Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2021-05-07T09:49:10Z

Prinadlezhu: Removed spam edit

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]

[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}

==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page [http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian).

As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on)

In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one"

Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one"

There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish.

====I have====
form of <code>bí + object + ag + subject</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá teach agam || I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") || j'ai un maison ||tengo una casa || У меня есть дом
|-
|Níl carr againn || We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") || Nous n'avons pas de voiture || No tenemos carro ||У нас нет машины
|-
| An bhfuil airgead agat? ||Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") || As tu de l'argent? || Tienes dinero? ||у тебя есть деньги?
|}

====I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)====
form of <code>bí + object + ar + subject</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Níl ocras orm || I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") ||Je n'ai pas faim ||no tengo hambre ||я не хочу есть
|-
| Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín || The girl has a cold
|-
| Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear || The old man has a beard
|-
| Tá doirse móra ar an teach || The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
|-
| Cén t-ainm atá ort? || What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?")
|}
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 

====I have...I possess, own====
form of <code>is + le + subject + object</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is liom an carr seo || This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") || Je possède cette voiture || yo poseo este carro || владею эту машину
|-
| Is le Pól an teach || The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house")
|}
To say "it's mine", the prepositional pronoun takes on a emphatic aspect, becoming: liomsa, leatsa.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is liomsa é || it's mine
|}
'''Listening activity 1'''. Here is a little video of low quality, of what appears to be school kids singing an Irish version of a popular song. Listen for the sound of liomsa. Can you understand any other words? [https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCtXWR9otek?t=10]

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
====I like====
form of <code>is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is maith liom an tae || I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) || j'aime bien le thé || me gusto el té || мне нравится чай
|-
| Ní maith linn sucra || we don't like sugar.
|-
| An maith leat ceol? || do you like music?
|}

'''Listening activity 2'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about things he likes. Listen and try to understand what he likes and the thing he doesn't "Ní maith liom": [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZznUMyIlw] 

====I would like====
as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól || I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") || j'aimerais boire du whiskey || Me gustaria tomar whiskey || Я хотел бы выпить виски
|}

====To emphasise====
one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''. 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is breá liom an airgead || I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) || J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero || мне очень нравится деньги
|-
| Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól || I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink")
|}

====I like/enjoy====
form of <code>verb taitin + object + le + subject</code> 
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it). 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom || I enjoy your company (companionship) || Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie) || disfruto tu compañía || мне нравится твоя компания (общество)
|-
| Taitníonn iasc liom || I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
|-
| Thaitin an capall leis || He liked the horse (past tense)
|}

====I prefer...I would rather====
<code>form of is + fearr + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is fearr liom tae ná caife || I like/would rather tea than coffee (lit.: "is better with me tea than coffee")
|-
| Is maith liom Bearla, ach is fearr liom Gaeilge || I like English, but I prefer Irish.
|}

Careful not to confuse this with "is féadir liom" (I can...) below. 
Memory aid: the word <code>fearr</code> is pronounced like the English word ''far''. So, imagine the idiomatic sentence in English "I prefer ... by far", and you will remember how to say it in Irish. 
'''Listening activity 3'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about his favourite TV shoes. Listen and try to pick out the uses of "is fearr liom": [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qZda_LO9IU]
 

===Need and Want===
To need and want things are sometimes interchangeable in Irish. If you are thirsty, you both need and want water. Tá uisce uait. 
====Need====
form of <code>bí + gá + ag + subject* + le + object OR copula is + gá + do + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá gá aige leis an bpeann || He needs the pen (lit.: "is necessity by-him with the pen")
| Is gá dom é a dhéanamh || I must do it (lit.: "is necessity to-me, it to do")
|-
| Ní gá duit é a dhéanamh || You must/need not do it (lit.: "not-is necessity to-you, it to do") (see also Must in the next section)
|}

====Teastaíonn for need or want====
<code>Teastaíonn + object + ó + subject OR Teastaíonn + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Teastaíonn arán uaidh || He wants/needs bread (lit.: "is need of bread from him")
|-
|Teastaíonn uaim fuisce a ól || I want to drink whiskey (lit.: "need from me, whiskey to drink")
|}

====Want====
form of <code>bí + object + ó + subject OR form of bí + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
|Tá braon uisce uaim || I want some water (lit.: "is a drop of water from me")
|-
|Tá uaim uisce a ól || I want to drink water (lit.: "is from me, water to drink")
|}
Note that this construction is similar to [2], but with Tá instead of Teastaíonn. The nuances are slight. 
====Desire====
<code>copula is + mian / áil + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is mian liom é a dhéanamh || I want/wish, to do it (lit.: "is desire with-me, it to do") || J'ai envie de faire ceci || Tengo ganes de hacer eso || Мне хочется это делать
|}

===Must===
There are several ways to express must in Irish, but the simplest is with ag/ar, as follows:
<code>bí + ar + subject + VN</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
|Tá orm imeacht || I must go (lit. "is on me to go") || Il faut que j'y aie/je dois m'en aller
|-
|Tá ort éisteacht leis na scéalta || you must listen to the stories.
|}
Also <code>bí + ag + subject + le + VN</code>, but this is less common.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá agam le dul || I must go ("I have to go")
|}

===Could/Can (Possibility)===
The main, and simplest, way to express possibility and ability in Irish is with féidir 
====Possibility/ability ====
<code>form of is + féidir + le + subject* + VN/go</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is féidir liom Gaeilge a scríobh || I can write Irish (lit. "is possible with me Irish to write")
|-
|Ach ní féidir liom Rúisis a scríobh || But I can not write Russian
|}

====Could be (adv)====
<code>Féidir</code> is also used in the conditional mood to express maybe/could be - when you don't know for certain. 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ann || It could be (= maybe) it's here
|}

====Strictly ability====
<code>bí + subject + in ann / in acmhainn / in inmhe / '''abalta''' + VN</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| Tá mé abalta Gaeilge a scríobh || I can write Irish (in Ulster and Munster). Think of it as literally: I am able to write Irish. || je suis capable d'écrire Irlandais)
|}
For Connaght use ''in ann'' instead: Tá mé in ann Gaeilge a scríobh) 
Certain abilities, in Irish, are not a matter of can, but of having (see below: have): <code>form of bí + object + ag + subject </code>(see the section on possession above). 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|Tá Gaeilge agam || I can speak Irish (lit.: "is Irish by me / I have Irish")
|-
|Tá léamh / snámh agam || I can read / swim
|}

===May (Permission)===
The main way to express permission in Irish, is with the word "cead" [kyad]. 
<code>Form of bí + cead + ag + subject + VN</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| Tá cead ag an bhfear fuisce a ól || the man may drink whiskey (lit.: "is allowance by the man whiskey to drink")
|-
| An bhfuil cead agam dul go dtí an leithreas || may I go to the toilet (this is the sentence that every child in primary school in Ireland must know, otherwise the teacher will be cross (crosta) if they ask in English).
|}

<hr />
Now, have you read all that and understood? Well done. Here is a little reward. Sit back and enjoy the scenes of beautiful Connemara from above [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHOgDLVUJls] :-)

Language/English/Vocabulary/Allow,-permit-and-let

2020-05-10T16:57:59Z

Prinadlezhu: /* allows and permit */ improved format, minor style corrections, and added examples

<div style="font-size:300%;"> Allow, permit and let</div>

==Allow and Permit==

These words have similar meanings and uses. Permit is more formal. Both words can be followed by object + infinitive.

Examples:

*We do not allow/permit people to smoke in the kitchen.

'''When there is no personal object, an -ing form is used after allow/permit.'''

Example:

*We do not allow/permit smoking in the kitchen.

'''Passive structures are common; personal subjects and gerund {-ing form) subjects are both possible.'''

Examples:

*People are not allowed/permitted to smoke in the kitchen.

*Smoking is not allowed/permitted in the kitchen.
*Due to the current curfew, people are not allowed/permitted on the street after 9pm.
*Due to the current curfew, walking in the street is not allowed/permitted after 9pm.

'''The passive structure with "it" is only possible with permit.'''

Example:

*It is not permitted to smoke in the kitchen. (but not: <s>It is not allowed to smoke in the kitchen</s>)

'''Allow, but not permit, can be used with adverb particles.'''

Example:

*She wouldn’t allow me in.
*Emily isn’t allowed out at night.

==Let==

Let is the least formal of these three words, and is followed by object + infinitive without to.

Compare:
*Please allow me to buy you a drink, (polite and formal)

*Let me buy you a drink, (friendly and informal)

'''Let is not usually used in the passive.'''

Example:

*I wasn’t allowed to pay for the drinks, (not I wasn't let)

'''Let can be used with adverb particles; passives are possible in this case.'''

Example:

*She wouldn't let me in.
*I’ve been let down.

Language/Irish/Culture/Interesting-aspects-of-the-Irish-language

2019-06-10T08:50:08Z

Prinadlezhu: /* Original endearments */

==Strange, unusual and interesting facts about the Irish language==
==No formal form==
Many Latin-based language speakers have told me "Anyway, in English you are informal with everyone with the word "you", you have no formal address". Wrong. You is the formal address. We no longer use the informal. 
In Irish, on the other hand, there is no formal: 
Rinne tú - you made (informal or formal) 
Rinne sibh - You guys made (plural informal or formal) 
Maybe would this explain the Irish disregard for authority, and not respecting the English planters? :D 

There also doesn't seem to be, to my knowledge, different registers of language (except for common and slang). This is in sharp contrast to languages like French which has up to 6 registers, or more. 

==Small country, many dialects==
Ireland as an island covers 84,421 km2 (74 thousand in the republic). And yet there are some 5 more or less distinct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language#Dialects dialects in the Irish language] (of which 3 main ones), each with their peculiarities. Some people in the government are pushing for a "standard". Others think that the standard should be their dialect. 

==Romance==
===Irish lovers are not possessive===
At least in theory. 
The common way to say "it/he/she is mine" coincides identically with "it/he/she is with me": tá sé/sí liom. 
Similarly, "be mine" and "be with me", are said the same way: Bí liom 
So, in the Clannad song [https://genius.com/Clannad-farewell-love-lyrics Fairwell love], the line "Má bhíonn tú liom, bí liom" can be translate in 4 ways: 
If you are mine, then be with me 
If you are with me, then be mine 
If you are with me, then be with me 
If you are mine, then be mine 
There are, however, other ways to express possession and ownership in Irish. See my lesson on Modals for more information. 

===Original endearments===
a stór = Treasure 
mo chuisle (mo chroí) = Pulse (of my heart) 
You can see them presented and pronounced in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QB7tmiDwHg this video].

===Many ways to express love and liking===
The popular "I love you" would be: Tá mé i ngrá leat (literally I am in love with you). But there are many others: 
Is grá liom tusa - I love you (I am not certain how correct this is, but I have heard it. For example, there was a campaign "Is grá liom Gaillimh)) 
Tá grá agam duit - I love you (seems more correct than the previous). Other variants include: Mo grá thú and Gráim thú. 
Is maith liom tusa - I like you 
Is breá liom tusa - I really like you 
'''Less direct ways:''' 
Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company. You could say it directly with tusa, but it seems a little strange somehow... 
Is aoibhinn liom tú - I love you (more literally: you delight me) 
Tá mo chroí istigh ionat - my heart is in you 
Is tú mo rogha - you are my choice (chosen one) 

See also some other ways to express endearment and affection [https://www.myirishjeweler.com/blog/7-ways-to-say-i-love-you-in-irish-tell-your-loved-one-you-care-as-gaeilge here]

Language/Irish/Culture/Interesting-aspects-of-the-Irish-language

2019-06-09T14:52:54Z

Prinadlezhu:

==Strange, unusual and interesting facts about the Irish language==
==No formal form==
Many Latin-based language speakers have told me "Anyway, in English you are informal with everyone with the word "you", you have no formal address". Wrong. You is the formal address. We no longer use the informal. 
In Irish, on the other hand, there is no formal: 
Rinne tú - you made (informal or formal) 
Rinne sibh - You guys made (plural informal or formal) 
Maybe would this explain the Irish disregard for authority, and not respecting the English planters? :D 

There also doesn't seem to be, to my knowledge, different registers of language (except for common and slang). This is in sharp contrast to languages like French which has up to 6 registers, or more. 

==Small country, many dialects==
Ireland as an island covers 84,421 km2 (74 thousand in the republic). And yet there are some 5 more or less distinct [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language#Dialects dialects in the Irish language] (of which 3 main ones), each with their peculiarities. Some people in the government are pushing for a "standard". Others think that the standard should be their dialect. 

==Romance==
===Irish lovers are not possessive===
At least in theory. 
The common way to say "it/he/she is mine" coincides identically with "it/he/she is with me": tá sé/sí liom. 
Similarly, "be mine" and "be with me", are said the same way: Bí liom 
So, in the Clannad song [https://genius.com/Clannad-farewell-love-lyrics Fairwell love], the line "Má bhíonn tú liom, bí liom" can be translate in 4 ways: 
If you are mine, then be with me 
If you are with me, then be mine 
If you are with me, then be with me 
If you are mine, then be mine 
There are, however, other ways to express possession and ownership in Irish. See my lesson on Modals for more information. 

===Original endearments===
a stór = Treasure 
mo chuisle (mo chroí) = Pulse (of my heart) 
You can see them presented and pronounced in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QB7tmiDwH this video].

===Many ways to express love and liking===
The popular "I love you" would be: Tá mé i ngrá leat (literally I am in love with you). But there are many others: 
Is grá liom tusa - I love you (I am not certain how correct this is, but I have heard it. For example, there was a campaign "Is grá liom Gaillimh)) 
Tá grá agam duit - I love you (seems more correct than the previous). Other variants include: Mo grá thú and Gráim thú. 
Is maith liom tusa - I like you 
Is breá liom tusa - I really like you 
'''Less direct ways:''' 
Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company. You could say it directly with tusa, but it seems a little strange somehow... 
Is aoibhinn liom tú - I love you (more literally: you delight me) 
Tá mo chroí istigh ionat - my heart is in you 
Is tú mo rogha - you are my choice (chosen one) 

See also some other ways to express endearment and affection [https://www.myirishjeweler.com/blog/7-ways-to-say-i-love-you-in-irish-tell-your-loved-one-you-care-as-gaeilge here]

Language/Irish/Culture/Interesting-aspects-of-the-Irish-language

2019-06-09T14:33:20Z

Prinadlezhu: Strange, unusual and interesting facts about the Irish language

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Prepositional-Pronouns

2019-04-12T14:02:26Z

Prinadlezhu: /* AG */

==Prepositional pronouns==

In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense and we don't use that in English. But in Irish, it is completely logical. And furthermore, there are some special uses to convey certain information. We will discuss that below. First, let's look at the formation.

==Formation==
The basic formation can be like: <code>ar+mé=orm</code>, <code>le+mé=liom</code>, etc. Sometimes the composite will remind you of the elements, but often it looks very different. For example, all the "muid"(we) parts end in -(a)inn, which doesn't look like "muid", but at least is consistant. For siad, there is no such consistency, but often it ends in a u.
Unfortunately it is not more simple. This must be learnt, either by rote, or by use. I recommend the lessons of Duolingo for learning this. To that end, the examples I give below reflect those presented in the first preposition lesson of Duolingo.

----
===Example===
Here are some basic prepositions and the form when mixed with the basic and frequent pronouns:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Pronoun
!Pronoun (Irish)
!on
!with
!at
!from
!to, toward/s
|-
|(none)
|(none)
|ar
|le
|ag
|ó
|chun (chuig)
|-
|me
|mé
|orm
|liom
|agam
|uaim
|chugam
|-
|you (singular)
|tú
|ort
|leat
|agat
|uait
|chugat
|-
|he, it
|é
|air
|leis
|aige
|uaidh
|chuige
|-
|she, it
|í
|uirthi
|léi
|aici
|uaithi
|chuici
|-
|us
|muid
|orainn
|linn
|againn
|uainn
|chugainn
|-
|you (plural)
|sibh
|oraibh
|libh
|agaibh
|uaibh
|chugaibh
|-
|them
|siad
|orthu
|leo
|acu
|uathu
|chucu
|}
 
----
For a much more complete list, have a look here: [http://www.irishpage.com/quiz/preppron.htm] (there is also a quiz)

==Uses==
===AR===
ar is the preposition roughly equivalent to "on" in English. It is used to describe physical locations but also in Irish we have feelings/emotions ''on'' us.
*Tá mó chóta orm - I have my coat on (on me)
*Tá brón ort - You are sorry/you are sad (there is sadness on you)
*Tá áthas urthi - she is happy (áthas = happiness; sásta = happy/content)
*Tá cuileog ar an gcíste. - There is a fly on the cake.
*Tá gruaig rua ar Seán - John has red hair (Lit. Is hair red on Seán)
*Ar is also used for an obligation (must):
**Tá orm éisteacht - I must listen (lit. it is on me to listen)
**Tá orainn cáca a ithe - we must eat cake
*Ar can also be used for prices and names.
**Mathuin atá orm - my name is Matthew
**Tá seacht bpunt orthu - They cost seven pounds.

===LE===
le is the preposition roughly equivalent to "with" in English. It also has some special uses, such as ownership. Here are some examples of use:
*Tar linn - come with us
*Siúlann sí leat - she walks with you
*Is liom an cat - the cat is mine/I own the cat (lit. the cat is with me) <note the use of "is" instead of "tá", thereby indicating permenance.
*Is libh an bia - the food is yours (pl). However, the normal way to express possession is with "ag" (see below).
*Tá an madra tinn le himní - the dog is sick with worry (for the expression).

===AG===
ag is the preposition roughly equivalent to "at" in English. It also has many other uses, notably as the main way to express possession.
*Tá sé ag an doras - he is at the door
*Tá madra mór acu - they have a big dog
*Tá portán agaibh - you guys have a crab!
*Less common - as a result of:
**Tá mo chroí briste agat. - You have broken my heart (lit. my heart is broken ''at'' you).
 
TODO: ??What about "I am angry at you" ??

===Ó===
ó is the preposition roughly equivalent to "from, off of" in English. Besides this meaning, it is also used to express ''since'' and even to express need.
*Labhair Pól ón ardán - Paul spoke from the stage.
*Bhí siad sásta ó shin - They were content since then.
*Tá deoch uaim - I need/'''want''' a drink
*Tá airgead uathu - they need money
*Tá fón póca uaidh - He wants a mobile phone (cellphone)
>Don't confuse this with the preposition "out of"

===CHUIG===
Chuig (chun) means towards, to, or in the direction of. Sometimes it can replace "for" in English.
*Snámhann tú chugam - you swim to me
*Téann na cait chugainn - the cats go to us
*Tarraing chugat iad. Pull them towards you.
*Rinne siad chuig glóire Dé é - They did it for the glory of God (lit. to the glory of god)

 
Some more examples, and of the other prepositions too, here [http://www.daltai.com/grammar/prepositional-pronouns-examples/]
You can find some notes on how to express modals (must, have to, want, need) in Irish here [nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm]

===Notes===
====Ó - Tá vs Teastaíonn====
When used with the verb bí, it conveys the idea of wanting something. For example, Tá bia uaim means I want food. 
Teastaíonn bia uaim is the alternative way to say I want food; it can also mean I need food.

====Word order====

<code>Teastaíonn/Tá + object + ó + subject or tá + object + ar + subject [http://nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm#brauchen]</code>

*Tá bia uaim
*Tá áthas urthi, Tá gruaig rua ar Seán
And then you have the exception with the verbal noun:
*Teastaíonn uaim snámh I want/need to swim
*Tá orm éisteacht and also when it is composite: Tá orainn cáca a ithe

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-04-12T13:49:39Z

Prinadlezhu: /* I like */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page [http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian).

As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on)

In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one"

Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one"

There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish.

====I have====
form of <code>bí + object + ag + subject</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá teach agam || I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") || j'ai un maison ||tengo una casa || У меня есть дом
|-
|Níl carr againn || We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") || Nous n'avons pas de voiture || No tenemos carro ||У нас нет машины
|-
| An bhfuil airgead agat? ||Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") || As tu de l'argent? || Tienes dinero? ||у тебя есть деньги?
|}

====I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)====
form of <code>bí + object + ar + subject</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Níl ocras orm || I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") ||Je n'ai pas faim ||no tengo hambre ||я не хочу есть
|-
| Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín || The girl has a cold
|-
| Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear || The old man has a beard
|-
| Tá doirse móra ar an teach || The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
|-
| Cén t-ainm atá ort? || What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?")
|}
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 

====I have...I possess, own====
form of <code>is + le + subject + object</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is liom an carr seo || This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") || Je possède cette voiture || yo poseo este carro || владею эту машину
|-
| Is le Pól an teach || The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house")
|}
To say "it's mine", the prepositional pronoun takes on a emphatic aspect, becoming: liomsa, leatsa.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is liomsa é || it's mine
|}
'''Listening activity 1'''. Here is a little video of low quality, of what appears to be school kids singing an Irish version of a popular song. Listen for the sound of liomsa. Can you understand any other words? [https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCtXWR9otek?t=10]

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
====I like====
form of <code>is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is maith liom an tae || I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) || j'aime bien le thé || me gusto el té || мне нравится чай
|-
| Ní maith linn sucra || we don't like sugar.
|-
| An maith leat ceol? || do you like music?
|}

'''Listening activity 2'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about things he likes. Listen and try to understand what he likes and the thing he doesn't "Ní maith liom": [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZznUMyIlw] 

====I would like====
as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól || I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") || j'aimerais boire du whiskey || Me gustaria tomar whiskey || Я хотел бы выпить виски
|}

====To emphasise====
one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''. 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is breá liom an airgead || I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) || J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero || мне очень нравится деньги
|-
| Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól || I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink")
|}

====I like/enjoy====
form of <code>verb taitin + object + le + subject</code> 
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it). 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom || I enjoy your company (companionship) || Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie) || disfruto tu compañía || мне нравится твоя компания (общество)
|-
| Taitníonn iasc liom || I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
|-
| Thaitin an capall leis || He liked the horse (past tense)
|}

====I prefer...I would rather====
<code>form of is + fearr + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is fearr liom tae ná caife || I like/would rather tea than coffee (lit.: "is better with me tea than coffee")
|-
| Is maith liom Bearla, ach is fearr liom Gaeilge || I like English, but I prefer Irish.
|}

Careful not to confuse this with "is féadir liom" (I can...) below. 
Memory aid: the word <code>fearr</code> is pronounced like the English word ''far''. So, imagine the idiomatic sentence in English "I prefer ... by far", and you will remember how to say it in Irish. 
'''Listening activity 3'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about his favourite TV shoes. Listen and try to pick out the uses of "is fearr liom": [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qZda_LO9IU]
 

===Need and Want===
To need and want things are sometimes interchangeable in Irish. If you are thirsty, you both need and want water. Tá uisce uait. 
====Need====
form of <code>bí + gá + ag + subject* + le + object OR copula is + gá + do + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá gá aige leis an bpeann || He needs the pen (lit.: "is necessity by-him with the pen")
| Is gá dom é a dhéanamh || I must do it (lit.: "is necessity to-me, it to do")
|-
| Ní gá duit é a dhéanamh || You must/need not do it (lit.: "not-is necessity to-you, it to do") (see also Must in the next section)
|}

====Teastaíonn for need or want====
<code>Teastaíonn + object + ó + subject OR Teastaíonn + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Teastaíonn arán uaidh || He wants/needs bread (lit.: "is need of bread from him")
|-
|Teastaíonn uaim fuisce a ól || I want to drink whiskey (lit.: "need from me, whiskey to drink")
|}

====Want====
form of <code>bí + object + ó + subject OR form of bí + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
|Tá braon uisce uaim || I want some water (lit.: "is a drop of water from me")
|-
|Tá uaim uisce a ól || I want to drink water (lit.: "is from me, water to drink")
|}
Note that this construction is similar to [2], but with Tá instead of Teastaíonn. The nuances are slight. 
====Desire====
<code>copula is + mian / áil + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is mian liom é a dhéanamh || I want/wish, to do it (lit.: "is desire with-me, it to do") || J'ai envie de faire ceci || Tengo ganes de hacer eso || Мне хочется это делать
|}

===Must===
There are several ways to express must in Irish, but the simplest is with ag/ar, as follows:
<code>bí + ar + subject + VN</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
|Tá orm imeacht || I must go (lit. "is on me to go") || Il faut que j'y aie/je dois m'en aller
|-
|Tá ort éisteacht leis na scéalta || you must listen to the stories.
|}
Also <code>bí + ag + subject + le + VN</code>, but this is less common.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá agam le dul || I must go ("I have to go")
|}

===Could/Can (Possibility)===
The main, and simplest, way to express possibility and ability in Irish is with féidir 
====Possibility/ability ====
<code>form of is + féidir + le + subject* + VN/go</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is féidir liom Gaeilge a scríobh || I can write Irish (lit. "is possible with me Irish to write")
|-
|Ach ní féidir liom Rúisis a scríobh || But I can not write Russian
|}

====Could be (adv)====
<code>Féidir</code> is also used in the conditional mood to express maybe/could be - when you don't know for certain. 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ann || It could be (= maybe) it's here
|}

====Strictly ability====
<code>bí + subject + in ann / in acmhainn / in inmhe / '''abalta''' + VN</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| Tá mé abalta Gaeilge a scríobh || I can write Irish (in Ulster and Munster). Think of it as literally: I am able to write Irish. || je suis capable d'écrire Irlandais)
|}
For Connaght use ''in ann'' instead: Tá mé in ann Gaeilge a scríobh) 
Certain abilities, in Irish, are not a matter of can, but of having (see below: have): <code>form of bí + object + ag + subject </code>(see the section on possession above). 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|Tá Gaeilge agam || I can speak Irish (lit.: "is Irish by me / I have Irish")
|-
|Tá léamh / snámh agam || I can read / swim
|}

===May (Permission)===
The main way to express permission in Irish, is with the word "cead" [kyad]. 
<code>Form of bí + cead + ag + subject + VN</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| Tá cead ag an bhfear fuisce a ól || the man may drink whiskey (lit.: "is allowance by the man whiskey to drink")
|-
| An bhfuil cead agam dul go dtí an leithreas || may I go to the toilet (this is the sentence that every child in primary school in Ireland must know, otherwise the teacher will be cross (crosta) if they ask in English).
|}

<hr>
Now, have you read all that and understood? Well done. Here is a little reward. Sit back and enjoy the scenes of beautiful Connemara from above [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHOgDLVUJls] :-)

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-04-12T13:48:50Z

Prinadlezhu: /* Need and Want */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page [http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian).

As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on)

In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one"

Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one"

There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish.

====I have====
form of <code>bí + object + ag + subject</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá teach agam || I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") || j'ai un maison ||tengo una casa || У меня есть дом
|-
|Níl carr againn || We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") || Nous n'avons pas de voiture || No tenemos carro ||У нас нет машины
|-
| An bhfuil airgead agat? ||Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") || As tu de l'argent? || Tienes dinero? ||у тебя есть деньги?
|}

====I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)====
form of <code>bí + object + ar + subject</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Níl ocras orm || I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") ||Je n'ai pas faim ||no tengo hambre ||я не хочу есть
|-
| Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín || The girl has a cold
|-
| Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear || The old man has a beard
|-
| Tá doirse móra ar an teach || The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
|-
| Cén t-ainm atá ort? || What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?")
|}
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 

====I have...I possess, own====
form of <code>is + le + subject + object</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is liom an carr seo || This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") || Je possède cette voiture || yo poseo este carro || владею эту машину
|-
| Is le Pól an teach || The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house")
|}
To say "it's mine", the prepositional pronoun takes on a emphatic aspect, becoming: liomsa, leatsa.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is liomsa é || it's mine
|}
'''Listening activity 1'''. Here is a little video of low quality, of what appears to be school kids singing an Irish version of a popular song. Listen for the sound of liomsa. Can you understand any other words? [https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCtXWR9otek?t=10]

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
====I like====
form of <code>is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is maith liom an tae || I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) || j'aime bien le thé || me gusto el té || мне нравится чай
|-
| Ní maith linn sucra || we don't like sugar.
|-
| An mhaith leat ceol? || do you like music?
|}

'''Listening activity 2'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about things he likes. Listen and try to understand what he likes and the thing he doesn't "Ní maith liom": [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZznUMyIlw] 

====I would like====
as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól || I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") || j'aimerais boire du whiskey || Me gustaria tomar whiskey || Я хотел бы выпить виски
|}

====To emphasise====
one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''. 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is breá liom an airgead || I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) || J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero || мне очень нравится деньги
|-
| Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól || I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink")
|}

====I like/enjoy====
form of <code>verb taitin + object + le + subject</code> 
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it). 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom || I enjoy your company (companionship) || Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie) || disfruto tu compañía || мне нравится твоя компания (общество)
|-
| Taitníonn iasc liom || I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
|-
| Thaitin an capall leis || He liked the horse (past tense)
|}

====I prefer...I would rather====
<code>form of is + fearr + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is fearr liom tae ná caife || I like/would rather tea than coffee (lit.: "is better with me tea than coffee")
|-
| Is maith liom Bearla, ach is fearr liom Gaeilge || I like English, but I prefer Irish.
|}

Careful not to confuse this with "is féadir liom" (I can...) below. 
Memory aid: the word <code>fearr</code> is pronounced like the English word ''far''. So, imagine the idiomatic sentence in English "I prefer ... by far", and you will remember how to say it in Irish. 
'''Listening activity 3'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about his favourite TV shoes. Listen and try to pick out the uses of "is fearr liom": [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qZda_LO9IU]
 

===Need and Want===
To need and want things are sometimes interchangeable in Irish. If you are thirsty, you both need and want water. Tá uisce uait. 
====Need====
form of <code>bí + gá + ag + subject* + le + object OR copula is + gá + do + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá gá aige leis an bpeann || He needs the pen (lit.: "is necessity by-him with the pen")
| Is gá dom é a dhéanamh || I must do it (lit.: "is necessity to-me, it to do")
|-
| Ní gá duit é a dhéanamh || You must/need not do it (lit.: "not-is necessity to-you, it to do") (see also Must in the next section)
|}

====Teastaíonn for need or want====
<code>Teastaíonn + object + ó + subject OR Teastaíonn + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Teastaíonn arán uaidh || He wants/needs bread (lit.: "is need of bread from him")
|-
|Teastaíonn uaim fuisce a ól || I want to drink whiskey (lit.: "need from me, whiskey to drink")
|}

====Want====
form of <code>bí + object + ó + subject OR form of bí + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
|Tá braon uisce uaim || I want some water (lit.: "is a drop of water from me")
|-
|Tá uaim uisce a ól || I want to drink water (lit.: "is from me, water to drink")
|}
Note that this construction is similar to [2], but with Tá instead of Teastaíonn. The nuances are slight. 
====Desire====
<code>copula is + mian / áil + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is mian liom é a dhéanamh || I want/wish, to do it (lit.: "is desire with-me, it to do") || J'ai envie de faire ceci || Tengo ganes de hacer eso || Мне хочется это делать
|}

===Must===
There are several ways to express must in Irish, but the simplest is with ag/ar, as follows:
<code>bí + ar + subject + VN</code>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
|Tá orm imeacht || I must go (lit. "is on me to go") || Il faut que j'y aie/je dois m'en aller
|-
|Tá ort éisteacht leis na scéalta || you must listen to the stories.
|}
Also <code>bí + ag + subject + le + VN</code>, but this is less common.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Tá agam le dul || I must go ("I have to go")
|}

===Could/Can (Possibility)===
The main, and simplest, way to express possibility and ability in Irish is with féidir 
====Possibility/ability ====
<code>form of is + féidir + le + subject* + VN/go</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|-
| Is féidir liom Gaeilge a scríobh || I can write Irish (lit. "is possible with me Irish to write")
|-
|Ach ní féidir liom Rúisis a scríobh || But I can not write Russian
|}

====Could be (adv)====
<code>Féidir</code> is also used in the conditional mood to express maybe/could be - when you don't know for certain. 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ann || It could be (= maybe) it's here
|}

====Strictly ability====
<code>bí + subject + in ann / in acmhainn / in inmhe / '''abalta''' + VN</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| Tá mé abalta Gaeilge a scríobh || I can write Irish (in Ulster and Munster). Think of it as literally: I am able to write Irish. || je suis capable d'écrire Irlandais)
|}
For Connaght use ''in ann'' instead: Tá mé in ann Gaeilge a scríobh) 
Certain abilities, in Irish, are not a matter of can, but of having (see below: have): <code>form of bí + object + ag + subject </code>(see the section on possession above). 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
|Tá Gaeilge agam || I can speak Irish (lit.: "is Irish by me / I have Irish")
|-
|Tá léamh / snámh agam || I can read / swim
|}

===May (Permission)===
The main way to express permission in Irish, is with the word "cead" [kyad]. 
<code>Form of bí + cead + ag + subject + VN</code> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; background:#90ee90;"
| Tá cead ag an bhfear fuisce a ól || the man may drink whiskey (lit.: "is allowance by the man whiskey to drink")
|-
| An bhfuil cead agam dul go dtí an leithreas || may I go to the toilet (this is the sentence that every child in primary school in Ireland must know, otherwise the teacher will be cross (crosta) if they ask in English).
|}

<hr>
Now, have you read all that and understood? Well done. Here is a little reward. Sit back and enjoy the scenes of beautiful Connemara from above [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHOgDLVUJls] :-)

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-08T18:17:58Z

Prinadlezhu:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood}}

==Introduction==
Verbs in Irish fall into 3 categories:
*First conjugation
*Second conjugation
*Irregular verbs (coming soon)
==Background==
===Imperative===
To understand Irish verbs and how they conjugate, first let's have a look at the imperative and the different ways to say "you". In English, we don't use "thou" any more, so the word "you" is technically the second person plural and singular at the same time (like tu and vous) in French, being both formal and informal. In Irish, things are a little different. We have no formality.
#To address one person, use the pronoun tú
#*Imperative is the dictionary form of the verb
#To address 2 or more people, use the pronoun sibh
#*Imperative is formed from the dictionary form of the verb, adding an ending, for the first conjugation, (a)igí - see examples below.
Note: Just like in English, in Irish the imperative is never used with a subject pronoun.
===Broad and Slender agreement rule===
This rule applies everywhere in Irish except for composite words.
*Rule: "broad with broad, slender with slender"
*Broad vowels: a, o, u
*Slender vowels: i, e
* Description: the immediate vowel on either side of a consonant or consonant cluster must be in agreement of vowel type.
* Example:
** Seas = stand! (to one person)
** Seasaigí = stand! (to many people)
** <s>Seasigí</s> is not possible, because the middle 's' has a broad to the left, a slender to the right.
*Exception: ''a''ns''e''o (it is a composite word. Meaning: here)
==Conjugations==
===First conjugation===
Characteristics:
* Most first-conjugation verbs have one-syllable stems.
* The exceptions are a few verbs with two syllables, including English loans, with the suffix -áil.

====General case====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| lig
| ligigí
| let, allow
|-
| rith
| rithigí
| run
|-
| feic
| feicigí
| see
|-
| seas
| seasaigí
| stand
|-
| glan
| glanaigí
| clean
|-
| dún
| dúnaigí
| close
|-
| scríobh
| scríobhaigí
| write
|-
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' the broad/slender rule in effect above

====Verbs with final sound as vowel====

Verbs pronounced with a final vowel are written with -igh in the singular; this is dropped when the plural imperative (or any other) ending is added. If the vowel is i, it becomes long í when the igh is dropped (cf. nigh).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| brúigh
| brúigí
| press, push
|-
| dóigh
| dóigí
| burn
|-
| léigh
| léigí
| read
|-
| nigh
| nígí
| wash
|}
'''Table 2. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative with final sound as vowel'''''
'''Note''' this applies to verbs that have a final SOUND as a vowel, but there may be (silent) consonants at the end.

====Broadening of two-syllable verbs====

Two-syllable verbs (and occasionally one-syllable ones) broaden the last consonant before a suffix (spelled by dropping the preceding i).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| sábháil
| sábhálaigí
| save
|-
| péinteáil
| péinteálaigí
| paint
|-
| taispeáin
| taispeánaigí
| show
|-
| siúil
| siúlaigí
| walk
|}
'''Table 3. ''Examples of first conjugation two-syllable verbs in imperative'''''
'''Exception''' a few exceptions retain the slender consonant when endings are added; the
most common such verb is tiomáin/tiomáinigí ‘drive’.

===Second Conjugation===
Characteristics:
* The second verb class differs from the first in having '''mostly two-syllable imperative stems''' and '''long vowels''' in the '''endings'''.
* The second syllable of the imperative singular in this class of verbs '''often ends in igh''', which is dropped when endings are added.
* To conform to the broad/slender rule, the '''unpronounced letter a''' is added between the suffix and a verb ending in a broad consonant.
====General case====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| éirigh
| éirígí
| rise
|-
| imigh
| imígí
| go, depart
|-
| socraigh
| socraígí
| settle, arrange
|-
| ceannaigh
| ceannaígí
| buy
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of second conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' both long í's in -ígí, contrasting with the first conjugation which ends in (a)igí. This long í make a difference in pronounciation and it makes up for the loss of the igh or other ending.

====The l,r,n rule====

If the second syllable (sometimes the first) ends in either l, r, or n, an unstressed short vowel in the second syllable is omitted when an ending is added, unless loss of the vowel would produce a difficult-to-pronounce sequence of consonants (as in foghlaim - <s>foghlmaígi</s> is unpronounceable!).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| oscail
| osclaígí
| open
|-
| imir
| imrígí
| play
|-
| inis
| insígí
| tell
|-
| foghlaim
| foghlaimígí
| learn
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of second conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

==Conclusion==
These rules can seem complicated at first, but they actually turn out to be quite logical as you progress in learning Irish. It may seem complicated here, but the very same rules apply to the present tense and more. That's for a future lesson.

Have you read this far? Good, because I have some ''orders for all'' of you reading this:

Anois, suigí síos, osclaígí bhur cóipleabhair agus scríobhaigí nótaí.

I like giving orders. Don't you? Now you can do it in Irish.

Ansin nígí bhur lámha, ithigí bhur lón agus rithigí amhaile!

==Sources==
# Book: Teach yourself Irish grammar
# Book: Basic Irish: A grammar and workbook
# Google
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood}}

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-08T18:15:25Z

Prinadlezhu:

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-08T18:14:07Z

Prinadlezhu: Undo revision 26719 by GrimPixel (talk)

==Introduction==
Verbs in Irish fall into 3 categories:
*First conjugation
*Second conjugation
*Irregular verbs (coming soon)
==Background==
===Imperative===
To understand Irish verbs and how they conjugate, first let's have a look at the imperative and the different ways to say "you". In English, we don't use "thou" any more, so the word "you" is technically the second person plural and singular at the same time (like tu and vous) in French, being both formal and informal. In Irish, things are a little different. We have no formality.
#To address one person, use the pronoun tú
#*Imperative is the dictionary form of the verb
#To address 2 or more people, use the pronoun sibh
#*Imperative is formed from the dictionary form of the verb, adding an ending, for the first conjugation, (a)igí - see examples below.
Note: Just like in English, in Irish the imperative is never used with a subject pronoun.
===Broad and Slender agreement rule===
This rule applies everywhere in Irish except for composite words.
*Rule: "broad with broad, slender with slender"
*Broad vowels: a, o, u
*Slender vowels: i, e
* Description: the immediate vowel on either side of a consonant or consonant cluster must be in agreement of vowel type.
* Example:
** Seas = stand! (to one person)
** Seasaigí = stand! (to many people)
** <s>Seasigí</s> is not possible, because the middle 's' has a broad to the left, a slender to the right.
*Exception: ''a''ns''e''o (it is a composite word. Meaning: here)
==Conjugations==
===First conjugation===
Characteristics:
* Most first-conjugation verbs have one-syllable stems.
* The exceptions are a few verbs with two syllables, including English loans, with the suffix -áil.

====General case====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| lig
| ligigí
| let, allow
|-
| rith
| rithigí
| run
|-
| feic
| feicigí
| see
|-
| seas
| seasaigí
| stand
|-
| glan
| glanaigí
| clean
|-
| dún
| dúnaigí
| close
|-
| scríobh
| scríobhaigí
| write
|-
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' the broad/slender rule in effect above

====Verbs with final sound as vowel====

Verbs pronounced with a final vowel are written with -igh in the singular; this is dropped when the plural imperative (or any other) ending is added. If the vowel is i, it becomes long í when the igh is dropped (cf. nigh).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| brúigh
| brúigí
| press, push
|-
| dóigh
| dóigí
| burn
|-
| léigh
| léigí
| read
|-
| nigh
| nígí
| wash
|}
'''Table 2. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative with final sound as vowel'''''
'''Note''' this applies to verbs that have a final SOUND as a vowel, but there may be (silent) consonants at the end.

====Broadening of two-syllable verbs====

Two-syllable verbs (and occasionally one-syllable ones) broaden the last consonant before a suffix (spelled by dropping the preceding i).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| sábháil
| sábhálaigí
| save
|-
| péinteáil
| péinteálaigí
| paint
|-
| taispeáin
| taispeánaigí
| show
|-
| siúil
| siúlaigí
| walk
|}
'''Table 3. ''Examples of first conjugation two-syllable verbs in imperative'''''
'''Exception''' a few exceptions retain the slender consonant when endings are added; the
most common such verb is tiomáin/tiomáinigí ‘drive’.

===Second Conjugation===
Characteristics:
* The second verb class differs from the first in having '''mostly two-syllable imperative stems''' and '''long vowels''' in the '''endings'''.
* The second syllable of the imperative singular in this class of verbs '''often ends in igh''', which is dropped when endings are added.
* To conform to the broad/slender rule, the '''unpronounced letter a''' is added between the suffix and a verb ending in a broad consonant.
====General case====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| éirigh
| éirígí
| rise
|-
| imigh
| imígí
| go, depart
|-
| socraigh
| socraígí
| settle, arrange
|-
| ceannaigh
| ceannaígí
| buy
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of second conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' both long í's in -ígí, contrasting with the first conjugation which ends in (a)igí. This long í make a difference in pronounciation and it makes up for the loss of the igh or other ending.

====The l,r,n rule====

If the second syllable (sometimes the first) ends in either l, r, or n, an unstressed short vowel in the second syllable is omitted when an ending is added, unless loss of the vowel would produce a difficult-to-pronounce sequence of consonants (as in foghlaim - <s>foghlmaígi</s> is unpronounceable!).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| oscail
| osclaígí
| open
|-
| imir
| imrígí
| play
|-
| inis
| insígí
| tell
|-
| foghlaim
| foghlaimígí
| learn
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of second conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

==Conclusion==
These rules can seem complicated at first, but they actually turn out to be quite logical as you progress in learning Irish. It may seem complicated here, but the very same rules apply to the present tense and more. That's for a future lesson.

Have you read this far? Good, because I have some ''orders for all'' of you reading this:

Anois, suigí síos, osclaígí bhur cóipleabhair agus scríobhaigí nótaí.

I like giving orders. Don't you? Now you can do it in Irish.

Ansin nígí bhur lámha, ithigí bhur lón agus rithigí amhaile!

==Sources==
# Book: Teach yourself Irish grammar
# Book: Basic Irish: A grammar and workbook
# Google

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-07T20:28:06Z

Prinadlezhu: Formatting

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-07T20:24:36Z

Prinadlezhu: Imperative of first and second conjugation in Irish

==Introduction==
Verbs in Irish fall into 3 categories:
*First conjugation
*Second conjugation
*Irregular verbs (coming soon)
==Background==
===Imperative===
To understand Irish verbs and how they conjugate, first let's have a look at the imperative and the different ways to say "you". In English, we don't use "thou" any more, so the word "you" is technically the second person plural and singular at the same time (like tu and vous) in French, being both formal and informal. In Irish, things are a little different. We have no formality.
#To address one person, use the pronoun tú
#*Imperative is the dictionary form of the verb
#To address 2 or more people, use the pronoun sibh
#*Imperative is formed from the dictionary form of the verb, adding an ending, for the first conjugation, (a)igí - see examples below.
Note: Just like in English, in Irish the imperative is never used with a subject pronoun.
===Broad and Slender agreement rule===
This rule applies everywhere in Irish except for composite words.
*Rule: "broad with broad, slender with slender"
*Broad vowels: a, o, u
*Slender vowels: i, e
* Description: the immediate vowel on either side of a consonant or consonant cluster must be in agreement of vowel type.
* Example:
** Seas = stand! (to one person)
** Seasaigí = stand! (to many people)
** <s>Seasigí</s> is not possible, because the middle 's' has a broad to the left, a slender to the right.
*Exception: ''a''ns''e''o (it is a composite word. Meaning: here)
==Conjugations==
===First conjugation===
Characteristics:
* Most first-conjugation verbs have one-syllable stems.
* The exceptions are a few verbs with two syllables, including English loans, with the suffix -áil.

1. General case:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| lig
| ligigí
| let, allow
|-
| rith
| rithigí
| run
|-
| feic
| feicigí
| see
|-
| seas
| seasaigí
| stand
|-
| glan
| glanaigí
| clean
|-
| dún
| dúnaigí
| close
|-
| scríobh
| scríobhaigí
| write
|-
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' the broad/slender rule in effect above

Some additional rules apply:

2. Verbs with final sound as vowel

Verbs pronounced with a final vowel are written with -igh in the singular; this is dropped when the plural imperative (or any other) ending is added. If the vowel is i, it becomes long í when the igh is dropped (cf. nigh).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| brúigh
| brúigí
| press, push
|-
| dóigh
| dóigí
| burn
|-
| léigh
| léigí
| read
|-
| nigh
| nígí
| wash
|}
'''Table 2. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative with final sound as vowel'''''
'''Note''' this applies to verbs that have a final SOUND as a vowel, but there may be (silent) consonants at the end.

3. Broadening of two-syllable verbs

Two-syllable verbs (and occasionally one-syllable ones) broaden the last consonant before a suffix (spelled by dropping the preceding i).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| sábháil
| sábhálaigí
| save
|-
| péinteáil
| péinteálaigí
| paint
|-
| taispeáin
| taispeánaigí
| show
|-
| siúil
| siúlaigí
| walk
|}
'''Table 3. ''Examples of first conjugation two-syllable verbs in imperative'''''
'''Exception''' a few exceptions retain the slender consonant when endings are added; the
most common such verb is tiomáin/tiomáinigí ‘drive’.

===Second Conjugation===
Characteristics:
* The second verb class differs from the first in having '''mostly two-syllable imperative stems''' and '''long vowels''' in the '''endings'''.
* The second syllable of the imperative singular in this class of verbs '''often ends in igh''', which is dropped when endings are added.
* To conform to the broad/slender rule, the '''unpronounced letter a''' is added between the suffix and a verb ending in a broad consonant.
1. General case
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| éirigh
| éirígí
| rise
|-
| imigh
| imígí
| go, depart
|-
| socraigh
| socraígí
| settle, arrange
|-
| ceannaigh
| ceannaígí
| buy
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of second conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' both long í's in -ígí, contrasting with the first conjugation which ends in (a)igí. This long í make a difference in pronounciation and it makes up for the loss of the igh or other ending.

2. The l,r,n rule

If the second syllable (sometimes the first) ends in either l, r, or n, an unstressed short vowel in the second syllable is omitted when an ending is added, unless loss of the vowel would produce a difficult-to-pronounce sequence of consonants (as in foghlaim - foghlmaígi is unpronounceable!).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| oscail
| osclaígí
| open
|-
| imir
| imrígí
| play
|-
| inis
| insígí
| tell
| foghlaim
| foghlaimígí
| learn
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of second conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

==Conclusion==
These rules can seem complicated at first, but they actually turn out to be quite logical as you progress in learning Irish. It may seem complicated here, but the very same rules apply to the present tense and more. That's for a future lesson.

Have you read this far? Good, because I have some ''orders for all'' of you reading this:

Anois, suigí síos, osclaígí bhur cóipleabhair agus scríobhaigí nótaí.

I like giving orders. Don't you? Now you can do it in Irish.

Ansin nígí bhur lámha, ithigí bhur lón agus rithigí amhaile!

==Sources==
# Book: Teach yourself Irish grammar
# Book: Basic Irish: A grammar and workbook
# Google

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-07T19:56:44Z

Prinadlezhu:

==Introduction==
Verbs in Irish fall into 3 categories:
*First conjugation
*Second conjugation
*Irregular verbs
==Background==
===Imperative===
To understand Irish verbs and how they conjugate, first let's have a look at the imperative and the different ways to say "you". In English, we don't use "thou" any more, so the word "you" is technically the second person plural and singular at the same time (like tu and vous) in French, being both formal and informal. In Irish, things are a little different. We have no formality.
#To address one person, use the pronoun tú
#*Imperative is the dictionary form of the verb
#To address 2 or more people, use the pronoun sibh
#*Imperative is formed from the dictionary form of the verb, adding an ending, for the first conjugation, (a)igí - see examples below.
Note: Just like in English, in Irish the imperative is never used with a subject pronoun.
===Broad and Slender agreement rule===
This rule applies everywhere in Irish except for composite words.
*Rule: "broad with broad, slender with slender"
*Broad vowels: a, o, u
*Slender vowels: i, e
* Description: the immediate vowel on either side of a consonant or consonant cluster must be in agreement of vowel type.
* Example:
** Seas = stand! (to one person)
** Seasaigí = stand! (to many people)
** <s>Seasigí</s> is not possible, because the middle 's' has a broad to the left, a slender to the right.
*Exception: ''a''ns''e''o (it is a composite word. Meaning: here)
==Conjugations==
===First conjugation===
General case:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| lig
| ligigí
| let, allow
|-
| rith
| rithigí
| run
|-
| feic
| feicigí
| see
|-
| seas
| seasaigí
| stand
|-
| glan
| glanaigí
| clean
|-
| dún
| dúnaigí
| close
|-
| scríobh
| scríobhaigí
| write
|-
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative.'''''

'''Remember''' the singular form, as presented above, is the "dictionary form".

'''Note''' the broad/slender rule in effect above

Some additional rules apply:

2. Verbs with final sound as vowel

Verbs pronounced with a final vowel are written with -igh in the singular; this is dropped when the plural imperative (or any other) ending is added. If the vowel is i, it becomes long í when the igh is dropped (cf. nigh).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| brúigh
| brúigí
| press, push
|-
| dóigh
| dóigí
| burn
|-
| léigh
| léigí
| read
|-
| nigh
| nígí
| wash
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of first conjugation verbs in imperative with final sound as vowel'''''
'''Note''' this applies to verbs that have a final SOUND as a vowel, but there may be (silent) consonants at the end.

3. Broadening of two-syllable verbs

Two-syllable verbs (and occasionally one-syllable ones) broaden the last consonant before a suffix (spelled by dropping the preceding i).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! English
|-
| sábháil
| sábhálaigí
| save
|-
| péinteáil
| péinteálaigí
| paint
|-
| taispeáin
| taispeánaigí
| show
|-
| siúil
| siúlaigí
| walk
|}
'''Table 1. ''Examples of first conjugation two-syllable verbs in imperative'''''
'''Exception''' a few exceptions retain the slender consonant when endings are added; the
most common such verb is tiomáin/tiomáinigí ‘drive’.

===Second Conjugation===

==Sources==
# Book: Teach yourself Irish grammar
# Book: Basic Irish: A grammar and workbook
# Google

Language/Irish/Grammar/Imperative-Mood

2019-04-07T19:39:42Z

Prinadlezhu: Created page with "==Introduction== Verbs in Irish fall into 3 categories: *First conjugation *Second conjugation *Irregular verbs ==Background== ===Imperative=== To understand Irish verbs and h..."

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-18T19:00:57Z

Prinadlezhu:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page [http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian).

As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on)

In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one"

Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one"

There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish.

====I have====
form of <code>bí + object + ag + subject</code>
* Tá teach agam = I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") [j'ai un maison¦tengo una casa¦У меня есть дом]
* Níl carr againn = We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") [Nous n'avons pas de voiture¦No tenemos carro¦У нас нет машины]
* An bhfuil airgead agat? = Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") [as tu de l'argent?¦tienes dinero?¦у тебя есть деньги?]

====I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)====
form of <code>bí + object + ar + subject</code>
* Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") [Je n'ai pas fain¦no tengo hambre¦я не хочу есть]
* Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold
* Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard
* Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
* Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?") 
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 
====I have...I possess, own====
form of <code>is + le + subject + object</code>
* Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") [Je possède cette voiture¦yo poseo este carro¦владею эту машину]
* Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house") 
To say "it's mine", the prepositional pronoun takes on a emphatic aspect, becoming: liomsa, leatsa.
*Is liomsa é - it's mine
'''Listening activity 1'''. Here is a little video of low quality, of what appears to be school kids singing an Irish version of a popular song. Listen for the sound of liomsa. Can you understand any other words? [https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCtXWR9otek?t=10]

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
====I like====
form of <code>is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go</code>
* Is maith liom an tae = I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) [j'aime bien le thé¦me gusto el té¦мне нравится чай]
* Ní maith linn sucra = we don't like sugar.
* An mhaith leat ceol? = do you like music? 
'''Listening activity 2'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about things he likes. Listen and try to understand what he likes and the thing he doesn't "Ní maith liom": [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZznUMyIlw] 

====I would like====
as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)
* Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") [j'aimerais boire du whiskey¦Me gustaria tomar whiskey¦Я хотел бы выпить виски] 
====To emphasise====
one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''. 
* Is breá liom an airgead = I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) [J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero¦мне очень нравится деньги] 
* Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink") 
====I like/enjoy====
form of <code>verb taitin + object + le + subject</code> 
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it). 
* Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company (companionship) [Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie)¦disfruto tu compañía¦мне нравится твоя компания (общество)] 
* Taitníonn iasc liom = I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me") 
* Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse (past tense) 
 
====I prefer...I would rather====
<code>form of is + fearr + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code> 
*Is fearr liom tae ná caife = I like/would rather tea than coffee (lit.: "is better with me tea than coffee") 
*Is maith liom Bearla, ach is fearr liom Gaeilge - I like English, but I prefer Irish.
Careful not to confuse this with "is féadir liom" (I can...) below. 
Memory aid: the word <code>fearr</code> is pronounced like the English word ''far''. So, imagine the idiomatic sentence in English "I prefer ... by far", and you will remember how to say it in Irish. 
'''Listening activity 3'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about his favourite TV shoes. Listen and try to pick out the uses of "is fearr liom": [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qZda_LO9IU]
 

===Need and Want===
To need and want things are sometimes interchangeable in Irish. If you are thirsty, you both need and want water. Tá uisce ort. 
====Need====
form of <code>bí + gá + ag + subject* + le + object OR copula is + gá + do + subject* + VN/go </code> 
* Tá gá aige leis an bpeann = He needs the pen (lit.: "is necessity by-him with the pen") 
* Is gá dom é a dhéanamh = I must do it (lit.: "is necessity to-me, it to do") 
* Ní gá duit é a dhéanamh = You must/need not do it (lit.: "not-is necessity to-you, it to do") (see also Must in the next section) 
====Teastaíonn for need or want====
<code>Teastaíonn + object + ó + subject OR Teastaíonn + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 
* Teastaíonn arán uaidh = He wants/needs bread (lit.: "is need of bread from him") 
* Teastaíonn uaim fuisce a ól = I want to drink whiskey (lit.: "need from me, whiskey to drink") 
====Want====
form of <code>bí + object + ó + subject OR form of bí + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 
*Tá braon uisce uaim = I want some water (lit.: "is a drop of water from me") 
*Tá uaim uisce a ól = I want to drink water (lit.: "is from me, water to drink") 
Note that this construction is similar to [2], but with Tá instead of Teastaíonn. The nuances are slight. 
====Desire====
<code>copula is + mian / áil + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code>
* Is mian liom é a dhéanamh = I want/wish, to do it (lit.: "is desire with-me, it to do") [J'ai envie de faire ceci¦Tengo ganes de hacer eso¦Мне хочется это делать] 

===Must===
There are several ways to express must in Irish, but the simplest is with ag/ar, as follows:
<code>bí + ar + subject + VN</code>
*Tá orm imeacht = I must go (lit. "is on me to go") [il faut que j'y aie/je dois m'en aller¦...]
*Tá ort éisteacht leis na scéalta = you must listen to the stories.
Also <code>bí + ag + subject + le + VN</code>, but this is less common.
* Tá agam le dul = I must go ("I have to go")

===Could/Can (Possibility)===
The main, and simplest, way to express possibility and ability in Irish is with féidir 
====Possibility/ability ====
<code>form of is + féidir + le + subject* + VN/go</code> 
* Is féidir liom Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish (lit. "is possible with me Irish to write") 
* Ach ní féidir liom Rúisis a scríobh = But I can not write Russian 
====Could be (adv)====
<code>Féidir</code> is also used in the conditional mood to express maybe/could be - when you don't know for certain. 
* B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ann = It could be (= maybe) it's here 
====Strictly ability====
<code>bí + subject + in ann / in acmhainn / in inmhe / '''abalta''' + VN</code> 
* Tá mé abalta Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish (in Ulster and Munster). Think of it as literally: I am able to write Irish. [je suis capable d'écrire Irlandais) 
* For Connaght use ''in ann'' instead: Tá mé in ann Gaeilge a scríobh) 
Certain abilities, in Irish, are not a matter of can, but of having (see below: have): <code>form of bí + object + ag + subject </code>(see the section on possession above). 
* Tá Gaeilge agam = I can speak Irish (lit.: "is Irish by me / I have Irish") 
* Tá léamh / snámh agam = I can read / swim 
===May (Permission)===
The main way to express permission in Irish, is with the word "cead" [kyad]. 
<code>Form of bí + cead + ag + subject + VN</code> 
* Tá cead ag an bhfear fuisce a ól = the man may drink whiskey (lit.: "is allowance by the man whiskey to drink") 
* An bhfuil cead agam dul go dtí an leithreas = may I go to the toilet (this is the sentence that every child in primary school in Ireland must know, otherwise the teacher will be cross (crosta) if they ask in English). 

<hr>
Now, have you read all that and understood? Well done. Here is a little reward. Sit back and enjoy the scenes of beautiful Connemara from above [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHOgDLVUJls] :-)

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-18T18:56:02Z

Prinadlezhu:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page [http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian).

As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on)

In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one"

Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one"

There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish.

====I have====
form of <code>bí + object + ag + subject</code>
* Tá teach agam = I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") [j'ai un maison¦tengo una casa¦У меня есть дом]
* Níl carr againn = We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") [Nous n'avons pas de voiture¦No tenemos carro¦У нас нет машины]
* An bhfuil airgead agat? = Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") [as tu de l'argent?¦tienes dinero?¦у тебя есть деньги?]

====I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)====
form of <code>bí + object + ar + subject</code>
* Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") [Je n'ai pas fain¦no tengo hambre¦я не хочу есть]
* Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold
* Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard
* Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
* Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?") 
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 
====I have...I possess, own====
form of <code>is + le + subject + object</code>
* Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") [Je possède cette voiture¦yo poseo este carro¦владею эту машину]
* Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house") 
To say "it's mine", the prepositional pronoun takes on a emphatic aspect, becoming: liomsa, leatsa.
*Is liomsa é - it's mine
'''Listening activity 1'''. Here is a little video of low quality, of what appears to be school kids singing an Irish version of a popular song. Listen for the sound of liomsa. Can you understand any other words? [https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCtXWR9otek?t=10]

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
====I like====
form of <code>is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go</code>
* Is maith liom an tae = I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) [j'aime bien le thé¦me gusto el té¦мне нравится чай]
* Ní maith linn sucra = we don't like sugar.
* An mhaith leat ceol? = do you like music? 
'''Listening activity 2'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about things he likes. Listen and try to understand what he likes and the thing he doesn't "Ní maith liom": [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utZznUMyIlw] 

====I would like====
as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)
* Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") [j'aimerais boire du whiskey¦Me gustaria tomar whiskey¦Я хотел бы выпить виски] 
====To emphasise====
one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''. 
* Is breá liom an airgead = I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) [J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero¦мне очень нравится деньги] 
* Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink") 
====I like/enjoy====
form of <code>verb taitin + object + le + subject</code> 
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it). 
* Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company (companionship) [Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie)¦disfruto tu compañía¦мне нравится твоя компания (общество)] 
* Taitníonn iasc liom = I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me") 
* Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse (past tense) 
 
====I prefer...I would rather====
<code>form of is + fearr + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code> 
*Is fearr liom tae ná caife = I like/would rather tea than coffee (lit.: "is better with me tea than coffee") 
*Is maith liom Bearla, ach is fearr liom Gaeilge - I like English, but I prefer Irish.
Careful not to confuse this with "is féadir liom" (I can...) below. 
Memory aid: the word <code>fearr</code> is pronounced like the English word ''far''. So, imagine the idiomatic sentence in English "I prefer ... by far", and you will remember how to say it in Irish. 
'''Listening activity 3'''. Here is a little video of a boy talking about his favourite TV shoes. Listen and try to pick out the uses of "is fearr liom": [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qZda_LO9IU]
 

===Need and Want===
To need and want things are sometimes interchangeable in Irish. If you are thirsty, you both need and want water. Tá uisce ort. 
====Need====
form of <code>bí + gá + ag + subject* + le + object OR copula is + gá + do + subject* + VN/go </code> 
* Tá gá aige leis an bpeann = He needs the pen (lit.: "is necessity by-him with the pen") 
* Is gá dom é a dhéanamh = I must do it (lit.: "is necessity to-me, it to do") 
* Ní gá duit é a dhéanamh = You must/need not do it (lit.: "not-is necessity to-you, it to do") (see also Must in the next section) 
====Teastaíonn for need or want====
<code>Teastaíonn + object + ó + subject OR Teastaíonn + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 
* Teastaíonn arán uaidh = He wants/needs bread (lit.: "is need of bread from him") 
* Teastaíonn uaim fuisce a ól = I want to drink whiskey (lit.: "need from me, whiskey to drink") 
====Want====
form of <code>bí + object + ó + subject OR form of bí + ó + subject* + VN/go </code> 
*Tá braon uisce uaim = I want some water (lit.: "is a drop of water from me") 
*Tá uaim uisce a ól = I want to drink water (lit.: "is from me, water to drink") 
Note that this construction is similar to [2], but with Tá instead of Teastaíonn. The nuances are slight. 
====Desire====
<code>copula is + mian / áil + le + subject* + object/VN/go </code>
* Is mian liom é a dhéanamh = I want/wish, to do it (lit.: "is desire with-me, it to do") [J'ai envie de faire ceci¦Tengo ganes de hacer eso¦Мне хочется это делать] 

===Must===
There are several ways to express must in Irish, but the simplest is with ag/ar, as follows:
<code>bí + ar + subject + VN</code>
*Tá orm imeacht = I must go (lit. "is on me to go") [il faut que j'y aie/je dois m'en aller¦...]
*Tá ort éisteacht leis na scéalta = you must listen to the stories.
Also <code>bí + ag + subject + le + VN</code>, but this is less common.
* Tá agam le dul = I must go ("I have to go")

===Could/Can (Possibility)===
The main, and simplest, way to express possibility and ability in Irish is with féidir 
====Possibility/ability ====
<code>form of is + féidir + le + subject* + VN/go</code> 
* Is féidir liom Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish (lit. "is possible with me Irish to write") 
* Ach ní féidir liom Rúisis a scríobh = But I can not write Russian 
====Could be (adv)====
<code>Féidir</code> is also used in the conditional mood to express maybe/could be - when you don't know for certain. 
* B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ann = It could be (= maybe) it's here 
====Strictly ability====
<code>bí + subject + in ann / in acmhainn / in inmhe / '''abalta''' + VN</code> 
* Tá mé abalta Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish (in Ulster and Munster). Think of it as literally: I am able to write Irish. [je suis capable d'écrire Irlandais) 
* For Connaght use ''in ann'' instead: Tá mé in ann Gaeilge a scríobh) 
Certain abilities, in Irish, are not a matter of can, but of having (see below: have): <code>form of bí + object + ag + subject </code>(see the section on possession above). 
* Tá Gaeilge agam = I can speak Irish (lit.: "is Irish by me / I have Irish") 
* Tá léamh / snámh agam = I can read / swim 
===May (Permission)===
The main way to express permission in Irish, is with the word "cead" [kyad]. 
<code>Form of bí + cead + ag + subject + VN</code> 
* Tá cead ag an bhfear fuisce a ól = the man may drink whiskey (lit.: "is allowance by the man whiskey to drink") 
* An bhfuil cead agam dul go dtí an leithreas = may I go to the toilet (this is the sentence that every child in primary school in Ireland must know, otherwise the teacher will be cross (crosta) if they ask in English).

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Find-the-Ideal-Penpal

2019-03-18T18:08:55Z

Prinadlezhu: /* Why Pen pals: What You Can Gain from Pen Pals */

== <div style="background: #1e90ff"> Pen Pals: Tips on Pen Pal Correspondence</div> ==

{| style="background: #f8f9fa;"
|-
|+ style="caption-side: top; color: #e76700;" | Although this article is long, I’ve tried to make it as attractive as possible to engage your attention. However, there are some highlighted lists which you can read and decide to skip the rest.
|-
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It goes without saying that the best way to learn a language is to speak it. In my opinion, the best way to learn a language is to practice it. Learning a language by oneself has a lot of hiccups. Apart from the daunting task of combing the web for ideal learning resources, battling conjugations and boycotting grammar rules (don’t worry I won’t tell on you 😊 ), you might make a startling discovery that you have no one to practice with. Yep! No one to whom you can brag about your latest exploits in your target language or your recent 5000-word-per-day memorization record. Been there, done that. That’s when serious doubts start fermenting – do you love the language enough to stick with it for better and for worse.

Well there’s good news. ♪Pen pals!♪ In the language learning community pen pals are people who are fluent in your target language and with whom you keep a correspondence with the intent of exchanging your language knowledge. Thankfully, for those who develop cold feet at the sight of pen and paper, the pen pal community has been shifted to the electronic world.
|}

==<div style="background: #1e90ff"> Why Pen pals: What You Can Gain from Pen Pals</div>==

{| style="background: #f8f9fa; border: 4px #ff1493; border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px; border-style:solid;"
|-
|
✏ '''Motivation''' 👍

Finding a pen pal to correspond with is very essential because it gives you the opportunity to share your daily progress reports to a listening ear and keep the fire burning. Even if you insist on giving up along the line, the fact that your pen pal will still need your help to learn your language will make you continue teaching your pen pal and in the same vein learning your target language – unless you decide to be a killjoy and close out entirely.

✏ '''Inside news / How it is really done''' 

Correspondence with a pen pal will give you access to the fundamentals of your target language that can’t be found in any textbook or any other learning material. In other words, you will get live updates from “the horse’s mouth 🐎 ”. For example, some words and phrases in your target language may not have direct translations or may be simply untranslatable. In such cases, with the help of your pen pal, you will master such words and phrases and confidently use them in conversation. That way you’ll sound like a native. 😎

✏ '''Pen pals make you part of the family''' 🎉

When the correspondence gets really friendly, your pen pal might introduce you to his / her family. From then on, you’ll get the kisses, hugs, smiley faces and other warm greetings from the family. This is very helpful to boost your commitment and motivation. It is also essential in cases where negative stereotypes exist against your people from those of your target language or vice versa.

✏ '''Speeds up your language learning process''' 

Consistent interaction with a pen pal will accelerate your language learning journey 🏃 and prepare you for greater challenges.

✏ '''Long term relationships''' 

With the right selection of pen pals, long term friendships can be established. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Your experience from helping each other in the learning process will form good bonds and long-lasting friendships because you already know that you are invaluable to one another.
|}

{| style="background: #f8f9fa;"
|-
|
Great! So how do I choose the ideal pen pals? 😮
|}

==<div style="background: #1e90ff"> Tips for acquiring ideal Pen pals for language learning purposes</div>==

{| style="background: #f8f9fa;"
|-
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Apart from choosing people who have a passion to learn about your language and culture, native speakers of your target language and people within a certain age range, there are other criteria to help you select ideal pen pals.
|-
| style="border: 4px #ff1493; border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px; border-style:solid;" |
✏ '''Interests''' 

Choose people who share your interests. These interests can be your hobbies, likes, dislikes or profession. Choosing people you can identify with facilitates conversation and encourages the development of stronger bonds.

✏ '''Temperament''' 

Choose people of the same temperament as yourself. Sparing the technical jargon, if you’re an introvert, go for an introvert, if an extrovert, go for an extrovert. Its important to acquire pen pals who understand your personality and perhaps mood swings. This will prevent misunderstandings and enable you get on like a house on fire.
|}

Here is a nice tip to find penpals here on the site:
#write a small essay here : https://polyglotclub.com/language/note
#People will correct it and then ask them for a language exchange :)

==<div style="background: #1e90ff"> Tips on How to Correspond with Your Pen Pal</div>==

{| style="background: #f8f9fa;"
|-
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Perhaps you find yourself asking your pen pal the exact same questions or saying, “What topic can we discuss today, I’m out of ideas….”. Here are some tips to ensure the flow of the correspondence.
|-
| style="background: #f8f9fa; border: 4px #ff1493; border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px; border-style:solid;" |
✏ Share a story about your day or a little make up story in your own language with your pen pal and your pen pal does likewise in his / her own language (your target language). After this you and your pen pal will switch languages and correct each other.

✏ Have a messaging session in which you constrain yourself to chat in your target language (without the use of a translator), your pen pal in your language and you correct each other. Feel free to laugh at each other’s mistakes – its good for the learning process.

✏ Exchange quizzes and riddles from each other’s languages.

✏ Give each other timed challenges and projects which you deliver in each your target languages.

✏ Organise days for cultural exchange when you each prepare a short story or narrative about selected aspects of your culture to share with one another. It could be about festivals, carnivals, traditional recipes and whatnot. This should be done using both languages for each person.

✏ Recommend good movies and books for each other.

Sharing your favourites with your pen pal provides them with tried and trusted learning materials. Evidently, the best way to get started with movies and literature in a foreign language is via recommendation. Getting this recommendation from the net is one thing but getting it from a close associate brings it closer to home because, close acquaintances will understand your criteria better than strangers.

✏ Show concern

One of the best sources of motivation is encouragement. Phrases like, “you’re doing great”, “well done”, “very good” and “you’re really fast” are indispensable in the world of motivation. Don’t be too absorbed in trying to make your own progress or wait for your pen pal to jump over the moon before you give words of encouragement. Show concern, learn more about your pen pal, discover his / her likes, dislikes, hobbies, etc.

✏ Progress checklists

Apart from sharing your language learning progress with your pen pal, it’s advisable to keep a persona l progress checklist. Create a colourful, attractive and portable checklist where you record your language learning achievements. Be objective. Record your achievements before acquiring a pen pal under a heading such as initial achievements. Haven’t kept track of your personal progress before your pen pal? That’s okay, it’s never too late to ask yourself some simple questions. Just ascertain a rough estimate of what your personal progress was; the books you read, the topics you covered, the words you mastered and of course the time it took you to accomplish these. Then record your progress after beginning the correspondence with your pen pal in the same manner paying attention to the time taken. Rumour has it that with your checklist, you’ll discover that you’ve made more and longer lasting progress in shorter time with the influence of your pen pal. I don’t know. What will be your story?

✏ Activity Checklist

It will be helpful to keep an activity checklist of the language exchange activities that you and your pen pal have engaged each other in so as not to end up repeating the same lines. This keeps the correspondence interesting and lively.
|}

==<div style="background: #1e90ff"> Author</div>==

{| style="background: #f8f9fa;"
|-
|
nmesomtoChukwu
|}

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-18T13:19:01Z

Prinadlezhu: Added examples and more content. Need some translations, and more examples. Also two more sections to add.

Language/Russian/Vocabulary/Bank

2019-03-17T20:58:31Z

Prinadlezhu: Spelling corrected

[[File:Russian-Vocabulary-Bank-and-Money.jpg|thumb|none]]
In this lesson you will find some Russian vocabulary and phrases about money and bank.
==Words==
{| class="wikitable"
!|English
!|Russian
|-
|account
|счёт
|-
|account number
|номер счёта
|-
|bank
|банк
|-
|bank count
|
счёт
|-
|bank notes
|
купюры
|-
|cash
|
наличные
|-
|cash machine
|
банкомат
|-
|check
|чек
|-
|checking account
|текущий счёт
|-
|coins
|
монеты
|-
|credit card
|
кредитная карта
|-
|currency
|
валюта
|-
|currency exchange
|
обмен валюты
|-
|deposit
|вклад
|-
|dollar
|
доллар
|-
|euro
|
евро
|-
|finances
|финансы
|-
|interest
|проценты
|-
|money
|деньги
|-
|pound
|
фунт
|-
|ruble
|
рубль
|-
|savings account
|сберегательный счёт
|-
|to pay
|
платить
|-
|to wait
|
ждать
|-
|withdrawal
|снятие со счёта
|-
|yen
|
иена
|}
==Sentences==
*подтвердить код= to validate the code
*получить деньги = to take the money
*забирать карту = to take the card back
*вводить карту = to insert the card
*указать сумму = to enter the amount
*набирать секретный код = to enter a secret code
*снимать деньги из банкомата = to draw the money from cash machine
*В банке. = In the bank.
*Мне нужно пойти в банк. = I need to go the bank.

==Videos==
<youtube>aERrVW1L5hk</youtube>

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-17T20:57:34Z

Prinadlezhu:

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-17T20:46:08Z

Prinadlezhu: /* Introduction */

[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page [http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian). 
As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on) 
In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one" 
Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one" 
There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish. 
1. '''I have''': form of bí + object + ag + subject
* Tá teach agam = I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") [j'ai un maison¦tengo una casa¦У меня есть дом]
* Níl carr againn = We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") [Nous n'avons pas de voiture¦No tenemos carro¦У нас нет машины]
* An bhfuil airgead agat? = Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") [as tu de l'argent?¦tienes dinero?¦у тебя есть деньги?] 
2. '''I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)''': form of bí + object + ar + subject
* Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") [Je n'ai pas fain¦no tengo hambre¦я не хочу есть]
* Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold
* Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard
* Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
* Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?") 
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 
3. '''I have...I possess, own''': form of is + le + subject + object
* Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") [Je possède cette voiture¦yo poseo este carro¦владею эту машину]
* Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house") 

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
1. '''I like''': form of is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go
* Is maith liom an tae = I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) [j'aime bien le thé¦me gusto el té¦мне нравится чай]
* Ní maith linn sucra = we don't like sugar.
* An mhaith leat ceol? = do you like music? 
2. '''I would like''': as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)
* Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") [j'aimerais boire du whiskey¦Me gustaria tomar whiskey¦Я хотел бы выпить виски] 
3. '''To emphasise''', one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''.
* Is breá liom an airgead = I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) [J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero¦мне очень нравится деньги]
* Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink") 
4. '''I like/enjoy''': form of verb taitin + object + le + subject
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it).
* Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company (companionship) [Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie)¦disfruto tu compañía¦мне нравится твоя компания (общество)]
* Taitníonn iasc liom = I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
* Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse (past tense) 
===...===

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-17T20:45:44Z

Prinadlezhu: /* Introduction */

[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this[http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm] page (which I am using as a model). 
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian). 
As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on) 
In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one" 
Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one" 
There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish. 
1. '''I have''': form of bí + object + ag + subject
* Tá teach agam = I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") [j'ai un maison¦tengo una casa¦У меня есть дом]
* Níl carr againn = We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") [Nous n'avons pas de voiture¦No tenemos carro¦У нас нет машины]
* An bhfuil airgead agat? = Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") [as tu de l'argent?¦tienes dinero?¦у тебя есть деньги?] 
2. '''I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)''': form of bí + object + ar + subject
* Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") [Je n'ai pas fain¦no tengo hambre¦я не хочу есть]
* Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold
* Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard
* Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
* Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?") 
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 
3. '''I have...I possess, own''': form of is + le + subject + object
* Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") [Je possède cette voiture¦yo poseo este carro¦владею эту машину]
* Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house") 

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
1. '''I like''': form of is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go
* Is maith liom an tae = I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) [j'aime bien le thé¦me gusto el té¦мне нравится чай]
* Ní maith linn sucra = we don't like sugar.
* An mhaith leat ceol? = do you like music? 
2. '''I would like''': as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)
* Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") [j'aimerais boire du whiskey¦Me gustaria tomar whiskey¦Я хотел бы выпить виски] 
3. '''To emphasise''', one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''.
* Is breá liom an airgead = I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) [J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero¦мне очень нравится деньги]
* Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink") 
4. '''I like/enjoy''': form of verb taitin + object + le + subject
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it).
* Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company (companionship) [Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie)¦disfruto tu compañía¦мне нравится твоя компания (общество)]
* Taitníonn iasc liom = I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
* Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse (past tense) 
===...===

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-17T20:44:10Z

Prinadlezhu: /* Introduction */

[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page (which I am using as a model [nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm].
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian). 
As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on) 
In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one" 
Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one" 
There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish. 
1. '''I have''': form of bí + object + ag + subject
* Tá teach agam = I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") [j'ai un maison¦tengo una casa¦У меня есть дом]
* Níl carr againn = We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") [Nous n'avons pas de voiture¦No tenemos carro¦У нас нет машины]
* An bhfuil airgead agat? = Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") [as tu de l'argent?¦tienes dinero?¦у тебя есть деньги?] 
2. '''I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)''': form of bí + object + ar + subject
* Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") [Je n'ai pas fain¦no tengo hambre¦я не хочу есть]
* Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold
* Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard
* Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
* Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?") 
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 
3. '''I have...I possess, own''': form of is + le + subject + object
* Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") [Je possède cette voiture¦yo poseo este carro¦владею эту машину]
* Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house") 

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
1. '''I like''': form of is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go
* Is maith liom an tae = I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) [j'aime bien le thé¦me gusto el té¦мне нравится чай]
* Ní maith linn sucra = we don't like sugar.
* An mhaith leat ceol? = do you like music? 
2. '''I would like''': as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)
* Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") [j'aimerais boire du whiskey¦Me gustaria tomar whiskey¦Я хотел бы выпить виски] 
3. '''To emphasise''', one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''.
* Is breá liom an airgead = I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) [J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero¦мне очень нравится деньги]
* Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink") 
4. '''I like/enjoy''': form of verb taitin + object + le + subject
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it).
* Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company (companionship) [Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie)¦disfruto tu compañía¦мне нравится твоя компания (общество)]
* Taitníonn iasc liom = I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
* Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse (past tense) 
===...===

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Modal-Verbs-(need,-want,-must,-can)

2019-03-17T20:43:25Z

Prinadlezhu: Have and like

[[Category:Modal]]
[[Category:Modal verbs]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:To have]]
[[Category:Need]]
[[Category:Must]]
[[Category:Can]]
[[Category:May]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language/Irish/Grammar/ModalVerbs}}
==Introduction==
Here is an introduction to expressing need, obligation, possession, permission and desire in Irish.
I want to keep this simple. If you want alternative ways to express the same thing, or other examples, you can check this page (which I am using as a model[nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm].
For those among us who speak French, Spanish or Russian, I will give rough equivalents so that you can understand better.

==Pre-requisites==
# You need to have an idea about Irish prepositional pronouns (have a look at my lesson there first).
# You need to understand the different forms of "to be" in Irish. Bí is expressed either as ''tá'' or ''is'' (something similar to ''estar'' and ''ser'' in Spanish). ''Is'' is called the "copula" in grammar.

==Modal verbs==
===Possession (have)===
Irish has no verb for "to have" (even less than Russian). 
As a substitute of the verb have one uses the verb bí and the preposition ''ag'' (=at/by) or sometimes ''ar'' (on) 
In Irish one "has" nothing, but it "is by or on one" 
Ownership is expressed via the copula with the preposition le , "one owns" nothing, it "is with one" 
There are 3 ideas expressed with have in English, which are different in Irish. Note that for compound tenses in English (I ''have'' done, etc.), this is not used like that in Irish. 
1. '''I have''': form of bí + object + ag + subject
* Tá teach agam = I have a house (lit.: "is house by-me") [j'ai un maison¦tengo una casa¦У меня есть дом]
* Níl carr againn = We have no car (lit.: "not-is car by-us") [Nous n'avons pas de voiture¦No tenemos carro¦У нас нет машины]
* An bhfuil airgead agat? = Do you have money (lit.: "is there money with you?") [as tu de l'argent?¦tienes dinero?¦у тебя есть деньги?] 
2. '''I have...(phys./psych. conditions, emotions, sicknesses, parts, names)''': form of bí + object + ar + subject
* Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me") [Je n'ai pas fain¦no tengo hambre¦я не хочу есть]
* Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold
* Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard
* Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors (lit.: "are doors big on the house")
* Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name? (lit.:"which name, that-is on-you?") 
NB: There are very many ways to say your name. The one above is just one option. The most common is: Pól is ainm dom 
3. '''I have...I possess, own''': form of is + le + subject + object
* Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine (lit.: "is with me the car this") [Je possède cette voiture¦yo poseo este carro¦владею эту машину]
* Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul (lit.: "is with Paul the house") 

===I like and I would like===
There are several ways to say I like, I enjoy, I would like in Irish. Here we will not address I love. That's for another lesson (but it does look similar, somewhat). 
1. '''I like''': form of is + maith + le + subject* + object/VN/go
* Is maith liom an tae = I like the tea (lit.: "is good by me the tea) [j'aime bien le thé¦me gusto el té¦мне нравится чай]
* Ní maith linn sucra = we don't like sugar.
* An mhaith leat ceol? = do you like music? 
2. '''I would like''': as above, but put ''is'' into conditional - ba (and maith takes a h)
* Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") [j'aimerais boire du whiskey¦Me gustaria tomar whiskey¦Я хотел бы выпить виски] 
3. '''To emphasise''', one can use ''breá'' instead of ''maith''.
* Is breá liom an airgead = I really like the money (lit.: Is (really) nice with-me the money) [J'aime beaucoup l'argent¦me gusta mucho el dinero¦мне очень нравится деньги]
* Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink") 
4. '''I like/enjoy''': form of verb taitin + object + le + subject
Note that taitin is the verb to shine, so you are saying the object shines with you (i.e. you enjoy it).
* Taitníonn do chomhluadar liom - I enjoy your company (companionship) [Ta compagnie me fait plaisir (ou j'apprécie ta compagnie)¦disfruto tu compañía¦мне нравится твоя компания (общество)]
* Taitníonn iasc liom = I like/enjoy fish (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
* Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse (past tense) 
===...===

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Prepositional-Pronouns

2019-03-17T11:44:44Z

Prinadlezhu:

==Prepositional pronouns==

In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense and we don't use that in English. But in Irish, it is completely logical. And furthermore, there are some special uses to convey certain information. We will discuss that below. First, let's look at the formation.

==Formation==
The basic formation can be like: ar+mé=orm, le+mé=liom, etc. Sometimes the composite will remind you of the elements, but often it looks very different. For example, all the "muid"(we) parts end in -(a)inn, which doesn't look like "muid", but at least is consistant. For siad, there is no such consistency, but often it ends in a u.
Unfortunately it is not more simple. This must be learnt, either by rote, or by use. I recommend the lessons of Duolingo for learning this. To that end, the examples I give below reflect those presented in the first preposition lesson of Duolingo.

----
===Example===
Here are some basic prepositions and the form when mixed with the basic and frequent pronouns:
 
<table>
<tr>
<th>Pronoun</th>
<th>Pronoun (Irish)</th>
<th>on</th>
<th>with</th>
<th>at</th>
<th>from</th>
<th>to, toward/s</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>ar</td>
<td>le</td>
<td>ag</td>
<td>ó</td>
<td>chun (chuig)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>me</td>
<td>mé</td>
<td>orm</td>
<td>liom</td>
<td>agam</td>
<td>uaim</td>
<td>chugam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (singular)</td>
<td>tú</td>
<td>ort</td>
<td>leat</td>
<td>agat</td>
<td>uait</td>
<td>chugat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he, it</td>
<td>é</td>
<td>air</td>
<td>leis</td>
<td>aige</td>
<td>uaidh</td>
<td>chuige</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she, it</td>
<td>í</td>
<td>uirthi</td>
<td>léi</td>
<td>aici</td>
<td>uaithi</td>
<td>chuici</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>us</td>
<td>muid</td>
<td>orainn</td>
<td>linn</td>
<td>againn</td>
<td>uainn</td>
<td>chugainn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (plural)</td>
<td>sibh</td>
<td>oraibh</td>
<td>libh</td>
<td>agaibh</td>
<td>uaibh</td>
<td>chugaibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>them</td>
<td>siad</td>
<td>orthu</td>
<td>leo</td>
<td>acu</td>
<td>uathu</td>
<td>chucu</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
----
For a much more complete list, have a look here: [http://www.irishpage.com/quiz/preppron.htm] (there is also a quiz)

==Uses==
'''AR''': ar is the preposition roughly equivalent to "on" in English. It is used to describe physical locations but also in Irish we have feelings/emotions ''on'' us.
*Tá mó chóta orm - I have my coat on (on me)
*Tá brón ort - You are sorry/you are sad (there is sadness on you)
*Tá áthas urthi - she is happy (áthas = happiness; sásta = happy/content)
*Tá cuileog ar an gcíste. - There is a fly on the cake.
*Tá gruaig rua ar Seán - John has red hair (Lit. Is hair red on Seán)
*Ar is also used for an obligation (must):
**Tá orm éisteacht - I must listen (lit. it is on me to listen)
**Tá orainn cáca a ithe - we must eat cake
*Ar can also be used for prices and names.
**Mathuin atá orm - my name is Matthew
**Tá seacht bpunt orthu - They cost seven pounds.

'''LE''': le is the preposition roughly equivalent to "with" in English. It also has some special uses, such as ownership. Here are some examples of use:
*Tar linn - come with us
*Siúlann sí leat - she walks with you
*Is liom an cat - the cat is mine/I own the cat (lit. the cat is with me) <note the use of "is" instead of "tá", thereby indicating permenance.
*Is libh an bia - the food is yours (pl). However, the normal way to express possession is with "ag" (see below).
*Tá an madra tinn le himní - the dog is sick with worry (for the expression).

'''AG''': ag is the preposition roughly equivalent to "at" in English. It also has many other uses, notably as the main way to express possession.
*Tá sé ag an doras - he is at the door
*Tá madra mhor acu - they have a big dog
*Tá portán agaibh - you guys have a crab!
*Less common - as a result of:
**Tá mo chroí briste agat. - You have broken my heart (lit. my heart is broken ''at'' you).
 
TODO: ??What about "I am angry at you" ??

'''Ó''': ó is the preposition roughly equivalent to "from, off of" in English. Besides this meaning, it is also used to express ''since'' and even to express need.
*Labhair Pól ón ardán - Paul spoke from the stage.
*Bhí siad sásta ó shin - They were content since then.
*Tá deoch uaim - I need/'''want''' a drink
*Tá airgead uathu - they need money
*Tá fón póca uaidh - He wants a mobile phone (cellphone)
>Don't confuse this with the preposition "out of"

'''CHUIG''': Chuig (chun) means towards, to, or in the direction of. Sometimes it can replace "for" in English.
*Snámhann tú chugam - you swim to me
*Téann na cait chugainn - the cats go to us
*Tarraing chugat iad. Pull them towards you.
*Rinne siad chuig glóire Dé é - They did it for the glory of God (lit. to the glory of god)

 
Some more examples, and of the other prepositions too, here [http://www.daltai.com/grammar/prepositional-pronouns-examples/]
You can find some notes on how to express modals (must, have to, want, need) in Irish here [nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm]

===Notes===
====Ó - Tá vs Teastaíonn====
When used with the verb bí, it conveys the idea of wanting something. For example, Tá bia uaim means I want food. 
Teastaíonn bia uaim is the alternative way to say I want food; it can also mean I need food.

====Word order====
Teastaíonn/Tá + object + ó + subject or tá + object + ar + subject [http://nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm#brauchen]
*Tá bia uaim
*Tá áthas urthi, Tá gruaig rua ar Seán
And then you have the exception with the verbal noun:
*Teastaíonn uaim snámh I want/need to swim
*Tá orm éisteacht and also when it is composite: Tá orainn cáca a ithe

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Prepositional-Pronouns

2019-03-17T11:44:03Z

Prinadlezhu:

==Prepositional pronouns==

In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense and we don't use that in English. But in Irish, it is completely logical. And furthermore, there are some special uses to convey certain information. We will discuss that below. First, let's look at the formation.

==Formation==
The basic formation can be like: ar+mé=orm, le+mé=liom, etc. Sometimes the composite will remind you of the elements, but often it looks very different. For example, all the "muid"(we) parts end in -(a)inn, which doesn't look like "muid", but at least is consistant. For siad, there is no such consistency, but often it ends in a u.
Unfortunately it is not more simple. This must be learnt, either by rote, or by use. I recommend the lessons of Duolingo for learning this. To that end, the examples I give below reflect those presented in the first preposition lesson of Duolingo.

----
===Example===
Here are some basic prepositions and the form when mixed with the basic and frequent pronouns:
 
<table>
<tr>
<th>Pronoun</th>
<th>Pronoun (Irish)</th>
<th>on</th>
<th>with</th>
<th>at</th>
<th>from</th>
<th>to, toward/s</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>ar</td>
<td>le</td>
<td>ag</td>
<td>ó</td>
<td>chun (chuig)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>me</td>
<td>mé</td>
<td>orm</td>
<td>liom</td>
<td>agam</td>
<td>uaim</td>
<td>chugam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (singular)</td>
<td>tú</td>
<td>ort</td>
<td>leat</td>
<td>agat</td>
<td>uait</td>
<td>chugat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he, it</td>
<td>é</td>
<td>air</td>
<td>leis</td>
<td>aige</td>
<td>uaidh</td>
<td>chuige</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she, it</td>
<td>í</td>
<td>uirthi</td>
<td>léi</td>
<td>aici</td>
<td>uaithi</td>
<td>chuici</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>us</td>
<td>muid</td>
<td>orainn</td>
<td>linn</td>
<td>againn</td>
<td>uainn</td>
<td>chugainn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (plural)</td>
<td>sibh</td>
<td>oraibh</td>
<td>libh</td>
<td>agaibh</td>
<td>uaibh</td>
<td>chugaibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>them</td>
<td>siad</td>
<td>orthu</td>
<td>leo</td>
<td>acu</td>
<td>uathu</td>
<td>chucu</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
----
For a much more complete list, have a look here: [http://www.irishpage.com/quiz/preppron.htm] (there is also a quiz)

==Uses==
'''AR''': ar is the preposition roughly equivalent to "on" in English. It is used to describe physical locations but also in Irish we have feelings/emotions ''on'' us.
*Tá mó chóta orm - I have my coat on (on me)
*Tá brón ort - You are sorry/you are sad (there is sadness on you)
*Tá áthas urthi - she is happy (áthas = happiness; sásta = happy/content)
*Tá cuileog ar an gcíste. - There is a fly on the cake.
*Tá gruaig rua ar Seán - John has red hair (Lit. Is hair red on Seán)
*Ar is also used for an obligation (must):
**Tá orm éisteacht - I must listen (lit. it is on me to listen)
**Tá orainn cáca a ithe - we must eat cake
*Ar can also be used for prices and names.
**Mathuin atá orm - my name is Matthew
**Tá seacht bpunt orthu - They cost seven pounds.

'''LE''': le is the preposition roughly equivalent to "with" in English. It also has some special uses, such as ownership. Here are some examples of use:
*Tar linn - come with us
*Siúlann sí leat - she walks with you
*Is liom an cat - the cat is mine/I own the cat (lit. the cat is with me) <note the use of "is" instead of "tá", thereby indicating permenance.
*Is libh an bia - the food is yours (pl). However, the normal way to express possession is with "ag" (see below).
*Tá an madra tinn le himní - the dog is sick with worry (for the expression).

'''AG''': ag is the preposition roughly equivalent to "at" in English. It also has many other uses, notably as the main way to express possession.
*Tá sé ag an doras - he is at the door
*Tá madra mhor acu - they have a big dog
*Tá portán agaibh - you guys have a crab!
*Less common - as a result of:
**Tá mo chroí briste agat. - You have broken my heart (lit. my heart is broken ''at'' you).
 
TODO: ??What about "I am angry at you" ??

'''Ó''': ó is the preposition roughly equivalent to "from, off of" in English. Besides this meaning, it is also used to express ''since'' and even to express need.
*Labhair Pól ón ardán - Paul spoke from the stage.
*Bhí siad sásta ó shin - They were content since then.
*Tá deoch uaim - I need/'''want''' a drink
*Tá airgead uathu - they need money
*Tá fón póca uaidh - He wants a mobile phone (cellphone)
>Don't confuse this with the preposition "out of"

'''CHUIG''': Chuig (chun) means towards, to, or in the direction of. Sometimes it can replace "for" in English.
*Snámhann tú chugam - you swim to me
*Téann na cait chugainn - the cats go to us
*Tarraing chugat iad. Pull them towards you.
*Rinne siad chuig glóire Dé é - They did it for the glory of God (lit. to the glory of god)

 
Some more examples, and of the other prepositions too, here [http://www.daltai.com/grammar/prepositional-pronouns-examples/]
You can find some notes on how to express modals (must, have to, want, need) in Irish here [nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm]

===Notes===
====Ó - Tá vs Teastaíonn====
When used with the verb bí, it conveys the idea of wanting something. For example, Tá bia uaim means I want food. 
Teastaíonn bia uaim is the alternative way to say I want food; it can also mean I need food.

====Word order====
Teastaíonn/Tá + object + ó + subject[http://nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm#brauchen] or tá + object + ar + subject
*Tá bia uaim
*Tá áthas urthi, Tá gruaig rua ar Seán
And then you have the exception with the verbal noun:
*Teastaíonn uaim snámh I want/need to swim
*Tá orm éisteacht and also when it is composite: Tá orainn cáca a ithe

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Prepositional-Pronouns

2019-03-17T11:42:17Z

Prinadlezhu: Added notes and exceptions for AR and Ó

==Prepositional pronouns==

In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense and we don't use that in English. But in Irish, it is completely logical. And furthermore, there are some special uses to convey certain information. We will discuss that below. First, let's look at the formation.

==Formation==
The basic formation can be like: ar+mé=orm, le+mé=liom, etc. Sometimes the composite will remind you of the elements, but often it looks very different. For example, all the "muid"(we) parts end in -(a)inn, which doesn't look like "muid", but at least is consistant. For siad, there is no such consistency, but often it ends in a u.
Unfortunately it is not more simple. This must be learnt, either by rote, or by use. I recommend the lessons of Duolingo for learning this. To that end, the examples I give below reflect those presented in the first preposition lesson of Duolingo.

----
===Example===
Here are some basic prepositions and the form when mixed with the basic and frequent pronouns:
 
<table>
<tr>
<th>Pronoun</th>
<th>Pronoun (Irish)</th>
<th>on</th>
<th>with</th>
<th>at</th>
<th>from</th>
<th>to, toward/s</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>ar</td>
<td>le</td>
<td>ag</td>
<td>ó</td>
<td>chun (chuig)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>me</td>
<td>mé</td>
<td>orm</td>
<td>liom</td>
<td>agam</td>
<td>uaim</td>
<td>chugam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (singular)</td>
<td>tú</td>
<td>ort</td>
<td>leat</td>
<td>agat</td>
<td>uait</td>
<td>chugat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he, it</td>
<td>é</td>
<td>air</td>
<td>leis</td>
<td>aige</td>
<td>uaidh</td>
<td>chuige</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she, it</td>
<td>í</td>
<td>uirthi</td>
<td>léi</td>
<td>aici</td>
<td>uaithi</td>
<td>chuici</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>us</td>
<td>muid</td>
<td>orainn</td>
<td>linn</td>
<td>againn</td>
<td>uainn</td>
<td>chugainn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (plural)</td>
<td>sibh</td>
<td>oraibh</td>
<td>libh</td>
<td>agaibh</td>
<td>uaibh</td>
<td>chugaibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>them</td>
<td>siad</td>
<td>orthu</td>
<td>leo</td>
<td>acu</td>
<td>uathu</td>
<td>chucu</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
----
For a much more complete list, have a look here: [http://www.irishpage.com/quiz/preppron.htm] (there is also a quiz)

==Uses==
'''AR''': ar is the preposition roughly equivalent to "on" in English. It is used to describe physical locations but also in Irish we have feelings/emotions ''on'' us.
*Tá mó chóta orm - I have my coat on (on me)
*Tá brón ort - You are sorry/you are sad (there is sadness on you)
*Tá áthas urthi - she is happy (áthas = happiness; sásta = happy/content)
*Tá cuileog ar an gcíste. - There is a fly on the cake.
*Tá gruaig rua ar Seán - John has red hair (Lit. Is hair red on Seán)
*Ar is also used for an obligation (must):
**Tá orm éisteacht - I must listen (lit. it is on me to listen)
**Tá orainn cáca a ithe - we must eat cake
*Ar can also be used for prices and names.
**Mathuin atá orm - my name is Matthew
**Tá seacht bpunt orthu - They cost seven pounds.

'''LE''': le is the preposition roughly equivalent to "with" in English. It also has some special uses, such as ownership. Here are some examples of use:
*Tar linn - come with us
*Siúlann sí leat - she walks with you
*Is liom an cat - the cat is mine/I own the cat (lit. the cat is with me) <note the use of "is" instead of "tá", thereby indicating permenance.
*Is libh an bia - the food is yours (pl). However, the normal way to express possession is with "ag" (see below).
*Tá an madra tinn le himní - the dog is sick with worry (for the expression).

'''AG''': ag is the preposition roughly equivalent to "at" in English. It also has many other uses, notably as the main way to express possession.
*Tá sé ag an doras - he is at the door
*Tá madra mhor acu - they have a big dog
*Tá portán agaibh - you guys have a crab!
*Less common - as a result of:
**Tá mo chroí briste agat. - You have broken my heart (lit. my heart is broken ''at'' you).
 
TODO: ??What about "I am angry at you" ??

'''Ó''': ó is the preposition roughly equivalent to "from, off of" in English. Besides this meaning, it is also used to express ''since'' and even to express need.
*Labhair Pól ón ardán - Paul spoke from the stage.
*Bhí siad sásta ó shin - They were content since then.
*Tá deoch uaim - I need/'''want''' a drink
*Tá airgead uathu - they need money
*Tá fón póca uaidh - He wants a mobile phone (cellphone)
>Don't confuse this with the preposition "out of"

'''CHUIG''': Chuig (chun) means towards, to, or in the direction of. Sometimes it can replace "for" in English.
*Snámhann tú chugam - you swim to me
*Téann na cait chugainn - the cats go to us
*Tarraing chugat iad. Pull them towards you.
*Rinne siad chuig glóire Dé é - They did it for the glory of God (lit. to the glory of god)

 
Some more examples, and of the other prepositions too, here [http://www.daltai.com/grammar/prepositional-pronouns-examples/]

===Notes===
====Ó - Tá vs Teastaíonn====
When used with the verb bí, it conveys the idea of wanting something. For example, Tá bia uaim means I want food. 
Teastaíonn bia uaim is the alternative way to say I want food; it can also mean I need food.

====Word order====
Teastaíonn/Tá + object + ó + subject[http://nualeargais.ie/gnag/modal.htm#brauchen] or tá + object + ar + subject
*Tá bia uaim
*Tá áthas urthi, Tá gruaig rua ar Seán
And then you have the exception with the verbal noun:
*Teastaíonn uaim snámh I want/need to swim
*Tá orm éisteacht and also when it is composite: Tá orainn cáca a ithe

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Prepositional-Pronouns

2019-03-16T10:57:20Z

Prinadlezhu: Added examples

==Prepositional pronouns==

In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense and we don't use that in English. But in Irish, it is completely logical. And furthermore, there are some special uses to convey certain information. We will discuss that below. First, let's look at the formation.

==Formation==
The basic formation can be like: ar+mé=orm, le+mé=liom, etc. Sometimes the composite will remind you of the elements, but often it looks very different. For example, all the "muid"(we) parts end in -(a)inn, which doesn't look like "muid", but at least is consistant. For siad, there is no such consistency, but often it ends in a u.
Unfortunately it is not more simple. This must be learnt, either by rote, or by use. I recommend the lessons of Duolingo for learning this. To that end, the examples I give below reflect those presented in the first preposition lesson of Duolingo.

----
===Example===
Here are some basic prepositions and the form when mixed with the basic and frequent pronouns:
 
<table>
<tr>
<th>Pronoun</th>
<th>Pronoun (Irish)</th>
<th>on</th>
<th>with</th>
<th>at</th>
<th>from</th>
<th>to, toward/s</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>ar</td>
<td>le</td>
<td>ag</td>
<td>ó</td>
<td>chun (chuig)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>me</td>
<td>mé</td>
<td>orm</td>
<td>liom</td>
<td>agam</td>
<td>uaim</td>
<td>chugam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (singular)</td>
<td>tú</td>
<td>ort</td>
<td>leat</td>
<td>agat</td>
<td>uait</td>
<td>chugat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he, it</td>
<td>é</td>
<td>air</td>
<td>leis</td>
<td>aige</td>
<td>uaidh</td>
<td>chuige</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she, it</td>
<td>í</td>
<td>uirthi</td>
<td>léi</td>
<td>aici</td>
<td>uaithi</td>
<td>chuici</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>us</td>
<td>muid</td>
<td>orainn</td>
<td>linn</td>
<td>againn</td>
<td>uainn</td>
<td>chugainn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (plural)</td>
<td>sibh</td>
<td>oraibh</td>
<td>libh</td>
<td>agaibh</td>
<td>uaibh</td>
<td>chugaibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>them</td>
<td>siad</td>
<td>orthu</td>
<td>leo</td>
<td>acu</td>
<td>uathu</td>
<td>chucu</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
----
For a much more complete list, have a look here: [http://www.irishpage.com/quiz/preppron.htm] (there is also a quiz)

==Uses==
'''AR''': ar is the preposition roughly equivalent to "on" in English. It is used to describe physical locations but also in Irish we have feelings/emotions ''on'' us.
*Tá mó chóta orm - I have my coat on (on me)
*Tá brón ort - You are sorry/you are sad (there is sadness on you)
*Tá áthas urthi - she is happy (áthas = happiness; sásta = happy/content)
*Tá cuileog ar an gcíste. - There is a fly on the cake.
*Tá gruaig rua ar Seán - John has red hair (Lit. Is hair red on Seán)
*Ar is also used for an obligation (must):
**Tá orm éisteacht - I must listen (lit. it is on me to listen)
**Tá orainn cáca a ithe - we must eat cake
*Ar can also be used for prices and names.
**Mathuin atá orm - my name is Matthew
**Tá seacht bpunt orthu - They cost seven pounds.

'''LE''': le is the preposition roughly equivalent to "with" in English. It also has some special uses, such as ownership. Here are some examples of use:
*Tar linn - come with us
*Siúlann sí leat - she walks with you
*Is liom an cat - the cat is mine/I own the cat (lit. the cat is with me) <note the use of "is" instead of "tá", thereby indicating permenance.
*Is libh an bia - the food is yours (pl). However, the normal way to express possession is with "ag" (see below).
*Tá an madra tinn le himní - the dog is sick with worry (for the expression).

'''AG''': ag is the preposition roughly equivalent to "at" in English. It also has many other uses, notably as the main way to express possession.
*Tá sé ag an doras - he is at the door
*Tá madra mhor acu - they have a big dog
*Tá portán agaibh - you guys have a crab!
*Less common - as a result of:
**Tá mo chroí briste agat. - You have broken my heart (lit. my heart is broken ''at'' you).
 
TODO: ??What about "I am angry at you" ??

'''Ó''': ó is the preposition roughly equivalent to "from, off of" in English. Besides this meaning, it is also used to express ''since'' and even to express need.
*Labhair Pól ón ardán - Paul spoke from the stage.
*Bhí siad sásta ó shin - They were content since then.
*Tá deoch uaim - I need/want a drink
*Tá airgead uathu - they need money
*Tá fón póca uaidh - He wants a mobile phone (cellphone)
>Don't confuse this with the preposition "out of"

'''CHUIG''': Chuig (chun) means towards, to, or in the direction of. Sometimes it can replace "for" in English.
*Snámhann tú chugam - you swim to me
*Téann na cait chugainn - the cats go to us
*Tarraing chugat iad. Pull them towards you.
*Rinne siad chuig glóire Dé é - They did it for the glory of God (lit. to the glory of god)

 
Some more examples, and of the other prepositions too, here [http://www.daltai.com/grammar/prepositional-pronouns-examples/]

Language/Irish/Grammar/Irish-Prepositional-Pronouns

2019-03-14T20:47:34Z

Prinadlezhu: Created page with "Prepositional pronouns In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense..."

Prepositional pronouns

In Irish, there are often contractions between pronouns and the prepositions. In English, this would be like: on+me -> onme. Of course this is nonsense and we don't use that in English. But in Irish, it is completely logical. And furthermore, there are some special uses to convey certain information. We will discuss that below. First, let's look at the formation.

The basic formation can be like: ar+mé=orm, le+mé=liom, etc. Sometimes the composite will remind you of the elements, but often it looks very different. For example, all the "muid"(we) parts end in -(a)inn, which doesn't look like "muid", but at least is consistant. For siad, there is no such consistency, but often it ends in a u.
Unfortunately it is not more simple. This must be learnt, either by rote, or by use. I recommend the lessons of Duolingo for learning this. To that end, the examples I give below reflect those presented in the first preposition lesson of Duolingo.

Here are some basic prepositions and the form when mixed with the basic and frequent pronouns
<table>
<tr>
<th>Pronoun</th>
<th>Pronoun (Irish)</th>
<th>on</th>
<th>with</th>
<th>at</th>
<th>from</th>
<th>to, toward/s</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>(none)</td>
<td>ar</td>
<td>le</td>
<td>ag</td>
<td>ó</td>
<td>chun (chuig)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>me</td>
<td>mé</td>
<td>orm</td>
<td>liom</td>
<td>agam</td>
<td>uaim</td>
<td>chugam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (singular)</td>
<td>tú</td>
<td>ort</td>
<td>leat</td>
<td>agat</td>
<td>uait</td>
<td>chugat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he, it</td>
<td>é</td>
<td>air</td>
<td>leis</td>
<td>aige</td>
<td>uaidh</td>
<td>chuige</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she, it</td>
<td>í</td>
<td>uirthi</td>
<td>léi</td>
<td>aici</td>
<td>uaithi</td>
<td>chuici</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>us</td>
<td>muid</td>
<td>orainn</td>
<td>linn</td>
<td>againn</td>
<td>uainn</td>
<td>chugainn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you (plural)</td>
<td>sibh</td>
<td>oraibh</td>
<td>libh</td>
<td>agaibh</td>
<td>uaibh</td>
<td>chugaibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>them</td>
<td>siad</td>
<td>orthu</td>
<td>leo</td>
<td>acu</td>
<td>uathu</td>
<td>chucu</td>
</tr>

For a much more complete list, have a look here: [http://www.irishpage.com/quiz/preppron.htm] (there is also a quiz)

Some special uses:
Must is expressed with "ar" (on). Literally, we can say I must listen as: tá orm éisteacht (lit. it is on me to swim)
Need/want...