhun 날개 익 (nalgae ik))
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wings • fins (of a fish) • shelter
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Hán-Nôm : dực
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翼
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| 老
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Characters in the same phonetic series (老) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“man”) + 毛 (“hair”) + 匕 (“cane”) – a man with long hair (an old man), leaning on a cane. Compare top component to 孝 (OC *qʰruːs). \ Cognate to 考 (OC *kʰluːʔ); the most commonly cited example of 轉注 (“reciprocal meaning”). \ Unknown. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-raw (“withered, residue, corpse”), *rwat (“stiff, tough”), whence Burmese ရော် (rau, “wither, become overripe; age”), ရွတ် (rwat, “old, stiff, tough”). See also 古 (gǔ), 故 (gù). \ An old Sino-Vietnamese borrowing is rệu (“overripe, pulpy”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : láu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : làu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Middle-Chinese : lawX
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old; aged; elderly • old (as opposed to new); of long standing • outdated; old-fashioned • original; former • the elderly; one's elders • Used after the surname of an old person to address a venerable old person • (figurative) experienced • (literary) to respect (the elderly, one's elders) • (of cooked food) overcooked; tough; stringy; hard • (of food or potable liquids) stale; not fresh • always; all the time • (chiefly dialectal) very; quite • (euphemistic, of an elderly person) to die; to pass away (usually with 了 (le) or 掉 (diào)) • (endearing, respectful) Used before surnames to refer to heads or elder members of families. • (usually respectful and endearing) Used by analogy in several other relationship terms. • (obsolete, originally honorific) Prefix for animals or people considered senior, fierce, and often awe-inspiring. • (Cantonese, colloquial) Prefix for nouns with negative impressions or connotations. • (Cantonese, colloquial) Prefix for nouns to express familiarity. • (colloquial) Used before nouns, especially names of ethnicities, places and countries, to form nouns. • Short for 老子 (Lǎozǐ, “Laozi; Lao Tzu”). • (Mainland China, Hong Kong) Short for 老撾／老挝 (Lǎowō, “Laos”).
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old age, an elderly person, the aged, the elderly
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老 (eumhun 늙을 로 (neulgeul ro), word-initial (South Korea) 늙을 노 (neulgeul no))
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hanja form of 로/노 (“old”) [affix; suffix]
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canonical : 老: Hán Việt readings: lão 老: Nôm readings: lảo • canonical : lảu • canonical : lão • canonical : lẽo • canonical : láu • canonical : rảu • canonical : láo • canonical : lạo • canonical : não • canonical : rau • canonical : sáu • canonical : lểu • canonical : lếu • canonical : lẩu
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chữ Hán form of lão (“old; aged”).
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老
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| 考
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Characters in the same phonetic series (丂) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Variant of 老 (OC *ruːʔ) – Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 匕 (“a cane”) – an old man, leaning on a cane. Compare top component to 孝 (OC *qʰruːs). \ Structurally related to 老 (OC *ruːʔ); the most commonly cited example of 轉注 (“reciprocal meaning”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khó • Middle-Chinese : khawX
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to examine; to check • to study; to investigate • to test; to assess • to have a test; to have an exam • Short for 考試／考试 (kǎoshì, “exam; test”). • (literary) long-lived; elderly • (literary) deceased father; posthumous name for male relations
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thought • consideration
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考 (eumhun 생각할 고 (saenggakhal go))
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hanja form of 고 (“to think; to consider”) • hanja form of 고 (“to study; to investigate”) • hanja form of 고 (“to test; to assess”)
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Hán-Nôm : khảo
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考
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| 者
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Pictogram (象形) – a sugarcane with full leaves and stems, with a mouth under, the original character for either 煮 (OC *tjaʔ, “to boil”) or 蔗 (OC *tjaːɡs, “sugarcane”). Phonetically loaned for abstract meanings. \ Top component 耂 is unrelated to 老 and 考. \ The variant form with an additional 丶 stroke below 耂 is influenced by Shuowen, which considered 白 as the bottom component of 者. \ ; one who, -er, nominalizing suffix \ Etymologically related to 之 (OC *tjɯ, “nominalizing, possessive particle”) and perhaps colloquial 的 (Pulleyblank, 1995).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiá • Middle-Chinese : tsyaeX
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(Classical) Used at the end of a command. • (Classical) Topicalizer used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term. • (literary or regional) this • (agent suffix) -er; -ist; one who ...; person involved in; the things which ... • Used after a number, "before" 前 (qián), or "after" 後／后 (hòu) to refer to something mentioned previously. • a surname: Zhe
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‖ 者(もの) • (mono) ‖ 者(しゃ) • (-sha)
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‖ person ‖ someone of that type, someone who does that
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者 (eumhun 놈 자 (nom ja))
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hanja form of 자 (“person”)
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canonical : 者: Hán Việt readings: giả 者: Nôm readings: trả • canonical : giả • canonical : giã • canonical : giở • canonical : rả • canonical : dở • canonical : dã
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chữ Hán form of giả (“-er; -ist; one who...”).
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者
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| 耐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯːs) : phonetic 而 (OC *njɯ) + semantic 寸. \ STEDT compares this to 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *na-n/t (“ill, pain, sore, ache, difficult, evil spirit”) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : noi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nāi • Middle-Chinese : nojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nang⁴
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to be durable; to be able to withstand • to bear; to endure • (Cantonese, of time) long; taking a long time to happen • (literary) to be worth; to merit; to deserve; to be worthy of • (literary) suitable; appropriate • (literary) an ancient punishment involving shaving one's beard and temples ‖ Alternative form of 能 (“to be able to”)
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to withstand
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耐 (eumhun 견딜 내 (gyeondil nae))
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hanja form of 내 (“endure, bear”) • hanja form of 내 (“resist”) • hanja form of 내 (“patient”)
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canonical : 耐: Hán Việt readings: nại 耐: Nôm readings: nại • canonical : nề • canonical : nài
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耐
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| 耕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːŋ) : semantic 耒 (“tilling tool”) + phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gang¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng • Middle-Chinese : keang
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(literal) to plow; to till • (figurative) to undertake; to work
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cultivation land • to plow; to till
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耕 (eumhun 밭갈 경 (batgal gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“plow, cultivate”)
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Hán-Nôm : canh
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耕
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| 耳
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Characters in the same phonetic series (耳) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – an ear. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/g-na (“ear”). ‖ According to Pulleyblank (1995), a contraction of 而已 (OC *njɯ lɯʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ní • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jínn • Middle-Chinese : nyiX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ní • Middle-Chinese : nyiX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˇ
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ear • ear-like object • something on both sides • handle on both sides of an object • (obsolete) to hear; to hear of • a surname • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien, figurative) something that can be used to coerce or threaten someone ‖ (literary) Phrase-final particle: merely; only; that's all ‖ Only used in 耳孫／耳孙 (réngsūn).
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‖ 耳(みみ) • (mimi)
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‖ ear; ears • crust (of bread) • selvedge (woven edge of a bolt of fabric)
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耳 (eumhun 귀 이 (gwi i))
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hanja form of 이 (“ear”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : nhĩ • Hán-Nôm : nhải • Hán-Nôm : nhãi
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chữ Hán form of nhĩ (“ear”).
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耳
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| 肉
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Characters in the same phonetic series (肉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – ribs of an animal’s torso or simply a physical representation of a slice of meat. \ Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft; flexible”), 揉 (OC *mju, “to knead”), 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nja-k (“meat, flesh”) (STEDT). \ ; "media" ‖ ‖ Unclear. Reminiscent of 脢 (OC *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs, “dorsal meat”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be of substrate origin. Compare (Deng, 1994): \ * Proto-Austronesian *SimaR (“grease; oil; fat”) > Amis simal; \ * Proto-Tai *manᴬ (“grease; fat”) > Thai มัน (man); \ * Malay gemuk (“fat”, adjective); \ * Bunun masmuh (“fat”, adjective); \ * Tsat maʔ˥˧ (“fat”, adjective).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Middle-Chinese : nyuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : bah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mah
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meat; flesh • (specifically) pork • body • flesh; pulp • (ACG) media; video • (Quanzhou Hokkien) main part of an object ‖ (archaic) edge; brim; an outer part of a ring-shaped object (such as coin or jade annulus) • (archaic, of sound and music) rich; substantial • (dialectal Mandarin) spongy; squashy; flabby • (dialectal Mandarin) slow; sluggish ‖ meat; flesh • (specifically) pork • flesh; pulp • main part of an object
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‖ 肉(しし) • (shishi) ‖ 肉(にく) • (niku)
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flesh, meat ‖ (obsolete or dialect, Aomori, Fukushima, Nara, Kagoshima) meat (of boars, pigs, deer, etc.) • (obsolete) human flesh • (dialect, Iwate, Niigata, Shizuoka, Toyama) muscle • (dialect, Toyama) excess fat, flab • (dialect, Kochi) the human body ‖ meat, the muscle and fat tissue of an animal used as food • the flesh of an animal • the flesh of a fruit or vegetable • one's body, as opposed to spirit • in the Edo period, a prostitute who was an amateur woman • (Christianity) refers to humans themselves, their world, and their sins, as opposed to their spirit • the thickness of a thing • (figurative) the flesh or meat of something, such as an idea, structure, or argument • an ink pad, a stamp pad • (theater, kabuki) short for 肉襦袢 (niku juban): flesh-toned undergarments worn by actors and shown when the character has to display their skin
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肉 (eumhun 고기 육 (gogi yuk))
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hanja form of 육 (“meat, flesh”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhục • Hán-Nôm : nậu • Hán-Nôm : nhụ
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(only in compounds) chữ Hán form of nhục (“flesh”).
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肉
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| 肖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slew, *slews) : phonetic 小 (OC *smewʔ) + semantic 肉 (“meat”). ‖ ‖ Second round simplified form of 蕭／萧 (xiāo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàu • Middle-Chinese : sjewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau
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to resemble • to imitate • (dialectal) to be born in the year of (one of the twelve animals) • (rare) a surname ‖ (obsolete) to decline; to wane ‖ a surname
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‖ 肖(しょう) • (shō)
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resemble • imitate ‖ image; likeness
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肖 • (cho, so) · 肖 • (cho, so) (hangeul 초, 소, revised cho, so, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, so, Yale cho, so)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu • Hán-Nôm : tiếu
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肖
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| 肝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) – a body part. \ Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to 苦 (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compare Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi-ka (“liver”), whence Bodo (India) [script needed] (bi-ka, “liver”), Garo bika (“liver”). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“lower back; kidney”), whence Tibetan མཁལ་མ (mkhal ma, “kidney”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (“kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Middle-Chinese : kan
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liver (Classifier: 葉／叶; 個／个) • (figurative) mind; thoughts • (video games, neologism) to grind; to repeat a task day and night, which may exhaust the liver, in order to achieve a specific goal • (video games, neologism) grindy
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‖ 肝(きも) • (kimo) ‖ 肝(かん) • (kan) ‖ 肝(かん) • (kan)
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‖ the liver • innards • (figuratively) important part ‖ liver • (figuratively) essential thing; important thing • (figuratively) courage; spirit ‖ liver • (obsolete, figuratively) heart; spirit
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肝 (eumhun 간 간 (gan gan))
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hanja form of 간 (“liver”)
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Hán-Nôm : can • Hán-Nôm : gan
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chữ Hán form of can (“liver”). • Nôm form of gan (“liver”).
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肝
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| 肥
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Shuowen Jiezi: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肉 (“meat”) + 卪 (“person kneeling”). \ Ji Xusheng (2004) posits that its actually a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯl) : semantic 肉 + abbreviated phonetic 妃 (OC *pʰɯːls, *pʰɯl). \ STEDT provisionally assigns this to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bu ~ bur. ‖ Shortened from 肥佬 (fei4 lou2), from English fail.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huî • Middle-Chinese : bj+j ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fei⁴
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fat; plump; obese (adjective) • fat; fatness (noun) • fertile • fertiliser • (usually derogatory) benefit; advantage; gain ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese) to fail (a test) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) to fail (someone) in a test
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‖ 肥(こえ) • (koe)
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fat, plump • productive, fertile ‖ manure, fertilizer, dung
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肥 • (bi) · 肥 • (bi) (hangeul 비)
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Hán-Nôm : phì • Hán-Nôm : phè • Hán-Nôm : phề
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肥
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| 肩
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Cognate with Proto-Kam-Sui *k-xiːn¹ (“arm”), Proto-Tai *qeːnᴬ (“arm”) (whence Thai แขน (kɛ̌ɛn, “arm”)) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k(w/y)an (“shoulder”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kainn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kian • Middle-Chinese : ken
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shoulder • to shoulder; to undertake; to take on • to bear
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‖ 肩(かた) • (kata)
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shoulder ‖ a shoulder
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肩 (eumhun 어깨 견 (eokkae gyeon))
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hanja form of 견 (“shoulder”)
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肩
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| 肯
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 冎 (“bone”) + 肉 (“meat”) – meat attached to the bone. Originally written more like 肎, the top component is now written 止.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang² • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khán • Middle-Chinese : khongX
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meat attached to the bone; tendon; sinew • to be willing to; to be ready to • to consent to; to permit; to agree • (archaic, rhetorical question) how could it be that
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to agree, to affirm, to consent
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肯 (eumhun 옳이 여길 긍 (ori yeogil geung))
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hanja form of 긍 (“willing”) • hanja form of 긍 (“consent to, permit”)
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Hán-Nôm : khẳng • Hán-Nôm : khứng • Hán-Nôm : khừng
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肯
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| 育
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A later alternative form of 毓 (yù). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luɡ) : semantic 𠫓 (“upside-down baby, being born”) + phonetic 肉 (OC *njuɡ). \ See 毓 (yù) for the earlier glyph. ‖ A later alternative form of 毓 (yù). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luɡ) : semantic 𠫓 (“upside-down baby, being born”) + phonetic 肉 (OC *njuɡ). \ See 毓 (yù) for the earlier glyph. ‖ A later alternative form of 毓 (yù). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luɡ) : semantic 𠫓 (“upside-down baby, being born”) + phonetic 肉 (OC *njuɡ). \ See 毓 (yù) for the earlier glyph.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io • Middle-Chinese : yuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄛ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˋ
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to give birth to • to raise; to bring up; to rear • to educate • a surname ‖ Only used in 杭育 (hángyō, “heave-ho”). ‖ Alternative form of 胄 (zhòu, “descendant”)
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‖ 育(いく) • (iku)
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bring up, raise • grow ‖ raise; bring up; grow up
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育 (eumhun 기를 육 (gireul yuk))
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hanja form of 육 (“to raise”)
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Hán-Nôm : dục
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育
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| 肺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰobs) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 巿 (OC *pub). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p-wap (“lung”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huì • Middle-Chinese : phjojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui³
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(anatomy) lung ‖ Only used in 肺肺.
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‖ 肺(はい) • (hai) ‖ 肺(ふくふくし) • (fukufukushi)
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lung ‖ (anatomy) lung ‖ (obsolete, anatomy) lung
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肺 (eumhun 허파 폐 (heopa pye))
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hanja form of 폐 (“lungs”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : phế • Hán-Nôm : phổi • Hán-Nôm : chị • Hán-Nôm : phễ
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肺
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| 胃
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According to Shuowen Jiezi, the 𡇒 character (note that this Unicode character has undergone libian simplification) atop 𦞅 is a pictogram (象形) of a stomach. While the bronze script form merely consisted of two concentric circles, an inner portion of the character was later added, namely a mutated form of the seal script character of 米 ("rice"), representing grains within the stomach. A 肉 component (modern radical form ⺼, not to be confused with the unrelated 月) was added to specialise the character. Upon transition to the clerical script form, the upper component was simplified to 田. \ The ancient form of the character can be seen within the lower component of 𦳊.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui • Middle-Chinese : hjw+jH
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stomach • gizzard of fowl • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Stomach Mansion (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
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‖ 胃(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 胃(い) • (I) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 胃(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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stomach ‖ stomach ‖ (Chinese astronomy) Stomach Mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions) ‖ stomach
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胃 (eumhun 위장(胃臟) 위 (wijang wi))
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hanja form of 위 (“stomach”)
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Hán-Nôm : vị
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胃
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| 背
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) : phonetic 北 (OC *pɯːɡ) + semantic 月 (“meat”). Originally written as 北, semantic 肉 was added to be distinguished from the derived meaning of 北 (“north”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”). \ Two pronunciations were distinguished in Middle Chinese: puʌiᴴ (“back”), buʌiᴴ (“to turn one's back to; to betray”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) : phonetic 北 (OC *pɯːɡ) + semantic 月 (“meat”). Originally written as 北, semantic 肉 was added to be distinguished from the derived meaning of 北 (“north”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”). \ Two pronunciations were distinguished in Middle Chinese: puʌiᴴ (“back”), buʌiᴴ (“to turn one's back to; to betray”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bui³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pè • Middle-Chinese : bwojH • Middle-Chinese : pwojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui³
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(anatomy) back • back; backside; reverse side • to leave; to abandon • to back onto • to betray • to do something behind one's back; to hide something from someone • to deviate; to go contrary to; to violate • to memorize; to recite • unlucky; out of luck • hard of hearing • remote; out-of-the-way • (Cantonese) isolated; out of touch; out of the loop; ignorant of what is happening; uninformed of the latest news; not up to speed • (swimming) Short for 背泳 (bèiyǒng, “backstroke”). ‖ to carry on the back • (figurative) to carry; to bear (blame); to shoulder (responsibility)
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‖ 背(せい) • (sei)
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back, stature ‖ height
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背 (eumhun 등 배 (deung bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“back”) • hanja form of 배 (“betrayal”)
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Hán-Nôm : bối • Hán-Nôm : bội • Hán-Nôm : bổi • Hán-Nôm : bồi
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背
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| 胞
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/m-bu ~ pru (“nest; womb; placenta”). Cognate with Tibetan ཕྲུ་མ (phru ma, “womb”). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pau • Middle-Chinese : paew • Middle-Chinese : phaew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau¹ • Middle-Chinese : phaew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ
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afterbirth; placenta • womb • born of the same parents • (figuratively) born of the same ancestors; fellow countrypeople; compatriot • Short for 細胞／细胞 (xìbāo, “cell”). ‖ Alternative form of 脬 (pāo, “bladder”) • Alternative form of 泡 (pāo, “Classifier for excreta.”) ‖ Alternative form of 庖 (páo, “cook”) ‖ Alternative form of 皰／疱 (pào, “blister; bleb”)
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brethren • bulla • cells • cysts • vase(esp as one used to store alcohol) • vesicle
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胞 (eumhun 세포 포 (sepo po))
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hanja form of 포 (“cell”)
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Hán-Nôm : bào • Hán-Nôm : nhau • Hán-Nôm : rau
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胞
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| 胸
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Originally written 匈. Now ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰoŋ) : semantic 肉 (“meat”) + phonetic 匈 (OC *qʰoŋ, “chest”). \ Unclear. Noting that Middle Chinese *x- could have arisen from voiceless *r̥-, Schuessler (2007) considers it either connected to Chepang रुङः (ruŋʔ, “breastbone, center of chest”) or from Austroasiatic (compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *-ruŋ (“to shield, to protect”) > Proto-Mon-Khmer *truŋ (“stable, sty, cage”) > Old Khmer [script needed] (drooŋ, “ribcage, chest, breast”) > Khmer ទ្រុង (trung, “cage”); related to 籠 (OC *roːŋ, “cage, coop”)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hing • Middle-Chinese : xjowng
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chest; thorax • breast; bosom • (figurative) mind; heart of hearts; thought
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‖ 胸(むな) • (muna) ‖ 胸(むね) • (mune)
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breast, chest • heart, feeling, thought ‖ chest, breast • heart, inner thoughts ‖ chest, breast • heart, inner thoughts • bosom, breasts
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胸 (eumhun 가슴 흉 (gaseum hyung))
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hanja form of 흉 (“chest; box”)
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Hán-Nôm : hung • Hán-Nôm : hông
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胸
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| 能
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Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). \ ; "bear-like animal" \ ; “be able to; can; ability” \ : Possibly Sino–Tibetan: compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this. \ : Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nn̂g • Middle-Chinese : nong ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : noi⁶ • Middle-Chinese : nojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taai³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˊ • Middle-Chinese : noj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁴
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(obsolete) a kind of bear • (Chinese mythology) A mythological bear-like animal, with deer-like legs. • able; capable • can; to be able to; to be capable of; to be allowed to • to successfully do something (negate with 沒／没 (méi)) • (dialectal) cocky • may; could • rather; would rather • ability; capability • talent; talented person • energy; power • (Sujiahu Wu, Wenzhounese, Jinhua and Quzhou Wu) way; manner • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 耐 (“to bear; to withstand”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 台 (“name of a Chinese constellation”) ‖ Alternative form of 態／态 (tài, “bearing; apparition; form; shape; status; position”) ‖ (obsolete) mythical three-legged soft-shelled turtle ‖ Only used in 能始 (tāishǐ, “origin; root cause”). ‖ Alternative form of 熊 (xióng, “bear”)
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‖ 能(のう) • (nō)
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ability • talent • skill • capacity ‖ Noh, a form of classical Japanese musical drama. • ability, capacity, aptitude. • effect, use.
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能 (eumhun 능할 능 (neunghal neung)) ‖ 能 (eumhun 견딜 내 (gyeondil nae))
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hanja form of 능 (“ability”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 耐 (“hanja form of 내 (“endure; withstand”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : năng • Hán-Nôm : hay • Hán-Nôm : nấng • Hán-Nôm : năn • Hán-Nôm : nằng • Hán-Nôm : nưng
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能
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| 腐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boʔ) : phonetic 府 (OC *poʔ) + semantic 肉 (“ribs, flesh, body”) – decay as aspect of the flesh.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : bjuX
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to rot; to decay; to spoil • stale; antiquated; inflexible • tofu; bean curd • (historical) castration (as a form of punishment) • (ACG, often attributive) yaoi; boys' love; BL
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to spoil, rot, corrode, moulder • to speak ill of
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腐 (eumhun 썩을 부 (sseogeul bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“rot, decay, spoil”)
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Hán-Nôm : hủ • Hán-Nôm : phụ
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chữ Hán form of hủ (“to spoil, to rot”).
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腐
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| 腰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qew) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 要 (OC *qew, *qews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Middle-Chinese : 'jiew
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(anatomy) waist; lower back; small of the back (Classifier: 條／条 c) • waist of clothes • kidney; edible animal kidney • purse; pockets • middle part • a surname: Yao
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‖ 腰(よう) • (yō) ^(←えう (eu)?)
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hips, loins, lower back ‖ hips, loins, lower back
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腰 (eumhun 허리 요 (heori yo))
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hanja form of 요 (“waist; hips”)
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Hán-Nôm : yêu • Hán-Nôm : ro • Hán-Nôm : eo • Hán-Nôm : oeo
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腰
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| 腹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puɡ) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ) – a part of the body. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-puːk (“belly; vitals; hollow object; cave”); cognate with 𥨍 (“cave”), Tibetan ཕུགས (phugs, “innermost parts”), Burmese ဗိုက် (buik, “belly; pregnancy”), Chepang तुक् (“belly; stomach”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi(ʔ)-buk (“guts”), Cogtse Situ [Term?] (tə-pōk, “belly”), Brag-bar Situ [Term?] (tə-vōk, “belly”), Proto-Tani *puk (“heart”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019). \ Also compare Austroasiatic words: Proto-Mon-Khmer *bo()k (“belly”), Khmer ពោះ (pŭəh, “belly”), Vietnamese bụng (“belly”)(Shorto, 2006; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : pjuwk
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(anatomy) belly; abdomen • (figurative) belly-shaped object; belly (of a bottle, jar, etc.) • (figurative) heart; mind • (figurative) inside; interior • (Mainland China Hokkien) Classifier for for a full container of something.: stomachful
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‖ 腹(はら) • (hara)
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abdomen • belly • stomach ‖ belly
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腹 (eumhun 배 복 (bae bok))
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hanja form of 복 (“belly; abdomen; stomach”)
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Hán-Nôm : phúc • Hán-Nôm : phục • Hán-Nôm : phuốc
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腹
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| 臣
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Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – A vertical eye of a man looking downwards. As an individual character it has taken on the meanings “slave; servant; minister”, while the meaning relating to eyes appears when used as a radical, such as in 臨 (“to look down at”) and 監 (“to inspect”). \ Compare 目. \ In Old Chinese, nominalization with nasal suffix of the verb 視 (OC *ɡljilʔ, *ɡljils, *ɢljils, “to watch”), hence literally "watcher; supervisor" (Schuessler 2007). In the archaic language of the Shang oracle bones (late second millennium BCE), this word referred to "royal officers, many of whose individual names were recorded, who served in the royal court, received the king's orders to launch military expeditions and other tasks, and received royal gifts" (Keightley 2012).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîn • Middle-Chinese : dzyin
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(obsolete) slave; servant; captive • minister; statesman; official (in feudal society) • (more broadly) subjects of a monarch • to make a subject • (humble, historical or archaic) I, me; your servant (humble pronoun, especially when speaking to a monarch) • a surname
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‖ 臣(しん) • (shin) ‖ 臣(しん) • (shin) ‖ 臣(おみ) • (omi) ‖ 臣(おみ) • (Omi)
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‖ vassal, subject ‖ (humble, historical or archaic) I, me; your servant (humble pronoun, especially when speaking to a monarch) ‖ vassal, subject ‖ (historical) the sixth-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)
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臣 (eumhun 신하 신 (sinha sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“one who serves”)
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Hán-Nôm : thần • Hán-Nôm : thườn
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chữ Hán form of thần (“servant; minister”).
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臣
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| 自
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Characters in the same phonetic series (自) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally a pictogram (象形) of a nose; in China (and East Asia) one points at one’s nose to indicate oneself, hence an ideogram (指事) of “self”. \ The original meaning of “nose” has been replaced by 鼻. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (自) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally a pictogram (象形) of a nose; in China (and East Asia) one points at one’s nose to indicate oneself, hence an ideogram (指事) of “self”. \ The original meaning of “nose” has been replaced by 鼻.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐr • Middle-Chinese : dzijH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gi⁶
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self, oneself; one's own • certainly, of course • personally • since; from • (swimming) Short for 自由泳 (zìyóuyǒng, “freestyle”). ‖ Only used in 潮州音樂——自己顧自己／潮州音乐——自己顾自己.
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self, oneself
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自 (eumhun 스스로 자 (seuseuro ja))
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hanja form of 자 (“self”)
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Hán-Nôm : tự • Hán-Nôm : từ • Hán-Nôm : tợ
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chữ Hán form of tự (“self”).
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自
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| 臭
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 犬 (“dog”) + 自 (“nose”), referring to the dog's strong sense of smell. \ Schuessler (2007) considers it to be cognate with 犨 (OC *kʰju, “sound of an ox breathing”) and connects it to Burmese ဟိုက် (huik, “to pant”). \ Also compare 朽 (OC *qʰluʔ, “to rot; to decay”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 犬 (“dog”) + 自 (“nose”), referring to the dog's strong sense of smell. \ Schuessler (2007) considers it to be cognate with 犨 (OC *kʰju, “sound of an ox breathing”) and connects it to Burmese ဟိုက် (huik, “to pant”). \ Also compare 朽 (OC *qʰluʔ, “to rot; to decay”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiù • Middle-Chinese : tsyhuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau³
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bad smell • bad name; bad reputation • smelly; stinky • ugly; repulsive • fiercely • bad; poor (luck, skill, etc) ‖ odour • fragrance • Original form of 嗅 (xiù, “to smell”).
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‖ 臭(しゅう) • (-shū)
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stinking, ill-smelling, stink • odor, savor, fragrance, be fragrant • suspicious looking • glow, be bright ‖ smell of • (slang, figurative) stench of; whiff of; scent of
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臭 (eumhun 냄새 취 (naemsae chwi))
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hanja form of 취 (“smell”)
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Hán-Nôm : xú • Hán-Nôm : xó • Hán-Nôm : xũ • Hán-Nôm : xấu • Hán-Nôm : khứu
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臭
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| 至
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Ideogram (指事) : an arrow stuck into the ground. ‖ Ideogram (指事) : an arrow stuck into the ground.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Middle-Chinese : tsyijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ
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to reach; to arrive • extreme; most • (literary, or in compounds) extreme point; limit • from … to … · from … to … (a time) • from … to … · from … to … (a place) • (Cantonese) only then ‖ Only used in 單至／单至.
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‖ 至(し) • (shi-) ‖ 至(いたる) • (Itaru)
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climax • to reach; to arrive • to proceed • to attain • to result in ‖ to ‖ a male given name
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至 • (ji) · 至 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : chí
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chữ Hán form of chí (“extremely, utmost”).
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至
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| 致
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiɡs) : phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs) + semantic 攵.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì • Middle-Chinese : trijH
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to send; to deliver; to present • to express; to convey • to cause; to result in • to exhaust; to use up (one's energy, etc.) • interest; temperament; inclination • a surname: Zhi
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to do
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致 (eumhun 이를 치 (ireul chi))
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hanja form of 치 (“to reach; to result in”)
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Hán-Nôm : trí
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致
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| 舌
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Characters in the same phonetic series (舌) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a forked tongue emerging upwards from a mouth (口). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-l(j)a-t (“tongue”); compare Western Magar मेलेट (melet, “tongue”), Jingpho shinglet (“tongue”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2009). The reconstruction of a complex initial *m(ə)-l- in Old Chinese is based on evidence from the softened initial in Proto-Min as well as Proto-Hmong-Mien *mblet (“tongue”) (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007), reconstructing the Old Chinese minimally as *m-lat, derives it from 舐 (OC *m-leʔ, “to lick”) + *-t (“nominal suffix for natural objects”), literally “licker”. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍t • Middle-Chinese : zyet ‖
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(anatomy) tongue • tongue-shaped object • clapper of a bell • (Hokkien, figurative) speech; speaking (used in certain expressions) • a surname ‖
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‖ 舌(した) • (shita)
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tongue • reed of a woodwind (musical instrument) • clapper of a bell ‖ tongue
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舌 (eumhun 혀 설 (hyeo seol))
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hanja form of 설 (“tongue”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiệt • Hán-Nôm : thịt • Hán-Nôm : thĩa • Hán-Nôm : thễ • Hán-Nôm : sễ
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舌
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| 舞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maʔ) : phonetic 無 (OC *ma) + semantic 舛 (“steps”). A specific character for the dance sense of 無／无. See 無／无 for more. \ Perhaps related to Tibetan བྲོ (bro, “dance (noun)”), or related to 巫 (OC *ma, “shaman”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bú • Middle-Chinese : mjuX
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to dance (move rhythmically) • dance (performance art); dancing (Classifier: 個／个 m; 支 m) • to dance with something in one's hands • to wield; to brandish; to shake • (literary or in compounds) to fly; to flutter • (literary or in compounds) to play with • (Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien) to mess with; to play with; to tease • (Cantonese, Hokkien) to fiddle with; to be busy with; to handle; to operate • a surname: Wu
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‖ 舞(まい) • (mai) ^(←まひ (mafi)?) ‖ 舞(まい) • (Mai)
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dance • flit • circle • wheel ‖ a type of traditional Japanese dance consisting of simple and quiet movements ‖ a female given name
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舞 (eumhun 춤출 무 (chumchul mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“dance, posture, prance”) • hanja form of 무 (“brandish”)
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Hán-Nôm : vũ • Hán-Nôm : vụ • Hán-Nôm : vỗ • Hán-Nôm : thủy • Hán-Nôm : thuỷ
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舞
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| 舟
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Pictogram (象形) – a boat. \ According to Schuessler (2007), a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk (“boat, canoe”), whence Khmer ទូក (tuuk) and Vietnamese nốc (< Proto-Vietic *ɗoːk (“boat”)). Foreign closed syllables having a long main vowel often correspond to open syllables in Old Chinese. \ Possibly cognate of 輈 (OC *tɯw, “trunk, pole”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Yang Xiong's Fangyan says that Old Chinese 舟 (OC *tjɯw) is common in central and eastern China, while its synonym 船 (OC *ɦljon) is used in western China.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu • Middle-Chinese : tsyuw
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(literary) boat (Classifier: 葉／叶; 艘; 條／条; 隻／只) • (obsolete) to ride in a boat; to sail a boat • a surname
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boat, ship, small ship
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舟 • (ju) · 舟 • (ju) (hangeul 주, revised ju, McCune–Reischauer chu, Yale cwu)
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boat, ship • KangXi radical 137
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Hán-Nôm : chu • Hán-Nôm : châu
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舟
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| 航
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hang
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ship; boat • to sail; to navigate; (of airplane) to fly
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‖ 航(わたる) • (Wataru)
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‖ a male given name
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航 • (hang) · 航 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune–Reischauer hang, Yale hang)
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Hán-Nôm : hàng
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航
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| 般
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 舟 (“boat”) + 殳 (“rotate”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puan • Middle-Chinese : pan • Middle-Chinese : paen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ban ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bo¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pua̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pat
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sort; kind; class • like; similar to • Alternative form of 搬 (bān, “to move”) • a surname ‖ to rotate • to go back and forth; to linger • joyful; amused • large ‖ Only used in 般若 (bōrě). • Only used in 般涅槃 (bōnièpán).
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‖ 般(はん) • (han)
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‖ sort, kind, class • instance, time • Used in transliterations
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般 (eumhun 가지 반 (gaji ban)) · 般 (eumhun 일반 반 (ilban ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“sort, manner, kind, category”) • hanja form of 반 (“similar, general”)
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Hán-Nôm : ban • Hán-Nôm : bàn • Hán-Nôm : bơn • Hán-Nôm : bát
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般
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| 船
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljon) : semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 㕣 (OC *lon). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-lawŋ (“boat”). Compare Burmese လောင်း (laung:, “long and narrow boat”), and Mizo lawng (“boat or ship”). \ Sagart (1999) interprets Old Chinese 船 (OC *ɦljon) as a nominal derivate of the verb 沿 (OC *lon, “to go downstream a river”). The Fangyan states that this word was commonly used in western China, but, by Han times, it had completely displaced the earlier 舟 (OC *tjɯw), used in central and eastern China. \ Alternatively, the Proto-Sino-Tibetan root could be a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ (“boat”), whence Mon ဂၠုၚ် (klɜ̀ŋ, “canoe, small boat”), perhaps a derivate of Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh (“to hollow, excavate, bore”), see Khmer លុង (lung, “to dig a hole”) and Vietnamese trũng (“concave”) (Sidwell, 2006; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suân • Middle-Chinese : zywen
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watercraft; vessel (including ships, boats, sailing ships, hovercrafts; sometimes including submarines) (Classifier: 條／条 m; 艘 m; 隻／只 m c mn; 架 c) • an object with a shape or function similar to watercraft • (Hong Kong Cantonese, chiefly university slang) scholarship • (obsolete) alcohol cup • (obsolete) to carry by watercraft • (obsolete, dialectal) button • a surname: Chuan
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ship, vessel, large ship
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船 (eumhun 배 선 (bae seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“ship; boat; vessel”)
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Hán-Nôm : thuyền
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boat
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船
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| 良
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Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niû • Middle-Chinese : ljang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁵
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good; fine; well • good; virtuous; respectable • good person; virtuous person • (literary) innate; inherent; natural • very; very much; quite • (literary) really; certainly; surely • (obsolete) term of address used by a woman for her husband • a surname: Liang • (Catholicism) Leo (papal name) ‖ Only used in 方良, alternative form of 魍魎／魍魉 (wǎngliǎng)
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‖ 良(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?) ‖ 良(りょう) • (Ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?)
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good ‖ (school mark) good, B ‖ a male given name
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hanja form of 양 (“good”) [affix] • hanja form of 량 (“good”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : lương
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良
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| 色
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Characters in the same phonetic series (色) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“claw; hand”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – complexion. \ Shuowen interprets this character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person; human”) + 卩 (“etiquette”) – complexion. \ Compare 印, 抑. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak ~ *g-jak (“ashamed; shy”), whence Burmese ရှက် (hrak, “ashamed; shy”), Japhug tɤ-zraʁ (“shame”) (Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2015b). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) connects this word to Mizo sâr (“prismatic colours seen in the sky in fine weather; to be healthy-looking, ruddy”), which would point to a form *sər-k from which the Old Chinese was derived. \ 彩 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ, “colour”) may be a dialectal variant (Baxter, 1992; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄞˇㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Middle-Chinese : srik
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color; tint; hue; shade (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • ^⁜ look; expression • ^⁜ scenery; circumstance • kind; sort • feminine charm; beauty • lust; sexual desire • (colloquial) perverted; being a pervert; lecherous • theatrical role • metallic content • die (a cube with numbers or symbols on each side, used in games of chance) (Classifier: 粒 c) • (Buddhism) rūpa (form; material element; form of existence; etc.) • (transgender slang) Short for 色普龍／色普龙; cypro (cyproterone acetate) • a surname
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‖ 色(いろ) • (iro) ‖ 色(いろ) • (iro) -na (adnominal 色(いろ)な (iro na), adverbial 色(いろ)に (iro ni)) ‖ 色(いろ) • (iro) ‖ 色(いろえ) • (iroe) ^(←いろへ (irofe)?) ‖ 色(しき) • (shiki) ‖ 色(しょく) • (shoku) ‖ 色(しょく) • (-shoku)
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‖ color • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · one's facial coloring or expression • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · the shape of one's face or appearance; more specifically, beautiful looks or a beautiful figure • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · lively elegance, enjoyable or interesting charm • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · apparent thoughtfulness, warmheartedness • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · the feeling or mood of a thing • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · the tenor or timber of a voice or sound • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · in Noh, a section that is chanted at a medium pace; alternately, a decorative poetic section • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · in 浄瑠璃 (jōruri, “puppet show narrative”), a lively section that is neither strictly dialog nor narration, but has many elements of dialog • (figurative) the metaphorical color or mood · when playing the koto, pushing on a string with the fingers of the left hand to change the pitch of a note, or for vibrato • something related to romantic or sexual love, particularly between genders · the emotions or circumstances of attraction between genders • something related to romantic or sexual love, particularly between genders · extramarital relations, an affair • something related to romantic or sexual love, particularly between genders · an extramarital lover • something related to romantic or sexual love, particularly between genders · a prostitute • something related to romantic or sexual love, particularly between genders · a red-light district • the type or kind of something • (informal, slang) various specific kinds of color: · (informal, slang, woman's speech) lipstick or rouge • (informal, slang) various specific kinds of color: · (informal, slang) soy sauce • (informal, slang) various specific kinds of color: · (informal, slang) paint ‖ (archaic) of exceptional beauty of form or appearance • (archaic) knowledgeable about lovemaking, sensual; lascivious, lecherous • (archaic) elegant, tasteful, refined ‖ relating to a love affair or the red light district • of that tone or timber or mood • relating to type or kind ‖ (obsolete) coloring, design ‖ (Buddhism) material form, specifically the organized body as one of the five constituent elements or skandhas • that which is visible of a thing, specifically form and color • color ‖ color (US), colour (everywhere else) ‖ used to count the number of colors
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色 (eumhun 빛 색 (bit saek))
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Hanja form of 색 (“colour”). [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : sắc • Hán-Nôm : sặc
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chữ Hán form of sắc (“color”).
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色
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| 花
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hʷraː) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls). Originally 𠌶 or 華 before the Han dynasty. \ Unclear. According to Schuessler (2007), either from: \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːr (“bloom, flower”) and thus an example of possible *b ~ *w variation, with final -r moved to medial position. If so, cognate with 葩 (OC *pʰraː); outside Sinitic, compare Burmese ပန်း (pan:), Lepcha ᰓᰫᰲ (búr), Mizo páar. Sagart (2021) also connects it to 葩 (OC *pʰˤra), modifying Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction to *Cə-pʰˤra and proposing the sound changes *Cə-pʰ- > *Cə-ɸ- > *ɸ- > xw-. \ * Or from Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *pkaaw ~ *pkaʔ (“flower, blossom”). \ 華 (OC *ɡʷraː, “to flower”) is a derivative.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua • Middle-Chinese : xwae
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flower; blossom (Classifier: 朵 m c; 支 m c; 蕊 h mn; 束 m c; 把 m; 盆 m c; 簇 m; 紮／扎 c) • florid; flowery • pattern; design • blurred • fireworks • essence; cream • wound • Short for 天花 (tiānhuā, “smallpox”). • courtesan; prostitute • to spend (money, time, etc.); to cost • profligate • (slang) randy; lecherous • (slang) to be horny; to womanize • false • (Cantonese) scratched • (Cantonese, of images, drawings, patterns, etc.) over-colorful; chaotic; messy • (Cantonese, card games) flush • (Hong Kong) pip (insignia) (Classifier: 粒 c) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to extinguish; to put out (of fire) • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to disappear (of a scar) • (chiefly Northern Wu) Abbreviation of 棉花 (“cotton”). • (Shanghainese) to tease • a surname. Hua
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‖ 花(はな) • (hana) ‖ 花(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?)
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flower • beauty • red-light district ‖ a flower • Short for 生け花 (ikebana): flower arrangement • Short for 花札 (hanafuda): Japanese playing cards • the best days of one's life • the best thing • essence ‖ flower • red-light district
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花 (eumhun 꽃 화 (kkot hwa))
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Hanja form of 화 (“flower”). [affix]
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canonical : 花: Hán Việt readings: hoa • canonical : huê 花: Nôm readings: hoa • canonical : huê • canonical : oa • canonical : ba
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Chữ Hán form of hoa (“flower”).
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花
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| 芳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Middle-Chinese : phjang
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fragrant; sweet-smelling • flowers; plants • good reputation or virtue • (honorific) your
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fragrant; sweet-smelling • good reputation • satisfactory • (honorific) your
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芳 (eumhun 꽃다울 방 (kkotdaul bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“fragrant”) • hanja form of 방 (“virtuous”) • hanja form of 방 (“beautiful”)
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Hán-Nôm : phương • Hán-Nôm : phưng
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芳
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| 芽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraː) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː). \ Cognate with 牙 (OC *ŋraː, “tooth”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaa⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâ • Middle-Chinese : ngae
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bud; shoot; sprout • bud-shaped thing
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‖ 芽(が) • (ga)
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bud, sprout, shoot ‖ bud; sprout; shoot
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芽 • (a) · 芽 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)
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Hán-Nôm : nha
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芽
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| 苗
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 艸 (“grass”) + 田 (“field”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biâu • Middle-Chinese : mjew
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seedling; shoot; sprout (Classifier: 株; 根) • shoot-like object • descendant (of a family); offspring • symptom (of a trend) • young (of an animal) • Short for 疫苗 (yìmiáo, “vaccine”). • the Miao peoples (including Hmong, Hmu, A-Hmao, Qo Xiong, etc.) • a surname
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seedling; young plant
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苗 (eumhun 모 묘 (mo myo))
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hanja form of 묘 (“sprouts”) • hanja form of 묘 (“Miao people”)
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Hán-Nôm : meo • Hán-Nôm : miêu
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苗
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| 若
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Pictogram (象形) – a person combing their hair; obedient. \ Later 口 was added and the original component came to be written 叒. \ ; “you; your” \ ; "like this; such; if" \ ; "that" ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joek⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jia̍k • Middle-Chinese : nyak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsé • Middle-Chinese : nyaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄜˊ • Middle-Chinese : nyae ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : luā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : juā
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to be obedient to; compliant • to trim vegetables • to choose • you; your • he; his • like; as if • if; supposing; assuming • in this way • (Chinese mythology) Ruo, mythological divine being of the northern seas • Pollia japonica • a surname ‖ hay; dried grass • Used in compounds. ‖ Placename in Sichuan. ‖ (Eastern Min, Teochew) how much; how ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 偌
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‖ 若(わか) • (waka)
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young • if ‖ "my lord" (towards a young master or a young heir)
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若 (eumhun 같을 약 (gateul yak)) ‖ 若 (eumhun 반야 야 (banya ya))
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hanja form of 약 (“like; as if”) • hanja form of 약 (“if”) ‖ hanja form of 야 (“Used in compounds”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhược • Hán-Nôm : nhã
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若
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| 苦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka (“bitter; salty”); compare Tibetan ཁ (kha, “bitter”), Tangut 𗎖 (*khie¹, “bitter”) (STEDT; Jacques, 2014). Within Chinese, cognate with 肝 (OC *kaːn, “liver”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khóo • Middle-Chinese : khuX • Middle-Chinese : khuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ
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bitter • Alternative name for 荼 (tú, “bitter plant”). • difficult; painful; hard • hardship; suffering • (regional) excessive • (transitive) to cause someone suffering; to give someone a hard time • to suffer from; to be handicapped by • (obsolete or Eastern Min) to worry about; to be concerned about • strenuously; painstakingly ‖ Alternative form of 盬 (gǔ)
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‖ 苦(く) • (ku)
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bitter taste • pain, anguish, suffering, discomfort, hardship, worry • (Buddhism) dukkha, suffering ‖ suffering • (Buddhism) dukkha
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苦 (eumhun 괴로울 고 (goeroul go))
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hanja form of 고 (“suffering, pain”)
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canonical : 苦: Hán Việt readings: khổ 苦: Nôm readings: cỏ • canonical : khó • canonical : khủ • canonical : khổ • canonical : cô
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苦
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| 英
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qraŋ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 央 (OC *qaŋ). \ Uncertain. There are several possibilities: \ * Of Sino-Tibetan origin, related to Mizo ân (“to open the mouth to receive food, to open to”), âng (“to open (mouth), to gape with open mouth”); if so, this word would come from the idea of an open flower (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to Mizo êng (“light”), ên (“to shine, to give light, bright, brilliant”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to Proto-Bahnaric *ʔaːŋ (“bright”) (from Proto-Mon-Khmer *cʔaiŋ (“light, to shine”)), which may be also/instead related to 影 (OC *qraŋʔ, “shadow”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to 秧 (OC *qaŋ, *qaŋʔ, “rice seedling”) (Sagart, 2011). ‖ Short form of 英吉利 (Yīngjílì, “England”) or 英格蘭／英格兰 (Yīnggélán, “England”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ing • Middle-Chinese : 'jaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ing ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ing
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(literary) flower; blossom • (of a person) outstanding • fine; excellent • (literary) finest part; quintessence • hero; outstanding person • (obsolete) panache on a lance • a surname ‖ (short form) Britain • (short form) English language • (in compounds) imperial (relating to the British imperial system of measurement) ‖ Used in transcription. ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 塕 (eng, “(of dust, sand, etc.) to rise and permeate; to fill the air or get onto something”)
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‖ 英(えい) • (Ei) ‖ 英(えい) • (ei)
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English • flower, petal • hero ‖ Short for 英吉利 (Igirisu, “United Kingdom”). ‖ Short for 英吉利 (Igirisu, “United Kingdom”). • Short for 英語 (eigo, “English (language)”). • outstanding; outstanding person • flower; calyx
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英 (eumhun 꽃부리 영 (kkotburi yeong)) ‖ 英 • (Yeong) (hangeul 영)
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hanja form of 영 (“the UK, Great Britain (in compounds, in news media)”) • hanja form of 영 (“petal”) [affix] ‖ (in headlines) Short for 英(영)國(국) (Yeongguk, “the United Kingdom”).
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canonical : 英: Hán Việt readings: anh 英: Nôm readings: anh • canonical : yêng ‖ romanization : anh
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‖ Nôm form of anh (“older brother”).
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英
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| 茂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mus) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 戊 (OC *mus). \ Applying this character to mean “cyclopentadiene” in organic chemistry results from the decomposition of the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 艸 (“radical for aromatic compounds”) + 戊 (“five-carbon ring”), since the conjugate base of cyclopentadiene (cyclopentadienyl anion) is aromatic.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mau⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biō • Middle-Chinese : muwH
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^⁜ lush; luxuriant; dense; thick • ^⁜ excellent; splendid; talented • (organic chemistry) cyclopentadiene • Alternative form of 懋 (“to encourage”) • a surname
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‖ 茂(しげる) • (Shigeru)
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overgrown; luxuriant, thickly growing, lush ‖ a male given name
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茂 (eumhun 무성할 무 (museonghal mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“thick, lush, dense”) • hanja form of 무 (“talented”)
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Hán-Nôm : mậu • Hán-Nôm : ngồng
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茂
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| 茶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaː) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 余 (OC *la). \ 茶 originates as a graphical modification of archaic 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”), used for “tea” in classical sources. \ As tea may have originated from Sichuan, where the native Yi people speak Loloish languages, Sagart (1999) suggests that the Old Chinese item was possibly originally borrowed from Proto-Loloish *la¹ (“tea”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (“leaf; tea”). Schuessler (2007) traces its ultimate origin to Proto-Austroasiatic *slaʔ (“leaf”) (in Sidwell's 2024 reconstruction). \ Alternatively, Qiu (1988) suggests that it might be a semantic extension of 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : têe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâ • Middle-Chinese : drae
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tea (plant, leaves) • tea (beverage made by infusing tea leaves in hot water) (Classifier: 杯; 壺／壶) • certain kinds of beverage or liquid food • Chinese medicine • yum cha • (obsolete) a moment (the time it takes to drink a cup of tea) • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Xiang, Wu) boiled or boiling water • a surname
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‖ 茶(ちゃ) • (cha)
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tea ‖ tea (not used in isolation in modern Japanese) • brown
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茶 (eumhun 차 차 (cha cha)) ‖ 茶 (eumhun 차 다 (cha da))
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hanja form of 차 (“tea”) ‖ (only in compounds) hanja form of 다 (“tea”) • (only in compounds) hanja form of 다 (“brown”)
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canonical : 茶: Hán Việt readings: trà 茶: Nôm readings: trà • canonical : chè • canonical : chà • canonical : sà • canonical : già • canonical : chòe • canonical : choè
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chữ Hán form of trà (“tea”). • Nôm form of chè (“tea”).
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茶
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| 草
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰuːʔ) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 早 (OC *ʔsuːʔ). Originally referred to 皂, and later borrowed for the “grass” sense, replacing 艸. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tswa-n (“grass”); cognate with Tibetan རྩྭ (rtswa, “grass”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). \ Alternatively, it may be related to 芻 (OC *sʰro, “hay”), from Austroasiatic; compare Mon ချဲ (“grass; weeds; hay”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 草 – see 皂 (“black; acorn; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 皂). ‖ Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 草 (kusa, “LOL”). See the Japanese entry for more information. \ As an interjection, this term is easily confused with the native “fuck” sense above. To distinguish between the two senses, 中國語／中国语 (Zhōngguóyǔ, “Chinese”) and 日本語／日本语 (Rìběnyǔ, “Japanese”) are usually put in parentheses following the term to specify which sense is intended.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsháu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshóo • Middle-Chinese : tshawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˇ
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herbaceous plant; herb; weed; wort; grass; forb • Used in names of some woody plants • straw • (Cantonese, slang) marijuana; cannabis; weed • (dated) countryside; wilderness • careless; rough; sloppy • common; ordinary • (dialectal, chiefly of livestock or poultry) female • draft; sketch • to draft • (calligraphy) Short for 草書／草书 (cǎoshū, “cursive script (grass script)”). • (calligraphy) Short for 草書／草书 (cǎoshū, “cursive script (grass script)”). · cursive • (chemistry) oxalic ‖ (slang, euphemistic, Internet slang) Alternative form of 肏 (“fuck”) ‖ (neologism, Internet slang) LOL • (neologism, Internet slang) hilarious
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‖ 草(くさ) • (kusa) ‖ 草(くさ) • (kusa-) ‖ 草(そう) • (sō) ^(←さう (sau)?) ‖ 草(くさ) • (kusa) ‖ 草(くさ) • (kusa)
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‖ grass • a weed • a herb • a scout, a spy (from the way one would hide in the grass to observe enemy troops) • (figurative, slang, rare) pubic hair ‖ a fake, a mimic, not the real thing • amateur, small-time ‖ grass • a draft, a rough copy • cursive, calligraphy in a running hand • something unofficial, an informal abbreviation or knock-off ‖ (Internet slang) "grass", in reference to the expression w (w, “LOL”); LOLs ‖ Ellipsis of 草生える (kusa haeru, literally “grass grows”): (Internet slang) … it's hilarious
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hanja form of 초 (“grass”)
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Hán-Nôm : thảo • Hán-Nôm : tháu • Hán-Nôm : xáo
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chữ Hán form of thảo (“grass; herbs; draft”). • chữ Hán form of Thảo (“a female given name”).
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草
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| 荒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 巟 (OC *hmaːŋ). \ Note: The middle part could be found as 亾 instead of 亡. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The voiceless initial is possibly from the devoicing effect of an early (i.e. Proto-Sino-Tibetan) causative prefix *s- on 亡 (i.e. PST *s-maŋ > *hmaŋ > Middle Chinese hwɑŋ) which was subsequently lost.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huinn • Middle-Chinese : xwang • Middle-Chinese : xwangH
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wasteland; uncultivated land; desert • uncultivated; barren; desolate • unreasonable; absurd
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uncultivated, wild • desolate, barren
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‖
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rough; sparse; wild ‖ empty, blank
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Hán-Nôm : hoang • Hán-Nôm : hoăng
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荒
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| 荷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ). ‖ ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ⪤ *s-gal (“back (lower); kidney; load; carry”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྒལ་པ (sgal pa, “small of the back”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (gəl, “kidney”), Tangut 𗹼 (*khiwa¹, “kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”), 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ, “to be able to”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâ • Middle-Chinese : ha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄏㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒo • Middle-Chinese : haX
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lotus • lotus leaf • Short for 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán, “Netherlands”). • a surname ‖ Only used in 薄荷 (bòhé). ‖ to carry (a load on one's shoulder); to hold • to shoulder; to bear (e.g. responsibilities) • load; burden • (physics) load; charge
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‖ 荷(か) • (-ka)
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load, cargo • luggage ‖ loads that can be carried on one's shoulders
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荷 (eumhun 멜 하 (mel ha)) ‖ 荷 (eumhun 연꽃 하 (yeonkkot ha))
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hanja form of 하 (“load; burden; cargo; freight”) • hanja form of 하 (“to bear; to undertake; to take charge; to owe”) ‖ hanja form of 하 (“lotus; water lily”)
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Hán-Nôm : hà
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荷
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| 菊
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Characters in the same phonetic series (匊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 匊 (OC *kluɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Middle-Chinese : kjuwk
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(literary, or in compounds) chrysanthemum • (in compounds) A plant of Asteraceae or with chrysanthemum-like flowers • (informal, euphemistic) anus; asshole • a surname: Ju
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‖ 菊(きく) or 菊(キク) • (kiku) ‖ 菊(きく) • (Kiku)
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‖ a chrysanthemum • a kind of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with a chrysanthemum flower design • Short for 菊襲 (kikugasane): a type of 襲の色目 (kasane no irome, “garment-layering color combination”) with white overlayers and purple/sappanwood red inner layers • a loop in the shape of a chrysanthemum flower • Short for 菊腸 (kikuwata): the intestines of a cod, resembling that of a chrysanthemum flower • (card games) a suit in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of September • in a 京阪 (Keihan) vegetable market, a sign representing the number 9 • (euphemistic) the anus ‖ a female given name
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菊 (eumhun 국화 국 (gukhwa guk))
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hanja form of 국 (“chrysanthemum”)
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Hán-Nôm : cúc
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菊
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| 菌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡonʔ, *ɡrunʔ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 囷 (OC *kʰrun, *ɡrun). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-r(i/u)n (“mushroom; fungus”) (STEDT). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡonʔ, *ɡrunʔ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 囷 (OC *kʰrun, *ɡrun). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-r(i/u)n (“mushroom; fungus”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khún ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khún • Middle-Chinese : gwinX • Middle-Chinese : gjwonX
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bacterium; germ • fungus ‖ mushroom; toadstool • Alternative form of 箘 (“bamboo shoots”) • a surname: Jun
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fungus, mold • bacterium, germ
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菌 (eumhun 버섯 균 (beoseot gyun))
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hanja form of 균 (“mushroom”) • hanja form of 균 (“germ, microbe”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuẩn
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菌
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| 菜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯːs) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ). \ From 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ, “to gather; to pluck”) + nominalizing *-s, literally “what is gathered or plucked” (Sagart, 1999; Schuessler, 2007). See 采 for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sài • Middle-Chinese : tshojH
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vegetable; greens (Classifier: 棵 m; 根 m; 條／条 c; 樖 c) • vegetable; greens (Classifier: 棵 m; 根 m; 條／条 c; 樖 c) · (specifically, in compounds) rape; rapeseed (plant used for vegetable oil) • dish; course (Classifier: 盤／盘 m; 道 m; 味 m) • cuisine; (type of) food • grocery • (colloquial) (one's) type; cup of tea(Classifier: 條／条 c) • (colloquial) bad; inferior; disappointing; below average • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang, derogatory) girlfriend (Classifier: 條／条 c; 樖 c) • a surname: Cai; Tsai
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‖ 菜(な) • (na)
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greens; vegetables • rape (Brassica napus); rapeseed • side dish ‖ greens
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菜 (eumhun 나물 채 (namul chae))
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An edible plant or leaf of plant. greens; vegetables
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Hán-Nôm : cải • Hán-Nôm : thái • Hán-Nôm : thủy • Hán-Nôm : thuỷ • Hán-Nôm : linh • Hán-Nôm : lê
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菜
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| 落
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007): \ :within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope"; \ :outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”). \ Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences. \ Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”). \ Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007): \ :within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope"; \ :outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”). \ Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences. \ Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”). \ Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : làu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lauh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍uh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nia̍uh • Middle-Chinese : lak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laai⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lak • Middle-Chinese : lak
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to fall; to drop • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to go down; to descend; to set • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to go down; to descend; to set · (Cantonese, Southern Min) to go down; to descend (of a person, animal, etc.) • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to decline; to sink; to come down • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · to fall onto; to rest with (of responsibility, power, position, etc.) • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Southern Min, Wu) to get off; to alight; to exit; to disembark (a vehicle) • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Eastern Min, Southern Min, dialectal Wu) to finish; to complete (class or work) • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · (Cantonese) to go to a more lively and bustling area (especially downtown) • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Eastern Min, Mainland China Hokkien) to go to somewhere inferior or subordinate • (intransitive) (to go to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew) down [[[onto]]; to] • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · to lower; to let fall; to let down • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (literary) to write down (with a pen) • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Min, Southern Pingxiang Gan, Wu, Xiang) to fall down; to rain or snow • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Southern Min) to add; to put in (into food, a mixture, etc.) • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (Cantonese, Hokkien) to give or issue something to an inferior person • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (Cantonese) to abort (a fetus) • (transitive) (to move something to a lower place) · (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fell; to lop; to cut down; to hew (trees) • to stop; to cease • to lag behind; to fall behind • to leave behind; to stay behind • place where one stays; whereabouts • settlement; place to gather together • small area; short part • to get; to receive; to have • (Eastern Min) Classifier for residences. • (Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to fade (of color) • (Hokkien) Classifier for a row of houses. • (Hokkien) to omit; to leave out • (Hokkien) to disassemble; to dismantle • (Hokkien) to have diarrhea • (Hokkien) to leak (of water or gas) • (Hokkien) to coax out of somebody; to trick somebody into telling (of a secret, information, the truth, etc.) • (Hokkien) to fall off; to drop off (from somewhere) • (Hokkien) to lose; to misplace • (Mainland China Hokkien) to get along well • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) loose; about to fall off (often reduplicated) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for events, deals, etc.. • (Xiamen Hokkien) to divide into; to split up into • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to unload (cargo, etc.) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to show off one's skills in speaking (a certain language) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to gather (one's own men) to help (used to gather a crowd for a fight) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to shake a container to let something fall out • (Zhangzhou Hokkien, of wind) to blow • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to space out; to leave distances in between • (Cantonese) added after a verb to express a reassessment after doing or experiencing something for a certain period of time • (Cantonese) · a surname ‖ (colloquial) to leave out; to be missing; to omit • (colloquial) to leave behind; to forget to bring • (colloquial) to fall behind; to lag behind
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to fall • to leave behind • to drop • to come down
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落 (eumhun 떨어질 락 (tteoreojil rak), word-initial (South Korea) 떨어질 낙 (tteoreojil nak))
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hanja form of 락/낙 (“fall”)
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Hán-Nôm : lạc • Hán-Nôm : lác • Hán-Nôm : lát • Hán-Nôm : nhác • Hán-Nôm : rác • Hán-Nôm : rạc • Hán-Nôm : xạc
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落
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| 著
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍k • Middle-Chinese : trjak • Middle-Chinese : drjak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄓㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoek⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍h ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì • Middle-Chinese : trjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˊ • Middle-Chinese : drjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Middle-Chinese : trjoX
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^⁜ (literary or Hokkien) to attach to; to stick to; to adhere to • ^⁜ (literary or Hokkien) to touch; to contact • (literary or dialectal) to wear; to put on; to be dressed in; clothing • (obsolete or dialectal Mandarin, Jin, Wu) to put; to place • to arrange • to blossom or bear fruit • something to depend on; something to fall back on; desired end; a sense of belonging • to catch fire; to burn; to combust; to be ignited • to catch fire; to burn; to combust; to be ignited · (Cantonese, Hokkien) to turn on; to light (a light, a machine, etc.) • to love deeply; to cling to and be reluctant to leave • to make (someone to); to order • to cost • to live in a fixed place • an ancient drinking vessel • (Min, Wu) to need to; to ought to; should • to be affected by; to be troubled with; to suffer • (Hakka, Min) to get; to receive • (dialectal Mandarin, Wu) to fall asleep • to fall into a trap; to be trapped • Particle denoting that an action was "appropriately done"; "not done in vain". • Particle denoting the success or continuation of an action. • (Beijing Mandarin) Particle used after verbs to denote the severity of the event. • (Cantonese) one by one • (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) correct; right • (Eastern Min) at; in (a place) • (Northern Min, Eastern Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) it's now ...'s turn • (Hokkien) to hit; to fit exactly • (Hokkien, used for emphasis) exactly; precisely; just • (Hokkien, used to express earliness) as soon as; as early as • (Hokkien) as early as; already • (Mainland China Hokkien) used for strong emphasis: even • (Mainland China Hokkien) there is need to; it is necessary or worthwhile to • (Taiwanese Hokkien) then • (dialectal Mandarin, Xiang) all right; OK; that's exactly what I was thinking • (chiefly dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Wu) To play (chess) • (dialectal Mandarin, colloquial) to put in; to add • Alternative form of 招 (“move; step (in chess or Go)”) • Alternative form of 招 (“Classifier for moves or blows (especially in martial arts).”) • (figurative) Alternative form of 招 (“trick; device”) ‖ Particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state. Often used with 正在 (zhèngzài) or 正 (zhèng). • Particle used after some adjectives to denote comparison of levels. • Particle denoting a command, request or advice. ‖ ^⁜ notable; remarkable; striking • ^⁜ famous; well-known • to show; to manifest • to praise; to speak approvingly of • ^⁜ to write; to compose • ^⁜ literary work; composition; book • to record; to document • to establish; to set up; to build up • achievements; attainments • ^⁜ aboriginal; native inhabitants • precedence; order • the space between the front gate and the screens/shields ‖ Only used in 著雍. ‖ Alternative form of 佇 (zhù, “to remain (at a place); to be held up”) • Alternative form of 貯／贮 (zhù, “to store”) • Alternative form of 褚 (“to stuff a lined garment with cotton”) • (historical) An ancient county in modern Shandong, China
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‖ 著(ちょ) • (cho) ‖ 著(ちょ) • (-cho)
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renowned • to publish • to write • remarkable • phenomenal • to put on • to don • to wear • arrival • to finish a race • counter for suits of clothing; counter for garments • literary work ‖ book ‖ written by (the author of a book) • striking
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著 • (jeo, chak) · 著 • (jeo, chak) (hangeul 저, 착, revised jeo, chak, McCune–Reischauer chŏ, ch'ak, Yale ce, chak)
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Hán-Nôm : trứ • Hán-Nôm : nước • Hán-Nôm : trước • Hán-Nôm : chước
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著
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| 葬
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 茻 (“grass”) + 死 (“dead person”) – bury the dead 死 in the grass 茻. Top is now grass radical (艹), while bottom is simplified to 廾, hence graphically 艹 + 死 + 廾.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsòng • Middle-Chinese : tsangH
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to bury; to inter • to bury in a specified way according to local customs • a surname: Zang
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‖ 葬(そう) • (sō) ^(←さう (sau)?)
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funeral, bury ‖ burial
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葬 (eum 장 (jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“burial; burial place; burial customs”)
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Hán-Nôm : táng
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葬
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| 蒸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kljɯŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 烝 (OC *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : tsying
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(literally) to evaporate (transition from a liquid state into a gaseous state) • (cooking) to steam • (historical) torch made of hemp stalks or bamboo and wood • (literary) small pieces of firewood • Used in 蒸蒸. • Alternative form of 烝 (zhēng)
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steam; vapor • steamy; sultry • numerous; various, varied
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蒸 (eumhun 찔 증 (jjil jeung))
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Hán-Nôm : chưng • Hán-Nôm : chừng
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(cooking) steam • (liquids) to evaporate
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蒸
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| 蓄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ) – to cultivate plants, to store grain, to save.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hak • Middle-Chinese : xjuwk • Middle-Chinese : trhjuwk
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to store up; to stockpile; to accumulate; to hoard • to grow (e.g. a beard) • (literary, or in compounds) to harbour; to keep in mind; to cherish • (literary, or in compounds) to await; to wait for • (literary, or in compounds) preserved, dried cabbage or mustard greens • (Min) to get or buy for use; to purchase; to collect (especially of large assets) • to raise; to rear (domestic animals) • storage; savings
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to store; to accumulate
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蓄 • (chuk) · 蓄 • (chuk) (hangeul 축, revised chuk, McCune–Reischauer ch'uk, Yale chwuk)
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Hán-Nôm : súc
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蓄
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| 蔽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peds) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pè • Middle-Chinese : pjiejH
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to cover; to hide; to conceal • to summarize; to sum up
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cover, hide, conceal
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蔽 • (pye, byeol, bul) · 蔽 • (pye, byeol, bul) (hangeul 폐, 별, 불, revised pye, byeol, bul, McCune–Reischauer p'ye, pyŏl, pul, Yale phyey, pyel, pul)
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canonical : 蔽: Hán Việt readings: tế • canonical : phất 蔽: Nôm readings: tế
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chữ Hán form of tế (“protect, hide”).
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蔽
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| 薄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 溥 (OC *pʰaːʔ, *paːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“thin; flat”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese ပါး (pa:, “thin”), Jingpho pha (pha³¹, “thin”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 溥 (OC *pʰaːʔ, *paːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“thin; flat”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese ပါး (pa:, “thin”), Jingpho pha (pha³¹, “thin”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːɡ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 溥 (OC *pʰaːʔ, *paːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“thin; flat”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese ပါး (pa:, “thin”), Jingpho pha (pha³¹, “thin”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bok⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bik¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Middle-Chinese : bak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ
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thin (not thick); flimsy • slight; meagre; small • poor; infertile • cold in manner; indifferent • ungenerous; unkind; mean • (of taste) weak; light; not strong • to belittle; to despise • Alternative form of 亳 (Bó, “capital of Yin”) • to reduce • (literary) to approach • a surname ‖ Only used in 薄荷 (bòhé, “mint”). ‖ ^‡ Only used in 蓾薄.
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thin, weak, sparse • dilute • weak (tea)
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薄 (eumhun 엷을 박 (yeolbeul bak))
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hanja form of 박 (“thin, slight, weak”) • hanja form of 박 (“poor, stingy”)
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Hán-Nôm : bạc
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薄
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| 虎
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Pictogram (象形) . 虍 represents the tiger's head. The torso has disappeared and the legs and the tail have transformed into 人 in the small seal script and later 儿 in the clerical script. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-la (“tiger”), from Proto-Austroasiatic *kla(ː)ʔ (“tiger”). Cognate with 菟 (OC *daː) in 於菟 (OC *qa daː, “tiger”). Compare Vietnamese khái ("tiger"). \ Hill (2019) compares it to Tibetan སྟག (stag, “tiger”); however, Zheng Zining deems that comparison "probably spurious". ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóo • Middle-Chinese : xuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu²
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tiger • (figurative) brave; fierce • (dialectal) to show a stern or fierce look • a surname • (Northeastern Mandarin, derogatory) overbold; stupid ‖ Only used in 馬虎／马虎 (mǎhu). ‖ Only used in 虎不拉 (hùbulǎ).
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‖ 虎(とら) or 虎(トラ) • (tora)
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tiger ‖ a tiger (The mammal Panthera tigris)
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虎 (eumhun 범 호 (beom ho))
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hanja form of 호 (“tiger”)
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Hán-Nôm : hổ
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tiger
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虎
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| 蛇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl). 它 was also the original pictographic form of this character. \ Unclear. Various theories have been proposed: \ * Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lăj (“snake”), comparing this with Mizo hlai-ba (“a species of snake”) and Jingpho palai (“a species of iguana”). He also compares it to Proto-Kam-Sui *dzuːi² (“snake”). Schuessler (2007) considers these Tibeto-Burman forms to be unrelated. \ * Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT. \ * Sagart (2005) relates it to Proto-Loloish *lay¹/² (“python”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-lja(ŋ/k) (“python”), as well as Proto-Austronesian *bulay (“snake”). Comparison with the Austronesian form has been challenged by Orlandi (2018). \ * Schuessler (2007) notes similarity to Proto-Hlai *ljaːɦ (“snake”) (from Pre-Hlai *Cilaːɦ) as well as to Austronesian words, such as Rade ala (“snake”), but considers the Kra-Dai forms to be possible borrowings from Chinese. (He does not seem to address the Austronesian forms directly.) In his view, a more likely relationship is with the /-lé/ in Khmer រលេ (rɔlei, “sinuously, in a twisting or wiggling manner (as a snake swimming)”). In Old Chinese, this also provides the second syllable in 委蛇 (OC *qrol lal, “winding; compliant; graceful”). 蛇 (“the winding thing”) is then a euphemism for common Sino-Tibetan 虺 (OC *hŋlulʔ, “snake”) for taboo reasons. \ * Zhengzhang (2011) relates it to Proto-Austronesian *SulaR (“snake”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl). 它 was also the original pictographic form of this character. \ Unclear. Various theories have been proposed: \ * Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lăj (“snake”), comparing this with Mizo hlai-ba (“a species of snake”) and Jingpho palai (“a species of iguana”). He also compares it to Proto-Kam-Sui *dzuːi² (“snake”). Schuessler (2007) considers these Tibeto-Burman forms to be unrelated. \ * Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT. \ * Sagart (2005) relates it to Proto-Loloish *lay¹/² (“python”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-lja(ŋ/k) (“python”), as well as Proto-Austronesian *bulay (“snake”). Comparison with the Austronesian form has been challenged by Orlandi (2018). \ * Schuessler (2007) notes similarity to Proto-Hlai *ljaːɦ (“snake”) (from Pre-Hlai *Cilaːɦ) as well as to Austronesian words, such as Rade ala (“snake”), but considers the Kra-Dai forms to be possible borrowings from Chinese. (He does not seem to address the Austronesian forms directly.) In his view, a more likely relationship is with the /-lé/ in Khmer រលេ (rɔlei, “sinuously, in a twisting or wiggling manner (as a snake swimming)”). In Old Chinese, this also provides the second syllable in 委蛇 (OC *qrol lal, “winding; compliant; graceful”). 蛇 (“the winding thing”) is then a euphemism for common Sino-Tibetan 虺 (OC *hŋlulʔ, “snake”) for taboo reasons. \ * Zhengzhang (2011) relates it to Proto-Austronesian *SulaR (“snake”). ‖ From English sir.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâ • Middle-Chinese : zyae • Middle-Chinese : tha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : ye ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : soe⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : se⁴
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snake; serpent (Classifier: 條／条 m c; 尾 m mn) • illegal immigrant • (Cantonese) to shirk one's duty; to be lazy on the job • (Cantonese, poker) straight • (regional, pathology) herpes zoster; shingles • a surname ‖ Used in 蛇蛇 (“facile (of words); calmly; leisurely”). • Used in 委蛇 (wēiyí, “winding; meandering; pretending interest and sympathy”). ‖ (Cantonese) sir (used when addressing policemen or male schoolteachers)
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‖ 蛇(へび) or 蛇(ヘビ) • (hebi) ‖ 蛇(へみ) • (hemi) ‖ 蛇(くちなわ) • (kuchinawa) ^(←くちなは (kutinafa)?) ‖ 蛇(じゃ) • (ja) ‖ 蛇(じゃ) • (ja) ‖ 蛇(だ) • (da) ‖ 蛇(い) • (i)
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‖ a snake, serpent • a snake (treacherous person) ‖ (obsolete) a snake, serpent ‖ (obsolete) a snake, serpent ‖ a snake, serpent • Short for 蛇之助 (janosuke): a heavy drinker ‖ snake, serpent • snakelike, snaky ‖ snake, serpent ‖ winding, meandering
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蛇 (eumhun 뱀 사 (baem sa)) · 蛇 (eumhun 긴 뱀 사 (gin baem sa)) ‖ 蛇 (eumhun 구불구불 이 (gubulgubul i))
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snake; long snake ‖ winding, meandering
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Hán-Nôm : xà • Hán-Nôm : thạch
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蛇
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| 蜂
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Simplified from 蠭. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːŋ, *pʰoŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 夆 (OC *pʰoŋ, *boŋ, *ɡaːds) – a kind of insect. \ Cognate with Tibetan བུང་བ (bung ba, “bee”) (Schuessler, 2007). STEDT lists 蜂 as a Chinese comparandum under its Proto-Sino-Tibetan root *pljum (“bee, wasp”). \ May be ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔu(ə)ŋ ~ hu(ə)ŋ (“bee, wasp, hornet”), whence Vietnamese ong (“bee”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Middle-Chinese : buwng • Middle-Chinese : phjowng
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Apoidea or Vespa (wasps, bees and hornets) • (specifically) honey bee • swarm
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‖ 蜂(はち) or 蜂(ハチ) • (hachi)
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bee, wasp, hornet ‖ a bee, a wasp, a hornet or the like • (slang, used by criminals) a window • (slang, used by criminals) a police officer
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蜂 (eumhun 벌 봉 (beol bong))
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hanja form of 봉 (“bee”) [affix]
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canonical : 蜂: Hán Việt readings: phong 蜂: Nôm readings: ong
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Nôm form of ong (“honey”).
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蜂
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| 蜜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mliɡ) : phonetic 宓 (OC *mriɡ, *mliɡ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ Possibly from Proto-Tocharian *ḿətə, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“mead”). Cognate with Tocharian B mit (“honey”), English mead, German Met (“mead”), Swedish mjöd (“mead”), Sanskrit मधु (madhu, “honey”), Greek μέθη (méthi, “drunkenness”), Polish miód (“honey”), Russian мёд (mjod, “honey”), Old Church Slavonic медъ (medŭ, “honey”). \ Sense “mistress, young girl” is additionally a phono-semantic matching of English miss.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mat⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍t • Middle-Chinese : mjit
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honey • resembling honey • beeswax • (dialectal Cantonese) bee; honeybee • sweet; honeyed • mistress; young girl • (Hokkien) to marinate in honey or sugar
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‖ 蜜(みつ) • (mitsu) ‖ 蜜(みつ) • (mitsu) ‖ 蜜(みち) • (michi)
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‖ honey • nectar • molasses, treacle, syrup • Short for 蜜砂糖 (mitsuzatō): brown sugar ‖ honey, nectar • sweet • Used in Sanskrit transliterations ‖ (rare) Same as みつ (mitsu) above
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蜜 (eumhun 꿀 밀 (kkul mil))
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hanja form of 밀 (“beeswax”) [noun] • hanja form of 밀 (“honey”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : mật ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of mật (“honey”).
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蜜
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| 血
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Characters in the same phonetic series (血) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 (“drop of blood”) + 皿 (“container”) - a drop of blood inside a chalice for sacrificial uses. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruct the Old Chinese as *m̥ˤik to account for word-family connections with 脈 (OC *C.mˤ[i]k, “vein”), 衊 (OC *mˤi[k], “defiled blood”) as well as its use as a phonetic component in 侐 (OC *m̥(r)ik, “still; quiet”), which is in the same word family as 宓 (OC *mi[k], “quiet; silent”) (Sagart, 1999b; Baxter and Sagart, 2017). Sagart (1999b) argues that this word is not genetically related to the Tibeto-Burman form with *s-hjw-, but that this word has been borrowed into Tibeto-Burman.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiat • Middle-Chinese : xwet
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blood • blood relations; kinship • firm; unyielding; ardent • (literary) tears • (video games) HP • (slang, Northeastern Mandarin) very
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‖ 血(ち) • (chi)
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‖ blood
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血 (eumhun 피 혈 (pi hyeol))
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hanja form of 혈 (“blood”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : huyết • Hán-Nôm : hoét • Hán-Nôm : tiết
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chữ Hán form of huyết (“blood”).
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血
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| 行
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Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection. \ Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection. \ Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection. \ Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection. \ Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection. \ Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection. \ Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Middle-Chinese : haeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīng • Middle-Chinese : haengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīng • Middle-Chinese : haengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁶ • Middle-Chinese : hangH ‖
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(literary or dialectal) to walk • (Cantonese, of a vehicle) to go • (Cantonese) to navigate • (Cantonese) to roam; to stroll; to wander • (Cantonese, computing) to run • to go; to move • to carry out; to execute • to perform (a salute) • OK; good • to be good; to work • to be good (opposed to bad) (usually in negative sentences, or with 還／还) • to be able to do something (usually mentioned before) • (often sarcastic) remarkable • (Northern Wu) trending; fashionable; popular • (Hinduism, Buddhism) vedana ‖ profession; industry; trade; business • place for specific transaction • line of objects; row • (Mainland China) row (in data tables) • (Taiwan) column (in data tables) • (Cantonese) Short for 行貨／行货. • (Cantonese) coarse; of poor quality; too general ‖ ^⁜ behaviour; conduct ‖ skill from monk training ‖ order; rank • Used in 行行 (“bold; staunch; strong”). • Used in 樹行子／树行子 (“row of trees”). ‖ to endure; to bear; to get by
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‖ 行(ぎょう) • (gyō) ^(←ぎやう (gyau)?) ‖ 行(ぎょう) • (Gyō) ‖ 行(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?) ‖ 行(こう) • (Kō) ‖ 行(あん) • (an) ‖ 行(くだり) • (kudari) ‖ 行(くだり) • (-kudari) ‖ 行(あきら) or 行(すすむ) or 行(とおる) or 行(まこと) • (Akira or Susumu or Tōru or Makoto) ‖ 行(あるき) • (Aruki) ‖ 行(あん) or 行(いく) or 行(いたる) or 行(ゆくえ) • (An or Iku or Itaru or Yukue) ‖ 行(つとむ) or 行(つよし) • (Tsutomu or Tsuyoshi) ‖ 行(ゆき) • (Yuki)
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to go • to carry out • line, row ‖ a line of text • (mathematics) a row of a matrix • (calligraphy) Abbreviation of 行書 (“semi-cursive script”). • a row or column, such as in a table; more specifically, such a row or column in the gojūon table, which consists of kana that have or historically had the same initial consonant • (Buddhism) saṅkhāra: formations, mental activity; one of the 五蘊 (goun, “five skandhas”) • (Buddhism) caryā: austerities; practice or discipline for enlightenment • (Buddhism) gamana: manner of going forward or walking ‖ a surname • a unisex given name ‖ going; travelling (UK), traveling (US) • type of classical Chinese verse (usually an epic) • (archaic) merchant's association; guild ‖ a unisex given name ‖ journey; travel • carry around ‖ vertical row • vertical line ‖ used to count lines of sentences ‖ a unisex given name ‖ A place name ‖ a female given name ‖ a male given name ‖ A place name • a surname • a female given name
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行 (eumhun 다닐 행 (danil haeng)) ‖ 行 (eumhun 항렬 항 (hangnyeol hang))
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hanja form of 행 (“movement; going”) • hanja form of 행 (“behaviour; conduct”) • hanja form of 행 (“line; row”) • hanja form of 행 (“place for specific transaction”) • hanja form of 행 (“(suffix) (transport) bound for”) ‖ hanja form of 항 (“degree of familial relation”) • (historical) hanja form of 항 (“a line of soldiers”)
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canonical : 行: Hán Việt readings: hàng • canonical : hành • canonical : hãng • canonical : hạng • canonical : hạnh 行: Nôm readings: hàng • canonical : hăng • canonical : ngành
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goods, product • shop • queue • (writing) line • (arithmetic) a place • (Confucianism) virtue • rank • company, firm • (archaic) to go, to travel (on a long journey).
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行
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| 街
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreː, *kreː) : semantic 行 + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kere • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai • Middle-Chinese : kea • Middle-Chinese : keaj
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(countable) street (Classifier: 條／条 m c) • market; fair • Short for 街道 (jiēdào, “subdistrict”). • (Hong Kong Cantonese, figuratively) distance; margin (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) outside; the public • a surname
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‖ 街(まち) • (machi)
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main street or boulevard ‖ Alternative spelling of 町
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街 (eumhun 거리 가 (geori ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“street; road”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhai
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街
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| 衡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːŋ) : phonetic 行 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs, *ɡraːŋ, *ɡraːŋs) + semantic 角 (“horn”) + semantic 大 (“big”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Middle-Chinese : haeng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hang⁴
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cross yoke (of an ox, in carriage, etc.) • beam of steelyard; (by extension) weighing apparatus • to weigh • to judge; to measure • level; even; balanced • transverse; horizontal ‖ (as a resultative) (pulled) tight; taut • to the limit; to the maximum • famous; prestigious; well-known
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equilibrium • measuring rod • scale
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衡 • (hyeong, hoeng) · 衡 • (hyeong, hoeng) (hangeul 형, 횡, revised hyeong, hoeng, McCune–Reischauer hyŏng, hoeng, Yale hyeng, hoyng)
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Hán-Nôm : hành • Hán-Nôm : hoành
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衡
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| 衣
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Characters in the same phonetic series (衣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) Outline of the chest, upper clothing. compare to 文 with limbs and a head. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *w(y)a-t ~ wit (“to wear; to clothe”). \ Pronunciation 2 ("to wear") is the exoactive form of pronunciation 1 ("garment; clothes"). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (衣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) Outline of the chest, upper clothing. compare to 文 with limbs and a head. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *w(y)a-t ~ wit (“to wear; to clothe”). \ Pronunciation 2 ("to wear") is the exoactive form of pronunciation 1 ("garment; clothes").
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui • Middle-Chinese : 'j+j ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ì • Middle-Chinese : 'j+jH
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(upper) garment; clothes; clothing (Classifier: 件) • coating; covering; skin • membrane; film • (literary or dialectal) afterbirth; placenta • a surname ‖ (literary) to dress; to wear; to put on clothes • to cover; to place something over; to wrap up; to bind up • Original form of 依 (yī, “to rely on”).
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‖ 衣(ころも) • (koromo) ‖ 衣(きぬ) • (kinu) ‖ 衣(ぎ) • (-gi) ‖ 衣(い) • (i) ‖ 衣(い) • (i) ‖ 衣(え) • (e) ‖ 衣(そ) • (so)
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clothing ‖ (archaic) clothes, clothing • a robe (as worn by a monk, nun, or priest) • a coating on an item of food, such as batter or icing • the outer shell or carapace of an insect or other arthropod • the hide or feathers of a small animal ‖ clothes, clothing (particularly clothing worn on the top half of the body) • an overrobe • the skin, hide, or shell of an animal; the bark, rind, or skin of a plant ‖ clothes, clothing ‖ clothes, clothing ‖ clothes, clothing • garb, robe (as worn by a monk, nun, or priest) ‖ clothes, clothing ‖ (obsolete) clothes, clothing
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衣 (eumhun 옷 의 (ot ui))
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hanja form of 의 (“clothes, clothing”)
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Hán-Nôm : y • Hán-Nôm : ấy • Hán-Nôm : diệu
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chữ Hán form of y (“(only in compounds) clothes”).
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衣
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| 表
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Originally 𧘝, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 衣 (“garment; clothing”) + 毛 (“hair; feather”) — outer garment. \ Officially adopted as the simplified form of 錶 (etymology 2) in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956. ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 表 – see 錶 (“watch; wristwatch; etc.”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 錶). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄠˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piáu • Middle-Chinese : pjiewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄠˇ
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(obsolete) outer garment • surface; outside; exterior • table; list (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • form (blank document to be filled in) (Classifier: 張／张 m c g; 份 m c) • to show; to express; to display • model; example • (historical) memorial to the throne; letter to the ruler of a place or country; from an official in court to the emperor/king • relationship with the children of one's mother's or paternal grandmother's siblings or the children of one's father's or paternal grandfather's sisters • ^† outstanding; different • a surname ‖ (Mainland China, Internet slang) Alternative form of 不要 (bùyào, “do not; don't”)
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‖ 表(おもて) • (omote) ‖ 表(おもて) • (-omote) ‖ 表(ひょう) • (hyō) ^(←へう (feu)?)
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‖ surface; face (visible side of an object) • front (of a building), obverse side of a coin ("heads") • cover attached to a surface • outer clothing • facade; appearance; outside; exterior • public; official • main entrance of a house; front door • outside a house; outdoors; street in front of a house • (baseball) first half, top (of an inning) • Short for 表千家 (omotesenke). Foundation of Fushin-an • front room; living room • (computing) foreground ‖ front of something ‖ table, chart, list • documents presented to a monarch from a vassal or other foreign dignitary
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表 (eumhun 겉 표 (geot pyo))
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hanja form of 표 (“table, diagram, or graph”)
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canonical : 表: Hán Việt readings: biểu 表: Nôm readings: biểu • canonical : vẹo • canonical : vếu • canonical : bẻo • canonical : bẹo
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chữ Hán form of biểu (“table; chart”). • chữ Hán form of biểu (“outward; external”).
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表
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| 衰
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Pictogram (象形) — a piece of clothing made from palm fibers to be used as a raincoat (original form of 蓑) (Ji Xusheng, 2004). \ Compare Khmer រៀវ (riəw, “to diminish; to decrease”), Mizo zuai (“to decline (in diligence, enthusiasm, industry, etc.)”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *k-sroi, treating it as 衰 (OC *srui) (etymology 1) with the initial *k. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sue • Middle-Chinese : srwij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjwe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjwe
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to grow weak; to decrease in strength; to decline • (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to have bad luck • (Cantonese, Hakka) bad; detestable; awful • (Cantonese) to make a grave mistake • (Cantonese, transitive) to mess up (something); to be caught for (wrongdoing) • (Cantonese) to suffer from faulty personality traits or habits, or commit minor faults with moderate to significant consequences. ‖ to reduce; to decrease in order ‖ Alternative form of 縗／缞 (cuī, “a type of mourning garment made of sackcloth”) • (archaic, borrowing) Alternative form of 崔 (cuī, “a surname”) • (archaic, borrowing) Alternative form of 崔 (cuī, “a surname”) · Used in 衰子/title for 崔杼. (As found in bronze pot inscription.)
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衰 • (soe, choe, sa) · 衰 • (soe, choe, sa) (hangeul 쇠, 최, 사, revised soe, choe, sa, McCune–Reischauer soe, ch'oe, sa, Yale soy, choy, sa)
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Hán-Nôm : suy • Hán-Nôm : thôi • Hán-Nôm : thoai
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衰
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| 被
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bralʔ, *brals) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ Cognate with 披 (OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ). The meaning of passive marker is an extension of "to wear; to be covered by something". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bralʔ, *brals) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ Cognate with 披 (OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ). The meaning of passive marker is an extension of "to wear; to be covered by something". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bralʔ, *brals) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ Cognate with 披 (OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ). The meaning of passive marker is an extension of "to wear; to be covered by something". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bralʔ, *brals) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ Cognate with 披 (OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ). The meaning of passive marker is an extension of "to wear; to be covered by something". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bralʔ, *brals) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ Cognate with 披 (OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ). The meaning of passive marker is an extension of "to wear; to be covered by something".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phěr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǐ • Middle-Chinese : bjeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǐ • Middle-Chinese : bjeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bjeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei³
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bedding; quilt; blanket (Classifier: 床 m; 張／张 c; 領／领 mn) ‖ to cover • to suffer; to sustain (loss, misfortune, etc.) • by • Used before a verb to indicate passive voice (traditionally with a negative connotation, but also used generally under the influence of Westernization). • (neologism) passively; under duress; in a forged manner; etc. • a surname. ‖ ^† Alternative form of 披 (“to cover oneself; to scatter”) ‖ Alternative form of 髲 (bì, “wig”) • Alternative form of 彼 (bǐ, “that”) ‖ Alternative form of 帔
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‖ 被(ひ) • (hi-) ‖ 被(おおい) • (ōi) ^(←おほい,おほひ (ofoi, ofofi)?)
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‖ -ed, -ee (marks the passive recipient of an action) ‖ a covering • the act of covering something • (by extension) a protector or patron
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被 • (pi) · 被 • (pi) (hangeul 피, revised pi, McCune–Reischauer p'i, Yale phi)
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Hán-Nôm : bị • Hán-Nôm : bệ • Hán-Nôm : bỡ • Hán-Nôm : bự • Hán-Nôm : bợ
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被
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| 裁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) : semantic 衣 + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâi • Middle-Chinese : dzoj • Middle-Chinese : dzojH
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to cut out; to cut into parts • to cut down; to decrease • (literary, or in compounds) to control; to rule • (literary, or in compounds) to judge; to decide • (literary, or in compounds) to select and plan • (literary, or in compounds) form of writing • Classifier for divisions of standard-size printing paper.
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cut out, judge
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裁 • (jae) · 裁 • (jae) (hangeul 재, revised jae, McCune–Reischauer chae, Yale cay)
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Hán-Nôm : tài • Hán-Nôm : trài
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裁
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| 裂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *red) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 列 (OC *red, “to tear”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”) — to cut and tear clothes. \ The phonetic 列 depicts bones being cut up with a blade and arranged in a line. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *red) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 列 (OC *red, “to tear”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”) — to cut and tear clothes. \ The phonetic 列 depicts bones being cut up with a blade and arranged in a line.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lit⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍h • Middle-Chinese : ljet ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : le̍h
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to crack; to break open • to split • to rend ‖ (Hokkien) to break open revealing a crack • (Hokkien) crack; gap; split; opening • (Hokkien) Classifier for cut left by a knife.
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to break • to tear
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裂 (eumhun 찢을 렬 (jjijeul ryeol), word-initial (South Korea) 찢을 열 (jjijeul yeol))
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hanja form of 렬/열 (“split, crack, break open”) • hanja form of 렬/열 (“rend”)
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Hán-Nôm : liệt
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裂
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| 裕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loɡs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “hole, gap”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”) — some space between one's clothes, representing comfort and leeway.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jū • Middle-Chinese : yuH
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abundant; rich; plentiful • to enrich
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‖ 裕(ゆたか) • (Yutaka) ‖ 裕(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
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abundant, rich • fertile ‖ a male or female given name ‖ a male given name
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裕 • (yu) · 裕 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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enough, sufficient, ample, plenty
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canonical : 裕: Hán Việt readings: dụ • canonical : dủ • canonical : dũ 裕: Nôm readings: dụ
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chữ Hán form of dụ (“abundant; plentiful”).
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裕
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| 西
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Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”). Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it. \ The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018). \ In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include: \ * Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990). \ * Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)). \ * Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019). \ * An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : sej ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sai¹
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west; western • (Cantonese, minced oath) Euphemistic form of 閪／𲈹 (hai¹). ‖ spin (noun) • to spin; to cause to spin • carrying spin • to deviate from a path due to some force • to hit
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‖ 西(にし) • (nishi) ‖ 西(にし) • (Nishi) ‖ 西(シャー) • (shā)
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west • Europe, European • kanji used to transliterate foreign languages • Short for 西班牙 (Supein): Spain, Spanish • autumn ‖ west (one of the four cardinal directions) • the West • the west wind, wind blowing from the west • (theater) in kabuki: · the left side of the stage in the Edo-style • (theater) in kabuki: · the right side of the stage in Kyoto and Osaka styles • (sumo) lower-ranked wrestlers listed on the left side of a banzuke • the West; (later, more specifically) the capitalist states of the West (originally western Europe, as opposed to Eastern Bloc countries) ‖ (Buddhism) Synonym of 西方浄土 (Saihō Jōdo): the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha • (Buddhism) Short for 西本願寺 (Nishi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Kyoto • (historical) a red-light district in Edo-period Shinjuku (as it was located west of Edo Castle) • a place name, especially the name of various wards in major cities throughout Japan • a surname ‖ (mahjong) west wind (mahjong tile) • (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
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西 (eumhun 서녘 서 (seonyeok seo))
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hanja form of 서 (“west; western”)
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canonical : 西: Hán Việt readings: tây • canonical : tê 西: Nôm readings: tây
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west • West (the Western world)
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西
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| 要
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Characters in the same phonetic series (要) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a woman (女) with two hands pointing to her midsection. \ Original meaning was “waist” (now 腰 (OC *qew)). The hands gradually shifted upwards; the 覀 in the modern form evolved from the hands and the woman's head. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (要) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a woman (女) with two hands pointing to her midsection. \ Original meaning was “waist” (now 腰 (OC *qew)). The hands gradually shifted upwards; the 覀 in the modern form evolved from the hands and the woman's head. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (要) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a woman (女) with two hands pointing to her midsection. \ Original meaning was “waist” (now 腰 (OC *qew)). The hands gradually shifted upwards; the 覀 in the modern form evolved from the hands and the woman's head.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Middle-Chinese : 'jiew ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàu • Middle-Chinese : 'jiewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu²
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to demand; to ask; to request • to force; to coerce • to promise • to block; to intercept • (obsolete) Alternative form of 邀 (“to invite”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 腰 (“waist”) • (obsolete) contract of alliance • a surname ‖ to want; to wish • to wish to have or keep • to ask for • to request • to need • will; going to (future auxiliary) • should; must; to have to • vital; important • important points; essentials • if; in case of • (dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the future tense. ‖ (archaic) Alternative form of 偠 (yǎo) • Used in 要褭／要袅.
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‖ 要(よう) • (yō) ^(←えう (eu)?) ‖ 要(かなめ) • (kaname) ‖ 要(かなめ) • (Kaname) ‖ 要(かのめ) • (kanome) ‖ 要(ぬま) or 要(ぬみ) • (numa or numi)
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need, necessity • essential ‖ key, important point • essential piece of something, requirement ‖ a pin or rivet holding the spines of a folding fan together • (by extension) a pivot, cornerstone, keystone • a pin, often decorated, holding the handle to the tang of a katana • Short for 要黐 (kaname mochi): a tree, Japanese photinia (Photinia glabra) • (architecture) in a certain kind of traditional Japanese hip roof where the rafters splay out like the spines of a fan, the central point to which the rafter lines converge ‖ a female given name ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) the pin or rivet holding the spines of a folding fan together ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) fortress, redoubt • (archaic, possibly obsolete) important point, key
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要 (eumhun 중요할 요 (jung'yohal yo))
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hanja form of 요 (“importance”)
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Hán-Nôm : yếu • Hán-Nôm : yêu
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要
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| 覆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰuɡs, *buɡs, *pʰɯːɡ, *pʰuɡ) : semantic 襾 + phonetic 復 (OC *buɡs, *buɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : puk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : phjuwH • Middle-Chinese : bjuwH • Middle-Chinese : phjuwk • Middle-Chinese : phok
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to cover • to tip over; to overturn; to flip over • (obsolete) to pour out • to return (simplifies to 复) • to reply (simplifies to 复) • to destroy; to overturn; to perish • again • (Hokkien) to lie on one's stomach; to rest one's body on a surface • (Mainland China Hokkien) to press close to; to nestle up against
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capsize, cover, shade, mantle, be ruined
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覆 (eumhun 다시 복 (dasi bok)) · 覆 (eumhun 덮을 부 (deopeul bu))
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hanja form of 복 (“again”) • hanja form of 부 (“cover”) • hanja form of 부 (“tip over”) • hanja form of 부 (“return”) • hanja form of 부 (“reply”)
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Hán-Nôm : phú • Hán-Nôm : phủ • Hán-Nôm : phúc
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覆
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| 角
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Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a horn. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999). \ A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988). \ It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a horn. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999). \ A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988). \ It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a horn. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999). \ A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988). \ It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gok³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kak • Middle-Chinese : kaewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Middle-Chinese : luwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ
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horn; antler • point • corner • (mathematics) angle • (geography) cape; point; headland • (numismatics) one tenth of a yuan or dollar • role; part; character • actor; actress • (music) bugle; horn • (music) third note in the Chinese pentatonic scale, or mi • to contend; to compete; to challenge • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Horn (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions) • a surname • (gaming) Short for 角色 (juésè). (Classifier: 隻／只) • (Northern Min, Eastern Min, Hokkien) A suffix to denote masculine animals • (Hokkien) side (as a directional term, used with 這／这 (chit) and 彼 (hit)) • (Hokkien) chunk; lump; piece • (Mainland China Hokkien) chipped or damaged portion of something ‖ Only used in 角里 (former placename, located in Jiangsu province, now Zhūjiājiǎo). ‖ Only used in 角角 (gǔgǔ).
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‖ 角(かど) • (kado) ‖ 角(かど) • (Kado) ‖ 角(かく) • (kaku) ‖ 角(かく) • (Kaku) ‖ 角(つの) • (tsuno) ‖ 角(つの) • (Tsuno)
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‖ a corner (e.g., of a desk; compare 隅) • an edge • a street corner ‖ a surname ‖ (mathematics) angle • (geography) cape, headland, point • A bishop (shogi). Abbreviation of 角行. ‖ a surname ‖ horn, antler ‖ a surname
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角 (eumhun 뿔 각 (ppul gak)) ‖ 角 (eumhun 사람 이름 록 (saram ireum rok), word-initial (South Korea) 사람 이름 녹 (saram ireum nok))
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hanja form of 각 (“horn or angle”) ‖ Only used in personal names.
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Hán-Nôm : góc • Hán-Nôm : dạc • Hán-Nôm : giác • Hán-Nôm : chác • Hán-Nôm : giốc
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chữ Hán form of giác (“(in compounds) corner, horn”). • Nôm form of góc (“corner, angle”).
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角
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| 解
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 角 (“horn”) + 刀 (“knife”) + 牛 (“cow”) – a knife separates a horn from a cow, i.e. “cut up (an ox)”. \ Three pronunciations are cognate. "To loosen; to disengage" > "idle, lazy, remiss". Cognate with 懈 (OC *kreːs, “lazy, remiss”) and possibly 邂逅 (OC *ɡreːs ɡoːs, “carefree and happy”). \ ? Area stem: *C-re. Compare Burmese ဖြေ (hpre, “to untie; to answer; to ease; to absolve”), အဖြေ (a.hpre, “answer, solution; response; explication”); Khmer រាយ (riəy, “to scatter, to be divided up, to separate”), ស្រាយ (sraay, “to untie, to undo, to explain, to solve”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 角 (“horn”) + 刀 (“knife”) + 牛 (“cow”) – a knife separates a horn from a cow, i.e. “cut up (an ox)”. \ Three pronunciations are cognate. "To loosen; to disengage" > "idle, lazy, remiss". Cognate with 懈 (OC *kreːs, “lazy, remiss”) and possibly 邂逅 (OC *ɡreːs ɡoːs, “carefree and happy”). \ ? Area stem: *C-re. Compare Burmese ဖြေ (hpre, “to untie; to answer; to ease; to absolve”), အဖြေ (a.hpre, “answer, solution; response; explication”); Khmer រាយ (riəy, “to scatter, to be divided up, to separate”), ស្រាយ (sraay, “to untie, to undo, to explain, to solve”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 角 (“horn”) + 刀 (“knife”) + 牛 (“cow”) – a knife separates a horn from a cow, i.e. “cut up (an ox)”. \ Three pronunciations are cognate. "To loosen; to disengage" > "idle, lazy, remiss". Cognate with 懈 (OC *kreːs, “lazy, remiss”) and possibly 邂逅 (OC *ɡreːs ɡoːs, “carefree and happy”). \ ? Area stem: *C-re. Compare Burmese ဖြေ (hpre, “to untie; to answer; to ease; to absolve”), အဖြေ (a.hpre, “answer, solution; response; explication”); Khmer រាយ (riəy, “to scatter, to be divided up, to separate”), ស្រាយ (sraay, “to untie, to undo, to explain, to solve”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 角 (“horn”) + 刀 (“knife”) + 牛 (“cow”) – a knife separates a horn from a cow, i.e. “cut up (an ox)”. \ Three pronunciations are cognate. "To loosen; to disengage" > "idle, lazy, remiss". Cognate with 懈 (OC *kreːs, “lazy, remiss”) and possibly 邂逅 (OC *ɡreːs ɡoːs, “carefree and happy”). \ ? Area stem: *C-re. Compare Burmese ဖြေ (hpre, “to untie; to answer; to ease; to absolve”), အဖြေ (a.hpre, “answer, solution; response; explication”); Khmer រាយ (riəy, “to scatter, to be divided up, to separate”), ស្រាយ (sraay, “to untie, to undo, to explain, to solve”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ké • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kái • Middle-Chinese : keaX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Middle-Chinese : keaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uē • Middle-Chinese : heaX • Middle-Chinese : heaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˋ
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to loosen; to unfasten; to untie • to divide; to break up; to split; to separate • to excrete; to go to the toilet • to remove; to eliminate • to dissolve; to become scattered, less substantial, or less visible • to resolve • to solve; to find an answer • to explain • to understand; to interpret • (mathematics) solution (Classifier: 個／个) • interpretation; explanation; analysis; understanding • 40th hexagram of the I Ching ‖ to introduce a scholar to the imperial palace • to send under escort • to pawn; to mortgage • to exchange (money) ‖ skills; moves (of martial arts, dance, acrobatics, etc.) • (dated, music) to conclude a piece; to complete • Used in 解廌 (xièzhì), alternative form of 獬豸 (xièzhì) • Alternative form of 廨 (xiè, “government office”) • Alternative form of 懈 (xiè, “to relax”) • Xie (place name in Hedong, i.e. 河東, in present-day 運城) • a surname ‖ Used in 解州 (Xièzhōu).
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‖ 解(かい) • (kai) ‖ 解(かい) • (kai)
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solution, untie ‖ divide; split; separate • untie; loosen; relax; remove • make clear; explain • understand; comprehend • opinion; explanation; solution ‖ explanation; interpretation • (mathematics) solution • answer; reply (to a given question or problem)
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解 • (hae, gae) · 解 • (hae, gae) (hangeul 해, 개, revised hae, gae, McCune–Reischauer hae, kae, Yale hay, kay)
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Hán-Nôm : giải • Hán-Nôm : giãi
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解
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| 言
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Characters in the same phonetic series (言) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : 言 was created by adding a mark to 舌 to indicate movement of the tongue. This indicates speech where 舌 is a mouth (口) with a tongue sticking out. \ Shuowen erroneously analyzes the glyph as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 䇂 () + semantic 口 (“mouth”). \ According to Schuessler (2007: 74) this word is derived from 語 (OC *ŋaʔ, “to speak”) + -n nominal suffix.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gên • Middle-Chinese : ngjon
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to say; to speak; to talk • to discuss; to comment • to state; to describe; to explain • to write down; to record • to ask; to inquire • to inform; to tell; to let know • spoken language; speech • opinion; view; perspective • words; language appropriate to the occasion • proposal; idea; plan • government decree; order • character; word • sentence; writing; works • A meaningless sentence-initial mood particle. • a surname
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‖ 言(げん) • (gen) ‖ 言(こと) • (koto)
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to say • speech ‖ word • (linguistics) parole ‖ word
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言 (eumhun 말씀 언 (malsseum eon)) ‖ 言 (eumhun 심사화평할 은 (simsahwapyeonghal eun))
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hanja form of 언 (“word”) • hanja form of 언 (“speech”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 은 (“peaceful demeanor”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngôn • Hán-Nôm : ngỏn • Hán-Nôm : ngộn • Hán-Nôm : ngổn • Hán-Nôm : ngồn • Hán-Nôm : ngủn
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speech • word • to speak • to tell
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言
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| 誓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljeds) : phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed) + semantic 言 (“speech”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuā • Middle-Chinese : dzyejH
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to swear; to vow; to pledge • oath; pledge; vow
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‖ 誓(うけい) • (ukei) ^(←うけひ (ukefi)?)
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vow • swear • pledge ‖ (archaic, Shinto, Japanese mythology) an "oath", a ritual in which whether something is true or false, right or wrong, good or evil, etc. is judged based on whether the stated outcome of an act comes true as expected
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誓 • (seo) · 誓 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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Hán-Nôm : thệ • Hán-Nôm : thề
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誓
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| 警
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreŋʔ) : phonetic 敬 (OC *kreŋs) + semantic 言 (“spoken language, speech”). \ Cognate with 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to scare”) (Schuessler, 2007); the sense "to be on guard" is the endoactive of 驚 (OC *kreŋ). See there for more. \ 儆 (OC *kreŋʔ, *ɡreŋs, “to warn; to guard against”) is the same word.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : kjaengX
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to warn; to admonish • to be on the alert; to be vigilant • intuitive; sharp; alert • aphoristic; epigrammatic; witty • alarm; alert; siren • Short for 警察 (jǐngchá, “police”).
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admonish • commandment
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警 (eumhun 경계할 경 (gyeonggyehal gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“guard, watch”) • hanja form of 경 (“alert, alarm”)
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Hán-Nôm : cảnh
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警
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| 谷
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Characters in the same phonetic series (谷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) — valley (口) in between two mountains. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; gorge”). Cognate with Tibetan ལྗོངས (ljongs), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung) and Tibetan ལུང་པ (lung pa). ‖ ‖ From English group. Doublet of group. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Middle-Chinese : kuwk ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kio̍k • Middle-Chinese : yowk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk⁶ • Middle-Chinese : luwk
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valley; gorge; ravine • river or stream between two mountains; (in general) stream or river • (figurative) difficult position; predicament • a surname ‖ to pressure • to hasten; to boost • to cause to swell by pressuring • to hold back or conceal negative emotions or feelings ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, social media, Internet slang) group (Classifier: 個／个 c) ‖ Only used in 吐谷渾／吐谷浑 (tǔyùhún, “Tuyuhun: name of an ancient nomadic people in northwestern China”) and 谷渾／谷浑 (Yùhún, “surname”). ‖ Only used in 谷蠡王 (lùlíwáng) and 谷蠡 (lùlí, “title for Xiongnu officials”).
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‖ 谷(たに) • (tani) ‖ 谷(たに) • (Tani) ‖ 谷(やつ) • (yatsu) ‖ 谷(や) • (ya) ‖ 谷(やち) • (yachi) ‖ 谷(やと) • (yato) ‖ 谷(さこ) • (sako)
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valley • lowland, plain ‖ a valley (elongated depression between hills or mountains) • a trough (low portion of a wave cycle) • an intersection of two receding roof slopes ‖ a surname ‖ a low-lying wetland • a valley ‖ a valley ‖ (regional) Same as やつ (yatsu) above ‖ Same as やつ (yatsu) above ‖ (regional, especially Kansai) a small valley
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谷 (eumhun 골 곡 (gol gok)) ‖ 谷 (eumhun 나라 이름 욕 (nara ireum yok)) ‖ 谷 (eumhun 벼슬 이름 록 (byeoseul ireum rok), word-initial (South Korea) 벼슬 이름 녹 (byeoseul ireum nok))
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hanja form of 곡 (“valley”) ‖ (historical) hanja form of 욕 (“Only used in 토욕혼 (吐谷渾, toyokhon, “Tuyuhun: name of an ancient nomadic people in northwestern China”)”) ‖ (historical) hanja form of 록/녹 (“Only used in 녹려 (谷蠡, nongnyeo, title for Xiongnu officials)”)
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Hán-Nôm : cốc • Hán-Nôm : góc • Hán-Nôm : hốc • Hán-Nôm : dục • Hán-Nôm : thung • Hán-Nôm : lủng
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谷
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| 豆
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Characters in the same phonetic series (豆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – some kind of container. Borrowed phonetically for the plant name. Displaced Old Chinese 菽 (shū). \ Derived from 頭 (OC *doː), ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *du (“head”) (STEDT). \ "Soybean > bean" is possibly the same word as "round vessel" (Unger, 1984)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Middle-Chinese : duwH
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pod-bearing plant or its seeds; bean; pea (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 m) • bean-shaped object (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 m) • (historical) stemmed shallow bowl on a round base, often with a lid and sometimes with handles, initially earthenware and used as a food container, later also made of wood or bronze and used to hold minced and pickled meats and vegetables and used in ritual sacrifice
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‖ 豆(まめ) • (mame)
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bean, legume ‖ the pulses • a bean • a pea • a soybean
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豆 (eumhun 콩 두 (kong du))
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hanja form of 두 (“bean”)
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Hán-Nôm : đậu • Hán-Nôm : dấu
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chữ Hán form of đậu (“bean”).
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豆
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| 豚
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肉 (“meat”) + 豕 (“pig”). \ Probably related to 彖 (OC *l̥ʰoːns, “running pig”) and 貒 (OC *tʰoːn, “hog badger”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Outside of Chinese, it is probably related to Proto-Mien *duŋᴮ (“pig”) (Sagart, 1999; Schuessler, 2007; Ratliff, 2010). \ Vovin speculates a link to Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”) and Middle Korean 돝 (twòth, “pig”) (Vovin, 2011).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thûn • Middle-Chinese : dwon
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piglet; suckling pig • (by extension) pig • (Internet slang, derogatory) · a surname
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‖ 豚(ぶた) or 豚(ブタ) • (buta)
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‖ pig; swine • (derogatory) a fat person, an unattractive woman • pork (the meat) • a wild boar • a hand of cards worth zero (such as 8–9–3 totalling 20, which is equivalent to zero), in Baccarat-like three-card games such as おいちょかぶ • (colloquial, poker) synonym of ハイカード (hai kādo, “high card”): a no pair, a hand without even a pair (probably a modification of the term for a zero-valued card hand)
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豚 (eumhun 돼지 돈 (dwaeji don))
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hanja form of 돈 (“pig”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồn
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豚
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| 象
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Pictogram (象形) - pictographic representation of an elephant. ⺈ represents the trunk, 𫩏 represents the head, and 𧰨 represents the body. \ This character is used to represent two semantic fields ‘elephant; tusk’ and ‘to outline; to depict; to delineate; to represent; to resemble; to map’. Both fields are found from the earliest layers of the edited literature onwards, whereas only the first meaning is amply attested in oracle bone inscriptions. \ Traditionally, the two senses are treated as related, with the sense of ‘to depict; to resemble’ considered a derivative of the sense of ‘elephant’. The derivation from the ‘elephant’ meaning to the ‘likeness’ meaning is explained in Han Feizi First attested in the ca. 221 BCE.: “Men rarely see living elephants. As they come by the skeleton of a dead elephant, they imagine its living form according to its features. Therefore it comes to pass that whatever people use for imagining the real is called 象.” \ Modern etymology studies on Old Chinese have challenged this opinion. \ As for the ‘elephant; tusk’ sense, this is a widely used area word in East and Southeast Asia. Literature opinions differ on the origin and immediate relationship of this Chinese word; some (e.g. Schuessler, 2007) believe the Chinese form is a loanword from a Southern language, since it is unlikely that peoples all over Southeast Asia and the Himalayan foothills would borrow a word from Northern China to denote an indigenous animal. Others believe the direction of borrowing is reversed (i.e. Tai-Kadai borrowing from Chinese), and that Chinese 象 should be compared with Tibetan གླང (glang), གླང་ཆེན (glang chen, “elephant”) arising from a common Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“ox, bull; elephant”), which may ultimately have an Austroasiatic origin (Behr, 2004). The second viewpoint is supported by the early attestation of this character and the archaeological findings of the historical ranges of elephants. However, Schuessler disputes that second viewpoint and links ST *glaŋ to 犅 (OC *klaːŋ, “ox, bull”). \ See below for a tentative borrowing history of the various forms of this general area word.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiāunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiāng • Middle-Chinese : zjangX
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elephant (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 隻／只 m c mn) • ivory; tusk • (xiangqi) elephant (on the black side) (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (chess) bishop • symbol; emblem • appearance; shape; phenomenon • (traditional Chinese medicine) complexion • image; picture; portrait • sign; indication • (obsolete) law; legislation • (obsolete) principle • (obsolete) calendar • (literary) to imitate; to follow the example of • (literary) to trace; to outline; to depict • to resemble • (historical) government official that translates southern languages • (～郡) (historical) Xiang, a commandery of Han China • a surname
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‖ 象(ぞう) or 象(ゾウ) • (zō) ^(←ざう (zau)?) (counter 頭) ‖ 象(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 象(きさ) • (kisa)
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‖ elephant ‖ likeness, appearance ‖ (obsolete) elephant
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象 (eumhun 코끼리 상 (kokkiri sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“elephant”) • hanja form of 상 (“shape; figure; appearance”)
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Hán-Nôm : tượng
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(in compounds) elephant • a xiangqi piece which represents an elephant • shape; scene
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象
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| 豪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːw) : abbreviated phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 豕 (“pig, boar”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâu • Middle-Chinese : haw
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porcupine • great; extraordinary • extremely talented person • bold; unrestrained; straightforward • heroic; powerful • despotic; tyrannical; cruel • despot; tyrant; bully • rich; wealthy; luxurious • (dialectal Mandarin) kite (toy) • Alternative form of 毫 (háo, “fine hair; slightest amount”) • a surname
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‖ 豪(ごう) • (Gō)
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magnificent, bold • (abbreviation) Australia ‖ a male given name
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豪 • (ho) · 豪 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hào
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豪
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| 貌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mreːwɢs) : phonetic 豹 (OC *preːwɢs) + semantic 皃 (“looks”). \ Originally written as 皃 (OC *mreːwɢs, *mreːwɢ), which is a pictogram (象形) of the face.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : māu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāu • Middle-Chinese : maewH
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facial appearance; facial features; looks • outward appearance • expression; countenance • (Classical) Used by ancient scholars to define terms describing appearance: appearance of; description of • superficial; outer
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facial appearance
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貌 (eumhun 모양 모 (moyang mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“appearance”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạo
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貌
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| 赤
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Characters in the same phonetic series (赤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“person, big”) + 火 (“fire”) – the color of fire (a person by a fire). \ Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krak (“blood; red”), whence Tibetan ཁྲག (khrag, “blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Related to 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ, “bright red”) and possibly 奭 (OC *hjaɡ, “majestic; red”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Middle-Chinese : tsyhek ‖
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(literary or poetic) red, crimson • (Teochew) brown • loyal; sincere • empty; bare • to be naked • (politics) revolutionary; communist; red • pure gold • (Hokkien) lean (of meat) • (Hokkien) to brown (to cook something until it becomes brown) • (Hokkien) fierce and unreasonable; tough and unable to talk sense (especially of a woman) • (Mainland China Hokkien) poor; impoverished ‖ (Cantonese) painful; aching
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‖ 赤(あか) or 赤(アカ) • (aka) ‖ 赤(あか) • (aka-)
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red ‖ red (color) • communism, socialism • a communist ‖ entirely
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赤 (eumhun 붉을 적 (bulgeul jeok))
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hanja form of 적 (“red”)
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Hán-Nôm : xích
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chữ Hán form of xích (“red”).
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赤
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| 走
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夭 (“young, running man”) + 止 (“foot”) – a running man. The top component (夭) simplified to the unrelated 土. \ As with 圭, there are two separate vertical strokes, not a single one. \ Schuessler (2007) considers this to be part of a large Sino-Tibetan word family, including 搜 (OC *sru, “to move”), 速 (OC *sloːɡ, “quick”), 夙 (OC *suɡ, “morning”), 聳 (OC *sloŋʔ, “to excite”), 蔌 (OC *sloːɡ, “vegetables”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sow (“to arise; to awake”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Middle-Chinese : tsuwX • Middle-Chinese : tsuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiânn
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to go; to walk; to go on foot • (literary or dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) to run; to jog • (ergative) to leave; to go away • (literary) to run away; to flee • to reveal; to divulge; to leak • to leak; to let out • (of devices) to run; to work • to move; to shift; to transfer • (euphemistic) to pass away; to die • to change; to lose original shape, flavour, etc. • (Cantonese) to leave out (from a dish); to hold • to pass through • to visit; to call on • a surname: Zou ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 行 (kiâⁿ, “to walk”)
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‖ 走(そう) • (-sō)
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run ‖ race; run
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走 (eumhun 달릴 주 (dallil ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“to run”)
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Hán-Nôm : tẩu • Hán-Nôm : rảo
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chữ Hán form of tẩu (“to flee”).
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走
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| 赴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰoɡs) : semantic 走 (“running”) + phonetic 卜 (OC *poːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Middle-Chinese : phjuH
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to go to • to get to; to attend; to visit • to jump into • to join • to accord with • to swim • Alternative form of 訃／讣 (fù, “to give obituary”) • Alternative form of 仆 (“to topple and fall forward”) • a surname: Fu
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to visit
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赴 (eumhun 다다를 부 (dadareul bu)) · 赴 (eumhun 갈 부 (gal bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“go to, attend, be present”)
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Hán-Nôm : phó
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赴
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| 起
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯʔ) : semantic 走 + phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khí • Middle-Chinese : khiX
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to rise; to go up; to move up • to stand up; to rise • to break out; to grow • to start; to begin; to become; to take • to initiate; to instigate; to trigger off • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Pinghua, Wu, Xiang) to construct; to build • to prepare; to draw up; to come up with • to extract; to pull out; to remove • (Hokkien, Teochew) to board; to get on (a vehicle) • (in 從/由……起 structures) from • particle placed after verbs to indicate upward movement; ... up • particle placed after verbs to indicate the beginning of a continued action • (used with 不 or 得 after verbs) up to a certain standard; to be able to stand or afford • particle placed after verbs to indicate the involvement of a person or thing in the action • Classifier for incidents and legal cases. • Classifier for batches or groups.
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‖ 起(き) • (ki)
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to rise, to wake up • to rise, to stand up ‖ to rise; to get up; to stand up • to start; to begin; to cause; to bring about • origin; cause; beginning
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起 (eumhun 일어날 기 (ireonal gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“to rise, to wake up”)
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Hán-Nôm : khởi • Hán-Nôm : khỉ
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起
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| 超
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰew) : semantic 走 (“run”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiau • Middle-Chinese : trhjew ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu²
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to jump over; to leap over • to cross over; to transcend • to exceed; to overtake; to surpass • far; distant • super; really • super-; hyper-; ultra- ‖ (Cantonese) eye (only used in some idiomatic expressions) • (Cantonese, colloquial) sunglasses; shades (Classifier: 副) ‖ (Cantonese) Interjection of unimpressed dismissal in reply.
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‖ 超(ちょう) • (chō-)
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‖ extra-; hyper-; mega-; meta-; para-; super-; trans-; ultra- • (slang) super; very
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超 (eumhun 뛰어넘을 초 (ttwieoneomeul cho))
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Hán-Nôm : siêu • Hán-Nôm : sêu
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超
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| 越
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad) : semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross. \ ; “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn” \ : Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; “modal particle” \ ; “Yue; Viet; State of Yue” \ : This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty. \ : See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad) : semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross. \ ; “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn” \ : Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; “modal particle” \ ; “Yue; Viet; State of Yue” \ : This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty. \ : See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua̍t • Middle-Chinese : hjwot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wut⁶ • Middle-Chinese : hwat
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to pass over; to cross; to cross over • to go over; to climb over; to jump over • (of time) to pass; to go through • (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress • to propagate; to spread; to publicise • to disperse; to scatter; to fade away • to fall; to relax; to become loosened • (literary) to rob; to seize by force • (Southern Min) to turn; to turn around • more; -er • Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle. • (～人, ～族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue. • (historical) (～國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu. • General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. • Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city. • Short for 越南 (“Vietnam”). • a surname ‖ (music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument • to bore a hole; to drill a hole
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‖ 越(えつ) • (etsu) ^(←ゑつ (wetu)?) ‖ 越(えつ) • (Etsu) ^(←ゑつ (wetu)?)
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pass over ‖ pass over; cross over; go over • pass; go through (of time) • exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent) ‖ (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China • Abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”).
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越 (eumhun 넘을 월 (neomeul wol)) ‖ 越 (eumhun 부들자리 활 (budeuljari hwal))
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hanja form of 월 (“pass over”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 활 (“small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument”)
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|
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越
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| 趣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰlos) : semantic 走 (“walk”) + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) – to hasten (walking) towards an object of interest. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰlos) : semantic 走 (“walk”) + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) – to hasten (walking) towards an object of interest. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰlos) : semantic 走 (“walk”) + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) – to hasten (walking) towards an object of interest. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰlos) : semantic 走 (“walk”) + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) – to hasten (walking) towards an object of interest. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰlos) : semantic 走 (“walk”) + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) – to hasten (walking) towards an object of interest.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Middle-Chinese : tshjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau² • Middle-Chinese : tshuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄡ
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interest; delight • interesting; amusing • aspiration and interests; inclination • objective; purport; intention • action; conduct • charm; appeal • Alternative form of 取 (qǔ, “to desire; to seek”) • Alternative form of 取 (qǔ, “merely; only”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 促 (cù, “to urge; to hasten; to press; hurriedly; hastily”) ‖ Alternative form of 趨／趋 (qū, “to run forward; to incline to; to lean forward”) ‖ Only used in 趣馬／趣马 (“master of horse”). ‖ Alternative form of 掫 (“to go on night patrol and sound the night watches”)
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‖ 趣(おもむき) • (omomuki)
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purport, gist • taste, elegance • appearance ‖ general appearance
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趣 • (chwi, chuk) · 趣 • (chwi, chuk) (hangeul 취, 축, revised chwi, chuk, McCune–Reischauer ch'wi, ch'uk, Yale chwi, chwuk)
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Hán-Nôm : thú • Hán-Nôm : xú
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趣
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| 足
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Characters in the same phonetic series (足) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Uncertain. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟuŋ ~ *ɟuəŋ ~ *ɟəŋ (“leg, foot”), whence Mon ဇိုၚ် (cf. Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཆོག (chog, “to be sufficient”) (Coblin, 1986). ‖ From etymology 2, with *-s (“causative, outwardly directed action”) (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Middle-Chinese : tsjowk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsok • Middle-Chinese : tsjowk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu³ • Middle-Chinese : tsjuH
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(anatomy) foot • (anatomy) leg (of an animal) • leg (of an object) • (in compounds) football; soccer • to walk • to tread; to stamp; to step • a surname: Zu ‖ to satisfy; to fulfill • to stop; to cease • enough; sufficient; not lacking • abundant; affluent • (literary, or in compounds) to be worthy of; to warrant • fully; entirely • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) very; quite • can; may ‖ (literary) overly; excessively • (literary) to replenish; to augment
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‖ 足(そく) • (-soku)
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foot • enough, sufficient • satisfy, fulfill ‖ counter for pairs of socks, shoes, etc
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足 (eumhun 발 족 (bal jok))
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hanja form of 족 (“foot”) [noun] • hanja form of 족 (“used to form nouns with the meaning "to attain; to satisfy"”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : túc
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chữ Hán form of túc (“sufficient”).
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足
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| 距
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaʔ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 巨 (OC *ɡaʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : keoi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Middle-Chinese : gjoX
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spur (of a cock, pheasant, etc.) • to be apart; to be away from • distance • (literary) to arrive; to reach • Alternative form of 拒 (jù, “to resist; to reject”) • Alternative form of 巨 (jù, “huge; gigantic”) • Alternative form of 詎／讵 (jù, “how”)
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partition; separation; distance • spur (of a cock, pheasant, etc.) • to defend against; to prevent; to avoid (also 拒)
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距 • (geo) · 距 • (geo) (hangeul 거)
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Hán-Nôm : cự • Hán-Nôm : cựa
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距
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| 路
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs) : semantic 足 + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). \ Either related to 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ, “to come, to arrive (obsolete)”) (Baxter, 1992) or from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ (“road, way”), whence Proto-Vietic *kraːʔ (→ fossilized Vietnamese sá & Muong khá (“road, way”)), Chong khraa, Kuy (k)na, and Proto-Waic *kraʔ. Possibly cognate with 略 (OC *ɡ·raɡ). \ ; "-year-old, in multiples of ten"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : luH
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road; path; street (Classifier: 條／条) • pattern; arrangement; sequence • way; method • journey • route • kind; type • region • Classifier for lines or rows. • -year-old, in multiples of ten; decade(s) of one's life; Used for describing the style of people in such age range. • (historical) circuit (an administrative unit during the Song and Yuan dynasties) • a surname
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‖ 路(ち) • (-chi) ‖ 路(じ) • (-ji) ^(←ぢ (di)?)
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road, path, street • journey • way, method • important position ‖ (obsolete) attaches to place names, indicating a road to that place ‖ a road, a street • attaches to place names, indicating a road to that place • attaches to a time duration, indicating a trip taking that length of time
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路 (eumhun 길 로 (gil ro), word-initial (South Korea) 길 노 (gil no))
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hanja form of 로/노 (“road, route; avenue, street”) [affix; suffix]
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Hán-Nôm : lộ
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路
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| 跳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːws, *l'eːw) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ). \ Related to 超 (OC *tʰew, “to leap onto; to leap over; to surpass”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Middle-Chinese : dew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ
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to jump; to leap; to hop • to pass over; to skip; to bypass • to beat; to palpitate; to pulsate • to jump (into or from) so as to result in death ‖ Alternative form of 逃 (táo, “to flee”)
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|
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跳 (eumhun 뛸 도 (ttwil do))
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hanja form of 도 (“jump”)
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Hán-Nôm : khiêu • Hán-Nôm : khêu
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跳
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| 踏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰuːb) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 沓 (OC *duːb).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daap⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍h • Middle-Chinese : thop
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to step on; to trample; to tread on • to investigate onsite • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Used before a number to indicate time, where the number is what the minute hand is pointing to on an analog clock. • (Hokkien, Teochew, Northern Wu) to ride (a bicycle) • (Hokkien) to indicate; to state clearly (one's opinion, behavior, etc.) • (Hokkien) to withdraw a portion from the total amount • (Mainland China Hokkien) to copulate; to mate (of poultry, livestock, etc.) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to appraise; to convert into cash
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to step on
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踏 (eumhun 떨어지는 소리 답 (tteoreojineun sori dap))
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hanja form of 답 (“step on, trample, tread on, walk”)
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Hán-Nôm : đạp
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踏
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| 身
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Characters in the same phonetic series (身) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : from a pictograph of a pregnant woman. \ STEDT relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n ~ *sin (“flesh; animal; body”), but recent Old Chinese reconstructions would not support this etymology. \ Because 身 is used as a phonetic for 仁 (OC *niŋ) in excavated texts, Baxter and Sagart (2012, 2014) reconstruct the initial as nasal. This would allow for a comparison to Tibetan སྙིང (snying, “heart”), Japhug tɯsni (“heart”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2012; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019), which are from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-n(j)i-k/ŋ (“heart; mind; brain”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sian • Middle-Chinese : syin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴
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(anatomy) body • (figurative) body; main part • pregnancy • oneself • in person; personally • I; me • life; one's (entire) life • social status • moral character • Classifier for suits of clothes. • (literary or Southern Min, Puxian Min) Classifier for statues, dolls, puppets. • (Southern Min) Classifier for silkworms. • (Cantonese, idiomatic) Classifier for beatings. ‖ Only used in 身毒 (Juāndú).
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‖ 身(み) • (mi) ‖ 身(む) • (mu) ‖ 身(むくろ) • (mukuro) ‖ 身(しん) • (shin)
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body • identity ‖ a body; (by extension): · the main part of something · the blade of a sword (as opposed to the handle) • a body; (by extension): · the main part of something · meat, flesh (as opposed to skin and bone) • a body; (by extension): · the main part of something · wood (as opposed to the bark) • a body; (by extension): · oneself • a body; (by extension): · one's position, one's social standing, one's circumstances ‖ (only in compounds) a body ‖ a living body • a dead body, a corpse • a rotten tree trunk ‖ a body
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身 (eumhun 몸 신 (mom sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“body”)
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Hán-Nôm : thân
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chữ Hán form of thân (“torso”).
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身
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| 辛
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Pictogram (象形) of a tool—chisel, awl, spike—used to mark slaves and criminals. It is related to 䇂. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”); compare Tibetan མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), Burmese သည်း (sany:, “liver”), Tangut 𗮰 (*sji², “liver”) (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). ‖ Smith (2011) proposes that the name for the heavenly stem is based on the Boötes constellation, which resembles an awl; it may be related to Etymology 1 with the “sharp” semantics connecting the two. ‖ Borrowed from English symplectic. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Middle-Chinese : sin ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Middle-Chinese : sin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹
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spicy; hot; pungent • hard; laborious; toilsome • sorrowful; miserable; hard • a surname ‖ eighth of the ten heavenly stems • (in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII • (organic chemistry) octa- ‖ (mathematics, attributive) symplectic ‖ Used in transcription.
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‖ 辛(しん) • (Shin) ‖ 辛(かのと) • (Kanoto)
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spicy, hot, acrid • bitter, painful, difficult ‖ the eighth of the ten heavenly stems ‖ the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
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辛 (eumhun 매울 신 (mae'ul sin))
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bitter • toilsome, laborious • 8th heavenly stem
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Hán-Nôm : tân • Hán-Nôm : tăn • Hán-Nôm : tơn
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chữ Hán form of Tân (“eighth of the ten heavenly stems”).
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辛
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| 辱
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辰 (“hoe”) + 寸 (“hand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍k • Middle-Chinese : nyowk
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disgrace; shame; discredit • to disgrace; to bring shame on • to humiliate; to insult; to abuse • (literary, humble) gratefully
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辱 • (yok) · 辱 • (yok) (hangeul 욕, revised yok, McCune–Reischauer yok, Yale yok)
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Hán-Nôm : nhục • Hán-Nôm : nhọc • Hán-Nôm : nhúc • Hán-Nôm : nhuốc
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辱
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| 迎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaŋ, *ŋraŋs) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋra-k/ŋ (“to meet; to encounter”). Cognate with Burmese ငြင်း (ngrang:, “to refuse to obey; to argue”). Within Chinese, it is related to: \ * 禦 (OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas, “to defend”) \ * 迕 (OC *ŋaːs, “to meet; to go against”) \ * 迓 (OC *ŋraːs, “to receive; to defend”) \ * 溯 (OC *sŋaːɡs, “to go upstream”) \ * 逆 (OC *ŋraɡ, “to greet; to go against; to resist”) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaŋ, *ŋraŋs) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋra-k/ŋ (“to meet; to encounter”). Cognate with Burmese ငြင်း (ngrang:, “to refuse to obey; to argue”). Within Chinese, it is related to: \ * 禦 (OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas, “to defend”) \ * 迕 (OC *ŋaːs, “to meet; to go against”) \ * 迓 (OC *ŋraːs, “to receive; to defend”) \ * 溯 (OC *sŋaːɡs, “to go upstream”) \ * 逆 (OC *ŋraɡ, “to greet; to go against; to resist”)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jing⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngiâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîng • Middle-Chinese : ngjaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ngjaengH
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to receive; to welcome; to greet; to meet • to flatter; to ingratiate with • to face; to go against; to do something in face of ...; to forge ahead • (obsolete) to predict; to forecast • (Min) to escort (a god, hero etc.) through the streets; to parade through the streets • (Eastern Min, of food) to become dry (due to exposure to the wind) • (Eastern Min, of hair) to stick up; to become erect • a surname ‖ (obsolete) to prepare to greet a guest before their arrival • 42nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌯)
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‖ 迎(むかえ) or 迎(むかい) • (Mukae or Mukai)
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welcome • to meet • to greet ‖ a surname
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迎 (eumhun 맞을 영 (majeul yeong))
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hanja form of 영 (“to meet; to greet; welcome”)
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Hán-Nôm : nghênh • Hán-Nôm : nghinh • Hán-Nôm : ngảnh • Hán-Nôm : nghểnh • Hán-Nôm : nghiêng • Hán-Nôm : nginh
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迎
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| 近
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something. \ Karlgren (1933) relates 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to 幾 (OC *kɯl, “imminent”). \ 近 (OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (“near”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǔn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐrn • Middle-Chinese : gj+nX • Middle-Chinese : gj+nH
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(of distances) near; close • (of time) near; close • intimate; close (on affectionate terms) • to approach; to be close to • easy to understand • (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn
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‖ 近(こん) • (Kon)
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near, close ‖ a surname
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近 (eumhun 가까울 근 (gakkaul geun))
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hanja form of 근 (“near; close”)
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Hán-Nôm : cận • Hán-Nôm : cặn • Hán-Nôm : gàn • Hán-Nôm : gần
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Chữ Hán form of cận (“close; nearby”).
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近
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| 返
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See 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huán • Middle-Chinese : pjonX ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuínn
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to return (to); to come or go back (to) • to return; to give back ‖ to return (to); to come or go back (to) • to go to • back, returning to a previous state • To be left over, to be remaining • Used after verbs for starting a new, good action. ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 轉／转 (tńg, “to go back; to return”)
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to come back, to return, to go back to
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返 (eumhun 돌이킬 반 (dorikil ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“return, revert to, restore”)
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Hán-Nôm : phản
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返
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| 迫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Middle-Chinese : paek
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to coerce; to force; to compel • to approach • urgent • (Cantonese) crowded; packed • (Cantonese) to crowd (to press forward) • (Cantonese, ergative) to crowd (to cram); to go to somewhere crowded
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‖ 迫(さこ) • (sako) ‖ 迫(せこ) • (seko) ‖ 迫(せり) • (seri)
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urge, spur, force ‖ (chiefly Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū) a small valley on the mountain side ‖ Synonym of 迫 (sako /さこ/) ‖ approaching, drawing near • stage elevator
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迫 (eumhun 핍박할 박 (pipbakhal bak))
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hanja form of 박 (“coerce, force, compel”) • hanja form of 박 (“urgent”)
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Hán-Nôm : bách • Hán-Nôm : bạch • Hán-Nôm : bích
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迫
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| 述
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljud) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seot⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su̍t • Middle-Chinese : zywit
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to follow; to adhere to; to observe; to obey; to go by • to state; to narrate; to relate; to recount • to inherit and transmit; to expound and impart (theories put forth by the predecessors) • works; writings; account; recount • a surname
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‖ 述(じゅつ) • (jutsu)
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state, express ‖ statement
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述 (eumhun 펼 술 (pyeol sul))
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Hán-Nôm : thuật
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述
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| 迷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *miː) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 米 (OC *miːʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : mej
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to get lost • to confuse; to bewilder • to bewitch; to charm; to infatuate • to be obsessed; to be crazy about • confused; bewildered • obsessed; crazy about • fan (fanatic)
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to be lost
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迷 (eumhun 미혹할 미 (mihokhal mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“to get lost”) • hanja form of 미 (“confusion”)
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Hán-Nôm : mê • Hán-Nôm : mài • Hán-Nôm : mế • Hán-Nôm : mơ • Hán-Nôm : muồi • Hán-Nôm : me
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迷
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| 追
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tul) : semantic 辶 (“movement”) + phonetic 𠂤 () – moving after, pursuit. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tui • Middle-Chinese : trwij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liok
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to chase after; to pursue (someone) • to hunt; to track • to pursue (fame, etc.); to seek • to pursue (fame, etc.); to seek · (specifically) to woo; to chase; to court • (literary, or in compounds) to recall; to recollect • (literary, or in compounds) posthumously • (literary, or in compounds) to do something as a make-up measure • (literary, or in compounds) to get to the bottom of; to look into and find out • (literary, or in compounds) to expel • (slang, neologism) to watch in succession ‖ (literary) Synonym of 雕 (diāo, “to carve jade”) • (historical) knob on an instrumental bell for hanging • Alternative form of 堆 (duī, “sand drift; small hill”) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 逐 (“to chase; to pursue”)
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to follow, to chase
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追 (eumhun 쫓을 추 (jjocheul chu)) ‖ 追 (eumhun 갈 퇴 (gal toe))
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hanja form of 추 (“to chase; to follow”) ‖ hanja form of 퇴 (“to carve”)
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Hán-Nôm : truy • Hán-Nôm : choai
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追
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| 退
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辶 (“move”) + 夊 (“walk”) + 日 (“sun”) – to walk away from the sun, to retreat. \ Current form is essentially 辶 + 艮, where the unrelated 艮 is a simplification of 日 + 夊. \ Cognate with 褪 (OC *n̥ʰuːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuè • Middle-Chinese : thwojH
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to step back; to move backwards • to withdraw; to leave • to cause to move backward • to recede; to fade; to ebb • to return (a purchase, etc.); to refund • to cancel; to call off
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retreat, withdraw • cause to retreat or withdraw: to drive out
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退 • (toe) · 退 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe, Yale thoy)
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Hán-Nôm : thoái • Hán-Nôm : thói • Hán-Nôm : thối • Hán-Nôm : thủi • Hán-Nôm : thui • Hán-Nôm : thúi • Hán-Nôm : thụi
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退
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| 送
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːŋs) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 灷 (). \ Derivative: 餸／𩠌 (sung3, “(Cantonese) accompanying dish”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòng • Middle-Chinese : suwngH
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to see someone off • to send; to dispatch; to deliver • to give; to offer; to gift • to lose; to sacrifice • (Cantonese) to accompany (a staple food, medicine, drinks, etc.)
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To send
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送 (eumhun 보낼 송 (bonael song))
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hanja form of 송 (“to send”)
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canonical : 送: Hán Việt readings: tống 送: Nôm readings: tống
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chữ Hán form of tống (“to accompany; to send off”).
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送
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| 逃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːw) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : daw
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to escape; to run away • to evade; to abscond; to dodge • 49th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "flight" (𝌶)
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to escape; to run away
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逃 (eumhun 달아날 도 (daranal do))
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hanja form of 도 (“escape, flee”) • hanja form of 도 (“abscond, dodge”)
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Hán-Nôm : đào
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逃
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| 逆
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraɡ) : semantic 辶 (“movement”) + phonetic 屰 (OC *ŋraɡ, “go against”) – going in the opposite direction, contrary, disobedient. \ Also originally written 屰, see there for more. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋra-k/ŋ (“to meet; to encounter”). Cognate with 迎 (OC *ŋaŋ, *ŋraŋs, “to receive, to welcome; to face, to go against”) and 額 (OC *ŋɡraːɡ, “forehead”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngjaek ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke̍eh
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(literary) to greet; to meet; to welcome • (literary) to meet the enemy head-on • (literary) to accept • opposite • to go against; to disobey • to resist; to reject • to rebel; to betray • adverse; unfavourable • rebel; traitor • in advance ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) to oppose; to go against • (Xiamen Hokkien) unable to be harmonious • (Hokkien) to be stuck in (something) • (Hokkien) to impede; to hinder • (Teochew) to quit (something bad)
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‖ 逆(ぎゃく) • (gyaku) -na (adnominal 逆(ぎゃく)な (gyaku na), adverbial 逆(ぎゃく)に (gyaku ni)) ‖ 逆(ぎゃく) • (gyaku) ‖ 逆(ぎゃく) • (gyaku)
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reverse, opposite, upside-down • opposition, rebellion ‖ reverse; contrary; opposite • (logic) converse ‖ reverse; contrary; opposite • (logic) converse ‖ reverse; contrary; opposite
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逆 (eumhun 거스를 역 (geoseureul yeok))
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hanja form of 역 (“reverse; contrary; opposite”)
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Hán-Nôm : nghịch • Hán-Nôm : nghếch • Hán-Nôm : nghệch • Hán-Nôm : nghạch • Hán-Nôm : ngược
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逆
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| 透
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːs, *hljuɡ) : semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 秀 (OC *slus). \ This character is not attested in the oracle bone script or bronze inscriptions. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːs, *hljuɡ) : semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 秀 (OC *slus). \ This character is not attested in the oracle bone script or bronze inscriptions.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tau³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thò • Middle-Chinese : thuwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Middle-Chinese : syuwk
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to penetrate; to pass through • to show; to reveal • to disclose • thoroughly; completely • clear andthorough • (Cantonese) transparent • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 透 (MC thuwH) • (Jin or Internet slang, vulgar, derogatory) fuck ‖ (obsolete) startled; alarmed; disturbed
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‖ 透(とおる) • (Tōru) · 透(すける) • (Sukeru)
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transparent • permeable, porous • passable, (in the sense of objects spaced far enough apart to allow something in-between) ‖ a unisex given name • a male given name
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透 (eumhun 사무칠 투 (samuchil tu))
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hanja form of 투 (“transparent”) • hanja form of 투 (“permeable; pass through”)
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Hán-Nôm : thấu
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透
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| 逐
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辵 (“walking”) + 豕 (“pig”) – "to chase; pursue". ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍k • Middle-Chinese : drjuwk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsip • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lip • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jip • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liok
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to chase; to pursue • gradually; one by one • (Eastern Min, Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) every ‖ (Hakka, Hokkien) to chase; to pursue
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pursue • drive away • chase • accomplish • attain • commit • one by one
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逐 • (chuk, jeok) · 逐 • (chuk, jeok) (hangeul 축, 적, revised chuk, jeok, McCune–Reischauer ch'uk, chŏk, Yale chwuk, cek)
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chase, expel • one by one
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Hán-Nôm : trục • Hán-Nôm : chục • Hán-Nôm : giục
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逐
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| 途
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aː) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : du
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way; path; road • method; way • (figurative) journey (to officialdom); career; course; path • a surname
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way; path; road
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途 (eumhun 길 도 (gil do))
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hanja form of 도 (“way”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồ
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途
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| 通
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːŋ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàng • Middle-Chinese : thuwng
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to pass through; to travel through; to go through; or, to allow passage • through- (spanning across; going between) • pipe-shaped object • (telephony) to get through • Classifier for phone calls, talks, criticisms, etc. • Classifier for actions. • to make sense; to be logical • expert • (of Chinese characters) to be etymologically related to and carry a similar meaning to • (Southern Min) can; may • (Cantonese) Short for 通心粉 (“macaroni”). • (Hokkien) to be clear; to be understood; to connect; to get through; to communicate; to be understandable • (Hokkien) to be clear on; to perceive clearly; to understand; to comprehend • (Hokkien) clear; coherent; rational; connected; simple; easy to understand; makes sense; • (Hokkien) convenient; interesting; suitable • (Hokkien) to clear; to smoothen; to clean; to unobstruct; to make passable • (Hokkien) clear; passable; unobstructed; unimpeded; smooth; unclogged • (Hokkien) entire; all throughout; all over; whole • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) very; most; clearly
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‖ 通(つう) • (-tsū) ‖ 通(つう) • (tsū) ‖ 通(とおる) • (Tōru)
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pass through ‖ documents ‖ authority, expert, connoisseur ‖ a male given name
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通 (eumhun 통할 통 (tonghal tong))
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hanja form of 통 (“pass through”)
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canonical : 通: Hán Việt readings: thông 通: Nôm readings: thong • canonical : thông • canonical : thồng • canonical : thỗng
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chữ Hán form of thông (“to go through; to pass through”). • chữ Hán form of thông (“to clear off; to unchoke; to unclog”). • chữ Hán form of thông (“to be familiar with; to master; to be fluent or conversant”). • Nôm form of thong (“clear; open; having a passage through”). • Nôm form of thong (“to communicate”).
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通
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| 逝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljeds) : semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suā • Middle-Chinese : dzyejH
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to flow • to pass; to leave; to go off • to pass away; to die • (literary) Sentence-initial exclamatory particle. • (Southern Min) Classifier for journeys or occasions. • Alternative form of 誓 (shì, “to vow”)
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to go • to die
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逝 • (seo) · 逝 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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Hán-Nôm : thệ • Hán-Nôm : thể
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逝
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| 速
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːɡ) : semantic 辵 + phonetic 束 (OC *hljoɡ). \ Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-sow (“to arise; to awake; to awaken”) (STEDT). Related to 促 (OC *sʰoɡ, “to urge”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Middle-Chinese : suwk • Middle-Chinese : tsjek
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speedy; quick; fast • speed • (literary) to invite • (literary) to incur • a surname • (Teochew, colloquial) km/h
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fast, speedy
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速 (eumhun 빠를 속 (ppareul sok))
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hanja form of 속 (“fast”)
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Hán-Nôm : tốc • Hán-Nôm : rốc • Hán-Nôm : nhanh
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速
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| 造
|
Bronze script (per 漢語多功能字庫): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 屮 (sʰuːʔ) + semantic 口. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒo • Middle-Chinese : dzawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˋ • Middle-Chinese : tshawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou⁵ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ
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to make; to build; to manufacture • to make up; to fabricate • (colloquial) to spend money without constraint • (literary, obsolete) to start • (literary, obsolete) to establish • (dialectal) harvest of crops • (dialectal) Classifier for harvests. • (law) party concerned in the suit ‖ (literary) to go to; to visit; to reach • (literary) attainments; achievements • (literary) to train • (literary) to give a life • (literary) era ‖ Used in 新造 (xīnzào, “Xinzao, a town in Guangzhou”). ‖ (Mandarin, slang) Contraction of 知道 (zhīdào).
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create, make, physique, structure
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造 (eumhun 지을 조 (jieul jo)) ‖ 造 (eumhun 이룰 조 (irul jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“to create; to make”) • hanja form of 조 (“physique; structure”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 조 (“to achieve”)
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Hán-Nôm : tạo • Hán-Nôm : xáo • Hán-Nôm : xạo • Hán-Nôm : tháo
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造
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| 逮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːds, *l'ɯːds) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 隶 (OC *lɯds). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːds, *l'ɯːds) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 隶 (OC *lɯds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : doi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Middle-Chinese : dojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dejH
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to catch; to seize • (literary) to reach • (literary) until • (Eastern Min) to throw; to cast ‖ Used in 逮逮 (dìdì).
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to apprehend
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逮 • (che, dae, tae) · 逮 • (che, dae, tae) (hangeul 체, 대, 태, revised che, dae, tae, McCune–Reischauer ch'e, tae, t'ae, Yale chey, tay, thay)
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canonical : 逮: Hán Việt readings: đãi 逮: Nôm readings: đãi
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chữ Hán form of đãi (“(as used in ancient works) waiting [in anticipation], before”). • chữ Hán form of đãi (“to be able, to arrest”).
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逮
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| 逸
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Oracle bone script, Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 + 㚔. Later, Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辵 + 兔.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍t • Middle-Chinese : yit
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to escape; to flee; to break loose • to be reclusive • leisurely • indulgent • Alternative form of 佚 (“to be lost”)
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‖ 逸(いち) • (ichi-) ‖ 逸(いつ) • (itsu) ‖ 逸(いつ) • (itsu)
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flee, escape • conceal, hide (from the outside world) • Alternative spelling of 佚 (itsu): lost, unknown; indulge; disappear • great, superb, outstanding ‖ very, excellent ‖ (literary) ease, comfort ‖ escape, flee, break loose • leisure, ease • lost, not known in the world • excellent, outstanding
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逸 (eum 일 (il))
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Hán-Nôm : dật • Hán-Nôm : dạt
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逸
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| 遂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljuds) : semantic 辵 + phonetic 㒸 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suī • Middle-Chinese : zwijH
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to fulfill; to satisfy • to comply; to follow along • to complete; to succeed • then; consequently; thereupon • to proceed; to head for • to recommend; to promote • to grow; to ripen
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accomplish, attain, complete
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遂 • (su) · 遂 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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canonical : 遂: Hán Việt readings: toại
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chữ Hán form of toại (“to fulfill; to complete”).
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遂
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| 遇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋos) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 禺 (OC *ŋo, *ŋos). \ Possibly cognate with 遘 (OC *koːs, *koːs, “to meet”)，覯 (OC *koːs, “to come across”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bū • Middle-Chinese : ngjuH
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to meet; to come across; to encounter; to run into • (literary, or in compounds) to treat; to handle; to receive; to entertain • (literary, or in compounds) chance; fortune; opportunity • 43rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "encounters" (𝌰) • a surname
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interview • treat • entertain • receive • deal with
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遇 (eumhun 만날 우 (mannal u))
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hanja form of 우 (“meet”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngộ
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遇
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| 遍
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piàn • Middle-Chinese : penH
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to be everywhere; to be spread out; to lay out • (literary, or in compounds) common; widespread; universal; pervasive; general; ubiquitous • Classifier for occurrences of events.
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‖ 遍(へん) • (-hen)
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repetition, return • extensively, everywhere ‖ (number of) times
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遍 • (pyeon) · 遍 • (pyeon) (hangeul 편, McCune–Reischauer p'yŏn, Yale phyen)
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Hán-Nôm : bận • Hán-Nôm : biến
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遍
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| 道
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːʔ) : semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus). \ Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”): \ * > "to explain" > "to talk about", and \ * > "road, way". \ Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːʔ) : semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus). \ Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”): \ * > "to explain" > "to talk about", and \ * > "road, way". \ Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎu • Middle-Chinese : dawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˇ
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way; path; road • (historical) circuit: an administrative division of late imperial China comprising 2 or more commanderies • (historical) circuit: an administrative division of late imperial China comprising 2 or more commanderies · a Korean province • (rail transport) track • method; principle • (Buddhism) the Marga; the Way of bodhi or enlightenment leading to nirvana through spiritual stages • (philosophy, Taoism) the Way; the Tao; the Dao: the way of nature and/or the ideal way to live one's life • (Christianity) Logos; the Word • Short for 道教 (Dàojiào, “Taoism”). • Short for 道士 (dàoshì, “Taoist priest”). • (religion) doctrine; teachings • (Christianity) sermon (Classifier: 堂 m c) • (literary) to say; to utter • Classifier for long things. • Classifier for barriers. • Classifier for courses in a meal: dish • Classifier for questions (in an exam), orders or proclamations. • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 導／导 (dǎo, “to direct; to guide; to lead; to conduct”)
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‖ 道(どう) • (dō) ^(←だう (dau)?) ‖ 道(どう) • (Dō) ^(←だう (dau)?) ‖ 道(どう) • (dō-) ^(←だう (dau)?) ‖ 道(みち) • (michi) ‖ 道(みち) • (Michi) ‖ 道(おさむ) or 道(すすむ) or 道(ただし) or 道(ただす) or 道(なおし) or 道(まこと) or 道(みちひろ) or 道(もとい) or 道(わたる) • (Osamu or Susumu or Tadashi or Tadasu or Naoshi or Makoto or Michihiro or Motoi or Wataru) ‖ 道(たお) or 道(とおる) or 道(ふみ) • (Tao or Tōru or Fumi)
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road; way ‖ Tao (the way of nature), Taoism • (chiefly historical) a region of Japan consisting of multiple provinces or prefectures ‖ a surname ‖ Short for 北(ほっ)海(かい)道(どう) (Hokkaidō) ‖ a way, a street, a road, an alley, a path, a pass for local traffic • (figurative) a road, a path • a way of doing something ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a male given name ‖ a female given name
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道 (eumhun 길 도 (gil do))
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hanja form of 도 (“principle, reason; moral”) [noun] • hanja form of 도 (“province”) [noun] • hanja form of 도 (“road; path”) [affix]
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canonical : 道: Hán Việt readings: đạo • canonical : dạo 道: Nôm readings: dạo • canonical : đạo • canonical : đảo • canonical : nhạo
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chữ Hán form of đạo (“code of conduct; religion”). • Nôm form of dạo (“to walk; to stroll”).
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道
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| 遣
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Originally 𠳋, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) in the oracle bone script: two 又 (“hand”) in a configuration of commanding + 𠂤 (“army”) – “to send; to dispatch”. \ The 辵 component was later added in some bronze inscriptions, which is retained in the modern glyph. ‖ Originally 𠳋, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) in the oracle bone script: two 又 (“hand”) in a configuration of commanding + 𠂤 (“army”) – “to send; to dispatch”. \ The 辵 component was later added in some bronze inscriptions, which is retained in the modern glyph.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hin² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiàn • Middle-Chinese : khjienX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : khjienH
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to send; to dispatch • to exile ‖ (historical) grave goods; sacrificial objects buried with the dead • (historical) ritual ceremony during a funeral
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to send; to dispatch • to do
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遣 (eumhun 보낼 견 (bonael gyeon))
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hanja form of 견 (“send, dispatch”)
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Hán-Nôm : khiển • Hán-Nôm : khiến
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遣
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| 遵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsun) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsun • Middle-Chinese : tswin
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to follow; to go along • to obey; to comply with
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abide by, obey, follow
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遵 • (jun) · 遵 • (jun) (hangeul 준, revised jun, McCune–Reischauer chun, Yale cwun)
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Hán-Nôm : tuân
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遵
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| 避
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beɡs) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiah • Middle-Chinese : bjieH
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to avoid; to escape; to dodge • to prevent; to keep away
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to avoid
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避 (eumhun 피할 피 (pihal pi))
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Hán-Nôm : tị
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避
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| 那
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːl, *naːlʔ, *naːls) : phonetic 冄 (OC *njam, *njamʔ) + semantic 邑 (“city”). \ Originally the name of a state; later borrowed for a distal demonstrative. \ Cognate with 若 (OC *njaɡ, “that”), 爾 (MC nyeX, “that”) (Norman, 1988). Also compare (Schuessler, 2007): \ * Proto-Mon-Khmer *nɔʔ ~ *nɔh (“this”), whence Khmer នោះ (nuh, “that”), Vietnamese nọ (“that”); \ * Khmu [script needed] (naa, “she”); \ * Proto-Tai *najꟲ (“this”), whence Thai นี้ (níi, “this”), Zhuang neix (“this”). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ Fusion of 如何 (OC *nja ɡaːl) or 奈何 (OC *naːls ɡaːl). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 那 – see 㑚 (“you; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 㑚). \ Contraction of 那麼／那么
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Cantonese · Jyutping : naa⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nōo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Middle-Chinese : naX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁴ • Middle-Chinese : na ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁴ • Middle-Chinese : na ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁶ • Middle-Chinese : naH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no¹ ‖
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that; those • then; in that case • (dialectal) so; that ‖ (dated) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”) ‖ (Hokkien) more • (Hokkien) Indicates two actions happening simultaneously; see 那……那……. ‖ many; much • beautiful • calm; tranquil • (historical) Nuo (a state) • a surname ‖ how ‖ Alternative form of 挪 (nuó, “to move”) ‖ Sentence-final interrogative particle. • Synonym of 奈 (nài) • ^‡ to finish; to end ‖ Only used in 那吒, alternative form of 哪吒 (Nézhā) ‖ a surname. Na ‖ (Xiang) so; such; that
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‖ 那(な) • (na)
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what ‖ what, which
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那 (eumhun 어찌 나 (eojji na))
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hanja form of 나 (“that, those”)
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Hán-Nôm : na • Hán-Nôm : ná • Hán-Nôm : nả • Hán-Nôm : nà
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那
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| 邦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *proːŋ) : phonetic 丰 (OC *pʰoŋ) + semantic 阝. \ Possibly the same etymon as 封 (OC *poŋ, *poŋs) (Wang, 1982, Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pang • Middle-Chinese : paewng
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^⁜ nation; country; sovereign state • state; Pradesh (political division of a federation, especially in India and Myanmar.) • a surname
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‖
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home country (usually refers to Japan) ‖
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邦 (eumhun 나라 방 (nara bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“country”)
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Hán-Nôm : vâng • Hán-Nôm : bang • Hán-Nôm : bương
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邦
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| 邪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaː, *laː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 邑 (“town; city”). \ The semantic component suggests that this character was originally used in a place name, which Shuowen suggests to be 琅邪. It was later borrowed for other meanings, the most prominent being “wrong; evil” (originally written as 衺). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaː, *laː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 邑 (“town; city”). \ The semantic component suggests that this character was originally used in a place name, which Shuowen suggests to be 琅邪. It was later borrowed for other meanings, the most prominent being “wrong; evil” (originally written as 衺). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaː, *laː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 邑 (“town; city”). \ The semantic component suggests that this character was originally used in a place name, which Shuowen suggests to be 琅邪. It was later borrowed for other meanings, the most prominent being “wrong; evil” (originally written as 衺). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaː, *laː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 邑 (“town; city”). \ The semantic component suggests that this character was originally used in a place name, which Shuowen suggests to be 琅邪. It was later borrowed for other meanings, the most prominent being “wrong; evil” (originally written as 衺). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaː, *laː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 邑 (“town; city”). \ The semantic component suggests that this character was originally used in a place name, which Shuowen suggests to be 琅邪. It was later borrowed for other meanings, the most prominent being “wrong; evil” (originally written as 衺). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaː, *laː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 邑 (“town; city”). \ The semantic component suggests that this character was originally used in a place name, which Shuowen suggests to be 琅邪. It was later borrowed for other meanings, the most prominent being “wrong; evil” (originally written as 衺).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siê • Middle-Chinese : zjae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâ • Middle-Chinese : yae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâ • Middle-Chinese : yae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˊ
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wrong; evil; depraved; vicious; perverse; heterodox • unnatural; strange • disaster; calamity • (traditional Chinese medicine) unwholesome environmental factor; pathogenetic factor • Alternative form of 斜 (“tilted; inclined”) • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 邪 (MC yae) ‖ Only used in 琅邪, alternative form of 琅琊 (Lángyá) ‖ Alternative form of 耶 (“sentence-final interrogative particle”) • The chant of labourers used for synchronized pulling, lifting, etc., similar to heigh-ho. ‖ Alternative form of 徐 (xú, “slow”) ‖ Alternative form of 餘／余 (“remainder; remaining days”) ‖ Only used in 歸邪／归邪.
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‖ 邪(よこしま) • (yokoshima) -na (adnominal 邪(よこしま)な (yokoshima na), adverbial 邪(よこしま)に (yokoshima ni))
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wicked • injustice • wrong ‖ evil, wicked • 横しま: horizontal
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邪 • (sa, ya) · 邪 • (sa, ya) (hangeul 사, 야, revised sa, ya, McCune–Reischauer sa, ya, Yale sa, ya)
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cunning, sly, crafty, artful • dislocated, out of joint, out of step, out of line • deceive, cheat, trick, fool, swindle • crooked, askew, slanted
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Hán-Nôm : tà • Hán-Nôm : tá
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邪
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| 郊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːw) : phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw) + semantic 阝.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kau • Middle-Chinese : kaew
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suburbs; outskirts; open spaces
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郊 (eumhun 들 교 (deul gyo))
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hanja form of 교 (“outskirts”)
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Hán-Nôm : giao
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郊
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| 部
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːʔ, *boːʔ, *boːʔ, *boːʔ) : phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs) + semantic 邑.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phǒo • Middle-Chinese : buX • Middle-Chinese : buwX
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part; division; section • department; ministry • (historical) An administrative division governed by a ministry. • Classifier for works of literature, films, machines (cars, telephones...), etc. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
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‖ 部(ぶ) • (-bu) ‖ 部(ぶ) • (bu) ‖ 部(ぶ) • (-bu)
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‖ copies of a newspaper or magazine ‖ division, divide, a part • section, bureau, department ‖ division, bureau • school club • category
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部 (eumhun 떼 부 (tte bu)) · 部 (eumhun 거느릴 부 (geoneuril bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“group, team”) • hanja form of 부 (“lead, command”)
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Hán-Nôm : bộ • Hán-Nôm : bõ • Hán-Nôm : bỏ
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部
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| 郭
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Originally written 𩫏. \ Later 邑 was added to form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𩫏 (“tall building”) + 邑 (“city”) – a city with tall buildings. \ From clerical script, the 𩫏 became written as the unrelated 享 through the process of libian. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/r-kawk ~ s/r-kwak (“outer covering; skin, bark, rind”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007). \ ; “to be none of someone's own business”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : keh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kerh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Middle-Chinese : kwak
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outer city wall • (literary) (alt. form 廓) outline • (～國) (historical) Guo, a minor state that existed during the Zhou dynasty and was conquered by the state of Qi in 670 BCE. • (Taiwan, Internet slang) to be none of someone's own business; to have nothing to do with someone • a surname
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Quarter (of a city) • Enclosure
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郭 (eumhun 둘레/성곽 곽 (dulle/seonggwak gwak))
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hanja form of 곽 (“outer city wall; girdle”) • hanja form of 곽 (“a surname”)
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canonical : 郭: Hán Việt readings: quách 郭: Nôm readings: quách • canonical : quắt
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chữ Hán form of quách (“sarcophagus, outer coffin; outer wall, as of a city or fort; jar containing human remains for reburial”). • chữ Hán form of Quách (“a surname”).
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郭
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| 都
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taː) : phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) + semantic 邑 (“town, city”). ‖ Colloquial form of 諸 (OC *tja, “all”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : too • Middle-Chinese : tu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : too • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to
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metropolis; large city • capital; capital city • (literary) to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital • (obsolete) graceful; elegant • a surname. Du ‖ all; both (used to indicate that the statement is true for every subject or object); or the entirety of something • (emphasis on subject) even • (emphasis on object) even, interchangeable with 也 (yě) • (emphasis on object) even, interchangeable with 也 (yě) · (emphasis) Used in the 連……都…… structure; interchangeable with 也 (yě); even • already • (Cantonese) as well; also; too • (Cantonese) still; anyways; nevertheless
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‖ 都(みやこ) • (miyako) ‖ 都(みやこ) • (Miyako) ‖ 都(と) • (to) ‖ 都(と) • (to) ‖ 都(と) • (-to) ‖ 都(つ) • (tsu)
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‖ (archaic) the place of residence of the emperor • (by extension) a capital city • (by extension) a capital (most important city in the field specified) • (shogi, colloquial) Short for 都詰め (miyakozume): moving the 王将 (ōshō)/玉将 (gyokushō, “king”) to the center of the board with other pieces close together ‖ a placename • a surname • a female given name ‖ a capital city • a city, metropolis • Short for 東京都 (Tōkyō-to): the capital prefecture of Tokyo ‖ city, metropolis • capital city • elegant, graceful, refined • gather, command ‖ counter for metropolis prefectures ‖ all, both, everyone, whole
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都 (eumhun 도읍 도 (do'eup do))
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hanja form of 도 (“capital city”) • hanja form of 도 (“all, the whole”) • hanja form of 도 (“elegant, refined”)
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Hán-Nôm : đô
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都
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| 酌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pljewɢ) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Middle-Chinese : tsyak
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to pour an alcoholic beverage • to drink • alcohol and meal • to consider; to deliberate
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pour sake
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酌 (eumhun 술 부을 작 (sul bueul jak))
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hanja form of 작 (“to pour alcoholic beverages”)
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酌
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| 配
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 酉 (“alcohol vessel”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phè • Middle-Chinese : phwojH
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to match • to join • to deserve; to be worthy • to mix or match according to a standard or appropriate proportions; to make up (a medical prescription) • to allocate • (Eastern Min, Wenzhounese) a dish served to accompany rice or other staple food
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arrangement; positioning • matching • distribution; allocation; rationing
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配 (eumhun 짝 배 (jjak bae)) · 配 (eumhun 나눌 배 (nanul bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“match”) • hanja form of 배 (“allocate”)
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Hán-Nôm : phối • Hán-Nôm : phới • Hán-Nôm : phôi
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配
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| 酒
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol. \ Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluʔ) : semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiú • Middle-Chinese : tsjuwX
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alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink • (Cantonese) banquet (Classifier: 圍／围 c) • a surname
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‖ 酒(さけ) • (sake) ‖ 酒(さか) • (saka) ‖ 酒(ささ) • (sasa) ‖ 酒(しゅ) • (shu) ‖ 酒(しゅ) • (shu)
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‖ any alcoholic beverage • (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine) • drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages ‖ Combining form of 酒 (sake, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”) ‖ (archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine) ‖ an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine) ‖ alcoholic drink
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酒 (eumhun 술 주 (sul ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“alcoholic beverage”) [affix]
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canonical : 酒: Hán Việt readings: tửu 酒: Nôm readings: rượu • canonical : tửu • canonical : giậu
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chữ Hán form of tửu (“alcoholic beverage”). • Nôm form of rượu (“rice alcohol”).
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酒
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| 里
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Characters in the same phonetic series (里) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 田 (“field”) + 土 (“soil; earth”) – a measure of land and fields; mile; place. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/g-wa (“village”) (STEDT). Cognate with 丘 (OC *kʰʷɯ) "hill, mound" & 街 (OC *kreː, *kreː) "road crossing, street"; outsides Sinitic, cognate with Mizo khua (“village”), Lai khûa (“village, cosmos”), Burmese ရွာ (rwa, “village”); Schuessler (2007) also proposes cognacy with Tibetan ར་བ (ra ba, “fence, enclosure, wall, pen”) by pointing to a semantic parallel between English town and German Zaun (“fence”). \ Alternatively, possibly related to 理 (lǐ) "to divide into equal sections", yet Schuessler also noted that early Chinese villages were not systematically planned and platted. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Middle-Chinese : liX ‖
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li (a unit of distance equal to half a kilometre in modern Mainland China) • neighbourhood (formal or informal grouping of adjacent dwellings; the size vary according to different historical sources) • urban village (an administrative unit in the Republic of China) • village (an administrative unit in South Korea and North Korea) • lane (a type of road in Hong Kong) • a surname ‖ (Xiang) Particle indicating the word preceding it is used as an adverb.
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‖ 里(さと) • (sato) ‖ 里(さと) • (sato) -na (adnominal 里(さと)な (sato na), adverbial 里(さと)に (sato ni)) ‖ 里(さと) • (Sato) ‖ 里(り) • (ri) ‖ 里(り) • (ri) ‖ 里(さとし) • (Satoshi) · 里(ざと) • (Zato)
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‖ a village • a country house • one's hometown • the country, countryside • the original home of a household member (such as a wife, adoptee, or other person who has joined the household from outside) • a separate home or boarding situation to which one's own children are sent for upbringing or education • a red-light district • one's birth, parentage, origins • (slang, red-light district) boorishness, hickishness • the lay world (as opposed to life within a temple) • (uncommon, historical, obsolete) Same as り (ri) below ‖ (slang, red-light district) boorish, hickish ‖ a placename • a surname • a female given name ‖ a unit of distance: · under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, defined as equal to 300 歩 (bu) or 1500 尺 (shaku) • a unit of distance: · from the early modern until the end of the Edo period, defined as equal to 36 町 (chō), approximately between 3.6 to 4.2 kilometers • a unit of distance: · from the mid-Meiji period, defined as equal to ^(129,600)⁄₃₃ meters, approximately 3.927 kilometers or 2.44 miles • (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a unit of area for regional administration, equal to 50 戸 (ko, “houses”) ‖ village ‖ a male given name • a placename
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hanja form of 리 (“village”) • hanja form of 리 (“a li, a Korean "mile" of about 393 m”)
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canonical : 里: Hán Việt readings: lý • canonical : lí 里: Nôm readings: lý • canonical : lái • canonical : rưới • canonical : trẻ • canonical : lia • canonical : lí • canonical : lịa
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里
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| 重
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Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bag”) – a man carrying a bag. A glyph 土 (“earth”) was later added to show that the bag-carrying man is standing on the ground. From this composition is the current form. \ Schuessler (2007) notes that the etymology is uncertain and compares the word to Burmese စုံ (cum, “to be sufficient; pair”), which STEDT puts under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzum ~ tsum (“pair”). \ Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bag”) – a man carrying a bag. A glyph 土 (“earth”) was later added to show that the bag-carrying man is standing on the ground. From this composition is the current form. \ Schuessler (2007) notes that the etymology is uncertain and compares the word to Burmese စုံ (cum, “to be sufficient; pair”), which STEDT puts under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzum ~ tsum (“pair”). \ Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bag”) – a man carrying a bag. A glyph 土 (“earth”) was later added to show that the bag-carrying man is standing on the ground. From this composition is the current form. \ Schuessler (2007) notes that the etymology is uncertain and compares the word to Burmese စုံ (cum, “to be sufficient; pair”), which STEDT puts under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzum ~ tsum (“pair”). \ Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǒng • Middle-Chinese : drjowngX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǒng • Middle-Chinese : drjowngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiông • Middle-Chinese : drjowng
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heavy • weight • deep; grave; serious; severe • considerable (in amount) ‖ weight • weighty; important • grave; serious • solemn • prudent • to respect; to attach importance to • (Cantonese) still • (Cantonese) even more ‖ to repeat; to duplicate • to stack up; to pile up; to overlay • again; once more • Classifier for layers of an object.
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‖ 重(へ) • (he) ‖ 重(え) • (-e) ^(←へ (fe)?) ‖ 重(おも) • (omo) ‖ 重(じゅう) • (jū-)
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‖ a division • something that divides two objects ‖ the number of overlaps; fold, layer ‖ main, principal, important ‖ heavy, weighty • involving large-scale manufacture, heavy • great in degree, heavy, serious, severe, hard, difficult
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重 (eumhun 무거울 중 (mugeoul jung)) ‖ 重 (eumhun 아이 동 (ai dong))
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hanja form of 중 (“heavy”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 童 (“hanja form of 동 (“child”)”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 僮 (“hanja form of 동 (“child”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : trọng • Hán-Nôm : chồng • Hán-Nôm : chuộng • Hán-Nôm : trộng • Hán-Nôm : trụng • Hán-Nôm : trùng • Hán-Nôm : chõng • Hán-Nôm : trửng
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重
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| 野
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ) : semantic 田 (“field”) + semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ). \ Various etymologies have been proposed: \ * From a hypothetical common Sino-Tibetan *la (“area far from settlements; wilderness”): compare Tibetan ལ (la, “mountain pass; hillside; mountainslope”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *laʔ (“to spread, extend”): compare Khmer លា (liə, “to unfold, spread, open out”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * From a Sino-Tibetan root meaning “hut; pantry”: compare Tibetan ལྷས (lhas, “pen; fold; cattle enclosure”) (Starostin). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iá • Middle-Chinese : yaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzyoX
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countryside; field; outskirts; wilderness • plain; open country; open space • area; region; boundary • (among) the people; not in power; out of office • unadorned; unaffected; simple; plain • wild; not domesticated; stray • feral; untamed; unrestrained • rough; coarse; violent; boorish; rude • unofficial; informal; illegal • (literary or Eastern Min, Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, Wu) very; quite • a surname ‖ Original form of 墅 (shù, “field; field hut; detached residence”).
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‖ 野(の) • (no) ‖ 野(の) • (no-) ‖ 野(の) • (No) ‖ 野(や) • (ya) ‖ 野(や) • (ya) ‖ 野(や) • (ya) ^†-nari
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‖ an area, field • the hidden part of a structure ‖ wild • rustic, unsophisticated ‖ a surname ‖ field, plain • natural, pristine • rough • bare, open • extant, scope, sphere • civil, non-governmental • (baseball) ground • Short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke no kuni): Shimotsuke Province ‖ an area, field • a private or civil matter ‖ (archaic) rustic, unsophisticated
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野 (eumhun 들 야 (deul ya)) ‖ 野 • (ya) (hangeul 야)
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hanja form of 야 (“field; area”) • hanja form of 야 (“wild; savage; untamed”) ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 野(야)黨(당) (yadang, “(politics) the opposition party”).
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canonical : 野: Hán Việt readings: dã 野: Nôm readings: dã • canonical : nhả • canonical : rã
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chữ Hán form of dã (“wild; savage”).
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野
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| 量
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Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : \ * 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”). \ * Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun. \ * Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs). \ Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs) : phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”). \ Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983)) ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : \ * 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”). \ * Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun. \ * Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs). \ Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs) : phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”). \ Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))
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Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Middle-Chinese : ljang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liāng • Middle-Chinese : ljangH
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to measure • to estimate; to evaluate ‖ (historical) measuring vessel, such as the dou or hu • measure; measurement; quantity • capacity; volume • (Buddhist logic) pramana • (Southern Min) large steelyard • to estimate; to approximate
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‖ 量(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?) ‖ 量(はか) • (haka)
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‖ volume, amount • (Buddhist logic) pramana ‖ progress
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量 (eumhun 헤아릴 량 (hearil ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 헤아릴 양 (hearil yang))
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hanja form of 량/양 (“volume; amount”)
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Hán-Nôm : lường • Hán-Nôm : lượng • Hán-Nôm : nhân
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量
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| 金
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Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯm) : semantic 王 (“upside-down axe”) + semantic 呂 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm). \ Shuowen interprets it as an image of metal in the earth ('象金在土中形') with 亼 as phonetic. \ Originally referred to copper. Later, the meaning was extended to metal as a whole, and then to gold. \ Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha ᰀᰩᰮ (kóm, “silver, coin, money”). \ “Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] > “metals in general” > “gold”. \ The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”. \ The surname also appears among Manchus and one of its sources is calque of Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) in ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ \ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (aisin gioro). Therefore, part of the Manchu people with this surname are descendants of the Qing imperial family.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kem • Middle-Chinese : kim
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(obsolete) copper (Cu) • metal • metalware • gold (Au) • golden; blond • (by extension) money; material wealth • (historical) ancient currency unit • (historical) gong or other metalware for signalling commands in the military • respectful; precious • Used in 金城 (jīnchéng). • Short for 金星 (Jīnxīng, “Venus”). • one of the eight kinds of instruments (八音 (-)) • metal, one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行 (-)) • (Cantonese, cant) fire; flame • (Cantonese, cant) roasted • (～朝) (historical) The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) • (～朝, ～國) (historical) Synonym of 後金／后金 (Hòujīn), the Jurchen Later Jin state (1616–1636) • a surname
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‖ 金(きん) • (kin) ‖ 金(きん) • (kin) ‖ 金(きん) • (Kin) ‖ 金(こん) • (kon) ‖ 金(こん) • (kon) ‖ 金(かね) • (kane)
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‖ gold (Au) • money • Short for 金属 (kinzoku): metal • (shogi) Short for 金将 (kinshō): a gold general • metal as one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine • Short for 金曜日 (kin’yōbi): Friday ‖ metal, metallic • gold, gold-colored • money • (by extension of “golden”) excellent, fine, splendid ‖ the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) ‖ metal as one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine ‖ metal, metallic • gold, gold-colored • (by extension of “golden”) excellent, fine, superb ‖ metal • (impolite) Clipping of お金 (okane): money • (colloquial) Short for 曲尺 (kanejaku): a carpenter’s square • (colloquial) Short for 金物 (kanamono) or 金具 (kanagu): metal fittings • Short for 金性 (kaneshō): fineness of gold metal, compare English karat • Synonym of 金箔 (kinpaku): gold leaf
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金 (eumhun 쇠 금 (soe geum)) ‖ 金 (eumhun 사람-의 성(姓) 김 (saram-ui seong gim))
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Hanja form of 금 (“gold; amount of money”). [noun] • Hanja form of 금 (“money”). [suffix] • Hanja form of 금 (“Short for 금요일(金曜日) (geumyoil, “Friday”).”). ‖ Hanja form of 김 (“a surname; used in placenames”).
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canonical : 金: Hán Việt readings: kim 金: Nôm readings: kim • canonical : ghim • canonical : câm • canonical : găm
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Chữ Hán form of kim (“gold; metal”). • Chữ Hán form of Kim (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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金
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| 防
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baŋ, *baŋs) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : bjang • Middle-Chinese : bjangH
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(literary, or in compounds) dam; embankment • (obsolete) fortress; stronghold • (obsolete) to dam; to block; to build an embankment • to prevent; to guard against • (literary, or in compounds) to defend; to safeguard • (literary, or in compounds) matters pertaining to defense • a surname
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dam, embankment • prevent, anti-, -proof • defend
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防 (eumhun 막을 방 (mageul bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“dam, embankment”) • hanja form of 방 (“prevent, anti-, -proof”) • hanja form of 방 (“defend”)
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Hán-Nôm : phòng
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防
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| 附
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bos) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 付 (OC *pos).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Middle-Chinese : bjuH
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to adhere; to stick • to rely on; to depend on • to add; to augment; to increase; to raise; to boost • to attach; to enclose • to come near to; to be close to
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attach, enclose, append
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附 (eumhun 붙을 부 (buteul bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“adhere to, append”)
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Hán-Nôm : phụ • Hán-Nôm : phò
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附
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| 降
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* Mandarin \ *: (Standard) \ *::(Pinyin): jiàng (jiang⁴) \ *::(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ \ *: (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiang⁴ \ * Cantonese (Jyutping): gong³ \ * Gan (Wiktionary): gong⁴ \ * Hakka \ *: (Sixian, PFS): kong / kiung \ *: (Meixian, Guangdong): gong⁴ \ * Northern Min (KCR): go̿ng \ * Eastern Min (BUC): gáung \ * Southern Min \ *: (Hokkien, POJ): kàng \ *: (Teochew, Peng'im): gang³ \ * Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵kaon \ * Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jian⁴ \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng \ *** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng \ *** Wade–Giles: chiang⁴ \ *** Yale: jyàng \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq \ *** Palladius: цзян (czjan) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/ \ ** (Chengdu) \ *** Sichuanese Pinyin: jiang⁴ \ *** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giang \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/ \ * Cantonese \ ** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong) \ *** Jyutping: gong³ \ *** Yale: gong \ *** Cantonese Pinyin: gong³ \ *** Guangdong Romanization: gong³ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔːŋ³³/ \ * Gan \ ** (Nanchang) \ *** Wiktionary: gong⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔŋ³⁵/ \ * Hakka \ ** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong) \ *** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong / kiung \ *** Hakka Romanization System: gong / giung \ *** Hagfa Pinyim: gong⁴ / giung⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵/, /ki̯uŋ⁵⁵/ \ ** (Meixian) \ *** Guangdong: gong⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA: /kɔŋ⁵³/ \ Note: \ *kiung - only in the sense “to give birth”; \ *kong - all other senses. \ * Northern Min \ ** (Jian'ou) \ *** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: go̿ng \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔŋ³³/ \ * Eastern Min \ ** (Fuzhou) \ *** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáung \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɑuŋ²¹³/ \ * Southern Min \ ** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese) \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng \ *** Tâi-lô: kàng \ *** Phofsit Daibuun: kaxng \ *** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kaŋ²¹/ \ *** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kaŋ⁴¹/ \ *** IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ¹¹/ \ ** (Teochew) \ *** Peng'im: gang³ \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàng \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kaŋ²¹³/ \ * Wu \ ** (Northern: Shanghai) \ *** Wugniu: ⁵kaon \ *** MiniDict: kaon^去 \ *** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²kaan \ *** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɑ̃³⁴/ \ * Xiang \ ** (Changsha) \ *** Wiktionary: jian⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕi̯æn⁴⁵/ \ ---- \ * Middle Chinese: kaewngH \ * Old Chinese \ *: (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤruŋ-s/ \ *: (Zhengzhang): /*kruːŋs/ ‖ * Mandarin \ *: (Standard) \ *::(Pinyin): jiàng (jiang⁴) \ *::(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ \ *: (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiang⁴ \ * Cantonese (Jyutping): gong³ \ * Gan (Wiktionary): gong⁴ \ * Hakka \ *: (Sixian, PFS): kong / kiung \ *: (Meixian, Guangdong): gong⁴ \ * Northern Min (KCR): go̿ng \ * Eastern Min (BUC): gáung \ * Southern Min \ *: (Hokkien, POJ): kàng \ *: (Teochew, Peng'im): gang³ \ * Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵kaon \ * Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jian⁴ \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng \ *** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng \ *** Wade–Giles: chiang⁴ \ *** Yale: jyàng \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq \ *** Palladius: цзян (czjan) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/ \ ** (Chengdu) \ *** Sichuanese Pinyin: jiang⁴ \ *** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giang \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/ \ * Cantonese \ ** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong) \ *** Jyutping: gong³ \ *** Yale: gong \ *** Cantonese Pinyin: gong³ \ *** Guangdong Romanization: gong³ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔːŋ³³/ \ * Gan \ ** (Nanchang) \ *** Wiktionary: gong⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔŋ³⁵/ \ * Hakka \ ** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong) \ *** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong / kiung \ *** Hakka Romanization System: gong / giung \ *** Hagfa Pinyim: gong⁴ / giung⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵/, /ki̯uŋ⁵⁵/ \ ** (Meixian) \ *** Guangdong: gong⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA: /kɔŋ⁵³/ \ Note: \ *kiung - only in the sense “to give birth”; \ *kong - all other senses. \ * Northern Min \ ** (Jian'ou) \ *** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: go̿ng \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔŋ³³/ \ * Eastern Min \ ** (Fuzhou) \ *** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáung \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɑuŋ²¹³/ \ * Southern Min \ ** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese) \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng \ *** Tâi-lô: kàng \ *** Phofsit Daibuun: kaxng \ *** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kaŋ²¹/ \ *** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kaŋ⁴¹/ \ *** IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ¹¹/ \ ** (Teochew) \ *** Peng'im: gang³ \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàng \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kaŋ²¹³/ \ * Wu \ ** (Northern: Shanghai) \ *** Wugniu: ⁵kaon \ *** MiniDict: kaon^去 \ *** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²kaan \ *** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɑ̃³⁴/ \ * Xiang \ ** (Changsha) \ *** Wiktionary: jian⁴ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕi̯æn⁴⁵/ \ ---- \ * Middle Chinese: kaewngH \ * Old Chinese \ *: (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤruŋ-s/ \ *: (Zhengzhang): /*kruːŋs/
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‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâng • Middle-Chinese : haewng
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to fall; to drop; to descend; to come down • (honorific) to visit; to honor with one's presence • to bestow; to confer • to reduce; to decrease; to lower • (music) flat (♭) • to be born • (Hakka) to give birth • a surname ‖ to surrender; to capitulate; to give in • to subdue; to vanquish
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to descend • to fall • to precipitate • to surrender
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降 (eumhun 내릴 강 (naeril gang)) ‖ 降 (eumhun 항복할 항 (hangbokhal hang))
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hanja form of 강 (“to come down; to descend”) ‖ hanja form of 항 (“to surrender”)
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canonical : 降: Hán Việt readings: giáng • canonical : hàng 降: Nôm readings: hàng • canonical : giáng • canonical : dán • canonical : nháng • canonical : giuống
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chữ Hán form of giáng (“to fall; to descend”). • chữ Hán form of hàng (“to surrender”).
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降
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| 限
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ān • Middle-Chinese : heanX
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boundary; limit; line • to limit; to place a limit (on) • (literary) doorstep; sill; threshold
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‖ 限(げん) • (-gen)
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limit ‖ counter for school periods
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限 • (han) · 限 • (han) (hangeul 한, revised han, McCune–Reischauer han, Yale han)
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hanja form of 한 (“limit”)
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Hán-Nôm : hạn • Hán-Nôm : hẹn • Hán-Nôm : giận
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限
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| 院
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋons) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 完 (OC *ɦŋoːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uān • Middle-Chinese : hwan • Middle-Chinese : hjwenH
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courtyard; yard • public or government building; court • institution; academy • hospital • (Sichuanese) to go around • a surname: Yuan
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‖ 院(いん) • (in) ^(←ゐん (win)?) ‖ 院(いん) • (in) ^(←ゐん (win)?) ‖ 院(いん) • (-in) ^(←ゐん (win)?)
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institution ‖ institution • Short for 病院, 大学院, etc. ‖ (historical) Ex-emperor, ex-empress or entitled as equal-to-emperor/empress in cloister (derived from "mansion"; the high nobles are not addressed directly, but with their residence as substitution) • Short for 大学院. ‖ temple • institution
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院 (eumhun 집 원 (jip won))
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hanja form of 원 (“institution”)
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Hán-Nôm : viện
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院
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| 除
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'a, *l'as) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 余 (OC *la). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'a, *l'as) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Middle-Chinese : drjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˊ • Middle-Chinese : drjoH
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to remove; to get rid of; to exclude • (archaic) to be assigned to a new post; to stop serving in one post, and begin serving in another • (literary, or in compounds) except • (arithmetic) to divide; division • (arithmetic, informal) to be divided by • (Cantonese) to take off (clothes or accessories); to peel off; to strip • (literary, or in compounds) step (on a flight of stairs) • a surname: Chu ‖
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remove • except • (mathematics) divide
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除 (eumhun 덜 제 (deol je))
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hanja form of 덜 (“remove”)
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canonical : 除: Hán Việt readings: trừ 除: Nôm readings: chừa • canonical : chừ • canonical : chờ • canonical : giờ • canonical : trừ • canonical : dờ • canonical : hờ • canonical : khừ • canonical : xờ • canonical : thờ • canonical : dơ
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chữ Hán form of trừ (“to eliminate; to exclude”). • Nôm form of chừa.
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除
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| 陵
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 阜 (“mound”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ, “mound; hill”). Originally written 夌. \ ; "mound; hill; gravemound of an emperor" \ ; "to mount; to transgress; to encroach upon"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : ling
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mound; hill • royal or imperial tomb (generally restricted to the tombs of emperors, empresses and empress dowagers, but also used as an honorific for the tomb of Sun Yat-sen, the first president of China) • to go up; to mount; to ascend • to surpass; to override • to bully and humiliate; to encroach on; to invade • to decline; to wane • to sharpen; to temper • a surname
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‖ 陵(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←りよう (ryou)?)
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mausoleum • imperial tomb • hill; height • to stave off ‖ imperial tomb
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hanja form of 릉/능 (“small hill; mound”) • hanja form of 릉/능 (“imperial tomb”)
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Hán-Nôm : lăng • Hán-Nôm : lăn
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陵
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| 陶
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In oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a mound of dirt (阜) + two people (勹) + dirt (土) – "to dig", original character of 掏. The shapes beneath the outermost 勹 were corrupted in bamboo slips, arriving at the modern form 缶 in seal script. \ Now a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bl'uː, *luː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 阝 (“soil mountain”) + phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː, “pottery”). ‖ In oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a mound of dirt (阜) + two people (勹) + dirt (土) – "to dig", original character of 掏. The shapes beneath the outermost 勹 were corrupted in bamboo slips, arriving at the modern form 缶 in seal script. \ Now a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bl'uː, *luː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 阝 (“soil mountain”) + phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː, “pottery”). ‖ In oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a mound of dirt (阜) + two people (勹) + dirt (土) – "to dig", original character of 掏. The shapes beneath the outermost 勹 were corrupted in bamboo slips, arriving at the modern form 缶 in seal script. \ Now a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bl'uː, *luː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 阝 (“soil mountain”) + phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː, “pottery”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : daw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴ • Middle-Chinese : yew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶
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pottery; ceramics • to make pottery • to cultivate; to educate; to mould • contented; happy • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 𨹋 • Used in 陶陶 (yáoyáo). • Alternative form of 窯／窑 (yáo) ‖ Only used in 陶陶 (dàodào).
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‖ 陶(とう) • (tō) ^(←たう (tau)?) ‖ 陶(すえ) • (sue) ^(←すゑ (swe)?) ‖ 陶(すえ) • (Sue) ^(←すゑ (Swe)?)
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‖ pottery, ceramics • (by extension) teach, instruct • pleasant, indulgent • cloudy, foggy ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) earthenware, pottery ‖ a surname
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陶 (eumhun 질 그도 도 (jil geudo do)) · 陶 (eumhun 화락할 요 (hwarakhal yo)) · 陶 (eumhun 순임금의 신하 요 (sunimgeumui sinha yo))
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hanja form of 도 (“pottery, ceramics, earthenware”) • hanja form of 도 (“peaceful, harmonious, happy”)
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Hán-Nôm : đào
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陶
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| 隆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·ruːŋ) : phonetic 降 (OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ) + semantic 生, with 𡕒 later dropped. \ ; "eminent; high" \ ; "thunder"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Middle-Chinese : ljuwng
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plentiful; abundant; magnificent • deep; profound • prosperous; thriving • protruding; swollen; high • (onomatopoeia) sound of thunder or explosion • (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 吉隆坡 (Jílóngpō).
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‖ 隆(たかし) or 隆(ゆたか) • (Takashi or Yutaka) · 隆(りゅう) • (Ryū)
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noble • prosperous ‖ a male given name • a unisex given name
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隆 (eumhun 클 륭 (keul ryung), word-initial (South Korea) 클 융 (keul yung))
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hanja form of 륭/융 (“prosperous, plentiful, abundant”)
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Hán-Nôm : long • Hán-Nôm : lung
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Prosperous/Prosperity
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隆
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| 隔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːɡ) : semantic 阝 (“wall”) + phonetic 鬲 (OC *kreːɡ, *ɡ·reːɡ) – to separate with a wall.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaak³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : keh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : keeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Middle-Chinese : keak
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to separate; to partition • to block; to obstruct • (Hakka) to pull something apart (with one's hand) • (Hokkien) to be separated by; to be apart; to be away from (a place) • (Hokkien) to separated by a certain amount of time; to leave a gap of (a time period) • (Hokkien) to sever; to split; to separate • (Mainland China Hokkien) partition inside a container
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divide • separation • segregate • alternate • void between
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隔 (eumhun 막을 격 (mageul gyeok))
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hanja form of 경 (“block, enclose”) • hanja form of 경 (“separate, partition”)
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Hán-Nôm : cách
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隔
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| 障
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjaŋ, *kjaŋs) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Middle-Chinese : tsyang • Middle-Chinese : tsyangH
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to block; to separate; to cut off • to obstruct; to shield; to barricade • obstacle; barrier; impediment
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damage, harm, hinder
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障 (eumhun 막을 장 (mageul jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“block”)
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Hán-Nôm : chướng
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障
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| 雄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷɯŋ) : phonetic 厷 (OC *kʷɯːŋ) + semantic 隹. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaŋ (“penis, male”) (STEDT), cognate with Karbi chò-kàng (“penis”), Garo ri-gong (“penis”), Lepcha ᰠᰫᰵᰃᰦᰵ (sun̊-gan̊, “penis”), Pattani gàŋ mì (“male”). \ However, Zev Handel doubts the Old Chinese word's cognate status, as "OC labialized initial plus schwa vocalism would normally correspond to a rounded vowel in PTB".
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîn • Middle-Chinese : hjuwng
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(usually of animals) male • masculine; powerful; grand • powerful or influential person or state • (Hokkien) ruthless; cruel; mean • (Hokkien) intense; rapid
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‖ 雄(ゆう) • (yū) ‖ 雄(お) • (o) ^(←を (wo)?) ‖ 雄(おす) or 雄(オス) • (osu) ^(←をす (wosu)?) ‖ 雄(おん) • (on) ^(←をん (won)?)
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‖ male • something or someone excellent (male) ‖ (obsolete in isolation) man, male • (obsolete) husband • something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine • yang (as opposed to yin) ‖ a male (plant or animal) ‖ male
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雄 (eumhun 수컷 웅 (sukeot ung))
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hanja form of 웅 (“(usually of animals) male”)
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Hán-Nôm : Hùng
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雄
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| 雅
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaa⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngée • Middle-Chinese : ngaeX
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(literary) standard; proper; correct • elegant; graceful; refined • (polite) your; your esteemed; your gracious • (literary) friendship; companionship • (literary) usually; often • (literary) very much; extremely • a section in the Classic of Poetry consisting of dynastic hymns • standard language (usually used in titles of ancient Chinese dictionaries such as the Erya) • (Teochew) pretty; beautiful • a surname
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‖ 雅(が) • (ga) -na (adnominal 雅(が)な (ga na), adverbial 雅(が)に (ga ni)) ‖ 雅(が) • (ga)
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gracious • elegant • graceful • refined ‖ elegant ‖ elegance
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雅 • (a) · 雅 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)
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elegant, neat, tidy
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Hán-Nôm : nhã
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雅
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| 集
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Pictogram (象形) – a bird (隹 (zhuī)) in the tree (木 (mù)). \ The variant 雧 (jí) shows three birds instead. \ Cognate with 雜 (OC *zuːb, “mixed”) (Karlgren, 1956). Compare Khmer ជួប (cuəp, “to meet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍p • Middle-Chinese : dzip
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to collect; to gather • collection; set • market; fair • Classifier for episodes. • (mathematics) set
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‖ 集(しゅう) • (shū)
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‖ collection, assembly
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集 (eumhun 모을 집 (mo'eul jip))
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hanja form of 집 (“collection”)
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canonical : 集: Hán Việt readings: tập 集: Nôm readings: tập • canonical : tắp • canonical : tợp
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chữ Hán form of tập (“set; collection; section”).
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集
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| 雨
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Pictogram (象形) – a cloud with drops of rain falling from it. (Compare Egyptian 𓇲.) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k/r/s-wa. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a cloud with drops of rain falling from it. (Compare Egyptian 𓇲.) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k/r/s-wa.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : hjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Middle-Chinese : hjuH
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rain (Classifier: 陣／阵; 場／场) • (figurative) friend • (figurative) teaching; instruction ‖ (literary) to rain • (literary, of rain, snow, tears, etc.) to fall (like rain) • (literary) to moisten
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‖ 雨(あめ) • (ame) ‖ 雨(う) • (u)
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‖ rain, rainfall • a rainy weather • (figurative) something falling like rain ‖ rain • (figuratively) something falling like rain • (figuratively) favor, blessing
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雨 (eumhun 비 우 (bi u))
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hanja form of 우 (“rain”) [affix]
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canonical : 雨: Hán Việt readings: vũ 雨: Nôm readings: vũ
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chữ Hán form of vũ (“rain”).
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雨
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| 雪
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Ancient simplification of 䨮, which is in turn phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷed) : semantic 雨 + phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids). \ Schuessler (2007) considers this to be related to Kra-Dai words: Proto-Tai *hnəiᴬ¹ (“snow”), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔnuːi¹ (“snow”). \ Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suăt (“snow”), comparing this with Tibetan སད (sad, “frost, cold air, cold, coldness”), but this connection may be unlikely considering the phonetic part of this character.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : seh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : serh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suat • Middle-Chinese : sjwet
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snow • ^† to snow • to wipe away; to clean • (dialectal) ice; product containing ice • (Cantonese) to refrigerate; to store in the refrigerator • (Cantonese, figuratively) to set aside; to shelve • (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 雪蘭莪／雪兰莪 (Xuělán'é, “Selangor”). • a surname: Xue
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snow • white as snow • cleanse
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雪 (eumhun 눈 설 (nun seol))
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hanja form of 설 (“snow”) [affix]
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canonical : 雪: Hán Việt readings: tuyết
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chữ Hán form of tuyết (“snow”).
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雪
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| 零
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs). On the oracle bone script, only thick raindrops are depicted falling from the sky. \ Unclear. Schuessler (2007) proposes several possibilities: \ * From Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ភ្លៀង (phliəng, “rain”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(p)liɲ ~ *(p)liəɲ ~ (p)liiɲ (“sky, rain”). \ * Possibly related to Jingpho marang (“rain”), for which STEDT sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-raŋ (“rain”). Starostin also relates it to this Jingpho word and sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rēŋ (“to drop”), also comparing Tibetan སྤྲིན (sprin, “cloud”) and Burmese ရည် (rany, “liquid; juice”). \ * Possibly related to 隕 (OC *ɢunʔ, “to drop”) and 霣 (OC *ɢunʔ, “to rain; to fall down like rain”) if one assumes Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/s/g-wa (“water; rain”) (or its variant *rwe-) can be simplified to *re- and *we-. \ Sense "zero" is introduced in 1248 by Chinese mathematician Li Ye. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lân • Middle-Chinese : leng • Middle-Chinese : lengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lin⁴ • Middle-Chinese : len
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fragmentary; scattered • fraction; remainder • zero • (Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min, Eastern Min) Used after a number or a classifier to express a small remaining quantity. • (gay slang) bottom • (obsolete) drizzle • (literary, of precipitation or tears) to fall • (of plants or flowers) to wither and fall • (Cantonese, cant, in 之辰代碼／之辰代码) six • a surname ‖ Only used in 先零／先零 and 西零／西零 (Xīlián).
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‖ 零(れい) • (rei) ‖ 零(れい) • (rei) ‖ 零(れい) • (Rei)
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spill • zero ‖ zero ‖ zero ‖ a male given name
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零 (eumhun 떨어질 령 (tteoreojil ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 떨어질 영 (tteoreojil yeong)) ‖ 零 (eumhun 종족 이름 련 (jongjok ireum ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 종족 이름 연 (jongjok ireum yeon))
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hanja form of 령/영 (“zero”) ‖
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Hán-Nôm : lênh • Hán-Nôm : linh • Hán-Nôm : rinh
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零
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| 雷
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Ancient simplification of 靁, which was a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːl) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 畾 (OC *ruːl). \ The Northern Min initial s- may be due to the loss of a pre-initial which might have been a velar considering dialect forms in Henan, Hebei and Shanxi, e.g. Taiyuan Jin 忽雷 (hueh4 lui1) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Perhaps from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Mizo râwl (“voice; cry (of an animal); sound”), Tibetan ཁྲོལ (khrol). \ ;"spoiler" \ ; "loyalty"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luî • Middle-Chinese : lwoj
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thunder • (in compounds) lightning • (military, weaponry, in compounds) explosive device; mine • (colloquial) to astonish; to shock • (colloquial) astonishment; surprise • Short for 雷州 (Léizhōu, “Leizhou”). • (neologism) burdensome • (neologism) to be burden to others • (Taiwan, neologism) plot spoiler • (Hong Kong Cantonese, triad slang) two • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) loyalty • a surname
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‖ 雷(かみなり) • (kaminari) ‖ 雷(かんなり) • (kannari) ‖ 雷(かんなり) • (Kannari) ‖ 雷(いかずち) • (ikazuchi) ^(←いかづち (ikaduti)?) ‖ 雷(いかずち) • (Ikazuchi) ^(←いかづち (ikaduti)?) ‖ 雷(なるかみ) • (narukami) ‖ 雷(なるかみ) • (Narukami) ‖ 雷(らい) • (rai) ‖ 雷(らい) • (rai) ‖ 雷(らい) • (Rai)
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thunder, lightning bolt ‖ thunder (loud sound caused by expansion of rapidly heated air) • lightning, thunderbolt • thunder god ‖ (rare, archaic) Same as かみなり (kaminari) above ‖ (rare, archaic) Short for 雷鳴の壺 (Kannari no Tsubo): one of the five buildings in the imperial palace in 平安京 (Heian-kyō), modern-day Kyoto ‖ (archaic) thunder • (obsolete) something ferocious and imposing, a demon or devil ‖ a surname ‖ (rare) thunder (the sound) • (rare) lightning, a thunderbolt ‖ one of the eighteen styles of kabuki ‖ a thunder • lightning ‖ thunder • thunderous, noisy • famous • large, explosive weapon ‖ a female given name • a surname
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雷 (eumhun 우레 뢰 (ure roe), word-initial (South Korea) 우레 뇌 (ure noe))
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hanja form of 뢰/뇌 (“thunder; lightning bolt”)
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Hán-Nôm : lôi
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雷
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| 需
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In bronze inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a person (天) under the rain (雨) – "to wait until the rain is over; to get wet", original character of 濡. The component 天 corrupted into 而 during the Han dynasty.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : sju
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to await • to need; to require • necessaries; necessities • should; ought to; must • fifth hexagram of the I Ching
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demand • request • need
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需 • (su) · 需 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : nhu
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need; necessity
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需
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| 震
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯn) : semantic 雨 + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn). \ Related to 振 (OC *tjɯns, “to shake”), probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“to tremble; to shiver”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯn) : semantic 雨 + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn). \ Related to 振 (OC *tjɯns, “to shake”), probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“to tremble; to shiver”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìn • Middle-Chinese : tsyinH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ
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thunder • (of lightning) to strike • to tremble; to shake; to jolt; to quake • (literary, or in compounds) earthquake • (literary, or in compounds) to be excited; to be aroused; to be shocked • to stir; to invigorate • power; prestige; dignity • to fear; to tremble • the east • 4th of the 8 trigrams • 51st hexagram of the I Ching • (～國) (historical) Jin; Zhen (original name of the Balhae state) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 娠 (shēn, “to be pregnant”)
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to quake • to tremble
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震 • (jin) · 震 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
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Hán-Nôm : chấn • Hán-Nôm : dấn
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震
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| 霜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sraŋ) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs). \ From 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ) with an s- (nominalizer) prefix (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : song • Middle-Chinese : srjang
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frost • frost-like powder • (medicine) cream • (literary, figurative) white • (Southern Min) ice
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‖ 霜(しも) • (shimo) ‖ 霜(しも) • (Shimo)
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frost • years • white as snow, cold as ice, harsh as snow ‖ frost (ice crystals in objects exposed to the air) • (by extension) ice adhered inside an electric refrigerator • (figurative) white hair ‖ a surname
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霜 (eumhun 서리 상 (seori sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“frost”)
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Hán-Nôm : sương
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霜
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| 露
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs) : semantic 雨 + phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs). \ Possibly a derivative of 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007) with exopassivising suffix *-s, literally, "what has been dropped". ‖ Karlgren (1957) considers this to be the same word as etymology 1, yet Schuessler (2007) thinks this may be a separate etymon, comparing it to Jingpho [script needed] (kra³¹, “to appear, to show”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : luH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : luH
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dew • (Northern Min) fog; mist • (literary, or in compounds) fruity beverage; syrup; nectar; juice • (literary, or in compounds) cosmetic products made by distilling flowers, fruit or leaves • a surname ‖ to be in the open; bare; open; exposed • (colloquial) to show; to reveal; to expose
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‖ 露(つゆ) • (tsuyu) ‖ 露(つゆ) • (tsuyu) ‖ 露(あらわ) • (arawa) ^(←あらは (arafa)?)-na (adnominal 露(あらわ)な (arawa na), adverbial 露(あらわ)に (arawa ni)) ‖ 露(ろ) • (ro) ‖ 露(ろ) • (ro)
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‖ dew, dewdrop • (by extension) a drop or drops of something • transience • (historical) the threads of the sleeve ends of 狩衣 (kariginu), 水干 (suikan), etc. • tears • a gratuity, tip • (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 豆板銀 (mameitagin) a lump of silver used as currency in the Edo period ‖ not one bit • a few, a little ‖ naked, bare • blatant, frank, open • made public • obvious ‖ dew, waterdrop • transience • appear, expose • open; in the open ‖ Short for ロシア (Roshia): Russia, Russian
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露 (eumhun 이슬 로 (iseul ro), word-initial (South Korea) 이슬 노 (iseul no))
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hanja form of 로/노 (“dew”) • hanja form of 로/노 (“open; to reveal; to appear”) • hanja form of 로/노 (“Alternative form referring to Russia (in compounds, in news media)”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộ
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露
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| 非
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Characters in the same phonetic series (非) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) - two wings facing opposite directions, meaning "not". \ 非 (OC *pɯj) is the fusion of the negation particle 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and the copula 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”), attested in oracle bone inscriptions.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : pj+j
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not be; is not; not • to run counter to; to not conform to • (logic) NOT • wrong; incorrect • to reproach; to blame • (colloquial) Used to insist on something. to have got to; to simply must • Short for 非洲 (Fēizhōu, “Africa”). • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 非 (MC pj+j)
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‖ 非(ひ) • (hi-) ‖ 非(ひ) • (hi)
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‖ negative prefix: in-, non-, un- ‖ evil, wrong, wrongdoing
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非 (eumhun 아닐 비 (anil bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“not”) • hanja form of 비 (“un-; in-; non-”)
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Hán-Nôm : phi
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chữ Hán form of phi (“not”). • chữ Hán form of phi (“un-; in-; non-”).
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非
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| 面
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Characters in the same phonetic series (面) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) , A man’s face, with an eye exaggerated, derived from 𦣻. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjal (“face”); cognate with Mizo hmêl (“face”), Jingpho man (“face”). 偭 (OC *menʔ, “to turn; to violate”) is probably cognate (Wang, 1982), perhaps its endoactive (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bǐn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biān • Middle-Chinese : mjienH
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(literary or dialectal) face (Classifier: 塊／块 c) • surface; top; face • aspect; side; respect • right side; cover; outside • (geometry) face • (Cantonese, Singapore and Penang Hokkien) dignity; reputation; face • to meet • face-to-face • to face • suffix used to form a noun of locality • Short for 面試／面试 (miànshì, “interview”). • Classifier for objects with a flat surface. • Classifier for numbers of times people meet each other.
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‖ 面(めん) • (men) ‖ 面(おもて) • (omote) ‖ 面(つら) • (tsura) ‖ 面(づら) • (-zura)
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mask • face • features • surface ‖ face • surface • mask • page • (music) side of a record or CD ‖ face ‖ face • surface • mask • page ‖ -looking
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面 (eumhun 낯 면 (nat myeon))
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hanja form of 면 (“side; aspect”) [noun] • hanja form of 면 (“(government) township”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : diện • Hán-Nôm : miến • Hán-Nôm : miền
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(colloquial) chữ Hán form of diện (“to dress up, to be well-dressed”). • chữ Hán form of diện (“face, appearance”). • chữ Hán form of diện (“aspect; area”). • Nôm form of miền (“region; district; domain”).
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面
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| 革
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Characters in the same phonetic series (革) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a stretched animal hide: the upper is head, the bottom is the tail and legs. \ Compare 皮 (pí), which also features a hide. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiak • Middle-Chinese : keak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gik¹
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leather; animal hide • (historical) leather armour and weaponry • (historical) ornament on the front of the cart • Alternative form of 勒 (“headstall”) • to change; to alter; to reform • to remove; to expel • 49th hexagram of the I Ching • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 亟 (“terminally ill; critical”)
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‖ 革(かわ) • (kawa) ^(←かは (kafa)?)
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leather; animal hide; pelt • become serious • change; alter ‖ leather
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革 • (hyeok, geuk) · 革 • (hyeok, geuk) (hangeul 혁, 극, revised hyeok, geuk, McCune–Reischauer hyŏk, kŭk, Yale hyek, kuk)
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Hán-Nôm : cách
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革
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| 音
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Characters in the same phonetic series (音) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : 言 (“word”) with something in 口 (“mouth”) – sound comes from the mouth.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : im • Middle-Chinese : 'im
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sound; voice; tone • news; tidings • (music) pitch; note (Classifier: 粒 c) • (phonetics) pronunciation; syllable
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‖ 音(おん) • (on) ‖ 音(おと) or 音(おっと) • (oto or otto) ‖ 音(と) • (to) ‖ 音(ね) • (ne) ‖ 音(いん) • (in)
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sound • timbre • Short for 音楽 (ongaku): music • speech (phonetics) • Short for 字音 (jion): Chinese-derived reading of a kanji • news, tidings ‖ sound • (linguistics) speech sound • Short for 音読み (on'yomi): the Chinese-derived reading of a kanji • (by extension) reading of a Chinese character outside the Japanese language; rime • Short for 音楽 (ongaku): music ‖ a sound • when used with a "hear" verb, a rumor or fame • news, tidings • a reply, response ‖ sound; echo; voice ‖ a sound, voice • the cry of an animal ‖ (uncommon) Alternative form of 音 (on) · sound • (uncommon) Alternative form of 音 (on) · news; tidings; word
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音 (eumhun 소리 음 (sori eum))
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hanja form of 음 (“sound; news”) • hanja form of 음 (“speech”) • hanja form of 음 (“pronunciation”)
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Hán-Nôm : âm • Hán-Nôm : ậm • Hán-Nôm : ơm
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chữ Hán form of âm (“sound; noise”).
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音
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| 食
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Pictogram (象形) : a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ) : phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak. ‖ The *s- causative of Etymology 1. ‖ Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system). \ While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (“to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts). ‖ From Proto-Min *jiap or *jiat (“to eat”). While sometimes considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it may be from 饁 (*ɢrab, “to carry food to workers in the field”) (Norman, 1991; Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Middle-Chinese : zyik ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎ ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : yiH
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(literary or Cantonese, Hakka) to eat; to have a meal; to take in • (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka) to drink • (Cantonese, Hakka) to take in; to inhale; to smoke • (Cantonese) to consume; to use up • (Cantonese, figurative) to extract; to extort; to absorb; to swallow • (Cantonese) to absorb; to get into; to enter; to be stuck inside • (Cantonese, Hakka, board games) to capture • (Cantonese, mahjong) Short for 食糊 (“to win”). • (Cantonese) to receive; to be affected by; to be on the receiving end • (Cantonese) to hit on; to flirt • meal; food • edible • Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”) • Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”) ‖ Original form of 飼／饲 (sì, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”). ‖ (Coastal Min) to eat; to have a meal; to take in • (Coastal Min) to drink • (Coastal Min) to take in; to inhale; to smoke • (Southern Min) to embezzle; to misappropriate (money) • (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min, board games) to capture • (Hokkien) to consume; to use up • (Hokkien) to suffer; to endure; to bear • (Hokkien, mahjong) to chow • (Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to dine at (a certain food establishment) • (Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to rely on; to depend on • (Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to engage in; to undertake; to do (for a living) • (Hokkien) to live; to grow up • (Mainland China Hokkien) to pick on; to bully; to push around • (Mainland China Hokkien) to make a decision; to resolve to • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to colour; to dye • (Penang Hokkien, Teochew) cuisine • (Leizhou Min) to be eaten away (by insects, etc.) ‖ (Inland Min) Alternative form of 饁／馌 (“to eat”) ‖ Used in personal names.
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‖ 食(うか) • (uka) ‖ 食(うけ) • (uke) ‖ 食(け) • (ke) ‖ 食(しょく) • (shoku) ‖ 食(しょく) • (shoku)
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to eat • a meal ‖ food • grain ‖ food ‖ food ‖ a meal • foodstuff ‖ 食, 蝕: (astronomy) eclipse (often, but not exclusively, of the sun or the moon)
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食 (eumhun 밥 식 (bap sik)) · 食 (eumhun 먹을 식 (meogeul sik)) ‖ 食 (eumhun 먹이 사 (meogi sa)) ‖ 食 (eumhun 사람 이름 이 (saram ireum i))
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Hanja form of 식 (“meal; food”). • (literary) Hanja form of 식 (“to eat”). ‖ (literary) Hanja form of 사 (“feed”). ‖ Hanja form of 이 (“used in personal names”).
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canonical : 食: Hán Việt readings: thực • canonical : tự 食: Nôm readings: thực • canonical : xực
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Chữ Hán form of thực (“food; meal”).
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食
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| 首
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Characters in the same phonetic series (首) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Simplified from 𩠐 (巛 → 丷). Originally pictographic (象形) of an animal with a long mouth and horns. In the oracle bone script, it appeared with or without hair (巛), but 𩠐, the form with hair, was the form that was perpetuated. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-lu; cognate with Mizo lu (“head”). This word has also been compared with Proto-Austronesian *quluh (“head”) (Malay hulu) and Proto-Tai *klawꟲ ~ krawꟲ (“head; hair knot”) (Thai เกล้า (glâao, “hair; head”)), and was used by Sagart to support his Sino-Austronesian hypothesis. Compare 道 (OC *l'uːʔ, “path, road”) (with the same phonetic component) and its relationship with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”). \ This word was replaced by 頭 (OC *doː, “head”) by the Warring States period, possibly due to early homophony with 手 (OC *hnjɯwʔ, “hand”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (首) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Simplified from 𩠐 (巛 → 丷). Originally pictographic (象形) of an animal with a long mouth and horns. In the oracle bone script, it appeared with or without hair (巛), but 𩠐, the form with hair, was the form that was perpetuated. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-lu; cognate with Mizo lu (“head”). This word has also been compared with Proto-Austronesian *quluh (“head”) (Malay hulu) and Proto-Tai *klawꟲ ~ krawꟲ (“head; hair knot”) (Thai เกล้า (glâao, “hair; head”)), and was used by Sagart to support his Sino-Austronesian hypothesis. Compare 道 (OC *l'uːʔ, “path, road”) (with the same phonetic component) and its relationship with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”). \ This word was replaced by 頭 (OC *doː, “head”) by the Warring States period, possibly due to early homophony with 手 (OC *hnjɯwʔ, “hand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiú • Middle-Chinese : syuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau³ • Middle-Chinese : syuwH
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(archaic, anatomy) head • chief; leader • start; beginning • first; best; highest • prime; prior; primary • side; direction • Classifier for songs and poems. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier ‖ ^† to report someone to the authorities; to plead guilty • ^† to face (a direction)
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‖ 首(くび) • (kubi) ‖ 首(おびと) • (obito) ‖ 首(こうべ) • (kōbe) ^(←かうべ (kaube)?) ‖ 首(しゅ) • (-shu) ‖ 首(しゅ) • (shu)
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neck • counter for songs and poems • beginning, first ‖ neck (part of the body connecting head and torso) • the neck and head as a whole • dismissal from employment ‖ (archaic) one who rules or commands a group of people: a chief ‖ Alternative spelling of 頭 (“head”) (part of the body) ‖ poems and songs ‖ (rare) the first one; a lord
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首 (eumhun 머리 수 (meori su))
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hanja form of 수 (“head”)
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Hán-Nôm : thủ • Hán-Nôm : thú • Hán-Nôm : siều
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chữ Hán form of thủ (“head”). • chữ Hán form of thú (“confess”).
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首
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| 香
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Characters in the same phonetic series (香) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 黍 (“glutinous millet”) + 口 (“mouth”). \ In the seal script, the 口 was replaced with the related 甘 (“sweet”). \ Currently, the 黍 has simplified into 禾, and the form of the bottom component 甘 has become akin to the unrelated 曰 or 日. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiaunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiang • Middle-Chinese : xjang ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phang
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fragrant; fragrance • (of food) aromatic; delicious-smelling • (of eating) having the appearance that one really enjoys the food; (of sleep) sound • (Internet slang) wonderful; enjoyable (in general) • popular • perfume • (religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: 束 m; 支) • (figurative) woman • (chiefly Wu) to kiss • (Cantonese, euphemistic) to die • (historical) shorthand for Hong Kong during Japanese Occupation between 1941 and 1945 ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 芳 (“fragrant”)
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‖ 香(か) • (ka) ‖ 香(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?) ‖ 香(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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‖ a pleasant smell; a scent, a fragrance, an aroma ‖ Clipping of 香車 (kyōsha, “incense chariot”). ‖ incense
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hanja form of 향 (“fragrance; perfume; incense”)
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canonical : 香: Hán Việt readings: hương 香: Nôm readings: nhang • canonical : hương • canonical : hang • canonical : nhàng
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chữ Hán form of hương (“fragrance; incense”). • Nôm form of nhang (“incense”). • chữ Hán form of Hương (“a female given name”).
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香
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| 骨
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Characters in the same phonetic series (骨) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冎 (“skull”) + ⺼ (“body”). \ Usually related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m/g-rus (“bone”), whence Tibetan རུས (rus), Nuosu ꃷꅍ (vup ddu), S'gaw Karen တၢ်ဃံ (ta̱xee), but there is no trace of a medial *r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From English quarter.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kut • Middle-Chinese : kwot ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat¹
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(anatomy) bone • (anatomy) skeleton • (figurative) frame; framework • (figurative) moral character • (Cantonese, Mainland China Hokkien) sarcasm • (Mainland China Hokkien) the hell (usually in an question in mild disdain) • (Quanzhou Hokkien) clever; intelligent; smart • a surname: Gu ‖ (Cantonese) quarter of an hour; 15 minutes (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Cantonese) one fourth; a quarter
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‖ 骨(ほね) • (hone) ‖ 骨(かわら) • (kawara) ^(←かはら (kafara)?) ‖ 骨(こつ) • (kotsu)
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skeleton • bone ‖ bone ‖ (archaic, rare) a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap ‖ remains, ashes • コツ: knack, trick
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骨 (eumhun 뼈 골 (ppyeo gol))
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hanja form of 골 (“bone”)
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canonical : 骨: Hán Việt readings: cốt 骨: Nôm readings: cốt • canonical : cót • canonical : cút • canonical : cọt • canonical : gút
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chữ Hán form of cốt (“bone (compounds), extracted, condensed”).
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骨
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| 高
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Characters in the same phonetic series (高) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a tall building. Compare 京. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”). Compare with Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “head”). However, 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) instead is more likely to be related to this Proto-Sino-Tibetan root given its significant semantic agreement (Schuessler, 2007). \ Likely allofams are 喬 (OC *ɡrew, “tall”), and perhaps 浩 (OC *ɡuːʔ, “vast”) (although the vowels do not agree). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : kaw ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuâinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuân
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tall; high • of high level; above average • high place • loud • (geometry) altitude • (honorific) your • (chemistry) per- • a surname, Gao (surname) ‖ (Min) Alternative form of 懸／悬 (“tall; high”)
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‖ 高(たか) • (taka) ‖ 高(こう) • (kō-)
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tall • high ‖ maximum, the limit ‖ high, higher
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高 (eumhun 높을 고 (nopeul go))
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hanja form of 고 (“high, tall”)
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canonical : 高: Hán Việt readings: cao 高: Nôm readings: cao • canonical : sào • canonical : kiêu
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chữ Hán form of cao (“high; tall”). • Nôm form of sào (“pole; stick”). • Chữ Hán form of Cao (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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高
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| 鬼
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Characters in the same phonetic series (鬼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a man or figure with an ugly face and tail. \ Compare 異 (“different, strange”), where the 田 also derives from a face. \ It may not be clear from the character, but the lower right “dot” is a small 厶; it is a residual tail – compare 离. \ Unknown. May be related to: \ * 威 (OC *qul, “to overawe, to terrorise”) with k-nominalisation and endoactive tone B, lit. "the thing which is doing the overawing" (Childs-Johnson, 1995 apud Schuessler, 2007; Baxter & Sagart, 2014), or \ * 歸 (OC *klul, “to return”) (Shuowen Jiezi https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/gui-bu?searchu=%E6%AD%B8&searchmode=showall#result; Liezi https://ctext.org/liezi/tian-rui?searchu=%E9%AC%BC%E6%AD%B8%E4%B9%9F&searchmode=showall#result; Carr, 1985 apud Schuessler, 2007), yet Baxter & Sagart (2014) consider this connection, while semantically plausible, to be a folk etymology; as 鬼 (OC *k-ʔujʔ) and 歸 (OC *[k]ʷəj) had different Old Chinese rhymes & thus were likely unrelated. \ See also 詭 (OC *krolʔ, “to deceive; peculiar”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuí • Middle-Chinese : kjw+jX
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ghost; apparition; spirit (Classifier: 隻／只) • devil; demon • goblin • stealthy; tricky; furtive • sinister plot; dirty trick • devilish; damned; ghastly • (informal) clever; smart; quick • (derogatory) fool; blockhead; guy; moral imbecile • Derogatory name for people with a flaw or vice. -ard • (intimate) imp; urchin • (regional, derogatory, usually in compounds) Caucasian or Western person • (Cantonese) traitor; rat; mole • (Cantonese, ball games) opponent trying to steal the ball • (Cantonese, inserted in certain adjectives) so; very • (Cantonese) suspicious • (mildly vulgar) the hell • (mildly vulgar) who the hell; what the hell
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‖ 鬼(おに) • (oni) ‖ 鬼(き) • (Ki)
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‖ ghost • evil spirit, demon, ogre • (figurative) someone of remarkable or diabolical energy or ability, a demon • "it" in a game of tag/hide and seek (鬼ごっこ onigokko, "pretend spirits") ‖ (astronomy) the Ghost constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
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鬼 (eumhun 귀신 귀 (gwisin gwi))
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hanja form of 귀 (“ghost; spirit”)
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canonical : 鬼: Hán Việt readings: quỷ 鬼: Nôm readings: khuỷu • canonical : quẽ • canonical : quỉ • canonical : sưu
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chữ Hán form of quỷ (“any generic ugly, mischievous or evil spirit”).
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鬼
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| 魂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢuːn) : phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun) + semantic 鬼. \ Cognate with 雲 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”) (Carr, 1985).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hûn • Middle-Chinese : hwon
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(religion, folklore) the hun, the soul which goes to heaven, as opposed to the 魄 (pò), which goes down to the earth with the body at death. • soul; spirit • mood • the lofty spirit of a nation or people
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‖ 魂(たましい) • (tamashī) ^(←たましひ (tamasifi)?) ‖ 魂(たま) • (tama) ^(←たま (tama)?) ‖ 魂(こん) • (kon) ‖ 魂(こころ) • (Kokoro)
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soul, spirit • vigour, willpower ‖ (religion, folklore) a soul, spirit • mind, spirit, vigour, willpower • (figurative) spirit (manner or style of something, enthusiasm) • (figurative, by extension) attitude, readiness • discretion, judgement, prudence • character, genius, talent, wisdom • (from a warrior's "spirit") a katana (single-edged Japanese sword) ‖ a soul, spirit ‖ mind, spirit, will • a soul, spirit • hun: yang energy or spirit ‖ a female given name
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魂 (eumhun 넋 혼 (neok hon))
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hanja form of 혼 (“soul; spirit”)
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Hán-Nôm : hồn • Hán-Nôm : hun • Hán-Nôm : hùn
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魂
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| 鹿
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Characters in the same phonetic series (鹿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a deer. Current form is highly abstracted – legs have transformed to 比 – note grouping of front and rear legs, which are bent – head has transformed to middle component (similar to 凸/曲), while antlers on top and extended lip/mouth on left transformed into 广. This transformation occurred during seal characters. \ Contrast the very different development of 馬 (“horse”), and the transformation in 廌 (as in 薦), which has the head of 鹿 but the legs of 馬 (灬). \ Uncertain, though possibly Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Northern Naga *gjuk "deer, sambar", from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-rjuk (French, 1983); Also according to French, Benedict relates the Tibeto-Burman item to Western Gurung [script needed] (gju, “sheep”), yet the Gurung item has an alternative explanation (compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“sheep”)). Sagart (1999) relates this to 角 (OC *kroːɡ, “horn”). Baxter & Sagart (2014; 2020) compares this to Langjia Buyang /ma⁰ lɔk⁸/. \ Note also Nùng klook (“deer”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Middle-Chinese : luwk
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deer (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn; 頭／头 m) • (literary or in compounds, figurative) political power • a surname
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‖ 鹿(しか) or 鹿(シカ) • (shika) (counter 匹) ‖ 鹿(か) • (ka) ‖ 鹿(かせぎ) • (kasegi) ‖ 鹿(かのしし) • (kanoshishi) ‖ 鹿(しし) • (shishi) ‖ 鹿(ろく) • (roku)
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deer ‖ deer ‖ (archaic) deer ‖ (archaic) deer ‖ (archaic) deer • deer meat: venison ‖ (archaic) a beast (used for its meat, such as a boar or a deer) • Short for 猪武者 (inoshishi musha): a reckless warrior • Short for 鹿狩り (shishi-gari): a deer hunter • (slang) a female attendant at a bathhouse or hot spring • (slang, archaic) a female prostitute at a bathhouse or hot spring ‖ deer • venison or wild boar meat
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鹿 (eumhun 사슴 록 (saseum rok), word-initial (South Korea) 사슴 녹 (saseum nok))
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hanja form of 록/녹 (“deer”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộc • Hán-Nôm : lê
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chữ Hán form of lộc (“deer”).
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鹿
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| 麻
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Characters in the same phonetic series (麻) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 厂 + 𣏟: a representation of hemp leaves. \ Etymology not clear, however PKS *Ɂŋra¹ ‘sesame’ looks remotely similar to OC.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mâ • Middle-Chinese : mae
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general name for hemp, flax, jute, etc. • hemp fibre; linen • (historical, obsolete) hemp band worn on the head or waist by a mourner • mourning garment; mourning apparel • (historical) imperial edict • sesame • numerous; chaotic • coarse; rough • spotty; pitted • (traditional Chinese medicine) Short for 麻疹 (mázhěn, “measles”). • pockmark; pock • numb; senseless • (of foods) having the taste like one of Sichuan pepper • (Sichuanese) tipsy • a surname
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‖ 麻(あさ) • (asa) ‖ 麻(あさ) • (Asa) ‖ 麻(お) • (o) ^(←を (wo)?) ‖ 麻(そ) • (so) ‖ 麻(ま) • (ma)
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‖ hemp • flax • linen ‖ a surname ‖ the hemp or ramie plant • thread or yarn made from fibers derived from the bark of hemp or ramie stems ‖ hemp ‖ hemp (plant) • the bark of the hemp plant • thread, yarn, or cloth made from the hemp fiber, used in the past for mourning clothes in China
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麻 (eumhun 삼 마 (sam ma))
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hanja form of 마 (“hemp, jute, flax”) • hanja form of 마 (“sesame”)
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Hán-Nôm : ma • Hán-Nôm : mà • Hán-Nôm : mơ
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chữ Hán form of ma (“hemp, jute; sesame”).
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麻
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| 鼓
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 支 (“hand holding drumstick”). \ Area word; compare Proto-Tai *klɔŋᴬ (“drum”), Saek [script needed] (tlɔɔŋᴬ¹), Proto-Hlai *laŋ¹ (“drum”), Proto-Wa (*kloʔ, "bronze-drum") (Schuessler, 2007). \ 瞽 (OC *kʷaːʔ, “blind man; musician”) is a derivative.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Middle-Chinese : kuX
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(music) drum (Classifier: 面 m) • to drum; to beat a drum • (literary) to play; to perform; to sound (a musical instrument) • to beat; to clap • to blast hot air for smelting • to incite; to encourage • to protrude; to bulge • a surname
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‖ 鼓(つづみ) • (tsuzumi) ‖ 鼓(つずみ) • (Tsuzumi) · 鼓(つづみ) • (Tsuzumi) ‖ 鼓(つつみ) • (Tsutsumi) · 鼓(ひびき) • (Hibiki)
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drum ‖ generic name for musical instruments with a leather head that can be struck. • a tsuzumi, hand drum with leather heads at both ends, used in Japanese traditional performing arts: · a 小鼓 (kotsuzumi) • a tsuzumi, hand drum with leather heads at both ends, used in Japanese traditional performing arts: · an 大鼓 (ōtsuzumi) • a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), like the leather head of a tsuzumi ‖ a surname • a female given name • a surname ‖ a surname • a female given name
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鼓 (eumhun 북 고 (buk go))
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hanja form of 고 (“drum”)
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Hán-Nôm : cổ
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chữ Hán form of cổ (“drum”).
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鼓
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| 鼻
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Characters in the same phonetic series (畀) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *blids) : semantic 自 (“nose”) + phonetic 畀 (OC *pids). \ 自 (OC *ɦljids) originally meant “nose” but came to be used to mean “self”, so the sense of “nose” has been replaced by 鼻 (OC *blids). Some scholars interpret 鼻 (OC *blids) as a combination of a nose (自 (OC *ɦljids)) and two lungs (畀 (OC *pids)). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bi (“nose”); compare Nuosu ꅳꁖ (hnap bbit, “nose; snot”). \ Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-brit (“sneeze; nose; swallow”), whence Tibetan སྦྲིད (sbrid, “sneeze”), but there is no trace of r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007). \ In some modern lects, including Mandarin, Gan, Jin, Wu, and Xiang, and even in the literary layer of some Min dialects, the word reflects a form with final *-t. For example, in standard Mandarin, the word is pronounced bí (implying an old entering tone) instead of bì (the expected reflex from the departing tone in Middle Chinese). This is due to a phonological phenomenon in the northwest, either an early loss of *-s in the *-ts cluster before regular final cluster simplification occurred (Baxter, 1992), or a dialectal change from *-s to *-t (Pulleybank, 1998).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjijH
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(anatomy) nose (Classifier: 個／个 c; 支 mn) • nose-like object, protruding part · handle • nose-like object, protruding part · pinhole • nose-like object, protruding part · (geography) cape • initial; founding; beginning; original • (dialectal) nasal mucus; snot • (archaic or Hakka, Min) to smell • (Northern Min, including Songxi Northern Min, Shibei) to kiss
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‖ 鼻(はな) • (hana) ‖ 鼻(はな) • (hana)
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nose ‖ nose • (elephant or elephant seal) trunk ‖ first-person personal male pronoun; I, me
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鼻 (eumhun 코 비 (ko bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“nose; nasal; rhino-”)
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Hán-Nôm : tị
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鼻
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