Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-resources-for-polyglots

2020-02-07T15:26:11Z

Rajawi48:

[[Category:Free-Resources]]
[[File:website-polyglots.jpg|thumb]]

<span style="font-size:25px; font-weight:bold;color: black">Best Free Services for Polyglots</span>

<big>'''If your English is not good, find links with “!!”. Links with “!!!!” are the most important to improve your English. Also, go to [[Language/English/Culture/Internet-resources-for-learning-English]].'''</big>

The Internet is a giant treasure. It provides so many free services.

The following resources are all free

<big>'''An interesting list: https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2018/06/27/european-music-media-organizations-article-13/'''</big>

Resources should possess at least one of the following characteristics:

#be rich in free content (not just a trial or not fulfilling the need in the free part), and the free content is mostly accurate, and the free content is not all covered by other free ones;
#be made with a unique good idea;
#has no better alternatives.

Resources with the following features will be given a little priority:

#available offline;
#available on multiple platforms;
#multilingual user interface;
#open source;
#privacy-friendly (including “registration not required”).

This page is updated from time to time, not frequently, not regularly.

It would be great if you pay a visit to every site on the list. Don't lose your curiosity due to my blah.

Don't expect you can absorb all the useful information in 1 or 2 hours.

There is a condensed version of this page: [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/IRFP-in-brief]]. You can visit it instead of this page if you have known all useful information on this page.

Please also take a look at [[:Category:Free-Resources]] to find resources for specific languages.

If you want to do creative work to help others to learn languages and to know about cultures, please visit [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Productivity-tools-for-polyglots]].

It is not suggested to put something like “featured in Polyglot Club” on your website, because this list is dynamic.

<big><big>'''It is necessary to get to know about “media literacy”:'''</big></big>

<big><big>'''https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/digital-media-literacy/'''</big></big>

'''<big><big><big>It is highly recommend to have privacy protection on. </big></big></big>'''

'''<big><big>An open-source website on privacy (only its English version is up-to-date; its communities are worth a visit): </big></big>'''

'''<big><big> https://www.privacytools.io/ </big></big>'''

== Blue Light Filter ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://jonls.dk/redshift/ </big></big>

Filter for Linux and BSD. Windows version is experimental. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/LibreShift/red-moon/ </big></big>

Filter for Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://tyrrrz.me/Projects/LightBulb/ </big></big>

Filter for Windows 7 and newer versions. It is open-source.

== Rest Reminder ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.workrave.org/ </big></big>

It can lock your keyboard and mouse buttons when it is time. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://hovancik.net/stretchly/ </big></big>

It supports Windows, Linux, BSD and macOS. Fewer features than Workrave. It is open-source.

== Self-Control Helper ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.proginosko.com/leechblock/ </big></big>

Browser add-ons for blocking websites. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/Alikaraki95/Getoffyourphone </big></big>

For Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://selfcontrolapp.com/ </big></big>

Block websites for Mac. It is open-source.

== Brain Trainer ==

<big><big> https://www.lumosity.com/en/ </big></big>

Practise through mini-games, 3 random games everyday for free.

This is merely a little teaser, not something like Touhou Project.

<big><big> https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Apps/gbrainy </big></big>

Mini-games. It is open-source.

<big><big> http://brainworkshop.sourceforge.net/ </big></big>

Dual n-back. It is open-source.

== Meditation helper ==

<big><big> https://gitlab.com/tslocum/meditationassistant </big></big>

For meditation. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://gitlab.com/axet/android-binaural-beats </big></big>

Binaural beats. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://ashutoshgngwr.github.io/noice/ </big></big>

Background noise. It is open-source.

== Keyboard ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://colemak.com/ </big></big>

This one supports a lot of languages in Latin script, but it means to learn typing again. It is worth it.

[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KB_US-Colemak_with_AltGr.svg A better layout image].

Note that the download link on the home page is “Caps Lock Unchanged”. The idea of replacing Caps Lock with Backspace is great because of its convenience to press Backspace, but having it unchanged is generally better because it's punitive to press Backspace, urging you to make fewer misspellings.

There is a flaw of no “„” or “‚”. You can replace “÷” and “×” with them. Also, the positions of single and double quotation marks only benefit British people for not pressing Shift. You can exchange their positions, too.

*[https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=22339 Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] for Windows;
*[https://pqrs.org/osx/karabiner/ Karabiner] for macOS;
*[http://rlog.rgtti.com/2014/05/01/how-to-modify-a-keyboard-layout-in-linux/ A guidance] for Linux;
*[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/change-keyboard-layout.52615/ A discussion] for FreeBSD.

For languages with other letters such as Ə and Ɔ, autocorrection (or called in another way: text replacement) is required.

*[https://autohotkey.com/ AutoHotkey] for Windows, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_9-QkD-zJ4 a video about it];
*[https://support.apple.com/guide/automator/welcome/mac Automator] for macOS, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z56PBanBSx4 a video about it];
*[https://github.com/autokey/autokey AutoKey] for Linux, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9-Rj5P1dq8 a video about it].

People think it's uncomfortable to type HE with Colemak because it requires stretching the index finger and shrinking the middle finger. I type E with my ring finger in this case.

<big><big> https://neo-layout.org/index_en.html </big></big>

This one is based on German keyboard, so you don't need to worry about lower quotation marks.

Its idea is 6 layers. But it may have trouble with your operating system. I suppose there could be 8 layers: 2 for Latin, 2 for Greek, 2 for Cyrillic, 2 for symbols.

But don't you think changing layer is the same work with changing input method?

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://bepo.fr/wiki/Accueil </big></big>

Based on French, giving consideration to European languages.

No English translation for this site, but it doesn't matter, because this keyboard is generally pre-installed in common operating systems. You just need to find it in “French” section of keyboard settings.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kl.ime.oh </big></big>

It is lightweight and supports many languages, with many keyboard layouts. But it has problems, such as poor plugins.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://anysoftkeyboard.github.io/ </big></big>

It supports fewer languages than O Keyboard, but it is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/klausw/hackerskeyboard/ </big></big>

It supports fewer languages than O Keyboard, but it is open-source.

== Typing ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://klavaro.sourceforge.net/en/ </big></big>

Typing tutor. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://10fastfingers.com/ </big></big>

A place to train typing.

== Shortcut ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_keyboard_shortcuts </big></big>

Keyboard shortcuts. They make the life a little easier.

== To-Do-List ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.taskcoach.org/ </big></big>

It has many functions: hierarchy, progress, different views of the list. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8a5rA-Exmw A video about it].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://abstractspoon.com/wiki/doku.php?id=todolist-description/ </big></big>

A different to-do-list. It is open-source.

== Notebook ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.zim-wiki.org/ </big></big>

A desktop wiki. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9bbVFzkN_E&list=PLNY1np4YRcnyl8mWOAih6_wo8G3-OrBpo A tutorial about it].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.giuspen.com/cherrytree/ </big></big>

It supports hierarchy. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S-uaq9jZ3k A video about it on Windows]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKzfsDUdcfs a video about it on Linux].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://standardnotes.org/ </big></big>

It is privacy-focused. It is open-source. Can't insert images without payment.

== Mind Map ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.freeplane.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page </big></big>

Successful fork of the lack-of-update [http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page FreeMind]. They are pretty much alike, but it claims [https://www.freeplane.org/wiki/index.php/Freeplane_features_you_were_missing_in_FreeMind to possess more features than FreeMind]. Java is required. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCfGAuHJk0s A video about it]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKt9Bm9krBM another video about it].

== Hierarchical Spereadsheet ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://strlen.com/treesheets/ </big></big>

It combines mind map, spreadsheet and other forms of data. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB-saQZfrsw A video about it].

== International Phonetic Alphabet ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/ </big></big>

The site of the maker. The full IPA chart can be downloaded here. There is also a link to an interactive IPA chart.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://easypronunciation.com/en/ipa-phonetic-transcription-converters </big></big>

IPA and romanization transcriptions. Very detailed, but there is a limitation for each hour. Its “More Tools” is also noteworthy.

<big><big> https://github.com/dmort27/epitran/ </big></big>

Transcription to IPA. It is open-source. It won't help if you don't know Python.

It only supports words, as is [https://github.com/dmort27/epitran/issues/12 discussed]. Somebody can develop a tool for sound change.

== Basic Course ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.duolingo.com/ </big></big>

The best free online language courses. It is actually a collection of exercises instead of real teaching courses. It is also under criticism, from quality to method.

Don't neglect their other products.

<big><big> https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/ </big></big>

This one has a lot of materials as well as other things.

<big><big> https://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/ </big></big>

Mainly courses of Foreign Service Institute, Defense Language Institute, Peace-Corps. FSI is initially aimed at middle-aged officials, so maybe not everyone likes it.

<big><big> https://www.coursera.org/browse/language-learning/ </big></big>

Some super cool courses. This is suggested by RomDasha.

<big><big> https://www.lingolia.com/en/ </big></big>

A little site with useful basic courses of 5 languages with good design.

<big><big> https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/ </big></big>

Grammar lessons.

<big><big> http://native-languages.org/ </big></big>

Material of native American languages.

<big><big> https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Languages </big></big>

Books are mostly incomplete and in lack of update, but some are nearly completed or completed, not bad.

<big><big> http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/ </big></big>

It is discontinued, but deserves a mention for quality. It is for beginners.

<big><big> https://elon.io/ </big></big>

Only 3 languages, but still worth a mention for its quantity and maybe quality.

== Linguistic Article ==

<big><big> https://scholar.google.com/ </big></big>

When you are confused about the grammar, or simply out of curiosity, you want to touch linguistics. This site can help, though few articles are free.

<big><big> http://www.oajse.com/subjects/linguistics.html </big></big>

A list and a search engine of open-access Linguistic journals.

<big><big> https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ampersand </big></big>

Open-access Linguistic journal by Elsevier.

== Speaking ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://forvo.com/ </big></big>

Dictionary of pronunciation.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://voicenotebook.com/prononce.php </big></big>

Check your pronunciation through SR and TTS.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://speechling.com/ </big></big>

Submit the recording and wait for the response. Supported languages are not many.

<big><big> http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ </big></big>

With this one, you can say you are “studying” pronunciation.

A [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDNhmBsOXcM&list=PL4mxJ1XKfFjK9VswLDnYqgJiO4mOoVzyQ big tutorial playlist].

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.tongue-twister.net/ </big></big>

Try not to hurt yourself when practicing.

== Vocabulary ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://apps.ankiweb.net/ </big></big>

Offline flashcard platform. You can find its manual at “Docs” on the website. Content can be rendered in HTML and CSS. There are also add-ons for it. It is open-source.

Its community has [https://ankiweb.net/shared/decks/ some decks], but this is not mentioned at the home page.

Unfortunately, not free on iOS.

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XaJjbCSXT0 A video] about the intervals of Anki;
*[https://www.lengthytravel.com/create-anki-deck-google-sheets-spreadsheet/ An article] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwGNP3GXmxg a video] about how to import from a spreadsheet;
*[http://womenlearnthai.com/index.php/creating-anki-flashcard-decks-with-audio-and-pictures/ An article] about how to add images and audios;
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02vwciRkRYg A video] about how to split audios and add them into cards.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saVJN5-_JDM&list=PLoRUsKSPCHAYv6OnDZQnb_TjGn6WGIpud A playlist] of tutorial.
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBKvlmuiSfSbH0KEVagdAjA A channel] about add-ons.

Looks like no one tells people how to export anki decks into spreadsheets. Let me do it:
#click on the cog of your deck, click on “Export”;
#in “Export from”, select “Notes in plain text (.txt)”;
#export;
#open the file in a spreadsheet program, which should be able to automatically recognise its separator “tab”.

If you want to batch rename files, there is [https://www.inviska.com/rename/ a program to do it]; there is [http://file-folder-ren.sourceforge.net/index.php?page=Main a program that supports FreeBSD and Solaris]. They are open-source.

If you are still confused, go to communities about Anki and find solution.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://mnemosyne-proj.org/ </big></big>

If your want a simple alternative to Anki, try this one. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.memrise.com/ </big></big>

Flashcards in high quality can be found. Some most popular languages have courses of 0-5k and 5k-8k words, or divided differently and still reach 8k. A few can be over 30k.

Though it is said to be memorizing words with “mems” (memes in many cases), the “mems” are actually not in good quality.

Its app is quite worse than the web version. On the app, you can't add other courses besides official ones, and the download for offline use always fails if the vocabulary is over 3k.

In the app, don't look at the candidates (including candidate letters) at first, to avoid getting hints from them.

You can [https://memrise.helpshift.com/a/memrise-learn-a-new-language/?p=all&l=en&s=course-creation&f=how-can-i-add-words-to-my-course-can-i-upload-words-from-a-spreadsheet import from a spreadsheet].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://quizlet.com/ </big></big>

It is not so good at efficient memorization as Memrise. It is for having quizzes. But you can find specific practice such as reflexive verbs, weak nouns.

It even encourages you to copy other people's card decks and create your own variants, in case a good deck has flaws and the creator doesn't respond to it.

You can [https://quizlet.com/help/2444107/import-content-to-quizlet import from a spreadsheet].

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.clozemaster.com/ </big></big>

Learn with cloze. It is effective, but sometimes it is just repeating the same point in different questions, also, synonyms not supported.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://lingvist.com/ </big></big>

Four languages to learn, for lower intermediate learners (roughly telc B1). There is a trial automatically started after you register, so don't expect all features will continue if you don't pay after 48 hours.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://context.reverso.net/translation/ </big></big>

Among its products, the mobile version of Context seems to be the most helpful: learn and practise new words with example sentences.

Also their browser add-on. Very good.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languagedrops.com/ </big></big>

It focuses on visual training, which has both advantages and disadvantages. Free users have to wait 10 hours for the next 5 min practice session.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.learnwitholiver.com/ </big></big>

Simply learn words and sentences.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://babadum.com/ </big></big>

It's pretty good for educating young polyglots.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.languageguide.org/ </big></big>

Some basic vocabulary.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.wordofthehour.org/ </big></big>

They may think “word of the day” is too inefficient, so do I. It is constantly being improved, but not satisfying for now. The response of a contact is quick and friendly.

<big><big> http://sublearning.com/ </big></big>

Practice sentence translation through subtitles. Don't expect word-to-word translations.

<big><big> https://www.iclanguage.com/ </big></big>

A site with a different design.

<big><big> https://babadada.com/ </big></big>

No grammatical genders or pronunciation, suitable for revision.

A lot of languages has not been completed yet, without any notice. Also, look out for polyseme mistakes.

<big><big> https://mainichi.me/ </big></big>

A great idea to learn a word each time you open a tab. Only for three languages. Only for beginners.

<big><big> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Frequency_lists </big></big>

Frequency lists. Make use of it with programs that help to memorise, such as Anki.

If you seriously want to learn a language, and there are no ready-made free flashcards reaching the native level, and you don't want to spend money, this may be the most effective way to memorise words.

== Test ==

<big><big> https://www.transparent.com/language-resources/tests.html </big></big>

Test your proficiency.

There is only one set of test for each language. Don't search the meanings of the words you don't know, if you want to take this test again later.

<big><big> https://www.arealme.com/vocabulary-size-test/en/ </big></big>

For testing your vocabulary size.

There is only one set of test for each language. Don't search the meanings of the words you don't know, if you want to take this test again later.

== Reading ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.wikipedia.org/ </big></big>

Numerous articles in many languages and they are usually proofed to read.

Don't forget to browse the “Category” to find specific contents.

Also take a look at its sister projects on [https://www.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.kiwix.org/ </big></big>

Make Wikipedia and some other sites offline. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/ </big></big>

The largest collections of books in the public domain, mostly in English though.

<big><big> https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/archives.html </big></big>

List of book collections. Many links are available in “https” now.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://quiterss.org/ </big></big>

RSS feeder. It is open-source.

If you don't know what RSS is, read [https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-an-rss-feed-4684568 this article].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://getflowlingo.com/ </big></big>

Read and create flashcards to learn. The response of a contact is quick and friendly.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.beelinguapp.com/ </big></big>

Bilingual stories. Its audios are from volunteers, the quality of which is not very good.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://paralleltext.io/ </big></big>

As what its domain name says, parallel text. Classical works.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://readlang.com/ </big></big>

Articles in many languages, with online dictionaries.

<big><big> https://vocabhunter.github.io/ </big></big>

Find unfamiliar words in a document. Java is required. It is open-source.

It doesn't support Chinese, Japanese, Thai and Vietnamese, because words are not separated by spaces or a word is usually separated by one or more spaces in these languages.

<big><big> https://www.bible.com/ </big></big>

Declaration: suggesting it is not for preaching.

The full Bible has been translated into at least 670 languages, more than double the number of languages of Wikipedia.

The site's counterpart in Islam is at [https://pakdata.com/products/quran-majeed/ Pakdata]. Declaration: mentioning it is not for preaching.

<big><big> https://github.com/gildas-lormeau/SingleFileZ </big></big>

Save the web page as a single file.

<big><big> https://librera.mobi/ </big></big>

Reader for Android. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://okular.kde.org/ </big></big>

Reader for desktops. You can take notes with it. It is open-source.

<big><big> http://lwt.sourceforge.net/ </big></big>

This is a PHP project. The page design is very bad, but as a learned person, you should have sufficient patience to read the guide and follow it. It's a DIY, offline and free version of LingQ. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXHFktejxBo A video for its introduction]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOrpB51I_N4 a video about its setup]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZLfH77NMt4 a video about its more features].

There installation tutorial is not clear, and [https://sourceforge.net/p/lwt/discussion/1813497/thread/26bc0075/ the reply on a common problem is responded impolitely].

LingQ is freemium, but it can't be recommended, for its unacceptable limitations on free users.

== Writing ==

<big><big> https://owl.excelsior.edu/ </big></big>

It is not for learning languages, but for how to write and read.

It is teaching about English, so something does not applies to some other languages.

<big><big> https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html </big></big>

Another online writing lab. A bit dumb but also good.

== Dictionary ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.lexicool.com/ </big></big>

List of dictionaries.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.wiktionary.org/ </big></big>

Practical, no need to switch dictionaries, translations in many languages are shown together.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.wordreference.com/ </big></big>

It is really completed.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.linguee.com/ </big></big>

It is completed, with example sentences of high quality. You can even find uncommon words with meanings of common words.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://bab.la/ </big></big>

It is completed for several languages.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://iate.europa.eu/ </big></big>

Terminology dictionary of European Union. That is to say, what you search should be a term.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://glosbe.com/ </big></big>

It supports a lot of languages, citing results from several corpora. It is somehow messy and in many cases inaccurate, but if the dictionaries listed above have no result about a word, this one may help.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://goldendict.org/ </big></big>

It supports several dictionaries in the free version, and also Lingoes in the paid Android version. No one would want to pay after knowing a link below. It is open-source.

You can search the word by selecting it and listen to Forvo pronunciation. You can also add dictionary websites.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://aarddict.org/ </big></big>

Offline dictionaries. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://bravolol.com/ </big></big>

Offline dictionaries and phrase books.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://www.lingoes.net/ </big></big>

Offline dictionary. Its development is stopped, but it is still very useful.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.luc.dict.lingoes </big></big>

Unofficial Lingoes on Android.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://hedgedict.com/en </big></big>

An offline collection of dictionaries. Discontinued.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/search?q=alldict </big></big>

Offline dictionaries by Alldict. Larger quantity and lower quality.

It's weird that there are fewer apps at [https://play.google.com/store/apps/collection/cluster?clp=igM4ChkKEzcxNjQyMzIxNjI5NzAzNzQ3NDgQCBgDEhkKEzcxNjQyMzIxNjI5NzAzNzQ3NDgQCBgDGAA%3D:S:ANO1ljKcYO4&gsr=CjuKAzgKGQoTNzE2NDIzMjE2Mjk3MDM3NDc0OBAIGAMSGQoTNzE2NDIzMjE2Mjk3MDM3NDc0OBAIGAMYAA%3D%3D:S:ANO1ljIHMuc the developer's page].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.freelang.net/ </big></big>

Offline dictionary with even larger quantity and lower quality.

== Translator ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://translate.google.com/ </big></big>

The best translator by now. It also supports optical character recognition on mobile.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIpXjFwVdIE a video] about how machine translation works.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAgp7nXdkLU a video] about why machine translation makes mistakes.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.bing.com/translator </big></big>

It supports several languages that Google Translation doesn't support, but its quality is not so good as Google's.

<big><big> https://www.matetranslate.com/ </big></big>

Instant translate with double-click, and create phrasebooks.

<big><big> https://greasyfork.org/en/scripts/9285-translate-google-tooltip/ </big></big>

A user script of Google Translate tooltip. It is open-source.

User scripts are similar to browser add-ons, but they can change some content of web-pages. You can see a lot of its users are Chinese, but it is still far from being well-known in China.

You need to install one of them to run the scripts: [https://www.tampermonkey.net/ Tampermonkey] (not open-source), [https://www.greasespot.net/ Greasymonkey] (bloated) or Violentmonkey (privacy nightmare).

<big><big> https://translatr.varunmalhotra.xyz/ </big></big>

Translate to multiple languages at one time. It is open-source.

<big><big> http://nicetranslator.com/ </big></big>

Similar to Translatr, but it uses Microsoft.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://imtranslator.net/ </big></big>

Convenient add-ons for browsers.

<big><big> https://www.soimort.org/translate-shell/ </big></big>

Command-line translator from different sources. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://www.apertium.org/ </big></big>

It is open-source. Promising.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2atSy3Zfiec A video about it].

== Conjugation ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://cooljugator.com/ </big></big>

Conjugation and some declension.

== Gender ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.passion4teq.com/apps/ </big></big>

Apps for practising genders in 4 languages. You can also estimate how long you can practice until your battery becomes empty.

== Number ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/numbering-systems/en/ </big></big>

Rules of writing numbers, more concise than Wikipedia's entries.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.random.org/sequences/ </big></big>

Generate a random sequence. You can practice reading them or train your listening with TTS.

== Grammar Checker ==

<big><big> https://languagetool.org/ </big></big>

It supports several languages but works well on the few. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnQCHo14gOU A video about the rule editor].

== Listening ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://www.listeningpractice.org/ </big></big>

To practice listening. Not very good-looking. Voices are from volunteers, the quality is not very good. It also has conjugation exercises.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://librivox.org/ </big></big>

Books read by volunteers.

<big><big> https://www.linguistica360.com/ </big></big>

News with some free transcripts, and the speed is slow.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languagepod101.com/ </big></big>

Materials can become no-free after a period of time, but it's reasonable.

It doesn't mean that you can't see an archived lesson forever if you don't pay. They offer a random lesson each Thursday for free.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://lyricstraining.com/ </big></big>

Listen to songs and fill in the blanks of lyrics.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://rhinospike.com/ </big></big>

Listen to recordings.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/colloquial/ </big></big>

Audios are free, books are paid.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://audio-lingua.eu/?lang=en </big></big>

Listening materials. It doesn't have transcripts but can search according to your level.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.audacityteam.org/ </big></big>

This is for editing audio files, but it can also do something else: [https://manual.audacityteam.org/man/tutorial_recording_audio_playing_on_the_computer.html record the playback from your computer], which means that you can record online stream radios.

There are [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3jUONYgiak a video about labeling] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEStFcRQSbE a video about pronunciation checking].

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCisC3sHneM A video about tips for using Audacity].

It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://obsproject.com/ </big></big>

When you are playing games in the languages you are learning, it is often hard to focus on the voices and subtitles without failing your goals in the games. You can solve this problem by recording your gameplay with this program. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://greatlanguagegame.com/ </big></big>

Listen and identify the language. It has been shut down, but it has links to two other sites in the same type. [https://www.verbling.com/game Verbling has this game, too.]

== Text-to-Speech ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.cross-plus-a.com/balabolka.htm </big></big>

A software to read texts. If you don't know how to get the voices, you can see [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-use-SR-and-TTS-on-Windows]].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/Danesprite/tts-util-app </big></big>

TTS For Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=hesoft.T2S </big></big>

It is the most highly rated platform on Android.

== Example Sentence ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://tatoeba.org/ </big></big>

Example sentences in many languages. It is open-source.

If you want to translate, translate sentences with audio first, because the translations may appear on sites which provide translations of audio.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.dictionarist.com/ </big></big>

Search for example sentences of a word, with the Lingoes dictionary inserted. Many results are from Tatoeba.

<big><big> https://subasub.com/ </big></big>

Search for parallel texts in subtitles.

== Parse Tree ==

<big><big> http://www.mapsofspeech.com/2017/10/02/treeform/ </big></big>

A tool to draw parse trees and have a better understanding of sentence structures. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5DhtQgrlTE A video about it].

<big><big> https://ltc.sourceforge.io/ </big></big>

A different one to draw parse trees. It is open-source.

== Text Memorization ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/zg/text-memorize </big></big>

For memorizing text. Python is required.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://rememberthetext.com/ </big></big>

Memorization with hints. It has some libraries of text samples. You can add your texts.

It is also useful for building the impressions of sentence structures.

Unfortunately, it doesn't support many scripts. The reasons are: 1. it does not recognize the punctuation of many scripts such as Arabic; 2. it does not recognize words in scripts in which words are not separated by spaces such as Han or some languages where a word have spaces inside it, such as Vietnamese.

Solutions are: 1. add punctuation according to [[Language/Multiple-languages/Grammar/Punctuation-of-many-languages]]; 2. add dictionaries of Chinese, Japanese, Thai, Vietnamese, etc. from Wiktionary or elsewhere.

[https://memorizer.me/ memorizer.me] has the same problems.

== Phrasebook ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.funeasylearn.com/ </big></big>

It provides apps for both phrase and vocabulary, but I have categorized it in this one because it provides IPA in the apps of phrases.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.loecsen.com/ </big></big>

It supports many languages, and it is detailed.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.50languages.com/ </big></big>

Actually a few more than 50 languages. You can also have a test there.

== World Clock, Calendar & Weather ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.timeanddate.com/ </big></big>

It has not only the world clock for every city but also many other features, such as calendars with festivals of most countries.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.ventusky.com/ </big></big>

A lot of things about meteology.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://earth.nullschool.net/ </big></big>

Wind, weather, ocean conditions.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://waqi.info/ </big></big>

Air condition around the world.

== Community ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.italki.com/ </big></big>

The most popular language learning community by now. It also pushes helpful articles written by teachers.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.reddit.com/ </big></big>

It is surely a miscellany, and it is a good miscellany.

Go to r/languagelearning or r/linguistics to enjoy.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.tolearnfree.com/ </big></big>

The design of the webpages is old-fashioned but it has a lot of content, including little tests.

Its French version has something more.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://polyglotclub.com/ </big></big>

There are some rare features of it, such as Wiki lessons, Events. It adopts ISO 639-3, almost every language is included here.

== Questions & Answers ==

<big><big> https://hinative.com/ </big></big>

Ask and answer with people around the world. Unfortunately, don't expect them to be effective in dealing with spamming and abusing. But I'm not encouraging you to do so.

Search before you ask.

Do not feed the trolls.

Do not answer blanked homework questions, because the questioner is too lazy to deserve an answer.

Do not answer the meaning of a single word. The questioners should consult a dictionary on their own. Exceptions are newbies, because they may be just following the tutorial and have a try, not lazy.

Do not ask questions in English channels, because the questions are too many, the answer rate is extremely low. Try asking at Polyglot Club.

Ask in parallel text. Then the respondent won't need to ask you about the real meaning if the sentence is not understood.

<big><big> https://stackexchange.com/sites#culturerecreation </big></big>

One of the most popular Q&A site.

== Language Exchange ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.lingbe.com/ </big></big>

An app for talking with people who are as nervous to talk with strangers like you.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://mylanguageexchange.com/ </big></big>

Free users can be contacted by those who have paid. Since they have paid, they are more likely to be serious learners.

== Blog ==

<big><big> https://blog.thelinguist.com/ </big></big>

Things about language learning. It is active.

<big><big> https://blogs.transparent.com/ </big></big>

There are periodically good contents being presented.

<big><big> https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094 </big></big>

Languages are fewer than Transparent's, and so do the update frequency. But its quality is still high.

<big><big> https://blog.feedspot.com/culture_blogs/ </big></big>

Blogs about cultures. There are also [https://blog.feedspot.com/culture_magazines/ magazines].

== Lyrics ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.musixmatch.com/ </big></big>

See lyrics and translations.

== Subtitle ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.opensubtitles.org/en/search/subs </big></big>

One of the most popular subtitle sites. Subtitles in European languages are easier to find.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://subscene.com/ </big></big>

One of the most popular subtitle sites. Subtitles in English, Arabic, Persian, Indonesian are easier to find.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://getcaption.co/ </big></big>

For downloading subtitles. You can add websites on your own. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://bonigarcia.github.io/dualsub/index.html </big></big>

It can help to merge two subtitles. It may crash at the second time. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.smplayer.info/ </big></big>

If Dualsub can't run since the second time, you can try this player, which can display two subtitles. It is open-source.

What a good name of this program.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://subs2srs.sourceforge.net/ </big></big>

Turn subtitles into flashcards. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AvgqVGHP8A A video about it].

== Radio & Podcast ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.radio-browser.info/gui/#!/ </big></big>

A list of internet radio stations. You can find other projects (some are open-source) such as RadioDroid to listen to them.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.listennotes.com/ </big></big>

Search Engine of podcasts.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://addictpodcast.com/ </big></big>

A wierd site. You can click on the image and go to its Google App Store page. It has all useful functions for listening to podcasts.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://castbox.fm/ </big></big>

Podcasts in some countries.

== TV Channel ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://livetvcentral.com/ </big></big>

The most complete list of worldwide online TV channels.

Many links are dead, but the live stream is still available somewhere else in many of these sites.

This site is not serious on national flags at all.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_television_channels </big></big>

List of TV channels.

== News ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://unfiltered.news/ </big></big>

It reveals how media around the world report about the world.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.abyznewslinks.com/ </big></big>

Links to news websites.

Some TV have shows for free, some of which even with subtitles.

<big><big> https://liveuamap.com/ </big></big>

Instant news about hot spots from social media.

== Video ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.youtube.com/ </big></big>

No one can be richer in content than this. Heavy censorship, demonetization, weird copyright terms.

There are some open-source alternatives to it such as [https://joinpeertube.org/ PeerTube] and [https://d.tube/ DTube].

There are many channels teaching languages and introducing cultures, which people may forget. However, YouTube is not the only source of such channels.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://newpipe.schabi.org/ </big></big>

Watch YouTube videos without being watched by YouTube. It is open-source.

Downloading YouTube videos violates YouTube's terms of service. What a great move of grabbing your videos and claiming them as their properties.

<big><big> https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/ </big></big>

Download videos with Python commands. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A-HLSvtBWc A tutorial about it].

<big><big> https://mrs0m30n3.github.io/youtube-dl-gui/ </big></big>

GUI for youtube-dl. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.downloadhelper.net/ </big></big>

Download videos on browsers, easy to use.

== Live ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.twitch.tv/ </big></big>

There are players speaking different languages. Its “IRL” section is people in real life. You can interact with them in their languages.

== Language Information ==

<big><big> https://www.omniglot.com/ </big></big>

It provides information about basic knowledge of many languages. Many “Alphabet and Pronunciation” lessons on this site are from there.

<big><big> https://glottolog.org/ </big></big>

Information of languages of the world. Not only languages, but also many varieties. It is open-soruce.

<big><big> https://www.scriptsource.org/ </big></big>

Information of scripts.

<big><big> https://www.muturzikin.com/countries.htm </big></big>

Linguistic maps.

<big><big> https://www.ethnologue.com/ </big></big>

Basic information of languages of the world. It may be not free in some regions.

<big><big> http://lingvo.info/en/ </big></big>

General knowledge about European languages.

<big><big> https://iso639-3.sil.org/ </big></big>

Codes for every language and is still being updated. You can find the whole table.

== General Knowledge ==

<big><big> https://www.britannica.com/ </big></big>

A comprehensive encyclopedia.

== Map ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.google.com/maps/ </big></big>

It resolves the exotic sense. If you are careful enough, you can find trivia about a place.

From the maps you can only see the appearance, not inside the societies. Actually, people in somewhere looks rich maybe not so happy as people in somewhere looks poor.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.openstreetmap.org/ </big></big>

Another map site. You can even download them. It is open-source.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_v7HrDJfyk a video about its modification with Inkscape].

<big><big> https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.github.axet.maps/ </big></big>

Offline maps from OpenStreetMap. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://ontheworldmap.com/ </big></big>

Downloadable maps. It even includes cities. I don't expect them to be up-to-date.

<big><big> https://www.geoguessr.com/ </big></big>

Guess where you are in a random Google Maps street view.

== Culture & Travel ==

<big><big> https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ </big></big>

Introductions to cultures.

<big><big> https://www.wikivoyage.org/ </big></big>

Introduction of the city and many details of countries. It is open-source.

The most important page for travelers is [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Stay_safe this].

<big><big> https://www.everyculture.com/ </big></big>

Its information is old. There are details of peoples and countries.

<big><big> https://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/ </big></big>

It is mainly about some details about manners.

<big><big> https://guide.culturecrossing.net/index.php </big></big>

It is mainly about some details about manners.

<big><big> https://rammworldcultures.org.uk/home/objects/ </big></big>

Cultural Objects.

<big><big> https://www.tripadvisor.com/ </big></big>

Guide of traveling cities.

<big><big> https://travelhealthpro.org.uk/ </big></big>

Detailed information about health.

<big><big> https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ </big></big>

Cultural heritages. There is also an interactive map.

<big><big> https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists/ </big></big>

Intangible cultural heritages.

<big><big> https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/ </big></big>

A formal publication of basic information about countries.

<big><big> https://www.nationsonline.org/ </big></big>

Introduction of countries and other things with links.

<big><big> https://worldcultures.webs.com/ </big></big>

Links to other sites about cultures.

== History ==

<big><big> http://www.fsmitha.com/ </big></big>

Texts are detailed for each item.

<big><big> https://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/History_n2/a.html </big></big>

Looks old-fashioned, but it is not bad if you get used to it.

<big><big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.timleg.historytimeline </big></big>

An app about major events of history.

<big><big> https://omniatlas.com/ </big></big>

It shows you some old news with detailed maps.

<big><big> https://www.timemaps.com/ </big></big>

Maps of history.

<big><big> https://www.wdl.org/en/ </big></big>

Items in the history.

<big><big> https://histography.io/ </big></big>

It looks cool.

<big><big> http://geacron.com/home-en/ </big></big>

Map of every year.

<big><big> https://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/ </big></big>

A popular history book by an amateur historian called Herbert George Wells.

If he were a professional historian, he would not have written it, together with many other nice books.

== Philosophy & Religion ==

<big><big> https://www.philosophybasics.com/ </big></big>

The basics of philosophy, “by a layman for the layman”.

<big><big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions </big></big>

List of religions and spiritual traditions.

Not believing a religion itself is also religious.

<big><big> http://www.religionfacts.com/ </big></big>

Facts about religions.

== Sociology & Psychology ==

<big><big> https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/ </big></big>

A book about sociology.

<big><big> https://freesociologybooks.com/ </big></big>

Two books about sociology.

<big><big> https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl </big></big>

Articles about psychology.

== Geography ==

<big><big> https://www.youtube.com/user/GeographyNow/ </big></big>

Videos about world geography.

<big><big> https://www.worldatlas.com/ </big></big>

Short articles.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://gedevapps.com/flags/ </big></big>

Flags, capitals, currencies, some landmarks, in multiple languages. Dependencies included are not many.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.qbis.guessthecountry </big></big>

An app for practising world map in several languages.
Dependencies are not all included. The form of address in Chinese version is a mixture of PRC's and ROC's, which is not good. For Chinese names of countries, go to [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Countries-and-Nationalities]].

<big><big> http://www.nationalanthems.info/ </big></big>

National anthems. This is more complete than Wikimedia.

== Music ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.youtube.com/user/pupsibaerle1 </big></big>

All about traditional music.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.soundhound.com/ </big></big>

Recognize music with recording or your humming. It has some advantages over Shazam.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.shazam.com/ </big></big>

Recognize music with recording. It has some advantages over Soundhound.

== Art ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.wikiart.org/ </big></big>

All kinds of artwork around the world.

== Dance ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin </big></big>

Dances by origin. You can search for them on video sites.

== Cuisine ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.allrecipes.com/ </big></big>

Recipes around the world.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines </big></big>

List of cuisines.

== Folk Costume ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_costume </big></big>

List of folk costume.

== Folktale ==

<big><big> https://fairytalez.com/ </big></big>

Some faire tales.

<big><big> https://www.worldoftales.com/ </big></big>

Some fairy tale books.

== Festival ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_festivals_by_country </big></big>

Not complete, but still good.

<big><big> https://www.world-festivals.net/ </big></big>

It includes more countries than the one above. I wonder if it is so difficult to gather information about festivals.

== Name ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.behindthename.com/ </big></big>

Find the meanings of a given name.

Don't expect you can understand every Chinese name.

== Astronomy ==

<big><big> https://stellarium.org/ </big></big>

You can see the sky in different locations and times. There are starlores in different cultures. Some even have constellation art.

== Living Standard ==

<big><big> https://www.craigslist.org/ </big></big>

Living information.

<big><big> https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/ </big></big>

Prices from the world. Sometimes inaccurate.

<big><big> https://www.globalbrandprices.com/ </big></big>

The prices of the same products in different regions.

== Statistics ==

<big><big> https://www.statista.com/ </big></big>

All kinds of statistical data. Some are free.

<big><big> https://ourworldindata.org/ </big></big>

It has detailed explanation on each data.

<big><big> https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/ </big></big>

A research program by the World Bank. There is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators an article] on Wikipedia about it.

== Trivia Quizzes ==

<big><big> https://www.jetpunk.com/ </big></big>

Trivia quizzes of the world. It is available in multiple languages.

== Prepaid SIM Card ==

<big><big>https://prepaid-data-sim-card.fandom.com/wiki/Prepaid_SIM_with_data </big></big>

Details about SIM cards.

== License Plate ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.worldlicenseplates.com/ </big></big>

Take a look if you are interested. It's so completed.

== Fonts ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.google.com/get/noto/ </big></big>

It presents a lot of fonts in one art style. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://unifoundry.com/unifont/index.html </big></big>

No one covers more of the Unicode map than GNU Unifont. It is open-source, no need to say because the name has “GNU”.

Its function is limited, such as bad support for South and Southeast Asian characters.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.fontspace.com/ </big></big>

You can search for fonts by Unicode block or script here.

== Speech Recognition ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.speechtexter.com/m/ </big></big>

It recognizes your speech with the help of Google.

<big><big> https://github.com/TalAter/annyang </big></big>

Speech recognition with JavaScript.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds5tm-6Nc9g A video about it].

<big><big> https://pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/ </big></big>

Speech recognition with Python.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QebIJmWwXfA A video about it on Windows]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpkPbYf487I a video about it on Linux].

== Optical Character Recognition ==

<big><big> https://github.com/manisandro/gImageReader </big></big>

It recognizes characters on the screen with Tesseract. Training is required.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLpCld4cdtk A video about training with LIOS].

== Language Identifier ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.polyglot3000.com/ </big></big>

It identifies languages.

== Resource Links ==
Unlike this page, those are for some specific languages, and I am not responsible for their qualities.

<big><big> https://www.lexilogos.com/english/index.htm </big></big>

This one is in a great quantity that even GrimPixel's resource pages can hardly match.

<big><big> http://gratisglobal.com/ </big></big>

A comprehensive resource database.

<big><big> http://www.openculture.com/ </big></big>

This one has various references.

<big><big> https://www.languagelinksdatabase.com/free-language-resources/ </big></big>

This one has more links for each one with fewer languages.

<big><big> https://www.lonweb.org/ </big></big>

This one has more languages with fewer links for each one.

<big><big> http://lexicity.com/ </big></big>

This one focuses on ancient languages.

<big><big> https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Free_media_resources </big></big>

Free media resources.

<big><big> https://www.alllanguageresources.com/ </big></big>

This one includes paid recommendations without notice.

<big><big> https://nlp.stanford.edu/links/statnlp.html </big></big>

Academic software. You may wonder why academicians are so dumb at design. That is because they are not so good at front-end and they don't have to learn much of it.

== Web Page Archive ==

<big><big> https://www.archive.org/ </big></big>

Archive of the Internet since 1996. Really cool!

Examples: [https://archive.org/details/5LanguageVisualDictionary ''De Agostini 5 Language Visual Dictionary''] (practical) and [https://archive.org/details/FiveLanguageVisualDictionary ''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary''] (comprehensive).

== Virtual Private Network ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> mailto:get@psiphon3.com </big></big>

Those who are hindered from accessing the world Internet, send an e-mail to it.

== Endangered Language Protection ==
If you are capable and responsible, please do your part to protect endangered languages.

<big><big> http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/ </big></big>

<big><big> https://www.eldp.net/ </big></big>

== Volunteering for Language Learning ==

If they are willing to learn a language to make a decent life, they deserve to be respected.

<big><big> https://volunteersinlanguagelearning.eu/ </big></big>

<big><big> https://www.languagevolunteers.com/ </big></big>

==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]

{{#seo:
|title=Best Free Tools for Polyglots
|keywords=website, phonetics, tv, radio, dictionary, pronunciation, courses, translators, vocabulary
|description=The services listed on this page are free.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/8/8e/Website-polyglots.jpg/800px-Website-polyglots.jpg
}}

Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Numerals

2020-02-07T15:07:32Z

Rajawi48:

[[File:Numeral.png|thumb]]

This page is in progress. It will compare the numeral in different languages.

Databases of numerals:

https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/

https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/index.htm

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Numerals_by_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_various_languages

== Reading and Writing rules ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |From how many does it start to be regular?
! colspan="2" |What is the sequence for digits to read?
! colspan="6" |How to indicate the places?
! colspan="10" |How are digits connected?
! colspan="5" |Is there any conjunction "and" between digits?
!Is there any "zero" to read?
! colspan="7" |Is there any "one" to be omitted?
|-
!0-10 irregular, 11- regular
!0-12 irregular,
13-19 irregular, 20- regular
!0-12 irregular,
13-19 irregular, 20-29 regular, 30- regular
!read the digits from high to low
!read the digits from high to low, except reading units digit before tens digit
!the tens place is indicated by suffix
!the tens place is indicated by word
!the hundreds place is indicated by suffix
!the hundreds place is indicated by word
!the thousands place is indicated by suffix
!the thousands place is indicated by word
!tens digit and units digit are integrated
!tens digit and units digit are connected by hyphen
!tens digit and units digit are separated
!hundreds digit and tens digit are integrated
!hundreds digit and tens digit are connected by hyphen
!hundreds digit and tens digit are separated
!thousands digit and hundreds digit are integrated
!thousands digit and hundreds digit are connected by hyphen
!thousands digit and hundreds digit are separated
!digits are all separated
!“and” between tens digit and units digit
!“and” between tens digit and units digit starting from 30
!“and” between hundreds digit and tens digit
!“and” between thousands digit and hundreds digit
!“zero” when zero is between two non-zero digits
!“one” omitted when one is the tens digit
!“one” not omitted when one is the tens digit
!“one” not omitted when one is the tens digit and no higher digits
!“one” omitted when one is the hundreds digit
!“one” not omitted when one is the hundreds digit
!“one” omitted when one is the thousands digit
!“one” not omitted when one is the thousands digit
|-
!Afrikaans
| -
| +
| -
| -
| +
| +
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| -
| +
|
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|
|
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| -
| +
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| +
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!Chinese
| +
| -
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| -
| +
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| +
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
| -
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| -
| +
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|-
!Dutch
| -
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|-
!English
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| +
| -
| -
| +
| -
| +
| +
| + ''prefered''
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
| +
| -
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| +
| +
| -
| -
| + ''UK;''
- ''US''
| -
| -
| +
| -
| -
| -
| +
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|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
!Esperanto
| +
| -
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| +
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| +
| -
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| +
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| -
| +
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| +
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| + ''prefered''
| -
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| +
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|-
!German
| -
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| +
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
| +
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| -
| -
| +
| -
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| +
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|-
!Japanese
| +
| -
| -
| +
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| +
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
| -
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| +
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|-
!Spanish
| -
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| +
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|
|}

== Numeral Systems (one character digits) ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Burmese
|<big>၀</big>
|<big>၁</big>
|<big>၂</big>
|<big>၃</big>
|<big>၄</big>
|<big>၅</big>
|<big>၆</big>
|<big>၇</big>
|<big>၈</big>
|<big>၉</big>
|-
!Chinese
|<big>〇</big>
|<big>一</big>
|<big>二</big>
|<big>三</big>
|<big>四</big>
|<big>五</big>
|<big>六</big>
|<big>七</big>
|<big>八</big>
|<big>九</big>
|-
!Devanagari
|<big>०</big>
|<big>१</big>
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devanagari_Numeral_1_var_1.png/15px-Devanagari_Numeral_1_var_1.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Devanagari_Numeral_1_var_2.png/10px-Devanagari_Numeral_1_var_2.png
|<big>२</big>
|<big>३</big>
|<big>४</big>
|<big>५</big>
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Devanagari_Numeral_5_var_1.png/16px-Devanagari_Numeral_5_var_1.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Devanagari_Numeral_5_var_2.png/26px-Devanagari_Numeral_5_var_2.png
|<big>६</big>
|<big>७</big>
|<big>८</big>
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Devanagari_Numeral_8_var_1.png/15px-Devanagari_Numeral_8_var_1.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Devanagari_Numeral_8_var_2.png/26px-Devanagari_Numeral_8_var_2.png
|<big>९</big>
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Devanagari_Numeral_9_var_1.png/25px-Devanagari_Numeral_9_var_1.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Devanagari_Numeral_9_var_2.png/15px-Devanagari_Numeral_9_var_2.png
|-
!Eastern Arabic
|<big>٠</big>
|<big>١</big>
|<big>٢</big>
|<big>٣</big>
|<big>٤</big>
|<big>٥</big>
|<big>٦</big>
|<big>٧</big>
|<big>٨</big>
|<big>٩</big>
|-
!Eastern Nagari
|<big>০</big>
|<big>১</big>
|<big>২</big>
|<big>৩</big>
|<big>৪</big>
|<big>৫</big>
|<big>৬</big>
|<big>৭</big>
|<big>৮</big>
|<big>৯</big>
|-
!Gujarati
|<big>૦</big>
|<big>૧</big>
|<big>૨</big>
|<big>૩</big>
|<big>૪</big>
|<big>૫</big>
|<big>૬</big>
|<big>૭</big>
|<big>૮</big>
|<big>૯</big>
|-
!Gurmukhi
|<big>੦</big>
|<big>੧</big>
|<big>੨</big>
|<big>੩</big>
|<big>੪</big>
|<big>੫</big>
|<big>੬</big>
|<big>੭</big>
|<big>੮</big>
|<big>੯</big>
|-
!Javanese
|
|<big>꧑</big>
|<big>꧒</big>
|<big>꧓</big>
|<big>꧔</big>
|<big>꧕</big>
|<big>꧖</big>
|<big>꧗</big>
|<big>꧘</big>
|<big>꧙</big>
|-
!Kannada
|<big>೦</big>
|<big>೧</big>
|<big>೨</big>
|<big>೩</big>
|<big>೪</big>
|<big>೫</big>
|<big>೬</big>
|<big>೭</big>
|<big>೮</big>
|<big>೯</big>
|-
!Khmer
|<big>០</big>
|<big>១</big>
|<big>២</big>
|<big>៣</big>
|<big>៤</big>
|<big>៥</big>
|<big>៦</big>
|<big>៧</big>
|<big>៨</big>
|<big>៩</big>
|-
!Lao
|<big>໐</big>
|<big>໑</big>
|<big>໒</big>
|<big>໓</big>
|<big>໔</big>
|<big>໕</big>
|<big>໖</big>
|<big>໗</big>
|<big>໘</big>
|<big>໙</big>
|-
!Malayalam
|<big>൦</big>
|<big>൧</big>
|<big>൨</big>
|<big>൩</big>
|<big>൪</big>
|<big>൫</big>
|<big>൬</big>
|<big>൭</big>
|<big>൮</big>
|<big>൯</big>
|-
!Mongolian
|<big>᠐</big>
|<big>᠑</big>
|<big>᠒</big>
|<big>᠓</big>
|<big>᠔</big>
|<big>᠕</big>
|<big>᠖</big>
|<big>᠗</big>
|<big>᠘</big>
|<big>᠙</big>
|-
!Odia
|<big>୦</big>
|<big>୧</big>
|<big>୨</big>
|<big>୩</big>
|<big>୪</big>
|<big>୫</big>
|<big>୬</big>
|<big>୭</big>
|<big>୮</big>
|<big>୯</big>
|-
!Perso-Arabic
|<big>۰</big>
|<big>۱</big>
|<big>۲</big>
|<big>۳</big>
|<big>۴</big>
|<big>۵</big>
|<big>۶</big>
|<big>۷</big>
|<big>۸</big>
|<big>۹</big>
|-
!Sinhala
|
|<big>𑇡</big>
|<big>𑇢</big>
|<big>𑇣</big>
|<big>𑇤</big>
|<big>𑇥</big>
|<big>𑇦</big>
|<big>𑇧</big>
|<big>𑇨</big>
|<big>𑇩</big>
|-
!Suzhou
|<big>〇</big>
|<big>〡</big>
|<big>〢</big>
|<big>〣</big>
|<big>〤</big>
|<big>〥</big>
|<big>〦</big>
|<big>〧</big>
|<big>〨</big>
|<big>〩</big>
|-
!Tamil
|<big>௦</big>
|<big>௧</big>
|<big>௨</big>
|<big>௩</big>
|<big>௪</big>
|<big>௫</big>
|<big>௬</big>
|<big>௭</big>
|<big>௮</big>
|<big>௯</big>
|-
!Telugu
|<big>౦</big>
|<big>౧</big>
|<big>౨</big>
|<big>౩</big>
|<big>౪</big>
|<big>౫</big>
|<big>౬</big>
|<big>౭</big>
|<big>౮</big>
|<big>౯</big>
|-
!Tibetan
|<big>༠</big>
|<big>༡</big>
|<big>༢</big>
|<big>༣</big>
|<big>༤</big>
|<big>༥</big>
|<big>༦</big>
|<big>༧</big>
|<big>༨</big>
|<big>༩</big>
|-
!Thai
|<big>๐</big>
|<big>๑</big>
|<big>๒</big>
|<big>๓</big>
|<big>๔</big>
|<big>๕</big>
|<big>๖</big>
|<big>๗</big>
|<big>๘</big>
|<big>๙</big>
|-
!Urdu
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Urdu_numeral_zero.svg/7px-Urdu_numeral_zero.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Urdu_numeral_one.svg/2px-Urdu_numeral_one.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Urdu_numeral_two.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_two.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Urdu_numeral_three.svg/13px-Urdu_numeral_three.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Urdu_numeral_four.svg/11px-Urdu_numeral_four.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Urdu_numeral_five.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_five.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Urdu_numeral_six.svg/8px-Urdu_numeral_six.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_seven.svg/11px-Urdu_numeral_seven.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_numeral_eight.svg/10px-Urdu_numeral_eight.svg.png</big>
|<big>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urdu_numeral_nine.svg/6px-Urdu_numeral_nine.svg.png</big>
|-
!Western Arabic
|<big>0</big>
|<big>1</big>
|<big>2</big>
|<big>3</big>
|<big>4</big>
|<big>5</big>
|<big>6</big>
|<big>7</big>
|<big>8</big>
|<big>9</big>
|}

Psst: Devanagari has some variants for some digits, but there is only one character assigned in Unicode. How it is displayed is determined by your browser's font. Other fonts can be found at https://www.fontspace.com/unicode/script/devanagari. For the same reason, Urdu variants can be displayed with proper fonts.

== Decimal Separators ==
{| class="wikitable"
!punctuation
|<big><big><big>.</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>·</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>,</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>٫</big></big></big>
|-
!country or region

|Australia

Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belize

Benin

Bermuda

British Virgin Islands

Botswana

Brunei

Cambodia

'''Canada ('''English)

Cayman Islands

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Dominica

Dominican Republic

'''Egypt'''

El Salvador

Ethiopia

Grenada

Ghana

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Hong Kong

India

'''Ireland'''

Israel

Jamaica

Japan

Kenya

Lebanon

Libya

Liberia

Liechtenstein

'''Luxembourg'''

'''Macau''' (Chinese)

'''Malaysia'''

Maldives

Malta

Malawi

Mexico

Montserrat

Myanmar

'''Namibia'''

Nepal

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Nigeria

Pakistan

Palestine

Panama

People's Republic of China

'''Philippines'''

Puerto Rico

'''Republic of China'''

Republic of Korea

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

'''Singapore'''

'''South Africa'''

Sri Lanka

'''Sudan'''

'''Switzerland'''

Tanzania

Thailand

The Bahamas

Togo

Trinidad and Tobago

Turks and Caicos Islands

Uganda

United Kingom

United States

Zambia

Zimbabwe
|'''Ireland'''

'''Malaysia'''

'''Philippines'''

'''Republic of China'''

'''Singapore'''
|Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Argentina

Armenia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Belgium

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cameroon

'''Canada''' (French)

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czechia

Democratic Republic of Congo

Denmark

Ecuador

Equatorial Guinea

Estonia

Faroes Islands

Finland

France

French Guiana

Gabon

Germany

Georgia

Greece

Greenland

Hungary

Iceland

Indonesia

Italy

Kazakhstan

Kosovo

Kyrgyzstan

Latvia

Lebanon

Lithuania

'''Luxembourg'''

'''Macau''' (Portuguese)

Macedonia

Madagascar

Mali

Moldova

Mongolia

Morocco

Mozambique

'''Namibia'''

Netherlands

Niger

Norway

Paraguay

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Republic of Congo

Romania

Russia

Rwanda

San Marino

Senegal

Serbia

Sierra leone

Slovakia

Slovenia

'''South Africa'''

Spain

Sweden

'''Switzerland'''

Timor Leste

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Ukraine

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vatican City

Venezuela

Vietnam
|Afghanistan

Bahrain

'''Egypt'''

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

'''Sudan'''

Syria

United Arab Emirates
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!punctuation
|<big><big><big>.</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>,</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>٫</big></big></big>
|-
!constructed language
|
|Esperanto

Ido

Interlingua

Volapük
|
|}

== Digit Grouping Symbols ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!punctuation
|<big><big><big>,</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>.</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>'</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>''(space)''</big></big></big>
|-
!country or region
|Bangladesh
'''Canada (English''')

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Hong Kong

India

'''Ireland'''

Israel

Japan

Malaysia

Malta

Mexico

New Zealand

Pakistan

People's Republic of China

'''Philippines'''

'''Republic of China'''

'''Singapore'''

Thailand

United Kingdom

United States
|Argentina
Austria

Belgium (Dutch)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Croatia

Denmark

Germany

Greece

Indonesia

'''Ireland'''

Italy

'''Malaysia'''

Netherlands

'''Philippines'''

'''Republic of China'''

Romania

'''Singapore'''

Slovenia

Spain

Turkey

Vietnam
|Liechtenstein

'''Switzerland'''
|Albania

Australia

Belgium (French)

Bulgaria

'''Canada (English)'''

Canada (French)

Czechia

Estonia

Finland

France

Hungary

Italy

Kosovo

Latvia

Lithuania

Norway

People's Republic of China

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Russia

San Marino

Slovakia

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Sweden

'''Switzerland'''

Ukraine

Vietnam
|}

== Tally Marks ==
{| class="wikitable"
!region
!tally marks
|-
|Most of Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tally_marks.svg/320px-Tally_marks.svg.png
|-
|France, Spain, Latin America, Francophone African countries
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tally_marks_2.svg/320px-Tally_marks_2.svg.png
|-
|China, Japan, Korea
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tally_marks_3.svg/320px-Tally_marks_3.svg.png
|}

== Examples of written numbers ==
Note: this is for the construction of “Reading and Writing rules”, i.e. deducing the rules.

{| class="wikitable"
!number
!English
!Esperanto
!Chinese (Mandarin; )
|-
|0
|zero
|nul
|零 (líng)
|-
|1
|one
|unu
|一 (yī)
|-
|2
|two
|du
|二 (èr)
|-
|3
|three
|tri
|三 (sān)
|-
|4
|four
|kvar
|四 (sì)
|-
|5
|five
|kvin
|五 (wǔ)
|-
|6
|six
|ses
|六 (liù)
|-
|7
|seven
|sep
|七 (qī)
|-
|8
|eight
|ok
|八 (bā)
|-
|9
|nine
|naŭ
|九 (jiǔ)
|-
|10
|ten
|dek
|十 (shí)
|-
|11
|eleven
|dek unu
|十一 (shíyī)
|-
|12
|twelve
|dek du
|十二 (shí'èr)
|-
|13
|thirteen
|dek tri
|十三 (shísān)
|-
|14
|fourteen
|dek kvar
|十四 (shísì)
|-
|15
|fifteen
|dek kvin
|十五 (shíwǔ)
|-
|16
|sixteen
|dek ses
|十六 (shíliù)
|-
|17
|seventeen
|dek sep
|十七 (shíqī)
|-
|18
|eighteen
|dek ok
|十八 (shíbā)
|-
|19
|nineteen
|dek naŭ
|十九 (shíjiǔ)
|-
|20
|twenty
|dudek
|二十 (èrshí)
|-
|21
|twenty-one
|dudek unu
|二十一 (èrshíyī)
|-
|22
|twenty-two
|dudek du
|二十二 (èrshí'èr)
|-
|23
|twenty-three
|dudek tri
|二十三 (èrshísān)
|-
|24
|twenty-four
|dudek kvar
|二十四 (èrshísì)
|-
|25
|twenty-five
|dudek kvin
|二十五 (èrshíwǔ)
|-
|26
|twenty-six
|dudek ses
|二十六 (èrshíliù)
|-
|27
|twenty-seven
|dudek sep
|二十七 (èrshíqī)
|-
|28
|twenty-eight
|dudek ok
|二十八 (èrshíbā)
|-
|29
|twenty-nine
|dudek naŭ
|二十九 (èrshíjiǔ)
|-
|30
|thirty
|tridek
|三十 (sānshí)
|-
|40
|forty
|kvardek
|四十 (sìshí)
|-
|50
|fifty
|kvindek
|五十 (wǔshí)
|-
|60
|sixty
|sesdek
|六十 (liùshí)
|-
|70
|seventy
|sepdek
|七十 (qīshí)
|-
|80
|eighty
|okdek
|八十 (bāshí)
|-
|90
|ninety
|naŭdek
|九十 (jiǔshí)
|-
|100
|one hundred
|cent
|一百 (yìbǎi)
|-
|101
|one hundred and one
one hundred one
|cent unu
|一百零一 (yìbǎilíngyī)
|-
|110
|one hundred and ten

one hundred ten
|cent dek
|一百一十 (yìbǎiyīshí)
|-
|111
|one hundred and eleven

one hundred eleven
|cent dek unu
|一百一十一 (yìbǎiyīshíyī)
|-
|1000
|one thousand
|mil
|一千 (yìqiān)
|-
|1001
|one thousand and one

one thousand one
|mil kaj unu
|一千零一 (yìqiānlíngyī)
|-
|1010
|one thousand and ten

one thousand ten
|mil kaj dek
|一千零一十 (yìqiānlíngyīshí)
|-
|1011
|one thousand and eleven

one thousand eleven
|mil kaj dek unu
|一千零一十一 (yìqiānlíngyīshíyī)
|-
|1100
|one thousand and one hundred

one thousand one hundred
|mil kaj cent
|一千一百 (yìqiānyìbǎi)
|-
|1101
|one thousand and one hundred and one
one thousand one hundred one
|mil kaj cent unu
|一千一百零一 (yìqiānyìbǎilíngyī)
|-
|1110
|one thousand and one hundred and ten
one thousand one hundred ten
|mil kaj cent dek
|一千一百一十 (yìqiānyìbǎiyīshí)
|-
|1111
|one thousand and one hundred and eleven
one thousand one hundred and eleven
|mil kaj cent dek unu
|一千一百一十一 (yìqiānyìbǎiyīshíyī)
|-
|10000
|ten thousand
|dek mil
|一萬/一万 (yíwàn)
|}

== Reference ==
https://www.wikipedia.org/

== More ==
https://mentalfloss.com/article/31879/12-mind-blowing-number-systems-other-languages

Language/French/Vocabulary/Common-abbreviations

2020-02-07T14:55:52Z

Rajawi48:

[[Common]] abbreviations in French to know :

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Abbreviation
!French
!English
|-
|AB
|agriculture biologique
|organic farming
|-
|ADN
|acide désoxyribonucléique
|DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
|-
|ANPE
|Agence Nationale pour l'Emploi
|French Job centre
|-
|AOC
|Appellation d'origine contrôlée
|guarantee of origin
|-
|API
|Alphabet phonétique international
|IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)
|-
|ASSEDIC
|Association pour l’emploi dans l’industrie et le commerce
|
|-
|BCBG
|bon chic bon genre
|Preppy
|-
|BD
|Bande Dessinée
|comics/ comic book
|-
|BP
|boîte postale
|post office box (P.O. Box)
|-
|CAF
|Caisse d’allocations familiales (child benefit office)
|
|-
|CB
|carte bleue, carte bancaire
|credit/ debit card
|-
|CB
|Carte Bancaire (credit/debit card)
|
|-
|CCI
|Chamber of Commerce
|
|-
|CDD
|contrat à durée déterminée
|short-term contract
|-
|CDI
|contrat à durée indéterminée
|long-term/permanent contract
|-
|CE1, CE1, CM1, CM2
|Classes de l'école primaire
|year groups of Primary school
|-
|Cie
|compagnie
|company (Co.)
|-
|CP
|Cours Preparatoire (first year of primary school)
|
|-
|CPAM
|Caisse Primaire d’assurance Maladie (Social security health insurance)
|
|-
|CPE
|Conseiller Principal d’Education
|
|-
|CV
|curriculum vitae
|résumé
|-
|DA
|Direction Artistique
|Artistic direction (used when discussing movies or video games)
|-
|DAB
|distributeur automatique de billets
|ATM (automated teller machine)
|-
|DELF
|diplôme d'études en langue française
|a certification issued for French language proficiency
|-
|DEUG
|(pronounced roughly dugh) Diplome d’études universitaires générales
|
|-
|DS
|devoir surveillé
|
|-
|É.-U.
|États-Unis
|United States (U.S.)
|-
|EDF
|Electricité de France
|Electricity compagny
|-
|FLE
|Français Langue Etrangère
|French as a foreign language (similar to ESL teaching certifications)
|-
|FLE
|Français Langue Etrangère
|French as a foreign language
|-
|GDF
|Gaz de France : s'appelle maintenant : ENGIE
|equiv British Gas
|-
|Go
|giga octet
|GB (gigabyte)
|-
|h
|Heure
|o'clock
|-
|HLM
|habitation à loyer modéré
|council house
|-
|HT
|hors taxe
|subtotal excluding tax/ tax not included
|-
|IS
|Impôt sur les sociétés
|
|-
|JO
|Jeux Olympiques
|
|-
|KO
|knock-out
|
|-
|Mo
|mega octet
|MB (megabyte)
|-
|ONG
|organisation non gouvernementale
|NGO (non-government organization)
|-
|ONU
|Organisation des Nations unies
|UN (United Nations)
|-
|OVNI
|Objet volant non identifié
|UFO (unidentified flying object)
|-
|PC
|poste de commandement
|HQ (headquarters)
|-
|PDG
|président-directeur général
|CEO (chief executive officer)
|-
|PIB
|produit intérieur brut
|GDP (gross domestic product)
|-
|PME
|Petite ou Moyenne Entreprise
|Small or Medium sized Enterprise (SME)
|-
|PMI
|
|small and medium industry
|-
|PS
|
|Parti socialiste
|-
|RATP
|Régie autonome des transports parisiens
|Paris public transportation authority (métro and bus)
|-
|rdc
|rez-de-chaussée
|ground floor/ 1st floor
|-
|rdv
|rendez-vous
|date, meeting
|-
|RER
|Réseau express régional
|high speed train service between Paris and the suburbs
|-
|RF
|la République française
|The French Republic
|-
|RIB
| colspan="2" |relevé d’identité bancaire (a slip with your bank détails on, used to pay bills instead of a chèque, also to set up direct debits)
|-
|RMI
|revenu minimum d’insertion
|
|-
|RN
|revenu national
|GNP (gross national product)
|-
|RPR
|nouveau nom / LES REPUBLICAINS
|
|-
|RTT
|Réduction du temps de travail
|
|-
|SA
|société anonyme
|Joint-stock company; similar to Inc. (incorporated)
|-
|SAMU
|secours d'aide médicale d'urgence
|ambulance
|-
|SARL
|société à responsabilité limitée
|Ltd (limited liability company)
|-
|SAUR
|
|Water company
|-
|SDF
|sans domicile fixe
|homeless people / no permanent address
|-
|SDF
|
|sans domicile fixe (homeless)
|-
|SIDA
|syndrome immunodéficitaire acquis
|AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
|-
|SMIC
|
|salaire minimum interprofessionel de croissance (min. wage)
|-
|SVP
|s'il vous plaît
|pls (Please)
|-
|TD
|Travaux dirigé
|
|-
|TGV
|Train à Grande Vitesse
|
|-
|TIP
|Titre interbancaire de paiement
|a slip used when paying bills directly from your chosen account
|-
|UDF
|Union pour la démocratie française
|
|-
|URSSAF
| colspan="2" |Union pour le recrouvrement des cotisations de sécurité sociale et d’allocations familiales
|-
|VO
|Version Originale
|Original version
|-
|VTT
|Vélo tout terrain
|mountain bike
|-
|ZI
|Zone Industrielle
|
|}