Language/Italian/Grammar/Do-and-Say

2020-01-09T19:44:50Z

Rickycom:

The Italian verbs ''fare'' (to do) and ''dire'' (to say) are closely related to each other due to their similar irregular conjugation pattern.

Their infinitive form endings may suggest they belong respectively to first (-are) and third (-ire) conjugation. Actually these two verbs are classifiable as '''second conjugation''' (-ere) further to their respective Latin stems fa''c'''ĕre''''' and ''dic'''ĕre.''''' As shown in table below, the original Latin stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:
==INDICATIVO PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Fare'''
!Pronunciation
!'''Dire'''
!Pronunciation
|-
|io '''fac'''cio*
|['io 'faʧ:o]
|io '''dic'''o
|['io 'diko]
|-
|tu fai
|[tu 'fai̯]
|tu '''dic'''i
|[tu 'diʧi]
|-
|egli fa
|['eʎʎi fa]
|egli '''dic'''e
|['eʎʎi 'diʧe]
|-
|noi '''fac'''ciamo*
|[ˈnoi̯ fa'tʧamo]
|noi '''dic'''iamo
|[ˈnoi̯ di'ʧamo]
|-
|voi fate
|[ˈvoi̯ 'fate]
|voi dite
|[ˈvoi̯ 'dite]
|-
|essi fanno
|['essi 'fanno]
|essi '''dic'''ono
|['essi 'dikono]
|}
Remarks:

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The 1st singular and plural person of fare double the stem consonant -c when taking the personal ending. As a consequence, the Pronunciation of the sound will be stronger.

The second-conjugation stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:

==INDICATIVO IMPERFETTO (IMPERFECT)==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Fare'''
!Pronunciation
!'''Dire'''
!Pronunciation
|-
|io '''fac'''evo
|['io faʧ'evo]
|io '''dic'''evo
|['io diʧ'evo]
|-
|tu '''fac'''evi
|[tu faʧ'evi]
|tu '''dic'''evi
|[tu diʧ'evi]
|-
|egli '''fac'''eva
|['eʎʎi faʧ'eva]
|egli '''dic'''eva
|['eʎʎi diʧ'eva]
|-
|noi '''fac'''evamo
|[ˈnoi̯ faʧe'vamo]
|noi '''dic'''evamo
|[ˈnoi̯ diʧe'vamo]
|-
|voi '''fac'''evate
|[ˈvoi̯ faʧe'vate]
|voi '''dic'''evate
|[ˈvoi̯ diʧe'vate]
|-
|essi '''fac'''evano
|[ˈessi fa'ʧevano]
|essi '''dic'''evano
|[ˈessi di'ʧevano]
|}
The stems ''fac''* and ''dic''* act as base item for past participle as well, thoug they undergo partial modication as an effect of regressive assimilation produced by sound -t.

''fac''* + -t (past participle particle) => fatt*

''dic''* + -t (past participle particle) => dett* (stem vowel change follows as well)

As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.
==PASSATO PROSSIMO (SIMPLE PAST)==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Fare'''
!Pronunciation
!'''Dire'''
!Pronunciation
|-
|io ho '''fatt'''o
|['io o 'fatto]
|io ho '''dett'''o
|['io o 'detto]
|-
|tu hai '''fatt'''o
|[tu ai̯ 'fatto]
|tu hai '''dett'''o
|[tu ai̯ 'detto]
|-
|egli ha '''fatt'''o
|['eʎʎi a 'fatto]
|egli ha '''dett'''o
|['eʎʎi a 'detto]
|-
|noi abbiamo '''fatt'''o
|[ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'fatto]
|noi abbiamo '''dett'''o
|[ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'detto]
|-
|voi avete '''fatt'''o
|[ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'fatto]
|voi avete '''dett'''o
|[ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'detto]
|-
|essi hanno '''fatt'''o
|[ˈessi 'anno 'fatto]
|essi hanno '''dett'''o
|[ˈessi 'anno 'detto]
|}

Language/Spanish/Vocabulary/Body-parts

2020-01-09T19:34:40Z

Rickycom: /* HEAD AND FACE / LA CABEZA Y LA CARA */

Hi everyone!

My name is Oscar, I'm a Med Student in Mexico. One of our daily medical practice is to communicate with anyone, specially with Non-Spanish speakers, so that's why I want to help you to communicate however is your problem or issue.

First of all, let's talk about '''BODY PARTS:'''

==HEAD AND FACE / LA CABEZA Y LA CARA==
{| class="wikitable"
!ENGLISH
!ESPAGNOL
|-

|the mouth
|la boca
|-
|the hair
|el cabello/los cabellos
|-
|an eyelash
|una pestaña
|-
|cornea
|la córnea
|-
|the neck
|el cuello
|-
|neck
|la nuca
|-
|a tooth
|un diente
|-
|the teeth
|los dientes
|-
|forehead
|La frente
|-
|the gums
|la encía
|-
|eyeball
|un globo ocular
|-
|the throat
|la garganta
|-
|iris
|el iris
|-
|a cheek
|una mejilla
|-
|tongue
|la lengua
|-
|a lip
|un labio
|-
|an earlobe
|un lóbulo de oreja
|-
|jaw
|la mandíbula
|-
|the chin
|la barbilla
|-
|one nostril
|una narina
|-
|the nose
|el naso
|-
|an ear
|una oreja
|-
|an eye
|un ojo
|-
|orbit
|la órbita
|-
|an eyelid
|un párpado
|-
|the palace
|el palacio -- I think in this instance the Spanish might be a typo: el palacio = palace, but palace is NOT a body part in English.
|-
|Adam's apple
|Nuez de Adán
|-
|a cheekbone
|un pómulo
|-
|the pupil
|la pupila
|-
|the retina
|la retina
|-
|wrinkles
|arrugas
|-
|eyebrow
|una ceja
|-
|eyebrows
|las cejas
|-
|temples
|las sienes
|-
|the head
|la cabeza
|-
|eardrum
|el tímpano
|-
|the face
|la cara
|-

|}

==ARMS / LOS BRAZOS==
{| class="wikitable"
!ENGLISH
!ESPAGNOL
|-

|an armpit
|una axila
|-
|the forearm
|el antebrazo
|-
|an arm
|un brazo
|-
|biceps
|un bíceps
|-
|the elbow
|el codo
|-
|shoulder
|el hombro
|-
|a fist
|puño
|-
|wrist
|la muñeca
|-
|triceps
|un tríceps
|-

|}

==THE HAND / LA MANO==
{| class="wikitable"
!ENGLISH
!ESPAñOL
|-

|to cancel (NOT a body part)
|
|-
|headphone (NOT a body part!)
|el auricular
|-
|fingers
|los dedos
|-
|index
|el índice
|-
|a hand
|una mano
|-
|adult (NOT a body part)
|el mayor de edad
|-
|a nail
|una uña
|-
|the palm
|el palmo
|-
|a thumb
|una pulgada
|-
|fingers
|los dedos
|-

|}

==THE TOP OF THE BODY / LA CUMBRE DEL CUERPO==
{| class="wikitable"
!ENGLISH
!ESPAGNOL
|-

|The belly
|el vientre
|-
|the back
|la esquina
|-
|spinal column
|la columna vertebral
|-
|the coasts
|las costas
|-
|navel
|el ombligo
|-
|scapula
|el omóplato
|-
|Chest
|el pecho
|-
|the thorax
|el tórax
|-
|ribcage
|la caja torácica
|-
|breasts
|los senos
|-
|size
|el tamaño
|-
|nipples
|las entrerroscas
|-

|}

==THE LOWER BODY / LA PARTE BAJA DEL CUERPO==
{| class="wikitable"
!ENGLISH
!ESPAñOL
|-

|ankle
|el tobillo
|-
|thigh
|el muslo
|-
|buttocks
|las nalgas
|-
|a knee
|una rodilla
|-
|the big toe
|el dedo gordo del pie
|-
|hip
|la cadera
|-
|a leg
|na piernau
|-
|calf
|la pantorrilla
|-
|a toe
|un dedo del pie
|-
|a toenail
|una uña de pie
|-
|a foot
|un pie
|-
|soles of the feet
|la planta de los pies
|-
|the heel
|el talón
|}

Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Italian/Grammar/Do-and-Say

Language/Spanish/Vocabulary/Body-parts