Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/English/Vocabulary/At-first-and-first

2021-01-31T05:34:32Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''At first and first''' '''We use "at first" to talk about the beginning of a situation, to make a contrast with something different that happens/happened later. "At first"...."

'''At first and first'''

'''We use "at first" to talk about the beginning of a situation, to make a contrast with something different that happens/happened later. "At first". . . is often followed by but.'''

Examples:

At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong.

The work was hard at first, but I got used to it.

'''In other cases, we usually prefer first.'''

Examples:

That's mine - I saw it first! (not . . .I saw it at first.)

We lived there when we were first married. (= . . . in the early days of our marriage.) (not . . . when we were at first married.)

First, I want to talk about the history of the problem; then I'll outline the situation today; and then we'll discuss possible solutions, (not... At first, I want to talk . . .)

Language/English/Vocabulary/At-all

2021-01-27T05:23:18Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''At all''' '''1. "At all" with a negative''' '''We often use "at all" to emphasize a negative idea.''' Examples: I did not understand anything at all. (= I did not und..."

'''At all'''

'''1. "At all" with a negative'''

'''We often use "at all" to emphasize a negative idea.'''

Examples:

I did not understand anything at all. (= I did not understand even a little.)

She was hardly frightened at all.

''' '''

'''2. Questions, etc'''

'''"At all" can also be used in questions, and with 'non-affirmative’ words like if, ever and any.'''

Examples:

Do you play piano at all? (= . . . even a little?)

He will come before dinner if he comes at all.

You can come whenever you like - any time at all.

''' '''

'''3. "Not at all"'''

'''The expression "not at all" is used (especially in British English) as a rather formal answer to "Thank you" and to "Do you mind if. . .?"'''

Language/English/Grammar/In:-place

2020-05-19T05:10:29Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "''' In: place''' '''"In" is used for position inside large areas, and in three-dimensional space (when something is surrounded on all sides).''' Examples: I don't thin..."

''' In: place'''

'''"In" is used for position inside large areas, and in three-dimensional space (when something is surrounded on all sides).'''

Examples:

I don't think he's in his office.

Let’s go for a walk in the woods.

She grew up in Belgium.

I last saw her in Times Square.

He lived in the desert for four years.

Language/English/Grammar/On:-place

2020-05-18T03:49:46Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "''' On: place''' '''"On" is used to talk about position on a line (for example a road or a river).''' ''' ''' Examples: His house is on the way from Aberdeen to Dundee..."

''' On: place'''

'''"On" is used to talk about position on a line (for example a road or a river).'''

''' '''

Examples:

His house is on the way from Aberdeen to Dundee.

Stratford is on the river Avon.

'''But "in" is used for the position of things which form part of the line.'''

Examples:

There’s a misprint in line 6 on page 22.

Who’s the good-looking boy in the sixth row?

'''"On" is used for position on a surface.'''

Examples:

Hurry up - supper’s on the table!

That picture would look better on the other wall.

There's a big spider on the ceiling.

'''"On" can mean 'attached to'.'''

Examples:

Why do you wear that ring on your first finger?

There aren’t many apples on the tree this year.

'''"On" is also used for position by a lake or sea.'''

Examples:

Bowness is on Lake Windermere. Southend-on-Sea

Language/English/Grammar/At:-place

2020-05-17T03:38:20Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with " '''At: place''' '''1. "At" is used to talk about position at a point.''' Examples: It's very hot at the centre of the earth. Turn right at the next corner. '''2...."

'''At: place'''

'''1. "At" is used to talk about position at a point.'''

Examples:

It's very hot at the centre of the earth.

Turn right at the next corner.

'''2. Sometimes we use "at" with a larger place, if we just think of this as a point: a stage on a journey or a meeting place, for example.'''

''' '''

Compare:

- The plane stops for an hour at/in Frankfurt, (a point on a journey)

She lives in Frankfurt, (somebody’s home) (not she lives at Frankfurt.)

- Let’s meet at the club, (a meeting point)

It was warm and comfortable in the club, (a place to spend time)

'''3. We very often use "at" before the name of a building, when we are thinking not of the building itself but of the activity that happens there.'''

Examples:

I first heard her sing at the Usher Hall in Edinburgh.

Eat at the Steak House - best food in town.

Sorry I didn't call last night - I was at the theatre.

'''4. "At" is particularly common with proper names used for buildings or organisations.'''

Compare:

- I first met your father at/in Harrods.

I first met your father in a shop.

- She works at Legal and General Insurance.

She works in a big insurance company.

'''5. "At" is used to say where people study.'''

Example:

He's at the London School of Economics.

'''6. We use "at" with the name of a city to talk about the city’s university.'''

Compare:

He’s a student at Oxford.

He lives in Cambridge.

'''7. "At" is also used before the names of group activities.'''

at a party; at a meeting; at a concert; at a lecture; at the match

Language/English/Grammar/Ask

2020-05-16T06:33:36Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Ask''' ''' ''' '''1. Ask and ask for''' '''Ask for''': ask somebody to give something '''Ask without for''': ask somebody to tell something Compare: - Don't ask..."

'''Ask'''

''' '''

'''1. Ask and ask for'''

'''Ask for''': ask somebody to give something

'''Ask without for''': ask somebody to tell something

Compare:

- Don't ask me for money, (not don't ask money.)

Don’t ask me my name. (More common than don't ask me for my name.)

- Ask for the menu.

Ask the price.

'''"Ask" is sometimes used without for when talking about asking for sums of money, especially in connection with buying, selling and renting.'''

Examples:

They’re asking ￡700 a month including tax.

‘How much is the car?’ ‘I’m asking sixteen hundred.’

'''Note also the expressions "ask a lot of somebody", "ask too much of somebody", "ask a favour of somebody" and "ask (for) permission".'''

''' '''

''' '''

'''2. Infinitive structures'''

We can use infinitive structures after ask.

Examples:

'''ask + infinitive'''

I asked to go home. (= I asked permission to go home.)

'''ask + object + infinitive'''

I asked John to go home. (= I told Jack I would like him to go home.)

'''ask + for + object + infinitive'''

I asked for the children to have extra milk.

I asked for the package to be sent to my home address.

'''Note the difference between these two sentences:'''

I asked Jack to go home. (I wanted Jack to go home.)

I asked Jack if I could go home. (I wanted to go home myself.)

Language/English/Vocabulary/As-well-as

2020-05-13T04:29:01Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''As well as''' ''' ''' '''1. Meaning''' '''"As well as" has a similar meaning to 'not only . . . but also’.''' Examples: She's got a goat, as well as five cats and..."

'''As well as'''

''' '''

'''1. Meaning'''

'''"As well as" has a similar meaning to 'not only . . . but also’.'''

Examples:

She's got a goat, as well as five cats and three dogs.

He’s clever as well as nice. (= He's not only nice, but also clever.)

She works in television as well as writing children's books.

'''When some information is already known to the listener/reader, we put this information with "as well as".'''

Examples:

As well as birds, some mammals can fly. (not birds can fly, as well as some mammals)

They speak Italian in parts of Switzerland as well as Italy. (not they speak Italian in Italy as well as parts o f Switzerland)

''' '''

'''2. Verbs after as well as'''

'''When we put a verb after "as well as", we most often use the -ing form.'''

Examples:

Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. (not… as well as it makes you smell bad.)

As well as breaking his leg he hurt his arm. (not as well as he broke his leg, he hurt his arm)

'''After an infinitive in the main clause, an infinitive without to is possible.'''

Example:

I have to feed the animals as well as look after the children.

Note the difference between:

She sings as well as playing the piano. (= She not only plays, but also sings.)

She sings as well as she plays the piano. (= Her singing is as good as her playing.)

Language/Iranian-persian/Culture/Haft-sin

2020-05-12T08:34:00Z

Safasamimiat:

[[File:هفت سین.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:هفت-سین-96-9.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Sofre7sin.jpg|thumb]]

<div style="font-size:300%;">Haft-sin</div>

سلام Iranian Persian language and culture lovers!

In today's lesson, you will learn about Haft-sin.

Haft-sin or Haft-seen (Persian: هفت‌سین‎) is a traditional custom in the Persian New Year holiday.

<youtube>HZnoNXrkfO0</youtube>

__TOC__

==Primary items==

The following are the primary 7 items of Haft-sin, whose Persian names begin with the letter "س" in the Persian alphabet (pronounced as "seen").

# ''Sabzeh'' (سبزه) – wheat, barley, mung bean, or lentil sprouts grown in a dish.
# ''Samanu'' (سمنو) – wheat germ sweet pudding.
# ''Senjed'' (سنجد) – Persian olive.
# ''Serkeh'' (سرکه) – vinegar.
#''Seeb'' (سیب) – apple.
# ''Seer'' (سیر) – garlic.
# ''Somāq'' (سماق) – sumac.
''SenjedSonbol''Somāq

Coins (سکه ''sekke''), hyacinth (سنبل ''sonbol''), and clock (ساعت ''saat'') are sometimes included too. Other symbolic items that are typically used to accompany Haft-sin include a mirror, candles, painted eggs, goldfish, and traditional Persian confectioneries.

A "book of wisdom" is also commonly included, which might be the Quran, the Bible, the Avesta, the Shahnameh, or the ''divān'' of Hafez

The Haft-Seen table represents nature. By tradition, Iranian families make great efforts to create the most beautiful Haft-Seen table that they can. This is not only embody values both traditional and spiritual, it is but also appreciated by the visitors during Nowruz visiting exchanges as a reflection of the families' aesthetic sense and good taste.

==Items starting "س"==
Items starting with the Persian letter "س":
* ''Sabzeh'' (سبزه): the symbol of rebirth and growth.
* ''Samanu'' (سمنو): the symbol of power and strength.
* ''Senjed'' (سنجد): the symbol of love.
* ''Somāq'' (سماق): the symbol of sunrise.
* ''Serkeh'' (سرکه): the symbol of patience.
* ''Seeb'' (سیب): the symbol of beauty.
* ''Seer'' (سیر): the symbol of health and medicine.

==Other items starting with "س"==
Other items starting with the Persian letter "س" are sometimes included:
* ''Sonbol'' (سنبل): the symbol of spring's arrival.
* ''Sekkeh'' (سکه): the symbol of wealth and prosperity.
* ''Saat'' (ساعت): the symbol of time.

==Items not starting with "س"==
Items not starting with "س" but, nonetheless, invariably included:
* ''eggs'' (تخم‌مرغ رنگی): the symbol of fertility.
* ''mirror'' (آینه): the symbol of self-reflection.
* ''candle'' (شمع): the symbol of enlightenment.
* ''goldfish'' (ماهی قرمز): the symbol of progress.
* ''book'' (کتاب): the symbol of wisdom.

Language/English/Vocabulary/As-usual

2020-05-12T06:04:08Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''As usual''' Note that in this expression we use the adjective ''usual,'' not the adverb ''usually.'' '' '' Example: The train's late, as usual. (not the train's late,..."

'''As usual'''

Note that in this expression we use the adjective ''usual,'' not the adverb ''usually.''

'' ''

Example:

The train's late, as usual. (not the train's late, as usually.)

Language/English/Vocabulary/Not…as-such

2020-05-12T06:00:17Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Not…as such''' "Not . . . as such" is used to say that something is not exactly what a word or expression suggests. Examples: ‘So you went on a tour to the whole C..."

'''Not…as such'''

"Not . . . as such" is used to say that something is not exactly what a word or expression suggests.

Examples:

‘So you went on a tour to the whole China?' ‘Well, not a tour as such.

I'm not a teacher as such, but I've taught English to some of my friends abroad.

Language/English/Vocabulary/As-long-as

2020-05-12T05:54:34Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''As long as''' ''' ''' '''1. Tenses''' After "as long as", we use a present tense to express a future idea. Example: I ’ll remember that day as long as I live. (no..."

'''As long as'''

''' '''

'''1. Tenses'''

After "as long as", we use a present tense to express a future idea.

Example:

I ’ll remember that day as long as I live. (not as long as I will live)

''' '''

'''2. Conditions'''

As/so long as is often used to state conditions.

Example:

You can take my car as/so long as you drive carefully. (= . . . on condition that you drive carefully.)

''' '''

'''3. Emphatic use'''

Before a number, "as long as" can be used to suggest great length.

Example:

This meeting can last as long as five hours.

Language/Iranian-persian/Culture/Official-Farsi-and-informal-Farsi

2020-05-12T05:46:34Z

Safasamimiat:

[[File:Formal-informal.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%;">Official Farsi and informal Farsi</div>
==Informal VS formal==

In Iran we have two types of Farsi language: Formal or official, and informal.

*'''Formal Farsi''' is used for example, on TV, newspapers and books.

*'''Informal Farsi''' is used in every day life by people.

Many people from different parts of the world start learning the formal version of Farsi but you have to take into account from the start that you will also have to learn the informal version in order to communicate effectively with people.

==Informal "Thank you" in Persian==

Here is how to say "Thank you" in an informal way in Persian: Mamnoon

<youtube>FcwTHxGEDKs</youtube>

<youtube>mlEgyqlCr34</youtube>

Language/English/Vocabulary/As-if-and-as-though;-like

2020-05-12T04:45:29Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''As if and as though; like''' ''' ''' '''1. Meaning''' '''As if and as though are both used to say what a situation seems like. They can refer to something that we think..."

'''As if and as though; like'''

''' '''

'''1. Meaning'''

'''As if and as though are both used to say what a situation seems like. They can refer to something that we think may be true.'''

Examples:

It looks as if/though it’s going to snow.

It sounds as if/though John’s going to change his job.

''' '''

'''They can also be used to talk about things which we know are not true.'''

Examples:

I feel as if/though I'm dying.

She was acting as if/though she was in charge.

'''2. Tenses'''

'''When we talk about things which we know are not true, we can use a past tense with a present meaning after as if/though. This emphasises the meaning of unreality.'''

Compare:

- She looks as if she is rich. (Perhaps she is.)

He talks as if he was rich. (But he is definitely not.)

- You look as though you know each other.

Why is he looking at me as though he knew me? I've never seen him before.

'''In a formal style, "were" can be used instead of "was" in an ‘unreal’ comparison. This is common in American English.'''

Example:

He talks as if he were rich.

'''3. "Like" meaning 'as if/though''''

"Like" is often used in the same way as "as if/though", particularly in an informal style. This used to be typically American English, but it is now common in British English.

Examples:

It seems like it’s going to snow.

He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.

Language/Iranian-persian/Culture/Haft-sin

2020-05-12T04:03:27Z

Safasamimiat:

[[File:هفت سین.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:هفت-سین-96-9.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Sofre7sin.jpg|thumb]]

<div style="font-size:300%;">Haft-sin</div>

سلام Iranian Persian language and culture lovers!

In today's lesson, you will learn about Haft-sin.

Haft-sin or Haft-seen (Persian: هفت‌سین‎) is a traditional custom in the Persian New Year holiday.

<youtube>HZnoNXrkfO0</youtube>

__TOC__

==Primary items==

The following are the primary 7 items of Haft-sin, whose Persian names begin with the letter "س" in the Persian alphabet (pronounced as "seen").

# ''Sabzeh'' (سبزه) – wheat, barley, mung bean, or lentil sprouts grown in a dish.
# ''Samanu'' (سمنو) – wheat germ sweet pudding.
# ''Senjed'' (سنجد) – Persian olive.
# ''Serkeh'' (سرکه) – vinegar.
#''Seeb'' (سیب) – apple.
# ''Seer'' (سیر) – garlic.
# ''Somāq'' (سماق) – sumac.
''SenjedSonbol''Somāq

Coins (سکه ''sekke''), hyacinth (سنبل ''sonbol''), and clock (ساعت ''saat'') are sometimes included too. Other symbolic items that are typically used to accompany Haft-sin include a mirror, candles, painted eggs, goldfish, and traditional Persian confectioneries.

A "book of wisdom" is also commonly included, which might be the Quran, the Bible, the Avesta, the Shahnameh, or the ''divān'' of Hafez

The Haft-Seen table represents nature. By tradition, Iranian families make great efforts to create the most beautiful Haft-Seen table that they can, for not only does it embody values both traditional and spiritual, it is also appreciated by the visitors during Nowruz visiting exchanges as a reflection of the families' aesthetic sense and good taste.

==Items starting "س"==
Items starting with the Persian letter "س":
* ''Sabzeh'' (سبزه): the symbol of rebirth and growth.
* ''Samanu'' (سمنو): the symbol of power and strength.
* ''Senjed'' (سنجد): the symbol of love.
* ''Somāq'' (سماق): the symbol of sunrise.
* ''Serkeh'' (سرکه): the symbol of patience.
* ''Seeb'' (سیب): the symbol of beauty.
* ''Seer'' (سیر): the symbol of health and medicine.

==Other items starting with "س"==
Other items starting with the Persian letter "س" are sometimes included:
* ''Sonbol'' (سنبل): the symbol of spring's arrival.
* ''Sekkeh'' (سکه): the symbol of wealth and prosperity.
* ''Saat'' (ساعت): the symbol of time.

==Items not starting with "س"==
Items not starting with "س" but, nonetheless, invariably included:
* ''eggs'' (تخم‌مرغ رنگی): the symbol of fertility.
* ''mirror'' (آینه): the symbol of self-reflection.
* ''candle'' (شمع): the symbol of enlightenment.
* ''goldfish'' (ماهی قرمز): the symbol of progress.
* ''book'' (کتاب): the symbol of wisdom.

Language/English/Vocabulary/As,-because,-since-and-for

2020-05-12T03:54:28Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''As, because, since and for''' All four of these words can be used to refer to the reason for something. There are some differences. ''' ''' '''1. As and since''' As..."

'''As, because, since and for'''

All four of these words can be used to refer to the reason for something. There are some differences.

''' '''

'''1. As and since'''

As and since are used when the reason is already known to the listener/reader, or when it is not the most important part of the sentence. As- and since-clauses often come at the beginning of sentences.

''' '''

Examples:

As it’s raining again, we'll have to stay at home.

Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.

'''As- and since-clauses are relatively formal; in an informal style, the same ideas are often expressed with so.'''

Example:

It’s raining again, so we'll have to stay at home.

'''2. Because'''

Because puts more emphasis on the reason, and most often introduces new information which is not known to the listener/reader.

Examples:

Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.

When the reason is the most important part of the sentence, the because-clause usually comes at the end. It can also stand alone. Since and as cannot be used like this.

Examples:

Why am I leaving? I'm leaving because I ’m fed up! (not . . . I ’m leaving as/since I ’m fed up! )

‘Why are you laughing?’ ' Because you look so funny.’

'''A because-clause can be used to say how one knows something.'''

Example:

You didn't tell me the truth, because I found the money in your room. (= . . . I know because I found . . . )

'''3. For'''

"For" introduces new information, but suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. A for-clause could almost be in brackets. For-clauses never come at the beginning of sentences, and cannot stand alone. For, used in this sense, is most common in a formal written style, and is becoming rare.

Example:

I decided to stop and have lunch - for I was feeling hungry.

Language/English/Vocabulary/(a)round-and-about

2020-05-12T03:39:47Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''(a)round and about''' ''' ''' '''1. Circular movement, etc: (a)round''' We use both round and around (American English usually around) for movement or position in a c..."

'''(a)round and about'''

''' '''

'''1. Circular movement, etc: (a)round'''

We use both round and around (American English usually around) for movement or position in a circle or a curve.

Examples:

She walked (a)round the car and looked at the wheels.

I'd like to travel (a)round the world.

‘Where do you live?' ‘Just (a)round the corner.’

'''2. Touring, distribution: (a)round'''

We also use round or around (American English usually around) to talk about going to all (or most) parts of a place, or giving things to everybody in a group.

Examples:

We walked (a)round the old part of the town.

Can I look (a)round?

Could you pass the cups (a)round, please?

'''3. Indefinite movement and position:''' '''around/about'''

We use around or about (American English usually around) to refer to movements or positions that are not very clear or definite: ‘here and there’, ‘in lots of places’, ‘in different parts of, ‘somewhere in’ and similar ideas.

Examples:

The children were running around/about everywhere.

Stop standing around/about and do some work.

‘Where's Jack?’ ‘Somewhere around/about.’

I like doing odd jobs around/about the house.

'''4. To talk about time-wasting or silly activity: around/about'''

We also use around/about in some common expressions to talk about time-wasting or silly activity.

Example:

Stop fooling around/about. We're late.

'''5. Approximately: around/about'''

About and around can both mean ‘approximately’, ‘not exactly’. About is more common than around in British English.

Examples:

There were about/around twenty people there.

‘What time shall I come?' ‘About/Around seven.’

Language/Iranian-persian/Vocabulary/Drinks

2020-05-11T07:26:37Z

Safasamimiat:

[[File:doogh-iranian-persian-polyglot-lesson-drinks.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%;"> Drinks and beverages in Iran</div>

Hi Iranian Persian language and culture lovers!

In this lesson you will learn about Iran traditional drinks and also learn some vocabulary in Iranian-Persian.

In Iran, it is not allowed to drink alcohol. However, you can still enjoy some very nice beverages.

Here are some of them :

__TOC__

==Tea==
Tea is the Iran national drink.

Black tea or other teas made from traditional herbs.

<youtube>mJQ3hpP91W4</youtube>

==Doogh==
It’s better to start with Doogh. This amazing and refreshing drink is made of yogurt, water and mint.

<youtube>dn4K2vE7JqA</youtube>

==Khakshir==
It consists of tiny reddish-brown seed which is called teff in English. These tiny seeds are great source of calcium, fiber and protein!

<youtube>MHl6-xu2_j8</youtube>

==Sekanjabin with Cucumber (Khiar Sekanjabin)==
This traditional Persian drink includes water, white vinegar, fresh mint, peeled and shredded cucumbers, sugar or honey and lime rind.

<youtube>SGEKpX7JAqY</youtube>

==Words for Drinks in Iranian Persian, writing and pronunciation==
<blockquote>Note: You will not be allowed to drink alcohol in Iran but we include the vocabulary anyway.</blockquote>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!English meaning
!Persian writing
!Persian Pronunciation
|-
|vodka
|ودکا
|vodka
|-
|beer
|آبجو
|abjo
|-
|liquor
|مشروب
|mashrob
|-
|whisky
|ویسکی [نوشیدنی الکلی از غلات]
|viski
|-
|cider
|شراب سیب
|sharab-e-sib
|-
|rum
|عرق نیشکر- رام
|ram
|-
|champagne
|شامپاین
|shampain
|-
|wine
|شراب
|sharab
|-
|sake
|شراب برنج ساکی، [مشروب الکلی ژاپنی]
|saki
|-
|scotch
|اسکاچ ویسکی اسکاتلندی
|eskach
|-
|martini
|مارتینی [نوشیدنی الکلی با جین و ورموت و زیتون]
|martini

|-
|cocoa
|شیرکاکائو
|shir kakaoo
|-
|coffee
|قهوه
|ghahve
|-
|black coffee
|قهوه سیاه
|ghahveie siah
|-
|decaf coffee
|قهوه بدون کافئین
|ghahveie bedoone kafein
|-
|tea
|چای
|chai
|-
|fruit tea
|چای میوه ای
|chaie mive ee
|-
|green tea
|چای سبز
|chaie sabz
|-
|milk
|شیر
|shir
|-
|juice
|آبمیوه
|ab mive
|-
|hot chocolate
|شکلات داغ
|shokolate dagh
|-
|Doogh

(Iranian drink mixed with sour milk with water)
|دوغ
(نوشیدنی ایرانی که مخلوط شیر ترش شده با آب است)
|dough
|}

==Sources==

https://www.irandestination.com/iranian-drinks-and-beverages/

Image: https://sunbasket.com/stories/doogh-mint-and-yogurt-drink

Language/English/Vocabulary/Arise-and-rise

2020-05-11T03:50:04Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Arise and rise''' '''"Arise" means ‘begin’, ‘appear’, ‘occur’, and ‘come to one’s notice’'''. It is used mostly with abstract nouns as subjects. Exa..."

'''Arise and rise'''

'''"Arise" means ‘begin’, ‘appear’, ‘occur’, and ‘come to one’s notice’'''. It is used mostly with abstract nouns as subjects.

Examples:

A discussion arose about the best way to pay.

I'm afraid a difficulty has arisen.

'''"Rise" usually means 'get higher’, 'come/go up’.'''

Examples:

Prices keep rising. What time does the sun rise?

My hopes are rising.

Note that we usually say that people get up in the morning. Rise is only used with this meaning in a very formal style.

'''"Arise" and "rise" are irregular verbs.'''

Present-Past-Past participle

(a)rise - (a)rose - (a)risen

Language/English/Vocabulary/Appear

2020-05-11T03:38:55Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Appear''' ''' ''' '''1. Linking verb: 'seem'''' Appear can be a linking verb, used to say how things look or seem. It is used in similar ways to seem, but is less frequ..."

'''Appear'''

''' '''

'''1. Linking verb: 'seem''''

Appear can be a linking verb, used to say how things look or seem. It is used in similar ways to seem, but is less frequent, especially in an informal style. '''With this meaning, appear is followed by adjectives, not adverbs'''. We can use appear or appear to be.

Example:

He appears (to be) very angry today. (not He appears very angrily today).

'''Before nouns we generally use appear to be.'''

Examples:

It appears to be some kind of bomb.

The boys on the bus appeared to be students.

'''Structures with preparatory there or it are possible.'''

Examples:

There appears to be a problem with the oil pressure.

It appears that we may be mistaken.

'''2. Appear and seem: differences'''

"Seem" can be used to talk both about objective facts and about subjective impressions and feelings. "Appear" is mostly used to talk about objective facts.

Compare:

The baby seems/appears (to be) hungry.

She doesn't want to go on studying. It seems a pity, (not it appears a pity.)

'''Seem is often used with like'''. '''This is not normal with appear.'''

Example:

It seemed like a good idea. (More natural than it appeared like a good idea)

'''Seem can be used in a special structure with can’t. This is not possible with appear.'''

Example:

I can't seem to make him understand. (not I can't appear to make him understand).

'''3. 'Come into sight''''

"Appear" can also mean ‘come into sight’ or ‘arrive’. In this case it can be modified by an adverbial.

Example:

He unexpectedly appeared in the doorway.

Language/English/Vocabulary/Any-and-no

2020-05-11T03:23:53Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Any and no: adverbs''' ''' ''' '''1. Any and no with comparatives''' Any can modify comparatives. This happens mostly in questions and negative sentences, and after if...."

'''Any and no: adverbs'''

''' '''

'''1. Any and no with comparatives'''

Any can modify comparatives. This happens mostly in questions and negative sentences, and after if.

Examples:

Can you go any faster?

You don’t look any older than your daughter. (= You don’t look at all older . . .)

If l were any younger, I ’d fall in love with you.

'''"No" can also be used in this way (but not some).'''

Example:

I ’m afraid the weather's no better than yesterday.

'''2. any/no different'''

We can also use any and no with different.

Examples:

This school isn’t any different from the last one.

‘Is Jack any better?’ ‘No different. Still very ill.’

'''3. any/no good; any/no use'''

Note the expressions any good/use and no good/use.

Examples:

Was the film any good?

This car is no use. It keeps stopping.

Language/English/Vocabulary/“In-the-office”-or-“at-the-office”

2020-05-10T10:42:03Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''“In the office” or “at the office” (note the definite article)''' “I am in the office” means that the office is a room and I am inside that room. However, the..."

'''“In the office” or “at the office” (note the definite article)'''

“I am in the office” means that the office is a room and I am inside that room. However, the word “at” expresses the general idea of the location of one’s office and is often interchangeable with “at work”.

Compare:

I am in my/the office. = My office is a room and I am in that room.

I am at my/the office. = I am somewhere near my office or in it. I am at work.

“In office” (without an article) implies something relatively different. When you say that somebody is “in office”, it means that they work in an official position, usually for the state as authorities.

Example:

He, as a president, was in office from 2000 to 2020.

Finally, “at office” (without an article) is not commonly used. However, If you want to say “at office”, it is better to say “at the office” instead.

Example:

I am not at the office right now. (not I am not at office right now).

Language/English/Vocabulary/Altogether-and-all-together

2020-05-10T10:02:22Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Altogether and all together''' '''"Altogether" means ‘completely’ or 'considering everything'.''' Examples: My new house is not altogether finished. Altogether,..."

'''Altogether and all together'''

'''"Altogether" means ‘completely’ or 'considering everything'.'''

Examples:

My new house is not altogether finished.

Altogether, she decided, marriage was a bit of a mistake.

'''Altogether can also be used to give totals.'''

Example:

That’s ￡4.38 altogether.

'''All together usually means ‘everybody/everything together’.'''

Examples:

Come on, everybody sing. All together now . . .

They all went to the cinema together.

Language/English/Vocabulary/Although,-though,-but-and-however

2020-05-10T09:55:47Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Although, though, but and however''' ''' ''' '''1. Although and though: conjunctions''' Both these words can be used as conjunctions, with the same meaning. "Though" i..."

'''Although, though, but and however'''

''' '''

'''1. Although and though: conjunctions'''

Both these words can be used as conjunctions, with the same meaning.

"Though" is less formal than "although", and is more common in speech than writing.

They introduce an idea (A) with which the main clause (В) is in contrast. When we say Although/though A, B, there is something unexpected or surprising about B.

Examples:

Although/though (A) I don’t like him, (В) I agree that he’s a good manager.

(B) I'd quite like to go out, although/though (A) it is a bit late.

'''2. But and however'''

We can give the same meaning by putting "but" or "however" with the contrasting, 'unexpected' clause (B).

Examples:

(A) I don’t like him, but (В) I agree that he's a good manager.

(A) I don’t like him. However, (В) I agree that he s a good manager.

(A) It is a bit late, but (B) I ’d quite like to go out.

(A) It is a bit late; however, (B) I'd quite like to go out.

'''3. But and however: the difference'''

"But" is a conjunction: it joins two clauses, and comes at the beginning of the second. "However" is an adverb: it does not connect its sentence grammatically to the one before. This is why it comes after a full stop or a semi-соlon (;) in the above examples.

"However" can go in various positions. It is normally separated from its sentence by one or two commas, depending on its position.

Examples:

However, the police did not believe him.

The police, however, did not believe him.

The police did not believe him, however.

''' '''

'''4. Though used as an adverb'''

We can use "though" as an adverb (often at the end of a sentence), to mean 'however'.

Examples:

Nice night. Yes. Bit cold, though.

The strongest argument, though, is economic and not political.

Language/English/Grammar/Alternate(ly)-and-alternative(ly)

2020-05-10T09:32:10Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Alternate(ly) and alternative(ly)''' '''Alternate(ly) means ‘first one and then the other’, 'in turns'.''' Examples: We spend alternate weekends at our country c..."

'''Alternate(ly) and alternative(ly)'''

'''Alternate(ly) means ‘first one and then the other’, 'in turns'.'''

Examples:

We spend alternate weekends at our country cottage.

I ’m alternately happy and depressed.

'''Alternatively is similar to 'different', ‘instead’, 'on the other hand.'''

Examples:

Jessica’s not free on the 29th. We’ll have to find an alternative date.

You could go by air, or alternatively you could drive there.

'''*In American English alternately can be used with the same meaning as alternatively.'''

Language/English/Vocabulary/Also,-as-well-and-too

2020-05-10T05:37:37Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Also, as well and too''' ''' ''' '''1. Position''' Also, as well and too have similar meanings, but they do not go in the same position in clauses. Also usually goes wi..."

'''Also, as well and too'''

''' '''

'''1. Position'''

Also, as well and too have similar meanings, but they do not go in the same position in clauses. Also usually goes with the verb, in mid-position; as well and too usually go at the end of a clause. As well is less common in American English.

Examples:

She not only sings; she also plays the piano.

She not only sings; she plays the piano as well.

She doesn’t just sing she plays the piano too.

'''"As well" and "too" do not go at the beginning of a clause. "Also" can go at the beginning of a clause to give more importance to a new piece of information.'''

Examples:

It's a nice house, but it's very small. Also, it needs a lot o f repairs.

'''2. References'''

These words can refer to different parts of a clause, depending on the meaning.

Consider the sentence: We work on Saturdays as well. This can mean three different things:

'''a.''' (Other people work on Saturdays, and) we work on Saturdays as well.

'''b.''' (We do other things on Saturdays, and) we work on Saturdays as well.

'''c.''' (We work on other days, and) we work on Saturdays as well.

When we speak, we show the exact meaning by stressing the word or expression that also / as well / too refers to.

'''3. Imperatives and short answers'''

As well and too are used in imperatives and short answers, but not usually also.

Examples:

Give me some bread as well, please. (More natural than Also give me . . .)

‘She's nice.’ ‘Her sister is as well.’ (More natural than Her sister is also.)

‘I ’ve got a headache.’ ‘I have too.’ (More natural than I also have.)

'''In very informal speech, we often use "Me too" as a short answer.'''

Example:

‘I ’m going home.’ ‘Me too.’

''' '''

'''More formal equivalents are "So am I" or "I am too" (but not I also).'''

''' '''

'''4. Too in a formal style'''

In a formal or literary style, "too" can be placed directly after the subject.

Example:

I, too, have experienced despair.

Language/English/Vocabulary/Along

2020-05-10T04:28:54Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Along''' '''The preposition along is used before nouns like road, river, corridor, line: words that refer to things with a long thin shape.''' Examples: I saw her runn..."

'''Along'''

'''The preposition along is used before nouns like road, river, corridor, line: words that refer to things with a long thin shape.'''

Examples:

I saw her running along the road.

His office is along the corridor.

'''To talk about periods or activities, it is better to use "through".'''

Examples:

Through the centuries (not along the centuries)

Right through the meal

All through the journey (not along the journey)

'''There is the special use of "along" as an adverb particle in expressions like:'''

Come along (= Come with me) or walking along (= walking on one’s way).

Language/English/Vocabulary/Alone,-lonely,-lonesome-and-lone

2020-05-10T04:20:28Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Alone, lonely, lonesome and lone''' '''Alone means ‘without others around’. Lonely (and informal American English lonesome) means 'alone and unhappy because of it’..."

'''Alone, lonely, lonesome and lone'''

'''Alone means ‘without others around’. Lonely (and informal American English lonesome) means 'alone and unhappy because of it’.'''

Compare:

I like to be alone for short periods.

But after a few days I start getting lonely/lonesome.

'''Alone can be emphasised by all.'''

Example:

After her husband died, she was all alone.

'''Alone is not used before a noun. Lone and solitary can be used instead; lone is rather literary.'''

Example:

The only green thing was a lone/solitary pine tree.

Language/English/Vocabulary/Almost-and-nearly;-practically

2020-05-09T09:24:57Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "''' Almost and nearly; practically''' ''' ''' '''1. progress, measurement and counting''' Almost and nearly can both express ideas connected with progress, measurement or..."

''' Almost and nearly; practically'''

''' '''

'''1. progress, measurement and counting'''

Almost and nearly can both express ideas connected with progress, measurement or counting. Nearly is less common in American English.

Examples:

I've almost/nearly finished.

There were almost/nearly a thousand people there.

'''Sometimes almost is a little 'nearer’ than nearly.'''

Compare:

It’s nearly ten o ’clock. (= perhaps 9.45)

It's almost ten o'clock. (= perhaps 9.57)

'''Very and pretty can be used with nearly but not almost.'''

Example:

I've very/pretty nearly finished, (not . . . very almost . . .)

''' '''

'''2. Other meanings'''

We can use almost to mean 'similar to, but not exactly the same’, and to make statements less definite. Nearly is not used like this.

Examples:

Our cat understands everything - he's almost human. (not he's nearly human.)

Her aunt’s got a strange accent. She almost sounds foreign. (not She nearly sounds foreign.)

I almost wish I ’d stayed at home, (not I nearly wish)

Jake is almost like a father to me.

'''3. never, nobody, nothing, etc'''

We do not usually use "nearly" before negative pronouns or adverbs like never, nobody, nothing. Instead, we use "almost", or we use "hardly" with ever, anybody, anything, etc.

Examples:

She’s almost never / hardly ever at home, (not . . . nearly never . . .)

Almost nobody / hardly anybody was there.

'''4. everybody, everything, anybody, anything, etc'''

We also prefer almost before everybody/ -one/-thing/-where, and almost is much more common than nearly before anybody/ -one/-thing/-where.

Examples:

She likes almost everybody. Almost anybody can do this job.

He's been almost everywhere. He eats almost anything.

''' '''

'''5. Practically'''

Practically can be used in the same way as almost.

Examples:

I ’ve practically finished. Jake is practically like a father to me.

She’s practically never at home.

Language/English/Vocabulary/Allow,-permit-and-let

2020-05-09T04:21:20Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Allow, permit and let''' ''' ''' '''1. allows and permit''' These words have similar meanings and uses. Permit is more formal. Both words can be followed by object + in..."

'''Allow, permit and let'''

''' '''

'''1. allows and permit'''

These words have similar meanings and uses. Permit is more formal. Both words can be followed by object + infinitive.

Examples:

We do not allow/permit people to smoke in the kitchen.

'''When there is no personal object, an -ing form is used after allow/permit.'''

Example:

We do not allow/permit smoking in the kitchen.

'''Passive structures are common; personal subjects and gerund {-ing form) subjects are both possible.'''

''' '''

Examples:

People are not allowed/permitted to smoke in the kitchen.

Smoking is not allowed/permitted in the kitchen.

'''The passive structure with "it" is only possible with permit.'''

Example:

It is not permitted to smoke in the kitchen. (but not It is not allowed to smoke in the kitchen)

'''Allow, but not permit, can be used with adverb particles.'''

Example:

She wouldn’t allow me in. Emily isn’t allowed out at night.

'''2. Let'''

Let is the least formal of these three words, and is followed by object + infinitive without to.

Compare:

Please allow me to buy you a drink, (polite and formal)

Let me buy you a drink, (friendly and informal)

'''Let is not usually used in the passive.'''

Example:

I wasn’t allowed to pay for the drinks, (not I wasn't let)

'''Let can be used with adverb particles; passives are possible in this case.'''

Example:

She wouldn't let me in. I ’ve been let down.

Language/English/Vocabulary/Alike

2020-05-09T04:04:33Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Alike:''' '''1. The adjective alike means ‘like each other’.''' Compare: The two boys are alike in looks, but not in personality. He's like his brother, (not H..."

'''Alike:'''

'''1. The adjective alike means ‘like each other’.'''

Compare:

The two boys are alike in looks, but not in personality.

He's like his brother, (not He’s alike his brother.)

'''2. Alike is not often used before a noun.'''

Compare:

His two daughters are very much alike.

He’s got two very similar-looking daughters. (not alike daughters)

Language/English/Vocabulary/Ago

2020-05-09T03:44:06Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Ago:''' ''' ''' '''1. Word order: six weeks ago''' Ago follows an expression of time. Example: I met her six weeks ago. '''2. Tenses''' An expression with ago r..."

'''Ago:'''

''' '''

'''1. Word order: six weeks ago'''

Ago follows an expression of time.

Example:

I met her six weeks ago.

'''2. Tenses'''

An expression with ago refers to a finished time, and is normally used with a past tense, not a present perfect.

Examples:

She phoned a few minutes ago. (not She has phoned)

‘Where’s Mike? '‘He was working outside ten minutes ago.’

''' '''

''' '''

'''3. The difference between ago and for'''

Ago says how long before the present something happened; for (with a past tense) says how long it lasted.

Compare:

He died three years ago. (= three years before now) (not He died for three years, or for three years ago.)

He was ill for three years before he died. (= His illness lasted three years.)

'''4. Ago and before with time expressions: counting back'''

We use "ago" with a past tense and a time expression to ‘count back' from the present; to say how long before now something happened.

We can use "before" in the same way (with a past perfect tense) to count back from a past moment.

Compare:

I met that woman in Scotland three years ago.(not three years before/ before three years)

When we got talking I found out that I had been at school with her husband ten years before, (not ten years ago.)

Language/English/Grammar/After-all

2020-05-06T04:40:04Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''After all''' ''' ''' '''1. 'In spite of what was said before' or ‘contrary to what was expected’''' After all can mean 'in spite of what was said before' or ‘cont..."

'''After all'''

''' '''

'''1. 'In spite of what was said before' or ‘contrary to what was expected’'''

After all can mean 'in spite of what was said before' or ‘contrary to what was expected’. Position: usually at the end of a clause.

Examples:

I’m sorry. I know I said I would help you, but I can't after all.

I expected to fail the exam, but I passed after all.

'''2. We mustn't forget that'''

Another meaning is ‘we mustn't forget that', introducing an argument or reason which may have been forgotten.

Position: at the beginning or end of a clause.

Examples:

Of course you’re tired. After all, you were up all night.

Let's finish the cake. Somebody's got to eat it, after all.

''' '''

'''3. "After all" should not be used in the exchange for 'finally''''

After all does not mean 'finally', 'at last’, ‘in the end’.

Example:

After the theatre we had supper and went to a nightclub; then we finally went home, (not . . . after all we went home)

Language/English/Grammar/-After--as-an-adverb

2020-05-06T04:23:35Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''"After" as an adverb''' ''' ''' '''1. shortly after, etc''' After can be used in adverb phrases like shortly after, long after, a few days after, etc. Example: We h..."

'''"After" as an adverb'''

''' '''

'''1. shortly after, etc'''

After can be used in adverb phrases like shortly after, long after, a few days after, etc.

Example:

We had oysters for supper. Shortly after, I began to feel ill.

'''In more exact expressions of time, later is more common.'''

Example:

They started the job on the 16th and finished three weeks later.

''' '''

'''2. after not used alone'''

After is not normally used alone as an adverb. Instead, we use other expressions like afterwards (American English also afterward), then or after that.

Example:

I ’m going to do my exams, and afterwards I'm going to study medicine. (not and after, I'm going. . .)

Language/English/Grammar/Afraid

2020-05-06T04:14:00Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Afraid:''' ''' ''' '''1. afraid and fear''' In an informal style, be afraid is more common than fear. Examples: Don’t be afraid. (not Don’t fear) She's afraid..."

'''Afraid:'''

''' '''

'''1. afraid and fear'''

In an informal style, be afraid is more common than fear.

Examples:

Don’t be afraid. (not Don’t fear)

She's afraid that I might find out.

Are you afraid of the dark?

I'm not afraid to say what I think.

''' '''

'''2. I'm afraid = I'm sorry'''

I'm afraid (that) often means "I'm sorry to tell you (that)". It is used to introduce apologetic refusals and bad news.

Examples:

I’m afraid (that) I can’t help you.

I'm afraid (that) there’s been an accident.

'''3. I ’m afraid so/not are used as short answers.'''

Examples:

‘Can you lend me a pound?’ ‘I ’m afraid not.’

‘It’s going to rain.’ ‘Yes, I ’m afraid so.’

'''4. afraid should not be used before a noun'''

Afraid is one of the adjectives that are not usually used before a noun in ‘attributive position’.

Compare:

Jack’s afraid. Jack's a frightened man. (not an afraid man.)

Language/English/Grammar/Actual-and-actually

2020-05-05T04:16:30Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Actual and actually:''' ''' ''' '''1. meaning and use''' '''Actual means ‘real’; actually means 'really' or 'in fact'.''' '''They are used to make things clearer,..."

'''Actual and actually:'''

''' '''

'''1. meaning and use'''

'''Actual means ‘real’; actually means 'really' or 'in fact'.'''

'''They are used to make things clearer, more precise or more definite.'''

''' '''

Examples:

It’s over 100 kilos. Let me look. Yes, the actual weight is 108 kilos.

I've got a new job. Actually, they’ve made me sales manager.

‘Did you enjoy your trip?’ ‘Very much, actually.’

'''Actual and actually often introduce surprising or unexpected information.'''

Examples:

It takes me an hour to drive to work, although the actual distance is only 20 miles.

She was so angry that she actually tore up the letter.

‘How did you get on with my car?’ ‘Well, actually, I ’m terribly sorry, I ’m afraid I had a crash. ’

He’s twelve, but he actually still believes in Father Christmas.

'''They can be used to correct mistakes or misunderstandings.'''

Examples:

The book says she died aged 47, but her actual age was 43.

‘Hello, Jack. Nice to see you.’ ‘Actually, my name's Andy.’

'''Actually is more common in British than American English.'''

'''2. 'false friends''''

Actual and actually are 'false friends’ for people who speak some languages. They do not mean the same as, for example, actuel(lement), aktuell, or attual(ment)e. We express these ideas with present, current, up to date; at this moment, now, at present.

Examples:

What's our current financial position? (not our actual financial position?)

In 1840 the population o f Ireland was higher than it is now. (not than it is actually.)

Language/English/Grammar/Across,-over-and-through

2020-05-05T03:59:37Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with "'''Across, over and through:''' '''1. on/to the other side of (a line): across and over''' Across and over can both be used to mean 'on or to the other side of a line, riv..."

'''Across, over and through:'''

'''1. on/to the other side of (a line): across and over'''

Across and over can both be used to mean 'on or to the other side of a line, river, road, bridge, etc’.

Examples:

His village is just across/over the border.

See if you can jump across/over the stream.

'''2. high things: over preferred'''

We prefer over to say ‘on/to the other side of something high’.

Example:

Why are you climbing over the wall? (not across the wall?)

''' '''

'''3. flat areas: across preferred'''

We usually prefer across to say 'on/to the other side of a flat area or surface’.

Examples:

He walked right across the desert.

It took them six hours to row across the lake.

''' '''

'''4. the adverb over (to)'''

Note that the adverb over has a wider meaning than the preposition over.

We often use over (to) for short journeys.

Example:

I'm going over to Jack's. Shall we drive over and see your mother?

'''5. across and through'''

The difference between across and through is like the difference between on and in. Through, unlike across, is used for a movement in a three-dimensional space, with things on all sides.

Compare:

- We walked '''across''' the ice. (We were on the ice.)

-I walked through the wood. (I was in the wood.)

- We drove '''across''' the desert.

-We drove through several towns.

Language/English/Vocabulary/About

2020-05-03T09:09:04Z

Safasamimiat:

'''About and round:'''

'''About + infinitive (with to) means 'going to very soon’; ‘just going to’.'''

Examples:

Don't go out now - we're about to have lunch.

I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.

"Not about to" can mean 'unwilling to’.

I ’m not about to pay 100 dollars for that dress.

''' (a)round and about'''

1. circular movement, etc: (a)round

We use both round and around (American English usually around) for movement or position in a circle or a curve.

Examples:

She walked (a)round the car and looked at the wheels.

I'd like to travel (a)round the world.

‘Where do you live?' ‘Just (a)round the corner.’

2. touring, distribution: round

We also use round or around (American English usually around) to talk about going to all (or most) parts of a place, or giving things to everybody in a group.

Examples:

We walked (a)round the old part o f the town.

Can I look (a)round? Could you pass the cups (a)round, please?

''' '''

3. indefinite movement and position

We use "round" or "about" (American English usually around) to refer to movements or positions that are not very clear or definite: ‘here and there’, ‘in lots of places’, ‘in different parts of, ‘somewhere in’ and similar ideas.

Examples:

The children were running around/about everywhere.

Stop standing around/about and do some work.

‘Where's Jack?’ ‘Somewhere around/about.’

I like doing odd jobs around/about the house.

We also use these words in some common expressions to talk about time-wasting or silly activity.

Example:

Stop fooling around/about. We're late.

'''about and on:'''

We use "about" to talk about ordinary, more general kinds of communication.

"On" suggests that a book, talk, etc is more serious, suitable for specialists.

Compare:

- a book for children about Africa and its peoples

-a textbook on African history

- a conversation about money

-a lecture on economics

Language/English/Vocabulary/About

2020-05-03T09:07:10Z

Safasamimiat: Created page with " '''About and round:''' '''About + infinitive (with to) means 'going to very soon’; ‘just going to’.''' Examples: Don't go out now - we're about to have lunch. I..."

'''About and round:'''

'''About + infinitive (with to) means 'going to very soon’; ‘just going to’.'''

Examples:

Don't go out now - we're about to have lunch.

I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.

"Not about to" can mean 'unwilling to’.

I ’m not about to pay 100 dollars for that dress.

''' (a)round and about'''

''' '''

1. circular movement, etc: (a)round

We use both round and around (American English usually around) for movement or position in a circle or a curve.

Examples:

She walked (a)round the car and looked at the wheels.

I'd like to travel (a)round the world.

‘Where do you live?' ‘Just (a)round the corner.’

2. touring, distribution: round

We also use round or around (American English usually around) to talk about going to all (or most) parts of a place, or giving things to everybody in a group.

Examples:

We walked (a)round the old part o f the town.

Can I look (a)round? Could you pass the cups (a)round, please?

''' '''

3. indefinite movement and position

We use "round" or "about" (American English usually around) to refer to movements or positions that are not very clear or definite: ‘here and there’, ‘in lots of places’, ‘in different parts of, ‘somewhere in’ and similar ideas.

Examples:

The children were running around/about everywhere.

Stop standing around/about and do some work.

‘Where's Jack?’ ‘Somewhere around/about.’

I like doing odd jobs around/about the house.

We also use these words in some common expressions to talk about time-wasting or silly activity.

Example:

Stop fooling around/about. We're late.

'''about and on:'''

We use "about" to talk about ordinary, more general kinds of communication.

"On" suggests that a book, talk, etc is more serious, suitable for specialists.

Compare:

- a book for children about Africa and its peoples

-a textbook on African history

- a conversation about money

-a lecture on economics

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning

2020-04-28T08:02:36Z

Safasamimiat:

[[File:Interesting ideas about language learning.jpg|thumb]]

This is for expressing your ideas about language learning and culture exchange.

Everyone may say something under its username. And generally, do not delete other users' content.

== GrimPixel ==
GrimPixel is organising this and recruiting volunteers for program development, in which “[[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning#Rotely|Rotely]]” is given the highest priority. Additional ideas to those program have been conceived. He personally prefers to use [https://docs.nodegui.org/ NodeGui] to develop and the license of the programs be MIT. He has started learning related languages.

=== Website of visual dictionary ===

I have seen three books:

''5 Language Visual Dictionary''

''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian''

''Merriam-Webster's Compact 5-Language Visual Dictionary (English, Spanish, French, German and Italian Edition)''

So I think there can be a website that provides such a service, even better.

'''Prerequisites: word lists, translations, images.'''

'''[REALIZED: https://babadada.com/ also some paid visual dictionaries in apple app store]'''

Review: In Babadada, there are no genders, no pinyin tones for Chinese, no furigana or romaji for Japanese, many languages are incomplete without indications, parts of speech are not clear. Great for having dialects.

There are several visual dictionaries in the apple app store, but they are not for advanced users.

=== Tutorials of languages ===
I have seen two channels on Youtube:

https://www.youtube.com/user/ProgrammingKnowledge

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfx2dro_w4_MyA19Nm5badg

providing "tutorials" about programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, which last several hours. So I think somebody may give such "tutorials" about the grammar of human languages.

'''Prerequisites: extensive knowledge of a language, language teaching knowledge.'''

=== Filter of characteristics ===
This requires a database of characteristics of ethnics or nationalities, with a filter. Input the characteristics, and get the result of which ethnics or nationalities possess them.

Of course, it requires the update, because culture may change with time.

'''Prerequisites: extensive knowledge of cultures.'''

=== Sentence analyzer ===
Tatoeba has a lot of sentences, but it only shows what a sentence looks like. There should be something radical to reveal the function of a sentence and to show people the logicality of a sentence. That is to say, syntax.

I imagine a service, which draws parse trees of each sentence, and shows how a sentence may be changed in the structure into another one without changing its general meaning.

If you don't know how to analyze a sentence, see https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-Sentences.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge, syntax knowledge.'''

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.webforditas.hu/parser'''

'''http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/submit-sentence-4.html]'''

Review: It is clear that linguistics have this tool since long time ago. But it is really not widespread, because they are usually amateur-proof. I wish there will be support for more languages.

=== Parallel text in video games and other software, also websites ===
It is very common for current games to be multilingual, but no one has made such a little change to help language-learning players. Also in other software, and also websites.

There seems to be a practical way for websites: user script. Each script adds a language on the website.

For compactness, it is possible that texts are not side-by-side, but only in one language, hotkey can be used to alternate languages.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Postage stamps on e-mails ===
Postage stamps can be brought back, showing different culture.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Screensaver for language learning ===
There is an [https://www.jwz.org/xscreensaver/ XScreenSaver] on Linux. Somebody can make use of it to learn languages, just like "Molecule" teaching chemistry.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Software on the resources ===
This would be epic.

I am thinking about what it can do:

#Fetch Wiktionary word frequency lists, translate those words with those dictionaries, generate flashcards on those flashcard programs with example sentences;
#Access almost every resource on the lists, with Android or iOS simulator;
#Background music from "Traditional Music Channel";

I think it can be named "Polyglot 1".

'''Prerequisites:''' '''programming knowledge.'''

=== Google Maps game ===
It shows a random street view image, and let you find its origin in a range of satellite images by switching to street view and reaching the same spot.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

'''[SIMILAR: https://www.geoguessr.com/]'''

Review on Geoguessr: It is not what I want. My idea is based on how to locate a photo, but this one just wants to let you know where you are. I think its idea is not so cool as mine.

=== A remix of Tetris Theme A played by instruments of the world ===
This song is very good for looping. So I think it may be remixed involving all kinds of instruments around the world, each one plays a section.

'''Prerequisites: players.'''

=== Make use of Applets, Widgets, Gadgets, etc. ===
It is always forgotten that operating systems have these stuff. Applets on Debian, Widgets on Android, Gadgets on Windows, other names on other platforms. They are highly undervalued. They can start automatically right after boot. I can be forced to see them, in case I were too busy to remember to learn languages.

=== Vocabulary on loading screen ===
When a program is loading, a word and its translation show up on the screen. It may be a mod for a game, or an add-on for a browser.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge, word lists.'''

'''[REALIZED: https://mainichi.me/]'''

=== Etymology trees of words ===
Just like family trees of the human, words have their trees.

I don't mean “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_family word family]”, I mean that a word root that cannot be retrieved further is the ancestor on the “family tree”, and the words derived from it are the branches. Precisely, different forms of the same lexeme should be put on the z-axis and only be displayed with “expand” button pressed. The lemma represents the other forms on the tree.

The trees are cross-language, showing lexical relations between languages.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Altering TTS ===
Read a word or a sentence in a language in a line, automatically change the voice in the next line. This will help creating recordings of vocabulary or dialogue.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Mods for learning ===
Create mods in games, to allow players learn languages and other subjects.

The mods can be books to read, recordings to listen to, and so on. Just like learning a language in the real life.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/8892'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/46088'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/24456'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/76477'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/57436'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/94931]'''

Review: Well, how I wish people can work on an open-source game like this.

=== Game for learning ===
Unite the enthusiastic programmers, and work on games, in which players can learn language and other subjects.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge, dictionaries.'''

'''[REALIZED: https://playinfluent.com/]'''

=== Humorous listening material ===
Humorous listening materials in many languages. It helps to enjoy learning languages.

'''Prerequisites: materials, readers.'''

=== Parsed Tatoeba ===
There should be a database about part of speech. Then build the mechanism for the computer to learn how to parse the sentences.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Vocabulary matrix ===
Just give an example:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Multiple languages
|-
!
![http://lingua.mtsu.edu/chinese-computing/statistics/char/list.php?Which=MO 现代汉语单字字频: Character frequency list of Modern Chinese]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![http://www.chinesecj.com/cj5dict/ 倉頡之友。馬來西亞]
|-
!character
!frequency
!pronunciation
!definition
!HSK level
!classifier
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!radical
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!JLPT level
!Cangjie 5 code
|-
|的
|1
|de

dī

dí

dì

|of / ~'s (possessive particle) / (used after an attribute) / (used to form a nominal expression) / (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)

see 的士

really and truly

aim / clear
|1
|
|名

助

副

形
|ㄉㄧˋ dì

ㄉㄜ˙ de

ㄉㄧˊ dí
|箭靶的中心

1.結構助詞：➊ 置於形容詞後。如：「美麗的風景」、「聰明的小孩」。➋ 置於名詞或代名詞後，表示所屬、所有的關係。如：「我的書」、「太陽的光」。➌ 置於修飾片語或子句後。如：「他寄來的信，我昨天收到。」、「那賣花的人沒零錢找。」➍ 置於副詞後。同「地」。如：「慢慢的走」、「高高的飛」。
2.句尾助詞：置於句尾，表示肯定或加強的語氣。

確、真、實在。

確實的、可靠的。
|白
|Na-adjective, Suffix

Noun
|てき

まと
|bull's eye, mark, target, object, adjective ending
|N1
|hapi
|}

As you can see, 的 is a polyphone and a polyseme. There should be links between corresponding items: the part of speech, the pronunciation and the definition of the same source, but here on a wikitable it is not possible.

The list of databases is [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Licensed-Free-Databases]]

The databases have different licenses, some have restrictions on redistribution. So, if someone wants to create a project about this, the only way is to let users download these databases and import them to the program (including updating) manually.

If you want to learn the vocabulary, you can get some, and memorise more proficiently. For example, you can select all adjectives in the same or in several HSK levels, turn them into Anki, and memorise them all in one time.

This can be the fundamental for building [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Techniques-for-learning-languages#Vocabulary division|Vocabulary division]] and can be used to serve as an offline pop-up dictionary for it.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Note for listening ===
Open the file in the audio player, when you don't understand, just press the “m” key, then the program will mark it with the audio still going on. Repeat the selections later.

Of course, there is a lag between your starting to not understand and pressing the button, starting to understand and pressing the button. You can set an advance value for repetition.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

'''[REALIZED: https://manual.audacityteam.org/man/edit_menu_labels.html]'''

=== Bidirectional textbook ===
A book with two languages, in which each language is taught with the other.

But I wonder how to keep them in the same pace after teaching pronouns.

This would suit language exchange participators.

'''Prerequisites: extensive knowledge of a language, language teaching knowledge.'''

=== Live quiz ===
A teacher is the streamer. There is a program implemented for answering questions. The teacher gives a question, then watchers (including robots) submit answers. The program counts the most popular answers. The teacher reviews them then.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Database of collocation ===
An open database covers the main types of collocations. This is less noticed but still important.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Volume standardisation ===
On volunteer-run sites, you can hear different people's pronunciations, the volume of which may be high and low. You can often hear recordings with too-high or too-low volumes. Thus, a program can be created for standardising the volume of multiple sound files.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Lemma trainer ===
There are programs for training irregular verbs, grammatical genders, etc. such as Quizlet. There are still a lot of things can be done:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Lemmas_subcategories_by_language

Someone can do something on this: all of this kind of training can be integrated in '''one''' program, based on Wiktionary.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Rotely ===
Finally, it is disclosed.

An open-source program for displaying information from a TSV or CSV file to a window periodically, with spaced repetition.

Its use is not limited to language learning.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Site of mistakes ===
List all kinds of mistakes language learners have made. Also, let users take a test about the type of mistake is made.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Flashcards according to personal forgetting curve ===
Usually flashcard programs do spaced repetition according to a set period (1 min, 5 min, etc.), but what if memorsation can be customised for each individual with the help of artificial intelligence?

It will require the computer to analyse your accuracy and speed of reaction for each card.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Parallel question database ===
Questions for language learning in multiple languages. Languages sharing the same lemma subcategory can share these same questions.

Reading comprehension is a question type that is still valid after translation for every language. When a reading comprehension is translated, it can be reproduced into multiple choice and cloze. If TTS is available, it may become a listening section.

There is a way: find licensed documents (under the Creative Commons, the GNU Free Documentation License or something alike) and translate them under identical licenses.

To motivate people to translate voluntarily, the process of translation can be practised by language learners, then other people including native speakers correct the translations. The translated versions will be published after proper corrections.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge, licensed materials, translators.'''

=== Rule-based quizzes ===
A quiz program with customised rules inside. For example: speaking (SR required), listening (TTS required) and writing numbers, inflections, negations, active-passive transforms, and etc..

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Visual example sentences ===
On this site:

https://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Grammatik.html

Example sentences are given in photos. This can be applied on any languages.

Bad examples can be also displayed with reasons.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Conditioned reflex trainer ===
People take long time before having a good command of a new grammar category. A program can be developed to train this intensively.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Grammar sandbox ===
Choose some words to make a sentence up, then see the correct grammar.

'''Prerequisites: grammar knowledge, programming knowledge.'''

=== Minecraft world ===
Create something in Minecraft with descriptions in multiple languages.

=== Text vocabulary evaluator ===
Evaluate the vocabulary of a text by word frequency, or input a website and wished vocabulary structure and fetch corresponding pages, or even read your known words from the central vocabulary bank (described below) and specify how many new words you want to learn and fetch pages catering for that.

This helps to instantly find out if the text is suitable for the user's vocabulary level. It can be even developed as a browser add-on. Also, a database about evaluated texts can be built.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Central vocabulary bank ===
There are many different programs for learning vocabulary, but when you start using one of them, you have to make some effort to tell the program which part of the vocabulary you've already known. When you make progress in one program, you have to do the same in the others. If there is a central bank (merely TSV/CSV files) to tell every program about your vocabulary, it will save a lot of time.

'''Prerequisites: consent from different developers, inflection rules, dictionaries for languages that don't use space as word separator, lists of separable verbs, lists of phrases, script converters.'''

=== Wikipedia title fetch ===
Create lists of vocabulary from titles of entries in different language versions in Wikipedia.

This is easily achievable:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4420584/how-to-get-wikipedia-page-in-multi-languages

Wikidata pages are actually more convenient to use. But the problem is that they don't show titles with more than one script for each site.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Reading speed trainer ===
This idea was actually formed long before but I accidentally missed it.

A program for practising reading speed. Words will appear on random places on the window and you need to read them as fast as possible, provided that you can understand them.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Checklist of knowledge ===
List of what to learn. Clear and tidy. Great for grammar.

'''Prerequisites: collaboration.'''

=== Vocabulary expansion with typing ===
A program for fetching articles from websites and typing. Hotkeys can be used to add new words to learn (maybe into the central vocabulary bank).

It combines two practices: typing and reading, thus saves time.

'''Prerequisites: programming knowledge.'''

=== Word/phrase detector ===
Lots of languages have space as their word separator. Exceptions are:

* No spaces between words (Chinese, Japanese, Thai)
* A space is often placed inside a word, between syllables (Vietnamese)
* Some words are separable (German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Hungarian, Chinese)
* A phrase has more than one word inside it. These words produce new meanings when placed together.

'''Prerequisites: word lists, grammar knowledge, programming enowledge'''

== Vincent ==

=== Learn like a child ===
A child is able to learn a language only with the help of his parents.

Of course the child is learning very fast compared to an adult, but adults can use the same process.

Create a software using the same process with technologies like Artificial Intelligence...

The idea is to learn naturally without too many efforts:
*Listen and repeat first
*No grammar
*Learn whole sentences, not single words...
*Learn only what is useful to you every day
*As soon as you reach a basic level, talk to people

==gozde-agar==

'''<u>Everything about the Word Contest !</u>'''

''Would you like to attend'' a contest which is in Polyglot.com?

If yes lets create one together..

In my opinion we have to find sensible answers some questions. For example;

1- Why people want to join of the word contest? First of all people want to learn new words and want to speak with more words. Also the contests are always fun. We need to make learning new words fun.

2- How do we keep people's attention high? We can give points to the participants who were able to success to stay in the top 10 list for a week (its just an example, please share your advice).

3- Which language cards will the contest contain? We need to make sure it works for a while. Everyone should be able to quickly help to build its infrastructure. That's why we can choose English first. If everything is fine we can add other languages in it or can create new contests which named French Word Contest, Spanish Word Contest...

4- How do we find lots of words to create a contest? We can create a team for this project or we can want to help from the all members.

Each small duello can take place between two or three people. The person with the highest score is placed higher on the overall ranking.

Please ask your questions. You can even provide suggestions for your questions :D

5-What will be the interface of the contest page? The interface design work is as in the picture(draft1).
[[File:-Draft1-.png|thumb|1112x1112px|Draft 1.]]

==nmesomtoChukwu==

Hi Vincent.

For your question on how to improve the site:

It would be great if there were customised pages for each of the major languages of the world; Mandarin, English, Hindustan, Russian, Arabic, Spanish, Bengali, Malay, Portuguese, and French

https://www.fluentin3months.com/most-spoken-languages/

These customised pages would be designed based on the language and culture of those people for example:
• Spanish would have red as a theme color (red is a very special color to the Spanish) and the page would have little pictures depicting landmarks, cultural clothing, hats and other important aspects of the people or designed with names of all countries that speak the language like below.

• There would be a container displaying fun facts about the Spanish every day and another for a Spanish word for the day like a flashcard. There would be specialised chat rooms and a button where members can click to begin (and name) a chat room for specific subjects like a chat for festivals in Mexico. This would give opportunity for the member who opened the chatroom to decide whether the chatroom is open to everyone else (and therefore can be joined by everyone who wants to) or open on invitation (where other members would be invited by typing their account names or other members can click a button to join which would send a joining message to whoever opened the chat to either accept or refuse). If a member is not accepted or invited into a chatroom she/he can read the chat but not to be able to make a comment. However, this rule would not apply to the admins of the site who are given the power to read and comment on all chatrooms (to ensure compliance to the communities guidelines).

• The same would be done for the other major languages in each their specialised pages. For French the pictures could be perhaps the tower Eiffel, champs Elysee and other things like those. For Mandarin perhaps a picture of the great Wall of China, a cultural hat and cloth and other things. All the specialised pages would have their words of the day, facts of the day and chatrooms.

• For each specialised page, the design of the specialised page would be constant for all chatrooms, and so on.

Here's a prototype: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IovWe4PhVOY1pNyaZM1pQQc-zDs9xz1Mnv-dBJ0BD5M/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=114748498551826027630
[[File:Idea language.jpg]]

{{#seo:
|title=tool ideas to help improve languages
|description=On this page, suggest your tool ideas for learning languages
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/3/3b/Interesting_ideas_about_language_learning.jpg/450px-Interesting_ideas_about_language_learning.jpg
}}

Language/English/Culture/What-is-America

2020-04-28T04:27:21Z

Safasamimiat:

<div style="font-size:300%;">[[File:The American Continent.jpg|thumb]]What is America? Where is America? </div>

I wrote this article to clarify such an important information (Geographically and Historically) and to be fair with all of the Americans in the continent.

America and American are two of the most misused words in the English language and even in the world.

Most people born in the United States of America don't even know this or don't want to know this (even all Presidents of the U.S. of America).

This article is about Real Geography and Real History and some of this information might come as a shock to many people.

== What is America?==

For so many years, people have believed that America and The United States (OF America) are the same thing...they are NOT.

America is NOT a country, it is a CONTINENT and there are 36 American Countries in it, going from Greenland and Canada down to Chile and Argentina. Yes, Canadians are actually Americans.

== Who is American?==

To this day, people still believe that Americans are only the people who are born in the United States (OF America).

It might come to a complete surprise that not only citizens from the U.S. are American but all the people across the southern border are also Americans and all the people across the northern border are Americans, including people born in Canada. So, yes, if you are from Canada you are actually American, even though you are referred to, as Canadian !! (I mentioned before that some things might come as a shock to you).

People think that Americans are white, have blue or green eyes and golden hair. Well, actually we Americans are descendants from European people (that is also a shocking news for some people).

The real Americans had/have dark skin, brown eyes and dark hair. (Some Real Native Americans were Apaches, Navajos, Mayans, Aztecs, Etcetera).

There are more than 1,000 million Americans in the American Continent from Greenland to Argentina.

===Who else is American?===

There are immigrants that are called African-Americans, Asian Americans, Etcetera but there are NO Mexican-Americans or Canadian-Americans because they are already Americans. This would be like calling you American-American.

===Traveling to America===

If you live OUTSIDE the American Continent, it is correct to say that you will travel to America. But if you only refer to U.S. citizens it can be incorrect to call them American depending on the context.

The "American Flag"

People in the U.S. refer to the U.S. flag as the "American flag". This is incorrect

There are more than 35 American countries so there are more than 35 American flags in THE American Continent, not just 1.

In the U.S. (of America) there are hundreds of thousands of Documents, Books, Magazines, Films, TV shows, Songs, Brands, etc using the word America but it these are huge mistakes.

If you search in English on the internet: Map of The American Continent or America, you will only find a Map of The United States (OF America).

But if you search in another language (like Spanish) you will find the Map of THE American Continent.

Let's not forget that Google is a company founded in the United States OF America.

Several States from The United States OF America were a part of Mexico a long time ago, it is why many of the names there, are in spanish and it´s why there are many people from Mexico living there.

==RESOURCES==
===Videos(DVDs) to watch about the Real America===

*"Latin History for Morons" (2018)

Starring John Leguizamo

*"Guide to Black History" (2019) Starring Kevin Hart

===Videos to watch on YouTube===

*"THIS IS AMERICA (NOT WHAT MOST PEOPLE THINK)"

*"America is a CONTINENT, NOT a country. The name of U.S.A. should be Midnorthamerica (or Usania)."

*"America - Country or Continent"

*"The Countries of the World Song - The Americas"

*"The AMERICAN COUNTRIES in English - Flags, map and capitals"

===Books to Read===

*"A People's History of The United States" by Howard Zinn

*"1491" by Charles C. Man

*"Las Venas abiertas de America Latina" ("Open Veins of Latin America") by Eduardo Galeano