Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/Sentense-Structure

2020-07-09T08:48:46Z

Thabit: https://sotor.com/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/

[[File:أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية.jpg|alt=أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية|thumb]]
أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية
الكلمة يُطلق في اللغة العربية على تركيب عدّة أحرفٍ هجائيةٍ إلى بعضها البعض مصطلح "كلمة" والتي تُفيد معنىً جزئيًّا، إذ يُعرِّفها علماء النحو على أنها أصغر وحدةٍ في البناء اللغوي، وتُجمع كلمة إلى كلمةٍ أخرى إلى غيرها لإنشاء الجمل الاسمية والفعلية وكل كلامٍ مفهوم واضح المعنى مع الالتزام بالشروط والأحكام في بناء ذلك الكلام، وتمتاز أي كلمةٍ بعدة صفاتٍ كالإفراد والدلالة على المعنى والنُّطق، ومن حيث العدد تكون إما مفردةً أو مثنى أو جمعًا، وهذا المقال يسلط الضوء على أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية.

أقسام الكلمة قسّم علماء النحو في اللغة العربية الكلمة بناءً على مدلولاتها وهي: الذات والحدث والرابط ما بين الذات والحدث إلى أقسامٍ ثلاثةٍ هي: الاسم والفعل والحرف، وفي ما يأتي تفصيلٌ حول هذه الأقسام:
الاسم هو كل كلمةٍ معرّفةٍ يُدركها القارئ أو السامع بالحس أي بواحدةٍ من الحواس الخمس كالجمادات والكائنات الحية والنباتات أو يُدركها بإعمال العقل والفِكر أو بالحس المعنوي كالأخلاق والقيم والمفاهيم والمبادئ مغ إغفالٍ للزمن في الاسم. علامات الاسم: للاسم علاماتٌ تدل عليه ولكي يكون الاسم اسمًا لا بُد أن يقبل واحدةً من العلامات التالية لتمييزه عن الحرف والفعل وهي: التنوين هو الحركتان المتماثلتان في آخر الكلمة كقول: قلمٌ، قلمٍ، قلمًا. أل التعريف كقول: القلم. حروف الجر إذ لا تدخل إلا على الاسم. التصغير لأي غايةٍ كانت كقول: شجرة فتصغيرها شُجيرة. الجمع إذ لا تُجمع إلا الأسماء جمع سالمٌ مذكرٌ كالمسلمين أو مؤنث كالمسلمات أو جمع تكسيرٍ كالأقلام. النداء كقول: يا عمر. الإسناد. أقسام الاسم: قسم النحاة الاسم في اللغة العربية إلى عدة أقسام بناءً على الجنس والعدد والاشتقاق وحروف العلة في آخر الاسم والتعريف على النحو الآتي: الجنس وهما المذكر كقلم، ومؤنث كهدية. العدد وهي: المفرد والمثنى والجمع للمذكر والمؤنث. الاشتقاق والجمود فالاسم الجامد الذي لا يؤخذ من غيره كالشمس والقمر والأرض، والاسم المشتق هو المأخوذ من غيره كاسم الفاعل واسم المفعول وصيغة المبالغة وغيرها. التعريف فالاسم المعرّف يدل على شيءٍ بذاته والاسم النكرة يدل على العموم. الاسماء المنتهية بحروف علةٍ وهي: الاسم المقصور كهدى، والاسم المنقوص كالقاضي، والاسم الممدود كالزرقاء.

الفعل يُقصد بالفعل الحَدث وهو فعل الفاعل أي ما يقوم به الفاعل العاقل أو غير العاقل مرتبطًا بواحدٍ من الأزمان الثلاثة، بحيث ينشأ عن ذلك صورة نمطية في مخيلة المتلقي، وينقسم الفعل بناءً على الزمن إلى ما يأتي: الفعل الماضي: هو كل فعلٍ صدر عن عاقلٍ أو غير عاقلٍ وانتهى تمامًا في الزمن الماضي ويُمكن تمييزه بدخول التاء الساكنة كأشرقتْ وتاء الفاعل المتحركة ككتبتُ وكتبتِ وكتبتَ. الفعل المضارع: هو كل فعلٍ يقوم به الفاعل في الحاضر أو سيقوم به في المستقبل كيكتبُ وأكتبُ ونكتبُ، ومن علاماته دخول سوف والسين على الفعل المضارع ودخول حروف الجزم والنصب عليه. فعل الأمر: يدل على طلب فعل أمرٍ ما من الفاعل مثل: كلُ واشربْ

الحرف القسم الأخير من أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية والحروف هي الروابط ما بين الأسماء والأفعال بأزمانها المختلفة، والحروف بحد ذاتها لا تدل على أي معنىً إلا إذا جاءت في سياق الكلام. حروف المبنى: هي الحروف الهجائية التي تتكون منها كلمات اللغة العربية وعددها ثمانية وعشرون حرفًا وهي على الترتيب: ا، ب، ت، ث، ج، ح، خ، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، ل، م، ن، و، هـ، ي. حروف المعنى: هي مجموعة الأحرف التي تربط الكلمات من الأفعال والأسماء بعضها ببعضٍ في الجملة الواحدة كي يكتمل المعنى وهي: حروف خاصة بالأفعال كحروف النصب والجزم والمصدر والشرط والتحضيض والاستقبال والنفي والردع والتوقع. حروف خاصة بالأسماء كحروف النفي والجر والاستثناء والتفصيل والنداء والمشبَّهة بالفعل والمفاجأة والتنبيه. الحروف المشتركة بين الأفعال والأسماء كحروف العطف والتفسير والنفي والجواب والاستفهام والاستفتاح.
الجملة في اللغة العربية الجملة في اللغة العربية هي كل بناءٍ لغويٍّ يتكون من كلمتيْن أو أكثر بحيث تُعطي معنىً واضحًا ومفهومًا لدى القارئ والمستمع، وقد قسّمها النحاة إلى أربعة أقسامٍ: الجملة الفعلية والاسمية والظرفية والشرطية،وأول من أطلق مصطلح الجملة هو محمد بن يزيد المبرد سنة 285هـ في كتابه المقتضب وقبل ذلك كان يُطلق على هذا البناء اللغوي اسم الإسناد بركنيْه المُسند والمُسند إليه.

File:أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية.jpg

2020-07-09T08:46:43Z

Thabit:

أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية

Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/Sentense-Structure

2020-07-09T08:44:02Z

Thabit: Created page with "أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية الكلمة يُطلق في اللغة العربية على تركيب عدّة أحرفٍ هجائيةٍ إلى بع..."

أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية
الكلمة يُطلق في اللغة العربية على تركيب عدّة أحرفٍ هجائيةٍ إلى بعضها البعض مصطلح "كلمة" والتي تُفيد معنىً جزئيًّا، إذ يُعرِّفها علماء النحو على أنها أصغر وحدةٍ في البناء اللغوي، وتُجمع كلمة إلى كلمةٍ أخرى إلى غيرها لإنشاء الجمل الاسمية والفعلية وكل كلامٍ مفهوم واضح المعنى مع الالتزام بالشروط والأحكام في بناء ذلك الكلام، وتمتاز أي كلمةٍ بعدة صفاتٍ كالإفراد والدلالة على المعنى والنُّطق، ومن حيث العدد تكون إما مفردةً أو مثنى أو جمعًا، وهذا المقال يسلط الضوء على أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية.

أقسام الكلمة قسّم علماء النحو في اللغة العربية الكلمة بناءً على مدلولاتها وهي: الذات والحدث والرابط ما بين الذات والحدث إلى أقسامٍ ثلاثةٍ هي: الاسم والفعل والحرف، وفي ما يأتي تفصيلٌ حول هذه الأقسام:
الاسم هو كل كلمةٍ معرّفةٍ يُدركها القارئ أو السامع بالحس أي بواحدةٍ من الحواس الخمس كالجمادات والكائنات الحية والنباتات أو يُدركها بإعمال العقل والفِكر أو بالحس المعنوي كالأخلاق والقيم والمفاهيم والمبادئ مغ إغفالٍ للزمن في الاسم. علامات الاسم: للاسم علاماتٌ تدل عليه ولكي يكون الاسم اسمًا لا بُد أن يقبل واحدةً من العلامات التالية لتمييزه عن الحرف والفعل وهي: التنوين هو الحركتان المتماثلتان في آخر الكلمة كقول: قلمٌ، قلمٍ، قلمًا. أل التعريف كقول: القلم. حروف الجر إذ لا تدخل إلا على الاسم. التصغير لأي غايةٍ كانت كقول: شجرة فتصغيرها شُجيرة. الجمع إذ لا تُجمع إلا الأسماء جمع سالمٌ مذكرٌ كالمسلمين أو مؤنث كالمسلمات أو جمع تكسيرٍ كالأقلام. النداء كقول: يا عمر. الإسناد. أقسام الاسم: قسم النحاة الاسم في اللغة العربية إلى عدة أقسام بناءً على الجنس والعدد والاشتقاق وحروف العلة في آخر الاسم والتعريف على النحو الآتي: الجنس وهما المذكر كقلم، ومؤنث كهدية. العدد وهي: المفرد والمثنى والجمع للمذكر والمؤنث. الاشتقاق والجمود فالاسم الجامد الذي لا يؤخذ من غيره كالشمس والقمر والأرض، والاسم المشتق هو المأخوذ من غيره كاسم الفاعل واسم المفعول وصيغة المبالغة وغيرها. التعريف فالاسم المعرّف يدل على شيءٍ بذاته والاسم النكرة يدل على العموم. الاسماء المنتهية بحروف علةٍ وهي: الاسم المقصور كهدى، والاسم المنقوص كالقاضي، والاسم الممدود كالزرقاء.

الفعل يُقصد بالفعل الحَدث وهو فعل الفاعل أي ما يقوم به الفاعل العاقل أو غير العاقل مرتبطًا بواحدٍ من الأزمان الثلاثة، بحيث ينشأ عن ذلك صورة نمطية في مخيلة المتلقي، وينقسم الفعل بناءً على الزمن إلى ما يأتي: الفعل الماضي: هو كل فعلٍ صدر عن عاقلٍ أو غير عاقلٍ وانتهى تمامًا في الزمن الماضي ويُمكن تمييزه بدخول التاء الساكنة كأشرقتْ وتاء الفاعل المتحركة ككتبتُ وكتبتِ وكتبتَ. الفعل المضارع: هو كل فعلٍ يقوم به الفاعل في الحاضر أو سيقوم به في المستقبل كيكتبُ وأكتبُ ونكتبُ، ومن علاماته دخول سوف والسين على الفعل المضارع ودخول حروف الجزم والنصب عليه. فعل الأمر: يدل على طلب فعل أمرٍ ما من الفاعل مثل: كلُ واشربْ

الحرف القسم الأخير من أقسام الكلمة في اللغة العربية والحروف هي الروابط ما بين الأسماء والأفعال بأزمانها المختلفة، والحروف بحد ذاتها لا تدل على أي معنىً إلا إذا جاءت في سياق الكلام. حروف المبنى: هي الحروف الهجائية التي تتكون منها كلمات اللغة العربية وعددها ثمانية وعشرون حرفًا وهي على الترتيب: ا، ب، ت، ث، ج، ح، خ، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، ل، م، ن، و، هـ، ي. حروف المعنى: هي مجموعة الأحرف التي تربط الكلمات من الأفعال والأسماء بعضها ببعضٍ في الجملة الواحدة كي يكتمل المعنى وهي: حروف خاصة بالأفعال كحروف النصب والجزم والمصدر والشرط والتحضيض والاستقبال والنفي والردع والتوقع. حروف خاصة بالأسماء كحروف النفي والجر والاستثناء والتفصيل والنداء والمشبَّهة بالفعل والمفاجأة والتنبيه. الحروف المشتركة بين الأفعال والأسماء كحروف العطف والتفسير والنفي والجواب والاستفهام والاستفتاح.
الجملة في اللغة العربية الجملة في اللغة العربية هي كل بناءٍ لغويٍّ يتكون من كلمتيْن أو أكثر بحيث تُعطي معنىً واضحًا ومفهومًا لدى القارئ والمستمع، وقد قسّمها النحاة إلى أربعة أقسامٍ: الجملة الفعلية والاسمية والظرفية والشرطية،وأول من أطلق مصطلح الجملة هو محمد بن يزيد المبرد سنة 285هـ في كتابه المقتضب وقبل ذلك كان يُطلق على هذا البناء اللغوي اسم الإسناد بركنيْه المُسند والمُسند إليه.

Language/English/Grammar/Sentense-Structure

2020-07-08T11:47:20Z

Thabit: This article provides the definition, types of simple sentences and useful examples with ESL infographics for English learners. You will also find different elements of a simple sentence in English grammar.

[[File:Simple-Sentence-1.jpg|alt=This article provides the definition, types of simple sentences and useful examples with ESL infographics for English learners. You will also find different elements of a simple sentence in English grammar.|thumb|the simple sentence]]

the simple sentence in english
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent clause. A simple sentence has no dependent clauses. (An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.)
Examples of Simple Sentences
Below are examples of simple sentences.
One Subject and One Verb
Simple sentences have one subject and one verb or predicate. Some of these have a direct object or a modifier, but they still only have one subject and one verb. If you need to brush up on these parts of speech, read up on Understanding Subjects, Predicates, and Objects. The following examples show how this works:

The cat stretched.

Jacob stood on his tiptoes.

The car turned the corner.

Kelly twirled in circles.

She opened the door.

Aaron made a picture.

I'm sorry.

I danced.
Examples With an Implied Subject

Some simple sentences have a single subject and verb, but the subject isn't stated in the sentence. Instead, the reader knows who the subject is from context. You'll notice that many of these short examples are imperative sentences with an implied subject of "you":

Run!

Open the jar carefully.

Read the directions.

Don't cry.

Use common sense.

Make the best of things.

Catch up!

These sentences have just one independent clause. Refresh your memory about the difference between independent and dependent clauses if you need clarification.

Compound Subject and One Verb
You'll also see simple sentences with a compound subject and one verb. In this case, the subjects are joined by a conjunction like "and" and are all performing the action described in the verb. There may be modifiers and direct objects here as well, as you'll see in some of these examples:

Sarah and Ira drove to the store.

Jenny and I opened all the gifts.

The cat and dog ate.

My parents and I went to a movie.

Mrs. Juarez and Mr. Smith are dancing gracefully.

Samantha, Elizabeth, and Joan are on the committee.

The ham, green beans, mashed potatoes, and corn are gluten-free.

The paper and pencil sat idle on the desk.

One Subject and Compound Verb
You'll also see some simple sentences with more than one verb and a single subject. In this case, they are compound verbs. The subject is doing all the actions, and the actions go together. The easiest way to see this is with some examples:

Misha walked and looked around.

My mother hemmed and hawed over where to go for dinner.

He was eating and talking.

I rinsed and dried the dishes.

Joe stood up and spoke to the crowd.

Examples of Longer Simple Sentences
Although a simple sentence can be a single word, it can also be much longer. Adding modifiers or multiple direct objects can extend the length of the sentence. These examples are all simple sentences, despite their length:

The mangy, scrawny stray dog hurriedly gobbled down the grain-free, organic dog food.

I quickly put on my red winter jacket, black snow pants, waterproof boots, homemade mittens, and handknit scarf.

The incessant ticking and chiming echoed off the weathered walls of the clock repair shop.

Nervously, I unfolded the wrinkled and stained letter from my long-dead ancestor.

Into the suitcase, I carelessly threw a pair of ripped jeans, my favorite sweater from high school, an old pair of tube socks with stripes, and $20,000 in cash.

Simple Sentence Examples From Literature
Writers have been using simple sentences as long as people have been writing. Consider these examples from literature:

"The Spirits of All Three shall strive within me." A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens

"I was the more deceived." Ophelia in Hamlet by William Shakespeare

"Neither boy spoke." The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain

"Call me Ishmael." Moby Dick by Herman Melville

Understand Sentence Structure
Now that you know about simple sentences and have seen some examples, take a moment to learn about other sentence types like compound sentences and complex sentences.The more you know about how sentences are put together, the better your writing will become.
The Four Types of Sentence Structure
The simple sentence is one of four sentence structures, all of which are shown below. In these examples, the independent clauses are shaded.

A Simple Sentence. A simple sentence has just one independent clause. For example:
You're only as good as your last haircut. (Author Fran Lebowitz)
A Complex Sentence. A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. For example:
When you write a comic strip, the person on the left always speaks first. (Comedian George Carlin)
Read more about complex sentences.

A Compound Sentence. A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. For example:
I used to jog, but the ice cubes kept falling out of my glass. (Singer David Lee Roth)
Read more about compound sentences.

A Compound-Complex Sentence. A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. For example:
I stopped believing in Santa Claus when my mother took me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my autograph. (Actress Shirley Temple)
Why Should I Care about Simple Sentences?
Here is a good reason to care about simple sentences:
Be clear on when to use a comma before "and."
Being able to identify a simple sentence helps with comma placement. Writers are often unsure when to use a comma before words like "and," "or," and "but" (called conjunctions).

Let's look at some examples:
Jack likes chicken and loves Nando's.
Jack likes chicken but hates turkey.
(These are both examples of simple sentences with compound predicates. In each example, there is one subject governing two verbs. Note that there is no comma before the "and" or the "but.")
Compare the two examples above with these sentences:
Jack likes chicken, and he loves Nando's.
Jack likes chicken, but he hates turkey.
(These look similar, but they are not simple sentences with compound predicates. There are two subjects ("Jack" and "he"), each governing its own verb. These are examples of compound sentences not simple sentences with compound predicates. Each sentence features two independent clauses, not one. Note that there is now a comma before the "and" and the "but.")
The Rule

Use a comma before an "and" (or "but," "or," etc.) that joins two independent clauses (i.e., clauses that could stand alone as sentences)
Remember that with a compound predicate, the second half of the predicate cannot stand alone as a sentence because it doesn't have its own subject.
Jack likes chicken and loves Nando's.
(In this example of a simple sentence, "loves Nando's" is not an independent clause. That's why there's no comma before "and.")
Jack likes chicken, and he loves Nando's.
(In this example of a compound sentence, "he loves Nando's" is an independent clause. That's why there is a comma before "and.")
Read more about compound sentences.
Read more about conjunctions.
Key Point
When a simple sentence has compound predicate, don't separate the subject from its second verb with a comma.
My dog likes toast, but does not eat bread.
My dog likes toast but does not eat bread.
Interactive Exercise
Here are three randomly selected questions from a larger exercise, which can be edited, printed to create an exercise worksheet, or sent via email to friends or students.
Q1
True or false? The following sentence is a simple sentence with a compound predicate.

"Jack walked up the hill but tumbled back down."
A: True
B: False
Q2
Select the correct version.
A: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late, and became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
B: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late, and they became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
Q3
Select the correct version.
A: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late and became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
B: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late, and became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.

File:Simple-Sentence-1.jpg

2020-07-08T11:45:55Z

Thabit:

Simple-Sentence

Language/English/Grammar/Sentense-Structure

2020-07-08T11:41:07Z

Thabit: Created page with "the simple sentence in english Simple Sentence A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent clause. A simple sentence has no dependent clauses. (An in..."

the simple sentence in english
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent clause. A simple sentence has no dependent clauses. (An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.)
Examples of Simple Sentences
Below are examples of simple sentences.
One Subject and One Verb
Simple sentences have one subject and one verb or predicate. Some of these have a direct object or a modifier, but they still only have one subject and one verb. If you need to brush up on these parts of speech, read up on Understanding Subjects, Predicates, and Objects. The following examples show how this works:

The cat stretched.

Jacob stood on his tiptoes.

The car turned the corner.

Kelly twirled in circles.

She opened the door.

Aaron made a picture.

I'm sorry.

I danced.
Examples With an Implied Subject

Some simple sentences have a single subject and verb, but the subject isn't stated in the sentence. Instead, the reader knows who the subject is from context. You'll notice that many of these short examples are imperative sentences with an implied subject of "you":

Run!

Open the jar carefully.

Read the directions.

Don't cry.

Use common sense.

Make the best of things.

Catch up!

These sentences have just one independent clause. Refresh your memory about the difference between independent and dependent clauses if you need clarification.

Compound Subject and One Verb
You'll also see simple sentences with a compound subject and one verb. In this case, the subjects are joined by a conjunction like "and" and are all performing the action described in the verb. There may be modifiers and direct objects here as well, as you'll see in some of these examples:

Sarah and Ira drove to the store.

Jenny and I opened all the gifts.

The cat and dog ate.

My parents and I went to a movie.

Mrs. Juarez and Mr. Smith are dancing gracefully.

Samantha, Elizabeth, and Joan are on the committee.

The ham, green beans, mashed potatoes, and corn are gluten-free.

The paper and pencil sat idle on the desk.

One Subject and Compound Verb
You'll also see some simple sentences with more than one verb and a single subject. In this case, they are compound verbs. The subject is doing all the actions, and the actions go together. The easiest way to see this is with some examples:

Misha walked and looked around.

My mother hemmed and hawed over where to go for dinner.

He was eating and talking.

I rinsed and dried the dishes.

Joe stood up and spoke to the crowd.

Examples of Longer Simple Sentences
Although a simple sentence can be a single word, it can also be much longer. Adding modifiers or multiple direct objects can extend the length of the sentence. These examples are all simple sentences, despite their length:

The mangy, scrawny stray dog hurriedly gobbled down the grain-free, organic dog food.

I quickly put on my red winter jacket, black snow pants, waterproof boots, homemade mittens, and handknit scarf.

The incessant ticking and chiming echoed off the weathered walls of the clock repair shop.

Nervously, I unfolded the wrinkled and stained letter from my long-dead ancestor.

Into the suitcase, I carelessly threw a pair of ripped jeans, my favorite sweater from high school, an old pair of tube socks with stripes, and $20,000 in cash.

Simple Sentence Examples From Literature
Writers have been using simple sentences as long as people have been writing. Consider these examples from literature:

"The Spirits of All Three shall strive within me." A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens

"I was the more deceived." Ophelia in Hamlet by William Shakespeare

"Neither boy spoke." The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain

"Call me Ishmael." Moby Dick by Herman Melville

Understand Sentence Structure
Now that you know about simple sentences and have seen some examples, take a moment to learn about other sentence types like compound sentences and complex sentences.The more you know about how sentences are put together, the better your writing will become.
The Four Types of Sentence Structure
The simple sentence is one of four sentence structures, all of which are shown below. In these examples, the independent clauses are shaded.

A Simple Sentence. A simple sentence has just one independent clause. For example:
You're only as good as your last haircut. (Author Fran Lebowitz)
A Complex Sentence. A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. For example:
When you write a comic strip, the person on the left always speaks first. (Comedian George Carlin)
Read more about complex sentences.

A Compound Sentence. A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. For example:
I used to jog, but the ice cubes kept falling out of my glass. (Singer David Lee Roth)
Read more about compound sentences.

A Compound-Complex Sentence. A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. For example:
I stopped believing in Santa Claus when my mother took me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my autograph. (Actress Shirley Temple)
Why Should I Care about Simple Sentences?
Here is a good reason to care about simple sentences:
Be clear on when to use a comma before "and."
Being able to identify a simple sentence helps with comma placement. Writers are often unsure when to use a comma before words like "and," "or," and "but" (called conjunctions).

Let's look at some examples:
Jack likes chicken and loves Nando's.
Jack likes chicken but hates turkey.
(These are both examples of simple sentences with compound predicates. In each example, there is one subject governing two verbs. Note that there is no comma before the "and" or the "but.")
Compare the two examples above with these sentences:
Jack likes chicken, and he loves Nando's.
Jack likes chicken, but he hates turkey.
(These look similar, but they are not simple sentences with compound predicates. There are two subjects ("Jack" and "he"), each governing its own verb. These are examples of compound sentences not simple sentences with compound predicates. Each sentence features two independent clauses, not one. Note that there is now a comma before the "and" and the "but.")
The Rule

Use a comma before an "and" (or "but," "or," etc.) that joins two independent clauses (i.e., clauses that could stand alone as sentences)
Remember that with a compound predicate, the second half of the predicate cannot stand alone as a sentence because it doesn't have its own subject.
Jack likes chicken and loves Nando's.
(In this example of a simple sentence, "loves Nando's" is not an independent clause. That's why there's no comma before "and.")
Jack likes chicken, and he loves Nando's.
(In this example of a compound sentence, "he loves Nando's" is an independent clause. That's why there is a comma before "and.")
Read more about compound sentences.
Read more about conjunctions.
Key Point
When a simple sentence has compound predicate, don't separate the subject from its second verb with a comma.
My dog likes toast, but does not eat bread.
My dog likes toast but does not eat bread.
Interactive Exercise
Here are three randomly selected questions from a larger exercise, which can be edited, printed to create an exercise worksheet, or sent via email to friends or students.
Q1
True or false? The following sentence is a simple sentence with a compound predicate.

"Jack walked up the hill but tumbled back down."
A: True
B: False
Q2
Select the correct version.
A: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late, and became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
B: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late, and they became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
Q3
Select the correct version.
A: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late and became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
B: Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late, and became extinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.

Language/English/Culture/What-is-America

2020-03-18T13:36:17Z

Thabit:

'''[[Top 14 Reasons Why It Is Important To Learn Arabic]]'''

Among the number of foreign languages that you can study, why should you learn Arabic? It is not an easy language to learn and has nothing in common with English. Therefore, a speaker of English will have a difficult time to learn it. But looking at the positive side, learning Arabic can offer several benefits.

If you think of the advantages of learning Arabic, the effort and time that you would dedicate to learn the language would all be worth it.

== The Arabic language ==
Arabic is a Southern-Central Semitic language. It is spoken in most parts of the Arabian Peninsula, parts of Middle East and North Africa. In these regions, the languages with the most number of speakers, in chronological order are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish and Hebrew. These languages belong to different language families. Turkish is part of the Turkic family. The Indo-European language family is represented by Kurdish and Persian. Hebrew and Arabic belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family. Aside from these major languages, people in the Middle East speak around 20 minority languages.

Arabic is a macrolanguage that has 30 modern varieties or dialects. Literary Arabic, which is also called Standard Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), is used today in formal speech and in writing in the Arab world while Classical Arabic was used in Islamic literature of the 7th to 9th centuries. It is the language of the Qurʾān.

The basis of the Modern Standard Arabic is the classical version and the differences between the two are related to simplification and modernization in writing and speaking styles. The MSA is used in the modern versions of the Qurʾān and the modern editions of the novels and poetries from the Abbasid and Umayyad periods.

Among the number of foreign languages that you can study, why should you learn Arabic? It is not an easy language to learn and has nothing in common with English. Therefore, a speaker of English will have a difficult time to learn it. But looking at the positive side, learning Arabic can offer several benefits.

If you think of the advantages of learning Arabic, the effort and time that you would dedicate to learn the language would all be worth it.

== Reasons to learn Arabic ==
Arabic is the fourth most spoken language in the world. About 315 million people in 58 countries speak the Arabic as their first language, according to Ethnologue.
# Learning Arabic will make you stand out, as there are very few people from the West that speak Arabic. Having command of Arabic will make you appear clever and sophisticated.
# Learning a language is learning about the culture of the country where the language is spoken. Arab culture is rich and interesting. Learning the language will enable you to read some of the famous classic literature. If you are a fan of Aladdin, Ali Baba and Sindbad the Sailor, imagine reading the many stories in The One Thousand and One Nights (''Alf laylah wa laylah'') or the poems of Ḥāfeẓ and Ahmad Shawqi in their original versions.
# You’ll be able to benefit economically. Natural resources abound in the Middle East and speaking Arabic will open many job positions for you.
# You’ll be able to experience true Arab hospitality. Arabs are very proud of their language. Unlike the Germans who are not impressed when foreigners are able to speak their language, the opposite is shown by Arabs. Once a native speaker of Arabic hears a foreigner speak a few words in Arabic, they would be very eager and happy to help you learn their language.
# When you learn Arabic you’ll be able to appreciate the region’s unique way of life, cuisine, literature, music and art. You’ll open the door to their rich culture that is not often exposed to the Western world. You’ll appreciate their cultural practices and products and understand the values that matter much to them, such as hospitality, dignity and honor.
# You’ll be able to understand Islam better if you’re able to read the Qurʾān and understand its teachings.
# You’ll have an edge over competition even if you are in the West. The demand for people fluent in Arabic is quite high and only a few people from the West attempt to learn Arabic. The secret services in the U.S. need people who are fluent speakers of Arabic. There are many businesses, including translating and interpreting that are in need of Arabic speakers. Other fields that need Arabic speakers include intelligence and foreign service, consulting, banking and finance, education and journalism.
# When you know Arabic, you’ll be able to have an easier time learning other languages spoken in the region, such as Farsi or Persian, Turkish, Urdu and even Hebrew. Most of the vocabularies of these languages are derived from and similar to Arabic words so you will be able to quickly grasp the semantic and grammatical concepts of the other languages.
# Traveling to the Middle East would be easier. A good number of Arabs are able to speak English but the larger part of the population only uses Arabic as their primary language. Even if you can only speak common words and phrases, it is better to speak the local language. It would help you appreciate the traditional villages and other points of interest.
# If you are an American, you might avail of the financial incentives the U.S. government grants to people who are interested to learn Arabic. The government has declared that Arabic is a language that has strategic importance and the National Strategic Language Initiative promotes the learning of several languages that are critical to the foreign policies and relationships of the government. It provides learning opportunities and scholarships for those interested to learn a critical language. The support covers courses from beginners to advanced levels, professional development, teacher exchanges, opportunities for intensive instruction and study abroad programs. You can check the scholarships available from the Critical Language Scholarship Program, the Boren Awards of the National Security Education Program and the Arabic Overseas Language Flagship Program.
# If you are planning to join a trading firm, an import-export company or engage in business yourself, many opportunities are available in the Arab nations. Its population is growing and with a huge GDP, it is a prime market for export of services and goods. Learning Arabic and the culture of the people who speak the language will make it easier for you to negotiate and conduct business.
# Nations that speak Arabic contributed significantly to global civilization. Many Arabs contributed to the advancement of philosophy, medicine and science. They have vast libraries that preserved the learnings from Byzantine, Roman and Greek cultures. You can explore the world of architecture, astrology, navigation, mathematics and literature in their first language.
# Learning Arabic can make you an ambassador for your home country. Many people in the U.S. view Arabic speakers negatively because they only get to learn about them from mass media and movies. The situation is the same in the Arab world. If you are studying or working in the Middle East, you’ll be able to help break up the misconceptions the Arabs have about the Americans and the United States.
# You gain vital language skills when you learn Arabic. It is easier to learn French or Spanish and these languages will allow you to travel or work in various countries, especially in Europe. However, you have more competition because there are more learners and speakers of these languages. If you learn Arabic, you are sure that there would be a great demand for your language skills as the supply is scarce. Further, if you learn Mandarin Chinese for example, your career focus would only be in a few countries, whereas if you learn Arabic, your opportunities are wider as the language is spoken in 58 countries

Language/English/Culture/What-is-America

2020-03-18T13:26:18Z

Thabit:

<div style="font-size:300%;">[[File:Arabic Language and languages of the world.jpg|thumb]]</div>Top 14 Reasons Why It Is Important To Learn Arabic
Among the number of foreign languages that you can study, why should you learn Arabic? It is not an easy language to learn and has nothing in common with English. Therefore, a speaker of English will have a difficult time to learn it. But looking at the positive side, learning Arabic can offer several benefits.

If you think of the advantages of learning Arabic, the effort and time that you would dedicate to learn the language would all be worth it.

== The Arabic language ==
Arabic is a Southern-Central Semitic language. It is spoken in most parts of the Arabian Peninsula, parts of Middle East and North Africa. In these regions, the languages with the most number of speakers, in chronological order are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish and Hebrew. These languages belong to different language families. Turkish is part of the Turkic family. The Indo-European language family is represented by Kurdish and Persian. Hebrew and Arabic belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family. Aside from these major languages, people in the Middle East speak around 20 minority languages.

Arabic is a macrolanguage that has 30 modern varieties or dialects. Literary Arabic, which is also called Standard Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), is used today in formal speech and in writing in the Arab world while Classical Arabic was used in Islamic literature of the 7th to 9th centuries. It is the language of the Qurʾān.

The basis of the Modern Standard Arabic is the classical version and the differences between the two are related to simplification and modernization in writing and speaking styles. The MSA is used in the modern versions of the Qurʾān and the modern editions of the novels and poetries from the Abbasid and Umayyad periods.

Among the number of foreign languages that you can study, why should you learn Arabic? It is not an easy language to learn and has nothing in common with English. Therefore, a speaker of English will have a difficult time to learn it. But looking at the positive side, learning Arabic can offer several benefits.

If you think of the advantages of learning Arabic, the effort and time that you would dedicate to learn the language would all be worth it.

== Reasons to learn Arabic ==
Arabic is the fourth most spoken language in the world. About 315 million people in 58 countries speak the Arabic as their first language, according to Ethnologue.
# Learning Arabic will make you stand out, as there are very few people from the West that speak Arabic. Having command of Arabic will make you appear clever and sophisticated.
# Learning a language is learning about the culture of the country where the language is spoken. Arab culture is rich and interesting. Learning the language will enable you to read some of the famous classic literature. If you are a fan of Aladdin, Ali Baba and Sindbad the Sailor, imagine reading the many stories in The One Thousand and One Nights (''Alf laylah wa laylah'') or the poems of Ḥāfeẓ and Ahmad Shawqi in their original versions.
# You’ll be able to benefit economically. Natural resources abound in the Middle East and speaking Arabic will open many job positions for you.
# You’ll be able to experience true Arab hospitality. Arabs are very proud of their language. Unlike the Germans who are not impressed when foreigners are able to speak their language, the opposite is shown by Arabs. Once a native speaker of Arabic hears a foreigner speak a few words in Arabic, they would be very eager and happy to help you learn their language.
# When you learn Arabic you’ll be able to appreciate the region’s unique way of life, cuisine, literature, music and art. You’ll open the door to their rich culture that is not often exposed to the Western world. You’ll appreciate their cultural practices and products and understand the values that matter much to them, such as hospitality, dignity and honor.
# You’ll be able to understand Islam better if you’re able to read the Qurʾān and understand its teachings.
# You’ll have an edge over competition even if you are in the West. The demand for people fluent in Arabic is quite high and only a few people from the West attempt to learn Arabic. The secret services in the U.S. need people who are fluent speakers of Arabic. There are many businesses, including translating and interpreting that are in need of Arabic speakers. Other fields that need Arabic speakers include intelligence and foreign service, consulting, banking and finance, education and journalism.
# When you know Arabic, you’ll be able to have an easier time learning other languages spoken in the region, such as Farsi or Persian, Turkish, Urdu and even Hebrew. Most of the vocabularies of these languages are derived from and similar to Arabic words so you will be able to quickly grasp the semantic and grammatical concepts of the other languages.
# Traveling to the Middle East would be easier. A good number of Arabs are able to speak English but the larger part of the population only uses Arabic as their primary language. Even if you can only speak common words and phrases, it is better to speak the local language. It would help you appreciate the traditional villages and other points of interest.
# If you are an American, you might avail of the financial incentives the U.S. government grants to people who are interested to learn Arabic. The government has declared that Arabic is a language that has strategic importance and the National Strategic Language Initiative promotes the learning of several languages that are critical to the foreign policies and relationships of the government. It provides learning opportunities and scholarships for those interested to learn a critical language. The support covers courses from beginners to advanced levels, professional development, teacher exchanges, opportunities for intensive instruction and study abroad programs. You can check the scholarships available from the Critical Language Scholarship Program, the Boren Awards of the National Security Education Program and the Arabic Overseas Language Flagship Program.
# If you are planning to join a trading firm, an import-export company or engage in business yourself, many opportunities are available in the Arab nations. Its population is growing and with a huge GDP, it is a prime market for export of services and goods. Learning Arabic and the culture of the people who speak the language will make it easier for you to negotiate and conduct business.
# Nations that speak Arabic contributed significantly to global civilization. Many Arabs contributed to the advancement of philosophy, medicine and science. They have vast libraries that preserved the learnings from Byzantine, Roman and Greek cultures. You can explore the world of architecture, astrology, navigation, mathematics and literature in their first language.
# Learning Arabic can make you an ambassador for your home country. Many people in the U.S. view Arabic speakers negatively because they only get to learn about them from mass media and movies. The situation is the same in the Arab world. If you are studying or working in the Middle East, you’ll be able to help break up the misconceptions the Arabs have about the Americans and the United States.
# You gain vital language skills when you learn Arabic. It is easier to learn French or Spanish and these languages will allow you to travel or work in various countries, especially in Europe. However, you have more competition because there are more learners and speakers of these languages. If you learn Arabic, you are sure that there would be a great demand for your language skills as the supply is scarce. Further, if you learn Mandarin Chinese for example, your career focus would only be in a few countries, whereas if you learn Arabic, your opportunities are wider as the language is spoken in 58 countries

File:Arabic Language and languages of the world.jpg

2020-03-18T13:10:39Z

Thabit:

L'importance de la langue arabe sur les langues du monde

File:Https verbling-user-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com 75736031415276259819 134fe6d9-35f7-49f7-9088-00d21599e535 web2 0.jpg

2020-03-18T13:04:16Z

Thabit:

The importance of the Arabic language over the languages of the world

Language/Standard-arabic/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2020-03-15T20:11:09Z

Thabit:

[[File:arabic-alphabet-and-pronunciation-1.jpg]]

Hello everyone!

We are going to talk about the letters and how you spell them In Arabic ... So let's start:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="4" |Letter
|-
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
!Isolated
|-
|ألف
|/aː/, /ʔ/
| colspan="2" |ـا
| colspan="2" |ا
|-
|باء
|/b/
|ـب
|ـبـ
|بـ
|ب
|-
|تاء
|/t/
|ـت
|ـتـ
|تـ
|ت
|-
|ثاء
|/θ/
|ـث
|ـثـ
|ثـ
|ث
|-
|جيم
|/d͡ʒ/
|ـج
|ـجـ
|جـ
|ج
|-
|حاء
|/ħ/
|ـح
|ـحـ
|حـ
|ح
|-
|خاء
|/x/
|ـخ
|ـخـ
|خـ
|خ
|-
|دال
|/d/
| colspan="2" |ـد
| colspan="2" |د
|-
|ذال
|/ð/
| colspan="2" |ـذ
| colspan="2" |ذ
|-
|راء
|/r/
| colspan="2" |ـر
| colspan="2" |ر
|-
|زاي
|/z/
| colspan="2" |ـز
| colspan="2" |ز
|-
|سين
|/s/
|ـس
|ـسـ
|سـ
|س
|-
|شين
|/ʃ/
|ـش
|ـشـ
|شـ
|ش
|-
|صاد
|/sˤ/
|ـص
|ـصـ
|صـ
|ص
|-
|ضاد
|/dˤ/
|ـض
|ـضـ
|ضـ
|ض
|-
|طاء
|/tˤ/
|ـط
|ـطـ
|طـ
|ط
|-
|ظاء
|/ðˤ/
|ـظ
|ـظـ
|ظـ
|ظ
|-
|عين
|/ʕ/
|ـع
|ـعـ
|عـ
|ع
|-
|غين
|/ɣ/
|ـغ
|ـغـ
|غـ
|غ
|-
|فاء
|/f/
|ـف
|ـفـ
|فـ
|ف
|-
|قاف
|/q/
|ـق
|ـقـ
|قـ
|ق
|-
|كاف
|/k/
|ـك
|ـكـ
|كـ
|ك
|-
|لام
|/l/
|ـل
|ـلـ
|لـ
|ل
|-
|ميم
|/m/
|ـم
|ـمـ
|مـ
|م
|-
|نون
|/n/
|ـن
|ـنـ
|نـ
|ن
|-
|هاء
|/h/
|ـه
|ـهـ
|هـ
|ه
|-
|واو
|/w/, /uː/
| colspan="2" |ـو
| colspan="2" |و
|-
|ياء
|/j/, /iː/
|ـي
|ـيـ
|يـ
|ي
|}

In Arabic we have Letters like ( '''ا ب ت ث ج ح ....''').

These letters have pronunciation.

Then we have these small Symbols ( َ - ُ - ِ ) ( ً - ٌ - ٍ ) ( ّ ) ( ْ).

When we add those Symbols to the Letter it will change their pronunciation ...

Well not very different but it will look like we say the letter with a second letter or more ....

So I'll give Examples and see:

We will start with the first three symbols: ( َ ) ( ُ ) ( ِ )

#The first one is called in Arabic "'''Fat ha'''" and it means you should open your mouth while saying the letter.
#The second one is called "'''Damma'''". Your mouth should have a round shape like you're pronouncing a "O".
#The third one is called "'''Kasra'''". Your mouth should have the same shape as when you're pronouncing a "E".

Here are some examples:

*If we want to say the letter ( ب ) in Arabic, let's add that Fatha to it ( بَ ). Its pronunciation becomes ('''Ba'''). Not a long "a", just a short one.
*if we want to say the letter ( ب ) in Arabic, let's add that Damma to it ( بُ ). Its pronunciation becomes ('''Bo'''). Not a long "o", just a short one.
*if we want to say the letter ( ب ) in Arabic, let's add that Kasra to it ( بِ ). Its pronunciation becomes ('''Be'''). Not a long "e", just a short one.

The table below will help you with other letters:

{| class="wikitable"
!letter
!name of the letter
!pronunciation with Fatha
!pronunciation with Damma
!pronunciation with Kasra
|-
|ا
|Alif
|A
|O
|E
|-
|ب
|Ba'a
|Ba
|Bo
|Be
|-
|ت
|Ta'a
|Ta
|To
|Te
|-
|ث
|tha'a (th here must pronounce as [th] in tee[th]
|tha
|tho
|the
|-
|ج
|jeem
|ja
|jo
|je
|-
|ح
|ha'a [h]
|ha
|Ho
|He
|-
|خ
|Kha'a [KH] must pronounce as [X letter in Russian]
|Kha
|Kho
|Khe
|}
and so on with All the letters.

Please note that the second letter you add has a very short pronunciation.

I hope this will help you. A lot of people I talked to found this hard to understand but found it a little easier after this explanation ...

See you soon.

part2 :

hello Again ...

well let's complete our lesson ....

we'll talk about these symbols ( ً )-( ٌ )-( ٍ )
*The first one is called in Arabic "'''Tanween Al''' '''Fat'h'''" and it means you should open your mouth while saying the letter then add N at the end of letter.
*The second one is called "'''Tanween Al Damm'''". Your mouth should have a round shape like you're pronouncing a "O" and add N at the End of the letter
*The third one is called "'''Tanween Al Kasr'''". Your mouth should have the same shape as when you're pronouncing a "E" .and add N at the End of the letter

Here are some examples:
*If we want to say the letter ( ب ) in Arabic, let's add '''Tanween Al Fat'h''' to it ( بً ). Its pronunciation becomes ('''Ban)'''. Not a long "a", just a short one.
*if we want to say the letter ( ب ) in Arabic, let's add '''Tanween Al Damm''' to it ( بٌ ). Its pronunciation becomes ('''Bon'''). Not a long "o", just a short one.
*if we want to say the letter ( ب ) in Arabic, let's add '''Tanween Al Kasr''' to it ( بٍ ). Its pronunciation becomes ('''Ben'''). Not a long "e", just a short one.
The table below will help you with other letters:
{| class="wikitable"
!letter
!name of the letter
!pronunciation with Tanween Al Fat'h
!pronunciation with Tanween Al Damm
!pronunciation with Tanween Al Kasr
|-
|ا
|Alif
|An
|On
|Ee
|-
|ب
|Ba'a
|Ban
|Bon
|Ben
|-
|ت
|Ta'a
|Tan
|Ton
|Ten
|-
|ث
|tha'a (th here must pronounce as [th] in tee[th]
|than
|thon
|then
|-
|ج
|jeem
|jan
|jon
|jen
|-
|ح
|ha'a
|han
|Hon
|Hen
|-
|خ
|Kha'a [KH] must pronounce as [X letter in Russian]
|Khan
|Khon
|Khen
|}
and so on with All the letters.

{{#seo:
|title=How do you pronounce letters in Arabic?
|keywords=letters, sound, pronunciation, rules, Fatha, Damma
|description=In this lesson we will explain how to pronounce the letters of the Arabic Alphabet.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/5/51/Arabic-alphabet-and-pronunciation.jpg
}}

[[Category: Arabic/Beginner]]
[[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]]

Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/Subject-pronouns

2019-07-01T13:30:28Z

Thabit:

معا في شرح قواعد اللغة العربية [[File:arabic-pronouns.jpg|300px]]

==Pronouns==
The Arabic subject pronouns are:

*I = أنا = ana
*You (masc) = أنت = anta
*You (fem) = أنت = anti
*You (dual) = أنتما = antuma
*You (plural, masc) = أنتم = antum
*You (plural, fem) = أنتن = antunna
*We = نحن = nahnu
*He = هو = howwa
*She = هي = heyya
*They (dual) = هما = humma
*They (plural,masc) = هم = hom
*They (plural,fem) = هن = hunna

==Use==
In arabic they are frequently dropped except in the equational (verbless) sentences like:

*I'm happy = أنا سعيد
*I'm from َAlgeria = أنا من الجزائر
*He is from Egypt = هــو من مـِصر

==Authors==
[http://polyglotclub.com/member/Saeed-acr Saeed-acr]