Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Papiamento/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2022-05-25T05:27:11Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Aruba-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
As Papiamento comes from Portuguese and Spanish, it contains many characteristics from those 2 languages.

== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''<big>Letter</big>'''
! '''<big>IPA</big>'''
! '''<big>Equivalence</big>'''
|-
|A a
|[ a ]
|as '''a''' in "'''a'''rm"
|-
|E e
|[ e ]
[ ε ]

[ ə ]
|as '''e''' in "'''e'''nd"
as '''a''' in <nowiki>''</nowiki>f'''a'''t<nowiki>''</nowiki> (New Zealand)

as '''a''' in <nowiki>''</nowiki>'''a''' dog<nowiki>''</nowiki>
|-
|I i
|[ i ]
|as '''ee''' in "t'''ee'''th"
|-
|O o
|[ o ]
[ ɔ ]
|as '''o''' in "'''o'''range"
as '''ough''' in <nowiki>''</nowiki>th'''ough'''t<nowiki>''</nowiki>
|-
|U u
|[ u ]
[ ʌ ]
|as '''oo''' in "b'''oo'''t<nowiki>''</nowiki>
as '''u''' in "'''u'''gly"
|}

== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>Letter</big>'''
! '''<big>IPA</big>'''
!'''<big>Equivalence</big>'''
|-
|B b
|[ b ]
|as '''b''' in "'''b'''ite"
|-
|C c
|[ k ]
|as '''c''' in "'''c'''at"
|-
|D d
|[ d ]
|as '''d''' in "'''d'''og"
|-
|F f
|[ f ]
|as '''f''' in "'''f'''eet"
|-
|G g
|[ g ]
|as '''g''' in "'''g'''one"
|-
|H h
|[ h~x ]
|as '''h''' in "'''h'''ill"
|-
|J j
|[ j ]
|as '''y''' in "'''y'''es"
|-
|K k
|[ k ]
|as '''k''' in "'''k'''ey"
|-
|L l
|[ l ]
|as '''l''' in "'''l'''ap"
|-
|M m
|[ m ]
|as '''m''' in "'''m'''oon"
|-
|N n
|[ n ]
|as '''n''' in "'''n'''oon"
|-
|Ñ ñ
|[ ɲ ]
|as '''ny''' in "ca'''ny'''on"
|-
|P p
|[ p ]
|as '''p''' in "'''p'''roblem"
|-
|Q q
|[ k ]
|as '''q''' in "'''q'''uip"
|-
|R r
|[ r ]
|as '''r''' in the Spanish word "'''r'''osa"
|-
|S s
|[ s ]
|as '''s''' in "'''s'''and"
|-
|T t
|[ t ]
|as '''t''' in "'''t'''op"
|-
|V v
|[ v ]
|as '''v''' in "'''v'''ery"
|-
|W w
|[ w ]
|as '''w''' in "'''w'''all"
|-
|X x
|[ ks ]
[ kʃ ]
|as '''x''' in "bo'''x'''"
as '''ct''' in "refle'''ct'''ion"
|-
|Y y
|[ j ]
|as '''y''' in "'''y'''ell"
|-
|Z z
|[ z ]
|as '''z''' in "'''z'''oo"
|}

== Double Letters ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''<big>Letters</big>'''
!'''<big>IPA</big>'''
!'''<big>Equivalence</big>'''
|-
|uu
|[ y ]
|as '''u''' in Portugese word "t'''u'''do"
|-
|ch
|[ tʃ ]
|as '''ch''' in "'''ch'''eese"
|-
|dj
|[ dʒ ]
|as '''j''' in "'''j'''og"
|-
|sc
|[ s ]
|same as '''s'''
|-
|sh
|[ ʃ ]
|as '''sh''' in "'''sh'''eep"
|-
|zj
|[ ʒ ]
|as '''si''' in "vi'''si'''on"
|}

== Tones ==

It also uses tones to differentiate between words.

Papiamento is a tonal language with a low-high tone and a high-low tone.

The stress on the words falls on the stem (main) syllable; deviations from it are marked with an accent.

These tones are are marked using accent marks over vowels: high (´) and low (`).
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Vowels'''
!'''Samples'''
|-
|á
|altá, evitá
|-
|é
|étiko, platé
|-
|í
|asistí, tíket
|-
|ó
|holó, ferfdó
|-
|ú
|baúl, sunú
|-
|è
|agènda, balèt
|-
|ò
|blònt, fòndo
|-
|ù
|drùif, bùs
|}

==Videos==
===How to speak Papiamento - Alphabet - Alfabèt===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDrzXseAxTo</youtube>
===Papiamentu Alphabet===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2toJomQJUZk</youtube>
===Papiamentu ABC Learning Made Easy===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mj9RB3FclI0</youtube>

Language/French/Vocabulary/Drinks

2022-05-24T08:07:17Z

PabloWang:

[[File:learn_french_les_boissons.jpg|thumb]]

Hello French learners!

If you want to order your favorite beverage at a bar or "Café", you need to be able to say it in French.

Here's a list of the most common drinks. À votre santé!

== To Ask for a Drink ==

* Je voudrais / aimerais ..., s'il vous plaît = I would like a ..., please

== French Drinks Vocabulary ==
*la bière = beer
*la limonade = lemonade
*la tisane = herbal tea
*le café = coffee
*le champagne = champagne
*le jus = juice
*le jus d'ananas = pineapple juice
*le jus de fruit = fruit juice
*le jus de pomme = apple juice
*le jus de tomate = tomato juice
*le jus d'orange = orange juice
*le lait = milk
*le thé = tea
*le vin = wine
*le vin blanc = white wine
*le vin rouge = red wine
*l'eau du robinet = tap water
*l'eau gazeuse = sparkling / mineral water

Got it? Test you directly with this video :
<youtube>mnx1JDHTsls</youtube>

==Ways to say "Cheers" in French==

===À la vôtre !===
*Literally: To yours (your health)!
*Formal or to several people

You use this expression formal or to several people

===À la tienne !===
*Literally: To yours (your health)!
*Informal. to one person

===Santé===
*Literally: Health!

===Tchin tchin !===
It imitates the sound of glasses clinking when people toast.
*Informal

==MORE VIDEOS==
<youtube>PIztQ2-ip8U</youtube>

{{#seo:
|title=Common drinks in French
|keywords=jus, bière, vin, cidre, fruits
|description=Use our list of the most common drinks in French
|og:image=/wiki/images/9/9d/Learn_french_les_boissons.jpg
}}
[[Category: French/Beginner]]
[[Category: French/Vocabulary]]

Language/Old-Russian/Tips/Ancient-Russian

2022-05-20T06:58:29Z

PabloWang:

[[File:ancient_russian1.jpg|thumb|none]]

Imagine yourself a medieval warrior, a noble, or maybe a monk. Imagine, that there is an Xth century AD behind your door. Christianity is not divided yet, there are no catholic or orthodox churches. Fearless Vikings rule over the whole of North Europe. Erik the Red discovers Greenland, and his son Leif Erikson travels even further, to North America. In Britain people speak in Anglo-Saxon language, and nobody thinks about any Norman invasions. In France, a Capetian dynasty establishes, in the place of Carolings. Mieszko becomes the first king of Poland, the young state at that moment. A Bulgarian army gains victory over Byzantine Empire in the battle of Achelous. In the far East, in Corea, the united state is established. In Chinese chronicles, the first battle use of gunpowder is fixed. The classic literature work, “The Tale of Genji”, is created in Japan.

This is the time of the Ancient Russian state. On the vast territory, from the White Sea to the Black sea, many cities emerge. There live many different tribes – mostly Slavic (Krivichs, Vyatichs, Polans, Severyans, Dregovits, etc) and Finno-Ugric (Merya, Meshchera, Muroma, etc). By the way, among warriors and merchants, you can find many Vikings – Varangians – here. Xth century AD is truly the age of Vikings! A new Russian state quickly grows and becomes a serious power. Russian princes destroy Khazar Khanate in the East and threaten the Byzantine Empire in the South. The main language of the new state is the Ancient Russian language.

Why do we need to study Ancient Russian? Many people, studying the Russian language (as well as Ukrainian and Belorussian), know, that in these languages there are many things, that seem to be strange and illogical. But (surprise!) most of those things can be easily decrypted with a help of the Ancient Russian. For example, when studying a plural number in Russian, students often ask – why a word “приказ” (= a command) in plural gives us a form “приказы”, “алмаз” (= a diamond) - “алмазы”, “камаз” (= a KAMAZ truck) - “камазы”, but a word “глаз” (an eye) unexpectedly gives us a form “глаза” (and not “глазы”)? Where is the logic? The Ancient Russian language helps us to reveal the secret. In Ancient Russian, a special dual number, along with singular and plural, existed (as for modern languages, you can find a dual number, well, in Arabic). And the form “глаза” (since each of us has two eyes on the face) – is not the “true” plural, it is the ancient dual number.

Another example – is the declination of nouns. Why a dative case of the word “сын” (= a son) gives us the form “сыну”, but a word “сон” in the same situation gives us the form “сну”? Why the vowel disappears? With the help of the Ancient Russians, we can reveal this secret too. The word “пень” in Ancient Russian was written as “пьнь”, and the letter “ь” wasn't a silent “soft sign”, but it was a real vowel with a sound close to “e”. And in the dative case a word “пьнь” gave a form “пьню” - notice, there is no vowel disappearance! But later the sound “ь” in the Russian language vanished. In stressed positions, it turned into a vowel “e”, and in the unstressed ones, it turned into an empty space. Another example: modern Russian doesn't use the word “to be” in the present tense – Russians say “я ученик” (= I am a pupil), “мы люди”, “она дочь”. In the Ancient Russian the verb “to be” was used in the present tense - “азъ ieсмь оученикъ”, “мы iесмъ люди”, “она iесть дъчерь”. In Ancient Russian, just like in English, existed a complex system of verb tenses. In a modern Russian it is impossible to find a construction like “я был ходил” (= I was gone), but in the Ancient Russian such a construction (“азъ былъ ходилъ”) was absolutely normal.
Some phenomena of Ancient Russian have disappeared from modern Russian, but are preserved in Ukrainian and Belorussian languages. For example, the Ancient Russian sentence “имамъ въ роуце книгоу” (= I have a book in my hand) can be translated in modern Russian as “у меня в руке книга”. Notice, that in the word “рука” (= a hand) a sound “к” in the nominative case doesn't transform into a sound “ц” in the locative case. But Ukrainian and Belorussian languages keep this interesting phenomenon: “у мене в руці книга” (Ukrainian), “ў мяне ў руцэ кніга” (Belorussian). But what is the most surprising – most of all the Ancient Russian sentence is alike a sentence in a modern Czech language: “mám v ruce knihu”!

A modern Russian language differs rather strongly from Ancient Russian. Many ancient words disappear, e.g. “стрый” (= a father's brother, modern Russian “дядя”), “волхв” (= a wizard, MR “волшебник”), “сеча” (= a battle, MR “битва”), “смерд” (= a peasant, MR “крестьянин”), “послух” (= a witness, MR “свидетель”). Some words were changed – for example, AR “камы” vs MR “камень”, AR “козьля” vs MR “козлёнок” etc. Other words changed their meaning, like “муж” (AR “a man” vs MR “a husband”), “жена” (AR “a woman” vs MR “a wife”), “лето” (AR “a year” vs MR “a summer”), “лоб” (AR “a scull” vs MR “a forehead”), “стол” (AR “a throne” vs MR “a table”). On the gold coins of prince Vladimir (end of the Xth century) you can find an inscription “Владимiръ на столе а сь его сьребро” - surely, it must be translated as “Vladimir is on the throne, and this is his coin”.

[[File:ancient_russian2.jpg|thumb|none]]

Nevertheless, the difference between Ancient Russian and modern Russian language is not as deep, as the difference, well, between modern English and Anglo-Saxon language. If you know some Russian (or Ukrainian, Belorussian, Polish, Slovak, or any other Slavic language), you can begin to read Ancient Russian texts rather quickly.
Let us try to read a small fragment of the Ancient Russian text. First, you should study the following table with the Ancient Russian alphabet. It is alike a modern Russian alphabet, but it has more letters, and some letters are written in different ways. More, in Ancient Russian numbers were written by letters, for example, a letter “a” was used as “1”, a letter “б” - as “2”, a letter “г” - as “3”, a letter “д” - as “4”, a letter “л” - as “30” and so on (check the rightmost column of the table). To indicate numbers and abbreviated words, like “глъ” instead of “глаголъ” (= a word) or “кнзь” instead of “кънязь” (= a prince), a special sign (“titlo”) was put above letters.

[[File:ancient_russian3.jpg|thumb|none]]

[[File:ancient_russian4.jpg|thumb|none]]

Let us take some Ancient Russian text. Here I use a fragment containing a legend about prince Oleg's death (Oleg was a prince of Novgorod since 879 and prince of Kiev since 882) from the marvelously illustrated “Radziwill Manuscript”. This manuscript (also known as a Koningsberg Chronicle) nowadays is kept in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The legend of Oleg's death is dated to 912 years AD. (NB: You can easily find full resolution versions of these pictures in the Photo Gallery of this site). (NB2: The transcribed fragment begins in the middle of the 3rd line on the 1st page and ends at the end of the 3rd line on the second page).

[[File:ancient_russian5.jpg|thumb|none]]

[[File:ancient_russian6.jpg|thumb|none]]

Interesting, ain't it? Let me ease your task a bit - I will rewrite the ancient text and add spaces between single words and dots between sentences.

[[File:ancient_russian7.jpg|thumb|none]]

Here's a translation onto English: // And dwelled Oleg, being a prince in Kiev, and having peace with all countries. And the autumn came, and remembered Oleg about his steed, that he had set to feed with the decision never to ride him. Since he asked wizards and mages: “Of what shall I die?”. And told him one mage: “Prince! Of thy favorite steed on who thou ride – of him thou shalt die”. Oleg thought about these words and said so: “Never shall ride him and never shall see him”. And ordered to feed him and not to lead him to him. And lived for several years not seeing him, until went to war on Greeks.

And when he returned to Kiev and 4 years passed, on the fifth year he remembered about his steed, of whom his death mages had predicted. And called he for the main stableman and said: “Where is my steed, who I ordered to feed and to keep?”. That one answered: “Died”. Oleg laughed and reproached that mage, saying: “Wrong say wizards, but everything is a lie – the steed is dead, and I am alive”. And ordered to saddle a steed: “I wish to see bones of him”. And rode to a place, where naked bones were lying and a naked skull, dismounted, laughed and said: “Whether of this scull shall I die?”. And stepped his leg on the scull, and out of the skull, a snake crawled and stung him in his leg. And from that became sick and died. Mourned him all people with a great weep, and carried him, and buried on the mountain, that is named Shchekovitsa; there's still his grave and is known as Oleg's grave. And was all years of his being prince 33.//

==Author==
[http://polyglotclub.com/member/Astrodummies Astrodummies]

{{#seo:
|title=Why do we need to study Ancient Russian?
|keywords=russia, Russian, old, former
|description=Read this article to know more about ancient Russian.
|og:image=http://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/3/3b/Ancient_russian1.jpg
}}

[[Category:Russian/Advanced]]

Language/Norwegian-bokmal/Vocabulary/Days-of-the-Week

2022-05-20T06:35:29Z

PabloWang:

{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>Norsk</big>'''
!'''<big>English</big>'''
|-
|Mandag
|Monday
|-
|Tirsdag
|Tuesday
|-
|Onsdag
|Wednesday
|-
|Torsdag
|Thursday
|-
|Fredag
|Friday
|-
|Lørdag
|Saturday
|-
|Søndag
|Sunday
|}
''dag'' = day

Language/German/Grammar/Future-Tense

2022-05-20T02:32:14Z

PabloWang:

[[File:learn-german-polyglot-club2.jpg|thumb]]
== How to express the future in German ==
Future Tense in German is expressed quite similar to their English counterparts with the auxiliary verb ”werden” (devenir en français).

This verb has 2 meanings: As a full verb, it means development and growth, but it’s also the explicit future form of the only verb that actually has a future of its own - the auxiliary verb ”sein” (to be).

* So the future I of a verb is formed by <code>werden + infinitiv of the verb itself</code>;
* future II is formed with <code>werden + particip perfect of the verb + sein</code>.

=== Example with to go: ===

* '''Present tense''': Ich gehe, du gehst, er geht, wir gehen, ihr geht, sie gehen.
* '''Future I''': Ich werde gehen, du wirst gehen, er wird gehen, wir werden gehen, ihr werdet gehen, sie werden gehen
* '''Future II''': Ich werde gegangen sein, du wirst gegangen sein, er wird gegangen sein, wir werden gegangen sein, ihr werdet gegangen sein, sie werden gegangen sein.

Also, the reason for these constructions is quite simple.

The Germanic language family (les langues germanophones) lacked future forms. Their need came with the translation of the bible, about the 7th century, when the translation of prophecies of the end of the world required a temporal form of expressing events in the future, the monks used the complete verb ”werden” (in german) and will/shall (in English).

=== '''Table with the finalizations in the Future tense''' ===
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''<big>English</big>'''
!'''<big>German</big>'''
|-
|I will ...
|[pronoun] + werde + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|You will ...
|[pronoun] + wirst + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|He will ...
|[pronoun] + wird + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|She will ...
|[pronoun] + wird + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|We will ...
|[pronoun] + werden + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|You will ...
|[pronoun] + werdet + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|They will ...
|[pronoun] + werden + [verb in the infinitive]
|-
|They will ...
|[pronoun] + werden + [verb in the infinitive]
|}

== Examples ==

=== '''Verb : to work: arbeiten''' ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''<big>English Pronouns</big>'''
!<big>'''English Verbs'''</big>
!'''<big>German Pronouns</big>'''
!'''<big>German Verbs</big>'''
|-
|I
|will work
|Ich
|werde arbeiten
|-
|You
|will work
|Du
|wirst arbeiten
|-
|He
|will work
|Er
|wird arbeiten
|-
|She
|will work
|Sie
|wird arbeiten
|-
|We
|will work
|Wir
|werden arbeiten
|-
|You (plur)
|will work
|Ihr
|werdet arbeiten
|-
|They
|will work
|Sie
|werden arbeiten
|}
.

=== '''Verb : to buy: kaufen''' ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''<big>English Pronouns</big>'''
!<big>'''English Verbs'''</big>
!'''<big>German Pronouns</big>'''
!'''<big>German Verbs</big>'''
|-
|I
|will buy
|Ich
|werde kaufen
|-
|You
|will buy
|Du
|wirst kaufen
|-
|He
|will buy
|Er
|wird kaufen
|-
|She
|will buy
|Sie
|wird kaufen
|-
|We
|will buy
|Wir
|werden kaufen
|-
|You (plur)
|will buy
|Ihr
|werdet kaufen
|-
|They
|will buy
|Sie
|werden kaufen
|}
.

=== '''Verb : to come: ankommen''' ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''<big>English Pronouns</big>'''
!<big>'''English Verbs'''</big>
!'''<big>German Pronouns</big>'''
!'''<big>German Verbs</big>'''
|-
|I
|will come
|Ich
|werde ankomen
|-
|You
|will come
|Du
|wirst ankomen
|-
|He
|will come
|Er
|wird ankomen
|-
|She
|will come
|Sie
|wird ankomen
|-
|We
|will come
|Wir
|werden ankomen
|-
|You (plur)
|will come
|Ihr
|werdet ankomen
|-
|They
|will come
|Sie
|werden ankomen
|}
.

=== '''Verb : to help: helfen''' ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''<big>English Pronouns</big>'''
!<big>'''English Verbs'''</big>
!'''<big>German Pronouns</big>'''
!'''<big>German Verbs</big>'''
|-
|I
|will help
|Ich
|werde helfen
|-
|You
|will help
|Du
|wirst helfen
|-
|He
|will help
|Er
|wird helfen
|-
|She
|will help
|Sie
|wird helfen
|-
|We
|will help
|Wir
|werden helfen
|-
|You (plur)
|will help
|Ihr
|werdet helfen
|-
|They
|will help
|Sie
|werden helfen
|}
.

=== '''Verb : to let: lassen''' ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''<big>English Pronouns</big>'''
!<big>'''English Verbs'''</big>
!'''<big>German Pronouns</big>'''
!'''<big>German Verbs</big>'''
|-
|I
|will let
|Ich
|werde lassen
|-
|You
|will let
|Du
|wirst lassen
|-
|He
|will let
|Er
|wird lassen
|-
|She
|will let
|Sie
|wird lassen
|-
|We
|will let
|Wir
|werden lassen
|-
|You (plur)
|will let
|Ihr
|werdet lassen
|-
|They
|will let
|Sie
|werden lassen
|}

==Videos==
===The Future Tense in German===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfuPxqM1jHU</youtube>
===German Future Tense Tutorial===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01Pl9YCU9_0</youtube>

== Sources ==

* https://polyglotclub.com/language.php?question_id=38126
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfuPxqM1jHU
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01Pl9YCU9_0

Language/Swahili-individual-language/Grammar/Tenses

2022-05-18T03:06:38Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Tenses in Swahili</div>

[[File:Swahili-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]

➡ In this lesson you will learn how to form tenses in Swahili.

__TOC__

Happy learning!
==Rules==

Swahili uses syllable slots to show tenses, as below

'''''ni''''' is for present tense e.g. '''''ni'''''nakula = I am eating

'''''ta''''' is for future tense e.g. ni'''''ta'''''kula = I will eat.

'''''me''''' for present perfect e.g. ni'''''me'''''kula = I have eaten

'''''li''''' for past tense. e.g. ni'''''li'''''kula = I ate (past tense)
==SWAHILI TENSES Videos==
===Part 1===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKkNWg5TeeA</youtube>
===Part 2===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO2OcMPMu2I</youtube>

==Sources==

* [https://polyglotclub.com/language.php?question_id=38173 http://polyglotclub.com/language.php?question_id=38173]
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKkNWg5TeeA
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO2OcMPMu2I

Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Verbs

2022-05-18T02:56:16Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Esperanto-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%"> Verbs in Esperanto</div>

The verb in a sentence indicates what's happening.

For example, The man walks. What is the man doing? He is walking. The verb "walk" indicates what is the action of the sentence.

A verb has a distinct property. It indicates when something is happening (I walk, I walked, I will walk).

A verb that does not indicate when something happens is called the infinitive verb, and in English is preceded by "to" (to walk, to swim, to fly, to eat).

An infinitive verb in Esperanto always ends in i. When you remove the i, you have the stem of the verb, and using that stem you can later form all the tenses.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''English'''
!'''Esperanto'''
|-
| to sing
| kanti
|-
| to fall
| fali
|-
| to sleep
| dormi
|-
| to walk
| promeni
|-
| to sit
| sidi
|-
| to stand
| stari
|-
| to go
| iri
|-
| to be
| esti
|-
| to have
| havi
|-
| to play
| ludi
|-
| to read
| legi
|-
|to study
|studi
|-
|to think
|pensi
|-
|to like
|sxati
|}

Now we can put the verb in a certain tense, meaning that we can add a little ending to the stem that will indicate when the action is taking place.

When something is happening in the present, it is called the present tense (I walk, you sleep, we eat).

In Esperanto, the present tense is formed by adding "as" to the stem of the verb, regardless of who is the subject of the action.

For example:

{| class="wikitable"
!'''English'''
!'''Esperanto'''
|-
|to sing
| kanti
|-
|I sing
| mi kantas
|-
|we sing
| ni kantas
|-
|you sing
| vi kantas
|-
|he sings
| li kantas
|-
|she sing
| sxi kantas
|-
|they sing
| ili kantas
|-
|the children sing
| la infanoj kantas
|-
|the city is beautiful
| la urbo estas bela
|-
|the cities are beautiful
| la urboj estas belaj
|-
|the street is long
| la strato estas longa
|-
|the streets are long
| la stratoj estas longaj
|}

==Sources==
https://unilang.org/course.php?res=64

Language/French/Vocabulary/Useful-Sentenses

2022-05-17T02:31:11Z

PabloWang:

[[File:learn_french_useful_phrases.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:French-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%">The Top Most Useful French Phrases</div>

Bonjour à toutes et à tous 😀

You will find some of the most common French phrases in the following list.

Knowing a few helpful expressions can make you feel more comfortable when traveling to France...

__TOC__

==Common and Useful Phrases in French==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
![[File:french.png|30px]] '''French phrase'''
!'''English Translation'''
|-
|Ça va?
|How are you? (informal)
|-
|À bientôt !
|See you soon!
|-
|À côté
|By / close to / near
|-
|À plus tard!
|See you later!
|-
|Allons-y!
|Let’s go!
|-
|Au feu!
|Fire!
|-
|Au revoir
|Goodbye
|-
|Au secours!
|Help!
|-
|Avez-vous… ?
|Do you have...?
|-
|Bon appétit!
|Enjoy your meal!
|-
|Bonjour!
|Hello/Good day!
|-
|Ce n'est pas grave
|No problem
|-
|Combien cela coûte ?
|How much is it?
|-
|Combien coûte… ?
|How much does . . . cost?
|-
|Comment allez-vous ?
|How are you?
|-
|Comment vous appelez-vous ?
|What’s your name?
|-
|Continuez tout droit
|Go always straight / Go straight ahead
|-
|D'accord
|Alright
|-
|De rien
|You are welcome
|-
|En face de
|In front of
|-
|Enchanté(e)
|Nice to meet you / How do you do
|-
|Une autre bière, s’il vous plaît.
|Another beer please.
|-
|Est-ce que vous parlez anglais ?
|Do you speak English?
|-
|Excusez-moi
|Excuse me / sorry
|-
|J'ai faim
|I am hungry
|-
|J'ai soif
|I am thirsty
|-
|Je m'appelle...
|My name is...
|-
|Je ne comprends pas.
|I don't understand.
|-
|Je ne sais pas.
|I don't know.
|-
|Je suis de... / je viens de...
|I am from...
|-
|Je suis malade.
|I am sick.
|-
|Je t'aime / je vous aime.
|I love you. (informal and formal)
|-
|Je vais bien.
|I’m fine.
|-
|Je voudrais...
|I would like...
|-
|Je vous en prie / De rien
|You’re welcome
|-
|L’addition, s’il vous plaît.
|The check, please.
|-
|À droite
|To the right
|-
|À gauche
|To the left
|-
|Le menu, s’il vous plaît.
|The menu, please.
|-
|Le restaurant ... (nom)
|The restaurant ... (name)
|-
|L'office de tourisme
|The tourism information office
|-
|Merci.
|Thank you.
|-
|Ne t'en fais pas.
|Don't worry. (informal)
|-
|Non.
|No.
|-
|Où est…?
|Where is...?
|-
|Où sommes-nous ?
|Where are we?
|-
|Où est la salle de bains ?
|Where is the bathroom? (Not the W.C)
|-
|Où sont les toilettes ?
|Where are the toilets?
|-
|Où trouve-t-on le/un ... / Où trouve-t-on les ...
|Where is .../Where are ...
|-
|Parlez lentement, s'il vous plaît.
|Please, speak slowly.
|-
|Parlez-vous anglais ?
|Do you speak English?
|-
|Pourriez-vous m’aider ?
|Could you help me, please?
|-
|Pourriez-vous parler plus lentement ?
|Could you please speak slower?
|-
|Pourriez-vous répéter, s’il vous plaît ?
|Could you repeat that, please?
|-
|Pouvez-vous m'aider ?
|Can you help me?
|-
|Proche de
|Near from
|-
|Qu’est-ce que vous recommandez ?
|What do you recommend?
|-
|Quel est le prix de ...?
|What is the price of ...?
|-
|Quel temps fait-il?
|What is the weather like?
|-
|Quelle heure est-il ?
|What time is it?
|-
|Qu'est-ce que vous avez dit ?
|What did you say?
|-
|S'il vous plaît.
|Please.
|-
|Tourner
|To turn
|-
|Un restaurant
|A restaurant
|}

==VIDEOS - 140 useful phrases and expressions in French!==

<youtube>jBic8GFJ-Rk</youtube>

{{#seo:
|title=The most useful sentences in the French language
|keywords=common, phrases, sentences, expressions, french
|description=It is important to know the most common sentences when you travel to France. Enjoy learning!
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/7/72/Learn_french_useful_phrases.jpg
}}

[[Category:French/Beginner]]

Language/Turkish/Grammar/Future-Tense

2022-05-17T02:26:08Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">How to Express the Future Tense in Turkish</div>

[[File:Future Tense in Turkish.png|alt=Future Tense in Turkish|thumb]]
Merhaba everybody 😎

In today's lesson you will learn how to express '''the future tense''' in Turkish.

There are many ways to express future in Turkish but in general, we use the terminations <code>-ecek</code> and <code>-acak</code>.

Happy learning! :)

__TOC__

==Rules==

The conjugation of the future tense in Turkish is very similar to other European languages.

First, you need to take the root of the verb and add the future tense to the end. You can form the future tense in Turkish with the <code>-ecek</code> and <code>-acak</code> additions.

For example, you should start with the verb "to love" (sevmek). The verbal root is <code>sev-</code>. The future addition is, in the first singular, <code>-eceğim</code>. So it will be: <code>sev + eceğim</code>.

"I will always love you (Seni daima seveceğim)".
You don't need to use "I" (ben) at the beginning of the sentence because you already express "I" with the <code>-ecek</code> addition. Only if you want to emphasize, you can add the first pronoun "I" (ben).

It works the same way as other European languages. For example, if you want to say "I love you" in Italian, you would say "ti amo". The verb is <code>amare</code> and the verb stem is <code>-am</code>. The first singular addition is <code>-o</code>. Namely the complete sentence is <code>amo</code>. It's the same in Turkish.

Here is the formula to use:

<code>PRONOUNS + VERB + (ECEK / ACAK)</code>

==Conjugation==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |'''<big>Turkish</big>'''
! colspan="2" |'''<big>English</big>'''
|-
!'''Pronouns'''
!'''Suffixes'''
!
!
|-
|ben
| -eceğim
|I
|will
|-
|sen
| -eceksin
|you
|will
|-
|o
| -ecek
|he/she/it
|will
|-
|biz
| -eceğiz
|we
|will
|-
|siz
| -eceksiniz
|you
|will
|-
|onlar
| -ecekler
|they
|will
|}

==Examples==

* ''Ben '''gel'''eceğim:'' I will come

* ''Sen '''gel'''eceksin:'' you will come
-----
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!ENGLISH
!TURKISH
!PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH
|-
|I WILL COME
|BEN GELECEĞİM
|behn geh leh jeh eh ihm
|-
|YOU WILL COME
|SEN GELECEKSİN
|sehn geh leh jehk sihn
|-
|HE / SHE / IT
WILL COME
|O GELECEK
|oh geh leh jehk
|-
|WE WILL COME
|BİZ GELECEĞİZ
|bihz geh leh jeh eh ihz
|-
|YOU WILL COME
|SİZ GELECEKSİNİZ
|sihz geh leh jehk sih nihz
|-
|THEY
WILL COME
|ONLAR
GELECEKLER
|ohn lahr
geh leh jehk lehr
|-
!
!
!
|-
|I WILL COME
HOME
|BEN EVE
GELECEĞİM
|behn eh veh
geh leh jeh eh ihm
|-
|YOU WILL COME
HOME
|SEN EVE
GELECEKSİN
|sehn eh veh
geh leh jehk sihn
|-
|HE WILL COME
HOME
|O EVE
GELECEK
|oh eh veh
geh leh jehk
|-
|WE WILL COME
HOME
|BİZ EVE
GELECEĞİZ
|bihz eh veh
geh leh jeh eh ihz
|-
|YOU WILL COME
HOME
|SİZ EVE
GELECEKSİNİZ
|sihz eh veh
geh leh jehk sih nihz
|-
|THEY WILL
COME HOME
|ONLAR EVE
GELECEKLER
|ohn lahr
eh veh geh leh jehk lehr
|}

==Videos==
===How to say “I will go” Future tense affirmative statements===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QGHHrAdUvk</youtube>
===Turkish Grammar: How to ask “Will you go?” Future Tense===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSvmOTBDeWQ</youtube>
===Future Tense (Gelecek Zaman) in Turkish Language ===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuJnLNzxweU</youtube>

Language/Latin/Vocabulary/Months-of-the-Year

2022-05-12T08:59:02Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Months of the Year in Latin: Spelling, Pronunciation and Origin</div>
[[File:Drapeau-Empire-Romain.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Roman-Calendar-Polyglotclub3.png|thumb|The Roman Calendar]]
Hello Latin Language learners 😊!

In today's lesson, we will learn everything about the Latin months of the year.

For each month of the year, you will learn:
#How to write the month in Latin
#How to pronounce it (listen to the audio recording)
#What does it mean? Where does it come from? (etymology). The Latin names are all taken from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar Roman calendar] (whereas our current calendar is "the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar Gregorian Calendar]"). Most names refer to illustrious names from Roman mythology and politics. Thanks to the explanations below, you will be able to shine in society every first of the month!

Happy learning! 😀

__TOC__

==The 12 Months of the Year in Latin: Spelling, Pronunciation & Origin==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''Number'''*
!'''Months** in Latin'''
!'''s in English'''
!'''Latin Pronunciation'''
!'''Meaning & Origin'''
|-
|I
|Mensis '''Martius'''
|'''March'''
|<player>March_latin.mp3</player>
|The month of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology) god Mars], the famous god of warriors, youth and violence.
|-
|II
|Mensis '''Aprilis'''
|'''April'''
|<player>April_latin.mp3</player>
|We do not know precisely the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April etymology of the name April]. Certainly, we know the Latin root aprilis, which, once again, was used to form the English April, but its meaning remains obscure.
|-
|III
|Mensis '''Maius'''
|'''May'''
|<player>May_latin.mp3</player>
|The month of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia#Roman_Maia Maia], Roman goddess of fertility and spring.
|-
|IV
|Mensis '''Iunius'''
|'''June'''
|<player>June_latin.mp3</player>
|The most widespread etymology links the name of this month to that of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus Lucius Junius Brutus], the legendary founder of the Roman Republic.
|-
|V
|Mensis '''Iulius'''
|'''July'''
|<player>July_latin.mp3</player>
|The month of Emperor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar Julius Caesar].
|-
|VI
|Mensis '''Augustus'''
|'''August'''
|<player>August_latin.mp3</player>
|The month of the first Roman emperor, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus Augustus].
|-
|VII
|Mensis '''September'''
|'''September'''
|<player>September_latin.mp3</player>
|Seventh Month
|-
|VIII
|Mensis '''October'''
|'''October'''
|<player>October_latin.mp3</player>
|Eighth Month
|-
|IX
|Mensis '''November'''
|'''November'''
|<player>November_latin.mp3</player>
|Ninth Month
|-
|X
|Mensis '''December'''
|'''December'''
|<player>December_latin.mp3</player>
|Tenth Month
|-
|XI
|Mensis '''Ianuarius'''
|'''January'''
|<player>January_Latin2.mp3</player>
|The month of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus god Janus], the Roman god of beginnings and endings, choices, passage, and doors.
|-
|XII
|Mensis '''Februarius'''
|'''February'''
|<player>February_latin.mp3</player>
|The month of purification. The Latin [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Februarius Februarius] (still at the origin of the English February) means "month of purification", itself derived from februum, "means of purifying".
|}
===Notes===
*
<nowiki>*</nowiki> In the first Roman calendar, March was the first month of the year
*
<nowiki>**</nowiki> In Latin, the word "month" is written '''mensis''' in the singular and '''menses''' in the plural.

==Videos==
===Months of the Year in Latin & Ordinal Numbers===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-ayLEQ8zuw</youtube>
===The History of the Months of the Year===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm4zO0uKdd8</youtube>

{{Latin-Vocabulary-Related-Lessons}}

==Sources==
* https://www.projet-voltaire.fr/culture-generale/dossier-special-dou-viennent-noms-mois-de-lannee/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar

{{#seo:
|title=Latin Language: the 12 months of the year
|keywords=january, february, march, april, may
|description=In this Latin lesson, you will learn how to write and pronounce the months of the year
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/b/bf/Months_of_the_year_in_Latin.png/800px-Months_of_the_year_in_Latin.png
}}

Language/Polish/Vocabulary/Countries

2022-05-05T07:57:15Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Państwa - Countries in Polish</div>
[[File:Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
Hi Polish Learners! 😃

➡ In this lesson, we will learn some useful vocabulary of '''Państwa - Countries''' in Polish.

Happy learning!

{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>English</big>'''
!'''<big>Polski</big>'''
|-
|Poland
|Polska
|-
|'''Americas'''
|'''Ameryki'''
|-
|America, United States
|Ameryka, Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|Mexico
|Meksyk
|-
|Cuba
|Kuba
|-
|Brazil
|Brazylia
|-
|Argentina
|Argentyna
|-
|Chile
|Chile
|-
|'''Europe'''
|'''Europa'''
|-
|England
|Anglia
|-
|Scotland
|Szkocja
|-
|Wales
|Walia
|-
|Ireland
|Irlandia
|-
|France
|Francja
|-
|Germany
|Niemcy
|-
|Netherlands/Holland
|Holandia
|-
|Switzerland
|Szwajcaria
|-
|Austria
|Austria
|-
|Spain
|Hiszpania
|-
|Italy
|Włochy
|-
|Belgium
|Belgia
|-
|Portugal
|Portugalia
|-
|Sweden
|Szwecja
|-
|Norway
|Norwegia
|-
|Denmark
|Dania
|-
|Iceland
|Islandia
|-
|Finland
|Finlandia
|-
|Latvia
|Łotwa
|-
|Estonia
|Estonia
|-
|Czechia
|Czechy
|-
|Slovakia
|Słowacja
|-
|Lithuania
|Litwa
|-
|Belarus
|Białoruś
|-
|Russia
|Rosja
|-
|Ukraine
|Ukraina
|-
|Georgia
|Gruzja
|-
|Hungary
|Węgry
|-
|Bulgaria
|Bułgaria
|-
|Romania
|Rumunia
|-
|Greece
|Grecja
|-
|Turkey
|Indyk
|-
|'''Africa'''
|'''Afryka'''
|-
|Morocco
|Maroko
|-
|Algeria
|Algieria
|-
|Egypt
|Egipt
|-
|Congo
|Kongo
|-
|South Africa
|Afryka Południowa
|-
|'''Asia'''
|'''Azja'''
|-
|Lebanon
|Liban
|-
|Israel
|Izrael
|-
|Syria
|Syria
|-
|Jordan
|Jordania
|-
|Saudi Arabia
|Arabia Saudyjska
|-
|United Arab Emirates
|Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie
|-
|Iraq
|Irak
|-
|Iran
|Iran
|-
|Afghanistan
|Afganistan
|-
|Pakistan
|Pakistan
|-
|China
|Chiny
|-
|India
|Indie
|-
|Bangladesh
|Bangladesz
|-
|Mongolia
|Mongolia
|-
|Thailand
|Tajlandia
|-
|Vietnam
|Wietnam
|-
|Malaysia
|Malezja
|-
|Philippines
|Filipiny
|-
|Indonesia
|Indonezja
|-
|Korea
|Korea
|-
|Japan
|Japonia
|-
|'''Oceania'''
|'''Oceania'''
|-
|Australia
|Australia
|-
|New Zealand
|Nowa Zelandia
|-
|Fiji
|Fidżi
|-
|'''North Pole, Arctic'''
|'''Biegun Północny, Arktyczny'''
|-
|'''South Pole, Antarctica'''
|'''Biegun Południowy, Antarktyda'''
|}

Language/Polish/Vocabulary/Countries

2022-05-05T07:53:48Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Państwa - Countries in Polish</div>
[[File:Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
Hi Polish Learners! 😃

➡ In this lesson, we will learn some useful vocabulary of '''Państwa - Countries''' in Polish.

Happy learning!

{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>English</big>'''
!'''<big>Polski</big>'''
|-
|Poland
|Polska
|-
|'''Americas'''
|'''Ameryki'''
|-
|America, United States
|Ameryka, Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|Mexico
|Meksyk
|-
|Cuba
|Kuba
|-
|Brazil
|Brazylia
|-
|Argentina
|Argentyna
|-
|Chile
|Chile
|-
|'''Europe'''
|'''Europa'''
|-
|England
|Anglia
|-
|Scotland
|Szkocja
|-
|Wales
|Walia
|-
|Ireland
|Irlandia
|-
|France
|Francja
|-
|Germany
|Niemcy
|-
|Netherlands/Holland
|Holandia
|-
|Switzerland
|Szwajcaria
|-
|Austria
|Austria
|-
|Spain
|Hiszpania
|-
|Italy
|Włochy
|-
|Belgium
|Belgia
|-
|Portugal
|Portugalia
|-
|Sweden
|Szwecja
|-
|Norway
|Norwegia
|-
|Denmark
|Dania
|-
|Iceland
|Islandia
|-
|Finland
|Finlandia
|-
|Latvia
|Łotwa
|-
|Estonia
|Estonia
|-
|Czechia
|Czechy
|-
|Slovakia
|Słowacja
|-
|Lithuania
|Litwa
|-
|Belarus
|Białoruś
|-
|Russia
|Rosja
|-
|Ukraine
|Ukraina
|-
|Georgia
|Gruzja
|-
|Hungary
|Węgry
|-
|Bulgaria
|Bułgaria
|-
|Romania
|Rumunia
|-
|Greece
|Grecja
|-
|Turkey
|Indyk
|-
|'''Africa'''
|'''Afryka'''
|-
|Morocco
|Maroko
|-
|Algeria
|Algieria
|-
|Egypt
|Egipt
|-
|Congo
|Kongo
|-
|South Africa
|Afryka Południowa
|-
|'''Asia'''
|'''Azja'''
|-
|Lebanon
|Liban
|-
|Israel
|Izrael
|-
|Syria
|Syria
|-
|Jordan
|Jordania
|-
|Saudi Arabia
|Arabia Saudyjska
|-
|United Arab Emirates
|Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie
|-
|Iraq
|Irak
|-
|Iran
|Iran
|-
|Afghanistan
|Afganistan
|-
|Pakistan
|Pakistan
|-
|China
|Chiny
|-
|India
|Indie
|-
|Bangladesh
|Bangladesz
|-
|Mongolia
|Mongolia
|-
|Thailand
|Tajlandia
|-
|Vietnam
|Wietnam
|-
|Malaysia
|Malezja
|-
|Philippines
|Filipiny
|-
|Indonesia
|Indonezja
|-
|Korea
|Korea
|-
|Japan
|Japonia
|-
|'''Oceania'''
|'''Oceania'''
|-
|Australia
|Australia
|-
|New Zealand
|Nowa Zelandia
|-
|Fiji
|Fidżi
|-
|'''North Pole'''
|'''Biegun Północny'''
|-
|'''South Pole'''
|'''Biegun Południowy'''
|}

Language/Polish/Vocabulary/Countries

2022-05-05T07:52:01Z

PabloWang:

Language/Polish/Vocabulary/Countries

2022-05-05T07:50:47Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Państwa - Countries in Polish</div>
[[File:Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
Hi Polish Learners! 😃

➡ In this lesson we will learn some useful vocabulary related to '''Państwa - Countries''' in Polish.

Happy learning!

{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>English</big>'''
!'''<big>Polski</big>'''
|-
|Poland
|Polska
|-
|'''Americas'''
|'''Ameryki'''
|-
|America, United States
|Ameryka, Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|Mexico
|Meksyk
|-
|Cuba
|Kuba
|-
|Brazil
|Brazylia
|-
|Argentina
|Argentyna
|-
|Chile
|Chile
|-
|'''Europe'''
|'''Europa'''
|-
|England
|Anglia
|-
|Scotland
|Szkocja
|-
|Wales
|Walia
|-
|Ireland
|Irlandia
|-
|France
|Francja
|-
|Germany
|Niemcy
|-
|Netherlands/Holland
|Holandia
|-
|Switzerland
|Szwajcaria
|-
|Austria
|Austria
|-
|Spain
|Hiszpania
|-
|Italy
|Włochy
|-
|Belgium
|Belgia
|-
|Portugal
|Portugalia
|-
|Sweden
|Szwecja
|-
|Norway
|Norwegia
|-
|Denmark
|Dania
|-
|Iceland
|Islandia
|-
|Finland
|Finlandia
|-
|Latvia
|Łotwa
|-
|Estonia
|Estonia
|-
|Czechia
|Czechy
|-
|Slovakia
|Słowacja
|-
|Lithuania
|Litwa
|-
|Belarus
|Białoruś
|-
|Russia
|Rosja
|-
|Ukraine
|Ukraina
|-
|Georgia
|Gruzja
|-
|Hungary
|Węgry
|-
|Bulgaria
|Bułgaria
|-
|Romania
|Rumunia
|-
|Greece
|Grecja
|-
|Turkey
|Indyk
|-
|'''Africa'''
|'''Afryka'''
|-
|Morocco
|Maroko
|-
|Algeria
|Algieria
|-
|Egypt
|Egipt
|-
|Congo
|Kongo
|-
|South Africa
|Afryka Południowa
|-
|'''Asia'''
|'''Azja'''
|-
|Lebanon
|Liban
|-
|Israel
|Izrael
|-
|Syria
|Syria
|-
|Jordan
|Jordania
|-
|Saudi Arabia
|Arabia Saudyjska
|-
|United Arab Emirates
|Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie
|-
|Iraq
|Irak
|-
|Iran
|Iran
|-
|Afghanistan
|Afganistan
|-
|Pakistan
|Pakistan
|-
|China
|Chiny
|-
|India
|Indie
|-
|Bangladesh
|Bangladesz
|-
|Mongolia
|Mongolia
|-
|Thailand
|Tajlandia
|-
|Vietnam
|Wietnam
|-
|Malaysia
|Malezja
|-
|Philippines
|Filipiny
|-
|Indonesia
|Indonezja
|-
|Korea
|Korea
|-
|Japan
|Japonia
|-
|'''Oceania'''
|'''Oceania'''
|-
|Australia
|Australia
|-
|New Zealand
|Nowa Zelandia
|-
|Fiji
|Fidżi
|}

Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Animals-in-many-languages

2022-05-05T06:57:17Z

PabloWang:

[[File:animals-vocabulary-in-many-languages.png|thumb]]

In this lesson, you will learn vocabulary about animals in different languages.

Feel free to complete this page with the missing words and languages ;)!

[[Help/How-to-add-audio-files|How to add audio MP3 files?]]

==Animals Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Image
!|English
!Malayalam
!|French
!Arabic
!|Spanish
!|Italian
!|German
!Turkish
!Polish
!|Russian
!|Chinese Mandarin
!|Japanese
!Hungarian
!Korean
!Portuguese
!Esperanto
!Chinese Cantonese
|-
| style="width: 102px" |
[[File:alligator.png]]
|alligator <player>alligator-english.mp3</player>
|ചീങ്കണ്ണികൾ
|un alligator
<player>un_aligator.mp3</player>
|تمساح
|el caimán/ el alligator
|il alligatore
|der Alligator
|timsah
|aligator
|аллигатор
|短吻鳄/短吻鱷(duǎnwěn'è)
|アリゲーター
|alligátor
|앨리게이터
|o jacaré
|aligatoro
|短吻鱷(dyun2 man5 ngok6)
|-
|[[File:ant.png]]
|ant <player>ant-english.mp3</player>
|ഉറുമ്പ്
|une fourmi
<player>une_fourmi.mp3</player>
|نملة
|la hormiga <player>ant-spanish.mp3</player>
|la formica
|die Ameise
|karınca
|mrówka
|муравей
|蚂蚁/螞蟻(mǎyǐ)
|蟻（あり）
|hangya
|개미
|a formiga
|formiko
|螞蟻(maa5 ngai5)
|-
|[[File:badger.png]]
|badger <player>badger-english.mp3</player>
|
|un blaireau
|الغرير
|el tejón <player>badger-spanish.mp3</player>
|il tasso
|der Dachs
|porsuk
|borsuk
|барсук
|獾(huān)
|穴熊（あなくま）
|borz
|오소리
|o texugo
|melo
|獾(fun1)
|-
|[[File:bat2.png]]
|bat <player>bat-english.mp3</player>
|
|une chauve-souris
|خفاش
|el murciélago <player>bat-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pipistrello
|die
Fledermaus
|yarasa
|nietoperz
|летучая мышь
|蝙蝠(biānfú)
|蝙蝠（こうもり）
|denevér
|박쥐
|o morcego
|batilo
|蝙蝠(pin1 fuk1)，飛鼠(fei1 syu2)口，蝠鼠(fuk1 syu2)口
|-
|[[File:bear.png]]
|bear <player>bear-english.mp3</player>
|
|un ours
|دب
|el oso <player>bear-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'orso(m)
|der Bär
|ayı
|niedźwiedź
|медведь
|熊(xióng)
|熊（くま）
|medve
|곰
|o urso
|urso
|熊(hung4)
|-
|[[File:beaver.png]]
|beaver <player>beaver-english.mp3</player>
|
|un castor
|سمور
|el castor <player>beaver-spanish.mp3</player>
|il castoro
|der Biber
|kunduz
|bóbr
|бобёр
|河狸(hélí)，海狸(hǎilí)
|ビーバー、海狸（かいり、うみだぬき）
|hód
|비버
|o castor
|kastoro
|海狸(hoi2 lei4)
|-
|[[File:bee.png]]
|bee <player>bee-english.mp3</player>
|
|une abeille
|نحلة
|la abeja <player>bee-spanish.mp3</player>
|la ape
|die Biene
|arı
|pszczoła
|пчела
|蜜蜂(mìfēng)
|蜂（はち）
|méh
|벌
|a abelha
|abelo
|蜜蜂(mat6 fung1)
|-
|[[File:beetle.png]]
|beetle <player>beetle-english.mp3</player>
|
|un scarabée,
un coléoptère
|خنفساء
|el escarabajo <player>beetle-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo scarabeo
|der Käfer
|kınkanatlı
|żuk
|жук
|甲虫/甲蟲(jiǎchóng)
|甲虫、兜虫
（かぶとむし）
|bogár
|갑충
|o besouro
|skarabo
|甲蟲(gaap3 cung4)
|-
|[[File:bird.png]]
|bird <player>bird-english.mp3</player>
|
|un oiseaux
|طائر
|el pájaro <player>bird-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'uccello(m)
|der Vogel
|kuş
|ptak
|птица
|鸟/鳥(niǎo)
|鳥（とり）
|madár
|새
|o pássaro
|birdo
|鳥(niu5)
|-
|[[File:bison.png]]
|bison <player>bison-english.mp3</player>
|
|un bison
|الثور
|el bisonte <player>bison-spanish.mp3</player>
|il bisonte
|der Wisent,

der Bison
|bizon
|bizon
|бизон
|野牛(yěniú)
|バイソン
|bölény
|바이슨
|o bisão
|bizono
|野牛(je5 ngau4)
|-
|[[File:blackbird.png]]
|blackbird <player>blackbird-english.mp3</player>
|
|un merle
|غراب
|el mirlo <player>blackbird-spanish.mp3</player>
|il merlo
|die Amsel
|karatavuk
|kos
|чёрный дрозд
|乌鸫/烏鶇(wūdōng)
|クロウタドリ；ハゴロモガラス
|feketerigó
|흑인
|o melro
|merlo
|黑鸝(hak1 lei4)
|-
|[[File:buffalo.png]]
|buffalo <player>buffalo-english.mp3</player>
|
|un buffle
|الجاموس
|el búfalo <player>buffalo-spanish.mp3</player>
|il bufalo
|der Büffel
|bufalo
|bawół
|буйвол
|水牛(shuǐniú)
|バッファロー；水牛（すいぎゅう）
|bivaly
|물소
|o búfalo
|buffalo
|水牛(seoi2 ngau4)
|-
|[[File:bull.png]]
|bull <player>bull-english.mp3</player>
|
|un taureau
|ثور
|el toro <player>bull-spanish.mp3</player>
|il toro
|der Stier
|boğa
|byk
|бык
|公牛(gōngniú)
|牡牛（オスのウシ）
|bika
|황소
|o touro
|virbovo
|牛公(ngau4 gung1)口，公牛(gung1 ngau4)
|-
|[[File:butterfly.png]]
|butterfly <player>butterfly-english.mp3</player>
|
|un papillon
|فراشة
|la mariposa <player>butterfly-spanish.mp3</player>
|la farfalla
|der Schmetterling
|kelebek
|motyl
|бабочка
|蝴蝶(húdié)
|蝶（ちょう）
|pillangó
|나비
|a borboleta
|papilio
|蝴蝶(wu4 dip6)
|-
|[[File:calf2.png]]
|calf <player>calf-english.mp3</player>
|
|un veau
|بقرة
|el ternero <player>calf-spanish.mp3</player>
|il vitello
|das Kalb
|dana
|cielę
|телёнок
|小牛(xiǎo niú)
|カーフ
|borjú
|송아지
|o bezerro
|bovido
|牛仔(ngau4 zai2)，小牛(siu2 ngau4)
|-
|[[File:camel.png]]
|camel
|
|un chameau
|جمل
|el camello <player>camel-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cammello
|das Kamel
|deve
|wielbłąd
|верблюд
|骆驼/駱駝(luòtuo)
|駱駝（らくだ）
|teve
|낙다
|o camelo
|kamelo
|駱駝(lok3 to4)
|-
|[[File:carp.png]]
|carp
|
|une carpe
|سمكة
|la carpa <player>carp-spanish.mp3</player>
|la carpa
|der Karpfen
|sazan
|karp
|карп
|鲤鱼/鯉魚(lǐyú)
|鯉（こい）
|ponty
|잉어
|a carpa
|karpo
|鯉魚(lei5 jyu4*2)
|-
|[[File:cat.png]]
|cat
|
|un chat
une chatte
|قط
|el gato <player>cat-spanish.mp3</player>
|il gatto
|die Katze
|kedi
|kot
|кот, кошка
|猫/貓(māo)
|猫（ねこ）
|macska
|고양이
|o gato
|kato
|貓・猫(maau1)
|-
|[[File:caterpillar.png]]
|caterpillar
|
|une chenille
|يرقة
|la oruga <player>caterpillar-spanish.mp3</player>
|il bruco
|die Raupe
|tırtıl
|gąsienica
|гусеница
|毛虫(máochóng)
|毛虫（けむし）
|hernyó
|무한 궤도
|a lagarta
|raŭpo
|毛蟲(mou4 cung4)
|-
|
|catfish
|
|un poisson-chat
|سمك السلور
|el pez gato <player>catfish-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pesce gatto
|die Barbe
|yayın balığı
|sum
|сом
|鲶鱼/鯰魚(niányú)
|鯰（なまず）
|harcsa
|메기
|o bagre
|anariko
|鮎魚(nim4 jyu4*2)，鯰魚(nim4 jyu4*2)，塘虱(tong4 sat1)口
|-
|
|centipede
|
|un mille-patte
|حريش
|el ciempies <player>centipede-spanish.mp3</player> el milpies <player>centipede2-spanish.mp3</player>
|il millepiedi
|der Tausendfüßler
|kırkayak
|wij
|сороконожка
|蜈蚣(wúgōng)
|百足、蜈蚣
（むかで）
|százlábú
|지네
|a centopéia
|skolopendro
|百足(baak3 zuk1)口，蜈蚣(ng4 gung1)
|-
|
|chameleon
|
|un caméléon
|حرباء
|el camaleón <player>chamaleon-spanish.mp3</player>
|il camaleonte
|das Chamäleon
|bukalemun
|kameleon
|хамелеон
|变色龙/變色龍(biànsèlóng)
|カメレオン
|kaméleon
|카멜레온
|o camaleão
|kameleono
|變色龍(bin3 sik1 lung4)
|-
|
|cheetah
|
|un guépard
|الفهد الصياد
|el guepardo <player>cheetah-spanish.mp3</player>
|il ghepardo
|der Gepard
|çita
|gepard
|гепард
|猎豹/獵豹(lièbào)
|チーター
|gepárd
|치타
|a chita
|gepardo
|獵豹(lip6 paau3)
|-
|
|chicken
|
|un col,
une poule
|دجاج
|el pollo <player>Chicken-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pollo
|die Henne
|tavuk
|kurczak
|курица
|鸡/雞(jī)
|鶏（にわとり）
|csirke
|치킨
|a galinha
|kokido
|雞・鷄(gai1)
|-
|
|chimpanzee
|
|un chimpanzé
|الشمبانزي
|el chimpancé <player>chimpanzee-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo scimpanzé
|der Schimpanse
|şempaze
|szympans
|шимпанзе
|黑猩猩(hēixīngxīng)
|チンパンジー
|csimpánz
|침팬지
|o chimpanzé
|ĉimpanzo
|黑猩猩(haak1 sing1 sing1)
|-
|
|cockroach
|
|un cafard, une blatte
|صرصور
|la cucaracha <player>cockroach-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo scarafaggio
|die
Kakerlake
|hamam böceği
|karaluch
|таракан
|蟑螂(zhāngláng)
|ゴキブリ
|csótány
|바퀴벌레
|a barata
|blato
|曱甴(gaat6 zaat6*2)口，蟑螂(zoeng1 long4)書
|-
|
|cod
|
|une morue
|سمك القد
|el bacalao <player>cod-spanish.mp3</player>
|il merluzzo
|der Kabeljau
|morina
|dorsz
|треска
|鳕鱼/鱈魚(xuěyú)
|鱈（たら）
|tőkehal
|대구
|o bacalhau
|gado
|鱈魚(syut3 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|cow
|
|une vache
|بقرة
|la vaca <player>cow-spanish.mp3</player>
|la vacca
|die Kuh
|inel
|krowa
|корова
|牛(niú)
|牛（うし）
|tehén
|소
|a vaca
|bovino
|牛(ngau4)
|-
|
|crab
|
|un crabe
|سلطعون
|el cangrejo <player>crab-spanish.mp3</player>
|il granchio
|der Krebs
|yengeç
|krab
|краб
|螃蟹(pángxiè)
|蟹（かに）
|rák
|게
|o caranguejo
|krabo
|蟹(haai5)
|-
|
|crane
|
|une grue
|رافعة
|la grulla <player>crane-spanish.mp3</player>
|la gru
|der Kranich
|turna
|żuraw
|кран
|鹤/鶴(hè)
|鶴（つる）
|daru
|학(鶴), 두루미
|a grua
|gruo
|鶴(hok6)
|-
|
|cricket
|
|un grillon
|جُدْجُد
|el grillo <player>cricket-spanish.mp3</player>
|il grillo
|die Grille
|çekirge
|świerszcz
|сверчок
|蟋蟀(xīshuài)
|蟋蟀（こおろぎ）
|tücsök
|귀뚜라미
|o grilo
|kriketo
|蟋蟀(sik1 seot1)，織蟀(zik1 seot1)口
|-
|
|crocodile
|
|un crocodile
|تمساح
|el cocodrilo <player>crocodile-spanish.mp3</player>
|il coccodrillo
|das Krokodil
|krokodil/timsah
|krokodyl
|крокодил
|鳄鱼/鱷魚(èyú)
|鰐（わに）
|krokodil
|악어
|o crocodilo
|krokodilo
|鱷魚(ngok6 jyu4)
|-
|
|deer
|
|un cerf
|الغزال
|el ciervo <player>deer-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cervo
|der Hirsch
|geyik
|jeleń
|олень
|鹿(lù)
|鹿（しか）
|szarvas
|사슴
|o veado
|cervo
|鹿(luk6)
|-
|
|dog
|
|un chien
|الكلب
|el perro <player>dog-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cane
|der Hund
|köpek
|pies
|собака
|狗(gǒu)
|犬（いぬ）
|kutya
|개
|o cachorro
|hundo
|狗(gau2)
|-
|
|dolphin
|
|un dauphin
|دولفين
|el delfín <player>dolphin-spanish.mp3</player>
|il delfino
|der Delphin
|yunus
|delfin
|дельфин
|海豚(hǎitún)
|海豚（いるか）
|delfin
|돌고래
|o golfinho
|delfeno
|海豚(hoi2 tyun4)
|-
|
|donkey
|
|un âne
une ânesse
|حمار
|el burro <player>donkey-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'asino(m)
|der Esel
|eşek
|osioł
|осел
|驴/驢(lǘ)
|驢馬（ろば）
|szamár
|당나귀
|o burro
|azeno
|驢(lou4/leoi4)
|-
|
|dove
|
|une colombe
|حمامة
|la paloma <player>dove-spanish.mp3</player>
|la colomba
|die Taube
|kumru
|dove
|голубь
|鸽子(gēzi)
|鳩（はと）
|galamb
|비둘기
|a pomba
|kolombino
|白鴿(baak6 gap3)口，鴿子
gap3 zi2)書
|-
|
|dragonfly
|
|une libellule
|اليعسوب
|la libélula <player>dragonfly-spanish.mp3</player>
|la libellula
|die Libelle
|yusufçuk
|ważka
|стрекоза
|蜻蜓(qīngtíng)
|蜻蛉（とんぼ）
|szitakötő
|잠자리
|a libélula
|libelo
|蜻蜓(cing1 ting4)，塘尾(tong4 mei5*1)口
|-
|
|duck
|
|un canard
une cane
|بطة
|el pato <player>duck-spanish.mp3</player>
|la papera
|die Ente
|ördek
|kaczka
|утка
|鸭/鴨(yā)
|家鴨（あひる）
|kacsa
|오리
|o pato
|anaso
|鴨(aap3)
|-
|
|eagle
|
|un aigle
|نسر
|el águila <player>eagle-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'aquila(f)
|der Adler
|kartal
|orzeł
|орел
|鹰/鷹(yīng)
|鷲（わし）
|sas
|독수리
|a águia
|aglo
|鷹(jing1)
|-
|
|earthworm
|
|un ver de terre
|دودة الأرض
|la lombriz <player>earthworm-spanish.mp3</player>
|il lombrico
|der Regenwurm
|solucan
|dżdżownica
|земляной червь
|蚯蚓(qiūyǐn)
|蚯蚓（みみず）
|földigiliszta
|지렁이
|a minhoca
|lumbriko
|蚯蚓(jau1 jan5)，黃犬(wong4 hyun2)口，黃䘆(wong4 hyun2)口
|-
|
|eel
|
|une anguille
|الانقليس
|la anguila <player>eel-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'anguilla
|der Aal
|yılan balığı
|węgorz
|угорь
|鳗鱼/鰻魚(mányú)
|鰻（うなぎ）
|angolna
|뱀장어
|a enguia
|angilo
|鰻魚(maan4 jyu4)
|-
|
|elephant
|
|un éléphant
|الفيل
|el elefante <player>elephant-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'elefante(m)
|der Elefant
|fil
|słoń
|слон
|大象(dà xiàng)
|象（ぞう）
|elefánt
|코끼리
|o elefante
|elefanto
|象(zoeng6)
|-
|
|elk, moose
|
|un élan
|موس
|el alce <player>moose-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'alce(m)
|der Elch
|mus/amerik geğiyi
|łoś
|лось
|麋鹿(mílù)
|ムース
|jávorszarvas
|엘크, 큰사슴
|o alce
|alko
|麋鹿(mei4 luk6*2)，大鹿(daai6 luk6*2)
|-
|
|ewe
|
|une brebis
|نعجة
|la oveja <player>sheep-spanish.mp3</player>
|la pecora
|das Mutterschaf
|marya
|owca
|овца
|母羊(mǔyáng)
|雌羊（めすひつじ）
|anyajuh
|암양
|a ovelha
|ŝafino
|母羊(mou5 joeng4)，羊乸(joeng4 naa2)口
|-
|
|falcon
|
|un faucon
|الصقر
|el halcón <player>falcon-spanish.mp3</player>
|il falco
|der Falke
|doğan
|sokół
|сокол
|隼(sǔn)，猎鹰(lièyīng)
|鷹（たか）
|sólyom
|매
|o falcão
|falko
|鶻(wat6/gwat1)，獵鷹(lip6 jing1)
|-
|
|ferret
|
|un furet
|فيريت
|el hurón <player>ferret-spanish.mp3</player>
|il furetto
|das
Frettchen
|dağ gelinciği
|fretka
|хорек
|雪貂(xuědiāo)，白鼬(báiyòu)
|フェレット
|vadászmenyét
|가는 리본
|o furão
|geko
|白鼬(baak6 jau6)
|-
|
|firefly
|
|une luciole
|يراعة
|la luciérnaga <player>firefly-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lucciola
|der Glühwurm
|ateşböceği
|robaczek świętojański
|светляк
|萤火虫/螢火蟲(yínghuǒchóng)
|蛍（ほたる）
|szentjánosbogár
|반딧불
|o vaga-lume
|lampiro
|螢火蟲(jing4 fo2 cung4)
|-
|
|fish
|
|un poisson
|سمك
|el pez <player>fish-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pesce
|der Fisch
|balık
|ryba
|рыба
|鱼/魚(yú)
|魚（さかな、うお）
|hal
|물고기
|o peixe
|fiŝo
|魚(jyu4*2)
|-
|
|flamingo
|
|un flamant
|فلامنغو
|el flamenco <player>flamingo-spanish.mp3</player>
|il fenicottero
|der Flamingo
|flamingo
|flaming
|фламинго
|红鹤/紅鶴(hónghè)，火鹤/火鶴(huǒhè)
|フラミンゴ
|flamingó
|플라밍고
|o flamingo
|fenikoptero
|紅鶴(hung4 hok6*2)
|-
|
|flea
|
|une puce
|برغوث
|la pulga <player>flea-spanish.mp3</player>
|la pulce
|der Floh
|pire
|pchła
|блоха
|跳蚤(tiàozǎo)
|蚤（のみ）
|bplha
|벼룩
|a pulga
|pulo
|跳蚤(tiu3 zou2)
|-
|
|fly
|
|une mouche
|ذبابة
|la mosca <player>fly-spanish.mp3</player>
|la mosca
|die Fliege
|sinek
|mucha
|муха
|苍蝇/蒼蠅(cāngying)
|蠅・蝿
（はえ）
|légy
|파리
|a mosca
|muŝo
|烏蠅(wu1 jing4*1)口，蒼蠅(cong1 jing4*1)書
|-
|
|fox
|
|un renard
|الثعلب
|el zorro <player>fox-spanish.mp3</player>
|la volpe
|der Fuchs
|tilki
|lis
|лиса
|狐狸(húli/húlí)
|狐（きつね）
|róka
|여우
|a raposa
|vulpo
|狐狸(wu4 lei4*2)
|-
|
|frog
|
|une grenouille
|ضفدع
|la rana <player>frog-spanish.mp3</player>
|la rana
|der Frosch
|kurbağa
|żaba
|лягушка
|青蛙(qīngwā)
|蛙（かえる）
|béka
|개구리
|o sapo
|rano
|青蛙(cing1 waa1)，蛤𧊅(gap1 gwaai2)口
|-
|
|gazelle
|
|une gazelle
|غزال
|la gacela <player>gazelle-spanish.mp3</player>
|la gazzella
|die Gazelle
|ceylan
|gazela
|газель
|羚羊(língyáng)
|ガゼル
|gazella
|가젤 영양
|a gazela
|gazelo
|羚羊(ling4 joeng4)
|-
|
|giraffe
|
|une girafe
|زرافة
|la jirafa <player>giraffe-spanish.mp3</player>
|la giraffa
|die Giraffe
|zürafa
|żyrafa
|жираф
|长颈鹿/長頸鹿(chángjǐnglù)
|麒麟（きりん）
|zsiráf
|기린(麒麟)
|a girafa
|ĝirafo
|長頸鹿(coeng4 geng2 luk6*2)
|-
|
|goat
|
|un bouc
une chèvre
|ماعز
|la cabra <player>goat-spanish.mp3</player>
|la capra
|die Ziege
|keçi
|koza
|коза, козёл
|山羊(shānyáng)
|山羊（やぎ）
|kecske
|염소
|a cabra
|kapro
|山羊(saan1 joeng4)，羊咩(joeng4 me1)口
|-
|
|goldfish
|
|un poisson rouge
|الأسماك الذهبية
|el pez dorado <player>goldfish-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pesce rosso
|der Goldfisch
|kırmızı balık
|złota rybka
|золотая рыбка
|金鱼/金魚(jīnyú)
|金魚（きんぎょ）
|aranyhal
|금붕어
|o peixe dourado
|orfisxo
|金魚(gam1 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|goose
|
|une oie
|بجعة
|el ganso <player>goose-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'oca(m)
|die Gans
|kaz
|gęś
|гусь
|鹅/鵝(é)
|鵞鳥（がちょう）
|lúd
|거위
|o ganso
|ansero
|鵝(ngo4 ngo4*2)
|-
|
|gorilla
|
|un gorille
|غوريلا
|el gorila <player>gorilla-spanish.mp3</player>
|il gorilla
|der Gorilla
|goril
|goryl
|горилла
|大猩猩(dàxīngxīng)
|ゴリラ
|gorilla
|고릴라
|o gorila
|gorilo
|大猩猩(daai6 sing1 sing1)
|-
|
|grasshopper
|
|une sauterelle
|الجراد
|el saltamontes <player>grasshopper-spanish.mp3</player>
|la cavalletta
|die
Heuschrecke
|çekirge
|konik polny
|кузнечик
|蚱蜢(zhàměng)
|バッタ（飛蝗）
|szöcske
|메뚜기
|o gafanhoto
|akrido
|蚱蜢(zaa3 maang5*2)，草蜢(cou2 maang5*2)口
|-
|
|guinea pig
|
|un cochon d'Inde
|خنزير غينيا
|el conejillo de Indias <player>guineapig-spanish.mp3</player>
|il porcellino d'India
|das Meerschweinchen
|hint domuzu
|świnka morska
|морская свинка
|天竺鼠(tiānzhúshǔ)
|天竺鼠（てんじくねずみ）
|tengerimalac
|기니피그
|a cobaia
|kobajo
|荷蘭豬(ho4 laan4*1 zyu1)，天竺鼠(tin1 zuk1 syu2)
|-
|
|hamster
|
|un hamster
|الهامستر
|el hámster <player>hamster-spanish.mp3</player>
|il criceto
|der Hamster
|hamster
|chomik
|хомяк
|仓鼠/倉鼠(cāngshǔ)
|ハムスター
|hörcsög
|햄스터
|o hamster
|hamstro
|倉鼠cong1 syu2
|-
|
|hare
|
|un lièvre
|أرنبة
|la liebre <player>hare-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lepre
|der Hase
|bayağı tavşan
|zając
|заяц
|野兔(yětù)
|野ウサギ（のうさぎ）
|nyúl
|토끼
|a lebre
|leporo
|兔仔(tou3 zai2)口，野兔(je5 tou3)
|-
|
|hedgehog
|
|un hérisson
|قنفذ
|el erizo <player>hedgehog-spanish.mp3</player>
|il riccio
|der Igel
|kirpi
|jeż
|ежик
|刺猬(cìwei)
|針鼠（はりねずみ）
|sün
|고슴도치
|o ouriço
|erinaco
|刺蝟(ci3 wai6)
|-
|
|hen
|
|une poule
|دجاجة
|la gallina <player>chicken-spanish.mp3</player>
|la gallina
|die Henne
|tavuk
|kura
|курица
|母鸡/母雞(mǔjī)
|雌鳥（めんどり）
|tyúk
|암탉
|a galinha
|kokino
|雞乸(gai1 naa2)口，母雞(mou5 gai1)
|-
|
|heron
|
|un héron
|هيرون
|la garza <player>heron-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'airone(m)
|der Reiher
|balıkçıl
|czapla
|цапля
|鹭/鷺(lù)
|鷺（さぎ）
|kócsag
|헤론
|a garça
|ardeo
|鷺(lou6)
|-
|
|hind
|
|une biche
|هند
|el ciervo(f) <player>deer-spanish.mp3</player>
|la cerva
|die Hirschkuh
|dişi geyik
|łania
|лань
|雌鹿(cílù)
|女鹿（めじか）
|hátsó
|암사슴
|a corça
|cervino
|鹿乸(luk6 naa2)口，母鹿(mou5 luk6)
|-
|
|hippopotamus
|
|un hippopotame
|فرس نهر
|el hipopótamo <player>hippopotamus-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'ippopotamo(m)
|das Nilpferd
|su aygırı
|hipopotam
|гиппопотам
|河马/河馬(hémǎ)
|河馬（かば）
|víziló
|하마(河馬)
|o hipopótamo
|hipopotamo
|河馬(ho4 maa5)
|-
|
|horse
|
|un cheval
|حصان
|el caballo <player>horse-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cavallo
|das Pferd
|at
|koń
|лошадь
|马/馬(mǎ)
|馬（うま）
|ló
|말(馬)
|o cavalo
|ĉevalo
|馬(maa5)
|-
|
|hummingbird
|
|un colibri
|الذبابي طائر
|el colibrí <player>hummingbird-spanish.mp3</player>
|il colibrì
|der Kolibri
|sinek kuşu
|koliber
|колибри
|蜂鸟/蜂鳥(fēngniǎo)
|ハチドリ（蜂鳥）
|kolibri
|벌새
|o beija-flor
|kolibro
|蜂鳥(fung1 niu5)
|-
|
|hyena
|
|une hyène
|الضبع
|la hiena <player>hyena-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'iena(f)
|die Hyäne
|sırtlan
|hiena
|гиена
|鬣狗(liègǒu)
|ハイエナ
|hiéna
|하이에나
|a hiena
|hieno
|鬣狗(lip6 gau2)，土狼(tou2 long4)
|-
|
|iguana
|
|un iguane
|الإغوانة
|la iguana <player>iguana-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'iguana(f)
|der Leguan
|iguana
|iguana
|игуана
|鬣蜥(lièxī)
|イグアナ
|leguán
|이구아나
|a iguana
|igvano
|鬣蜥(lip6 sik1)
|-
|
|jackal
|
|le chacal
|ابن آوى
|el chacal <player>jackal-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo sciacallo
|der Schakal
|çakal
|szakal
|шакал
|豺(chái)
|ジャッカル
|sakál
|재칼
|o chacal
|ŝakalo
|豺(caai4)，胡狼(wu4 long4)
|-
|
|jaguar
|
|un jaguar
|جاكوار
|el jaguar <player>jaguar-spanish.mp3</player>
|il giaguaro
|der Jaguar
|jaguar
|jaguar
|ягуар
|美洲虎(měizhōuhǔ)
|ジャガー
|jaguár
|재규어
|o jaguar
|jaguaro
|美洲虎(mei5 zau1 fu2)
|-
|
|jellyfish
|
|une méduse
|قناديل البحر
|la medusa <player>jellyfish-spanish.mp3</player>
|le meduse
|die Quallen
|denizanası
|meduza
|медуза
|水母(shuǐmǔ)，海蜇(hǎizhé)
|海月、水母

（くらげ）
|medúza
|해파리
|a água-viva
|meduzo
|水母(seoi2 mou5)，海蜇(hoi2 zit3)，白鮓(baak6 zaa3/zaak3)口
|-
|
|kangaroo
|
|un kangourou
|كنغر
|el canguro <player>kangaroo-spanish.mp3</player>
|il canguro
|das Känguru
|kanguru
|kangur
|кенгуру
|袋鼠(dàishǔ)
|カンガルー
|kenguru
|캥거루
|o canguru
|kanguruo
|袋鼠(doi6 syu2)
|-
|
|killer whale
|
|un épaulard
une orque
|الحوت القاتل
|la orca asesina <player>killerwhale-spanish.mp3</player>
|la balena assassina
|der
Schwertwal
|katil balina
|orka
|бандит
|逆戟鲸/逆戟鯨(nìjǐjīng)，虎鲸/虎鯨(hǔjīng)
|鯱（しゃち）
|kardszárnyú delfin
|범고래
|a baleia assassina
|murdista baleno
|虎鯨(fu2 king4)
|-
|
|kitten
|
|un chaton
|هريرة
|el gatito <player>kitten-spanish.mp3</player>
|il gattino
|das Kätzchen
|encik
|kotek
|котенок
|小猫/小貓(xiǎo māo)
|子猫（こねこ）
|cica
|고양이 새끼
|o gatinho
|katido
|貓咪(maau1 mai1)，貓仔(maau1 zai2)
|-
|
|koala
|
|un koala
|الكوال دب أسترالي
|el koala <player>koala-spanish.mp3</player>
|il koala
|der Koala
|koala
|koala
|коала
|树袋熊/樹袋熊(shùdàixióng)
|コアラ
|koala
|코알라
|o coala
|koalo
|樹熊(syu6 hung4)
|-
|
|ladybug
|
|une coccinelle
|الخنفساء
|la mariquita <player>ladybug-spanish.mp3</player>
|la coccinella
|der Marienkäfer
|uğur böceği
|biedronka
|божья коровка
|瓢虫/瓢蟲(piáohóng)
|天道虫（てんとうむし）
|katicabogár
|무당 벌레
|a joaninha
|kokcinelo
|瓢蟲(piu4 cung4)書，金龜仔(gam1 gwai1 zai2)
|-
|
|lamb
|
|un agneau
|عدس
|el cordero <player>lamb-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'agnello(m)
|das Lamm
|kuzu
|owieczka
|ягненок
|羔羊(gāoyáng)，羊羔(yánggāo)
|子羊（こひつじ）
|bárány
|양고기
|o cordeiro
|ŝafido
|小羊(siu2 joeng4)
|-
|
|lamprey
|
|une lamproie
|لامبري
|la sanguijuela <player>lamprey-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lampreda
|das Neunauge
|bofa balığı
|minóg morski
|минога
|七鳃鳗/七鰓鰻(qīsāimán)，八目鳗/八目鰻(bāmùmán)
|ヤツメウナギ（八目鰻）
|ingola
|칠성장어
|a lampreia
|petromizo
|七鰓鰻(cat1 soi1 maan4)
|-
|
|leopard
|
|un léopard
|فهد
|el leopardo <player>leopard-spanish.mp3</player>
|il leopardo
|der Leopard
|leopar
|lampart
|леопард
|豹(bào)
|豹（ひょう）
|leopárd
|표범
|o leopardo
|leopardo
|豹(paau3)
|-
|
|lion
|
|un lion
|أسد
|el león <player>lion-spanish.mp3</player>
|il leone
|der Löwe
|aslan
|lew
|лев
|狮子/獅子(shīzi)
|ライオン
|oroszlán
|사자(獅子)
|o leão
|leono
|獅子(si1 zi2)
|-
|
|lizard
|
|un lézard
|سحلية
|el lagarto <player>lizard-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lucertola
|die Echse
|kertenkele
|jaszczurka
|ящерица
|蜥蜴(xīyì)
|トカゲ（蜥蜴）
|gyík
|도마뱀
|o lagarto
|lacerto
|四腳蛇(sei3 goek3 se4)，蜥蜴(sik1 jik6)
|-
|
|lobster
|
|un homard
|سرطان البحر
|la langosta <player>lobster-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'aragosta(f)
|der Hummer
|ıstakoz
|homar
|омар
|龙虾/龍蝦(lóngxiā)
|ロブスター、伊勢海老（いせえび）
|homár
|랍스터
|a lagosta
|omaro
|龍蝦(lung4 haa1)
|-
|
|lynx
|
|un lynx
|الوشق
|el lince <player>lynx-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lince
|der Luchs
|vaşak
|ryś
|рысь
|猞猁(shēlì/shèlì)
|オオヤマネコ（大山猫）
|hiúz
|스라소니
|o lince
|linko
|山貓(saan1 maau1)
|-
|
|manatee
|
|un lamantin
|خروف البحر
|el manatí <player>manatee-spanish.mp3</player>
|il lamantino
|der Manatis
|denizayısı
|krowa morska
|ламантин
|海牛(hǎiniú)
|マナティー、海牛（うみうし）
|manátusz, manáti
|바다소
|o peixe-boi
|manato
|海牛(hoi2 ngau4)
|-
|
|mare
|
|une jument
|فرس
|la yegua <player>mare-spanish.mp3</player>
|la cavalla
|die Stute
|kısrak
|klacz
|кобыла
|母马/母馬(mǔmǎ)
|雌馬（めうま）
|kanca
|바다
|a égua
|ĉevalino
|母馬(mou5 maa5)
|-
|
|mole
|
|la taupe
|خلد
|el topo <player>mole-spanish.mp3</player>
|la talpa
|der Maulwurf
|köstebek
|kret
|крот
|鼹鼠/鼴鼠(yànshǔ/yǎnshǔ)
|土竜（もぐら）
|vakond
|몰
|a toupeira
|talpo
|鼴鼠(jin2 syu2)，蘇鼠(sou1 syu2)口
|-
|
|monkey
|
|un singe
une guenon
|قرد
|el mono <player>monkey-spanish.mp3</player>
|la scimmia
|der Affe
|maymun
|małpa
|обезьяна
|猴子(hóuzi)
|猿（さる）
|majom
|원숭이
|o macaco
|simio
|猴子(hau4 zi2)，馬騮(maa5 lau4*1)口
|-
|
|monkfish
|
|une lotte
|مونكفيش
|el pez monje <player>monkfish-spanish.mp3</player>
|la rana pescatrice
|der Seeteufel
|fener balığı
|mnich morski
|морской монах
|安康鱼/安康魚(ānkāngyú)
|鮟鱇（あんこう）
|horgászhal, ördöghal
|몽크 피쉬
|o tamboril
|lofio
|安康魚(on1 hong1 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|mosquito
|
|un moustique
|البعوض
|el mosquito <player>mosquito-spanish.mp3</player>
|la zanzara
|die Mücke
|sivrisinek
|moskit
|москит, комар
|蚊子(wénzi)
|蚊（か）
|szúnyog
|모기
|o mosquito
|moskito
|蚊子(man1 zi2)
|-
|
|moth
|
|un papillon de nuit
|حشرة العتة
|la polilla <player>moth-spanish.mp3</player>
|la falena
|die Motte
|güve
|ćma
|моль
|蛾子(ézi)
|蛾（が）
|moly
|나방
|a mariposa
|noktpapilio
|蛾(ngo4)，白日仔(baak6 jat6 zai2)口
|-
|
|mouse
|
|une souris
|الفأر
|el ratón <player>mouse-spanish.mp3</player>
|il topo
|die Maus
|fare
|mysz
|мышь
|老鼠(lǎoshǔ)
|鼠（ねずみ）
|egér
|쥐
|o rato
|muso
|老鼠(lou5 syu2)，耗子(hou3 zi2)書
|-
|
|newt
|
|un triton
|نيوت
|el tritón <player>newt-spanish.mp3</player>
|il tritone
|der Wassermolch
|semender
|traszka
|тритон
|蝾螈/蠑螈(róngyuán)
|井守、蠑螈
（いもり）
|gőte
|영원(蠑蚖'''·'''蠑螈)
|o tritão
|trituro, trito
|蠑螈(wing4 jyun4)
|-
|
|nightingale
|
|un rossignol
|نايتنجيل
|el ruiseñor <player>nightingale-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'usignolo(m)
|die Nachtigall
|bülbül
|słowik
|соловей
|夜莺/夜鶯(yèyīng)
|ナイチンゲール
|fülemüle
|나이팅게일
|o rouxinol
|najtingalo
|夜鶯(je6 ang1)
|-
|
|octopus
|
|une pieuvre
|أخطبوط
|el pulpo <player>octopus-spanish.mp3</player>
|il polpo
|der Oktopus
|ahtapot
|ośmiornica
|осьминог
|章鱼/章魚(zhāngyú)
|蛸、章魚
（たこ）
|polip
|문어
|o polvo
|polpo
|八爪魚(baat3 zaau2 jyu4)，八帶魚(baat3 daai3 jyu4*2)，鱆魚(zoeng1 jyu4)
|-
|
|ostrich
|
|une autruche
|نعامة
|el avestruz <player>ostrich-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo struzzo
|der Strauß
|devekuşu
|ostryga
|страус
|鸵鸟/鴕鳥(tuóniǎo)
|駝鳥（だちょう）
|srucc
|타조(駝鳥)
|o avestruz
|struto
|鴕鳥(to4 niu5)
|-
|
|otter
|
|une loutre
|قندس
|la nutria <player>otter-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lontra
|der
Fischotter
|su samuru
|wydra
|выдра
|水獭/水獺(shuǐtǎ)，海獭/海獺(hǎitǎ)
|獺、川獺
（かわうそ）
|vidra
|수달
|a lontra
|lutro
|海獺(hoi2 caat3)，水獺(seoi2 caat3)
|-
|
|owl
|
|un hibou
une chouette
|بُومَة
|el búho <player>owl-spanish.mp3</player>
|il gufo
|die Eule
|baykuş
|sowa
|сова
|猫头鹰/貓頭鷹(māotóuyīng)
|梟（ふくろう）
|bagoly
|올빼미
|a coruja
|strigo
|貓頭鷹(maau1 tau4 jing1)，夜鬼(je6 gwai2)口，夜貓(je6 maau1)
|-
|
|ox
|
|un bœuf
une vache
|ثور
|el buey <player>ox-spanish.mp3</player>
|il bue
|der Ochse
|öküz
|wół
|бык
|牛(niú)
|牛（うし）
|ökör
|소
|o boi
|bovo
|牛(ngau4)
|-
|
|oyster
|
|une huitre
|محار
|la ostra <player>oyster-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'ostrica(f)
|die Auster
|istiridye
|ostryga
|устрица
|牡蛎/牡蠣(mǔlì)
|牡蠣（かき）
|osztriga
|굴
|a ostra
|ostro
|蚵(hou4)，蠔(hou4)
|-
|
|panda
|
|un panda
|الباندا
|el panda <player>panda-spanish.mp3</player>
|il panda
|der Panda
|panda
|panda
|панда
|熊猫/熊貓(xióngmāo)
|パンダ
|panda
|팬더
|o panda
|pando
|熊貓(hung4 maau1)
|-
|
|panther
|
|une panthère
|النمر
|la pantera <player>panther-spanish.mp3</player>
|la pantera
|der Panther
|panter
|pantera
|пантера
|黑豹(hēibào)
|黒ヒョウ（くろひょう）
|párduc
|표범
|a pantera
|pantero
|豹(paau3)
|-
|
|parrot
|
|un perroquet
|ببغاء
|el loro <player>parrot-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pappagallo
|der Papagei
|papağan
|papuga
|попугай
|鹦鹉/鸚鵡(yīngwǔ)
|鸚鵡（おうむ）
|papagáj
|앵무새
|o papagaio
|papago
|鸚鵡(jing1 mou5)
|-
|
|partridge
|
|une perdrix
|الحجل
|la perdiz <player>partridge-spanish.mp3</player>
|la pernice
|das Rebhuhn
|keklik
|kuropatwa
|куропатка
|鹧鸪/鷓鴣(zhègū)
|ヤマウズラ（山鶉）
|fogoly madár
|자고(鷓鴣)
|a perdiz
|perdriko
|鷓鴣(ze3 gu1)
|-
|
|peacock
|
|un paon
|الطاووس
|el pavo real <player>peacock-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pavone
|der Pfau
|tavuskuşu
|paw
|павлин
|孔雀(kǒngquè)
|孔雀（くじゃく）
|páva
|공작(孔雀)
|o pavão
|pavo
|孔雀(hung2 zoek3)
|-
|
|pelican
|
|un pélican
|البجع
|el pelícano <player>pelican-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pellicano
|der Pelikan
|pelikan
|pelikan
|пеликан
|鹈鹕/鵜鶘(tíhú)
|ペリカン
|pelikán
|펠리컨
|o pelicano
|pelikano
|鵜鶘(tai4 wu4)
|-
|
|penguin
|
|un manchot
|البطريق
|el pingüino <player>penguin-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pinguino
|der Pinguin
|penguen
|pingwin
|пингвин
|企鹅/企鵝(qǐ'é)
|ペンギン
|pingvin
|펭귄
|o pinguim
|pingveno
|企鵝(kei5 ngo4*2)
|-
|
|perch
|
|une perche
|جثم
|el perca <player>perch-spanish.mp3</player>
|il persico
|die Barsch
|levrek
|okoń
|окунь
|河鲈/河鱸(hélú)
|鱸（すずき）
|sügér
|닭의홰
|a poleiro
|perko
|鱸魚(lou4 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|pheasant
|
|un faisan
|التدرج
|el faisán <player>pheasant-spanish.mp3</player>
|il fagiano
|der Fasan
|sülün
|bażant
|фазан
|野鸡/野雞(yějī)
|雉（きじ）
|fácán
|꿩
|o faisão
|fazanedo
|雉雞(zi6 gai1)，野雞(je5 gai1)
|-
|
|pig
|
|un porc,
un cochon
|خنزير
|el cerdo <player>pig-spanish.mp3</player>
|il maiale
|das Schwein
|domuz
|świnia
|свинья
|猪/豬(zhū)
|豚（ぶた）
|malac
|돼지
|o porco
|porko
|豬(zyu1)
|-
|
|pigeon
|
|un pigeon
|حمامة
|la paloma <player>dove-spanish.mp3</player>
|il piccione
|die Taube
|güvercin
|gołąb
|голубь
|鸽子/鴿子(gēzi)
|鳩（はと）
|galamb
|비둘기
|o pombo
|kolombo
|白鴿(baak6 gap3)口，鴿子
gap3 zi2)書
|-
|
|piglet
|
|un porcelet
|خنزير صغير
|el cochinillo <player>piglet-spanish.mp3</player>
|il maialino
|das Ferkel
|yavru domuz
|prosiaczek
|поросенок
|小猪/小豬(xiǎo zhū)
|子豚（こぶた）
|kismalac
|새끼 돼지
|o leitão
|porkido
|乳豬(jyu5 zyu1)，豬仔(zyu1 zai2)
|-
|
|pike
|
|un brochet
|رمح
|el lucio <player>pike-spanish.mp3</player>
|il luccio
|der Hecht
|turna balığı
|szczupak
|щука
|梭鱼/梭魚(suōyú)
|カワカマス（川魳）、秋刀魚（さんま）
|csuka
|꼬치
|o pique
|ezoko
|梭魚(so1 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|platypus
|
|un ornithorynque
|خلد الماء
|el ornitorrinco <player>platypus-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'ornitorinco(m)
|das Schnabeltier
|ornitorenk
|dziobak
|утконос
|鸭嘴兽/鴨嘴獸(yāzuǐshòu)
|カモノハシ（鴨の嘴）
|kacsacsőrű emlős
|오리너구리
|o ornitorrinco
|ornitorinko
|鴨嘴獸(aap3 zeoi2 sau3)
|-
|
|polar bear
|
|un ours polaire
|الدب القطبي
|el oso polar <player>polarbear-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'orso polare(m)
|der Polarbär
|kutup ayısı
|miś polarny
|белый медведь
|北极熊/北極熊(běijíxióng)
|北極熊（ほっきょくぐま）、白熊（しろくま）
|jegesmedve
|흰곰(白-), 북극곰(北極-)
|o urso polar
|polusa urso
|北極熊(bak1 gik6 hung4)
|-
|
|pony
|
|un poney
|مهر
|el Pony <player>pony-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pony
|das Pony
|midilli
|kucyk
|пони
|小马/小馬(xiǎo mǎ)
|ポニー、子馬（こま）
|póniló
|조랑말
|o pônei
|ĉevaleto
|小馬(siu2 maa5)
|-
|
|puppy
|
|un chiot
|جرو
|el cachorro <player>puppy-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cucciolo
|der Welpe
|enik
|szczeniak
|щенок
|小狗(xiǎo gǒu)
|子犬（こいぬ）
|kölyökkutya
|강아지
|o cachorro
|hundido
|狗仔(gau2 zai2)，小狗(siu2 gau2)
|-
|
|quail
|
|une caille
|طائر السمان
|la codorniz <player>quail-spanish.mp3</player>
|la quaglia
|die Wachtel
|bıldırcın
|przepiórka
|перепел
|鹌鹑/鵪鶉(ānchún)
|鶉（うずら）
|fürj
|메추라기
|a codorniz
|koturno
|鵪鶉(am1 ceon1)
|-
|
|rabbit
|
|un lapin
|أرنب
|el conejo <player>rabbit-spanish.mp3</player>
|il coniglio
|das
Kaninchen
|tavşan
|królik
|кролик
|兔子(tùzi)
|兎（うさぎ）
|nyúl
|토끼
|o coelho
|kuniklo
|兔子(tou3 zi2)，兔仔(tou3 zai2)口
|-
|
|raccoon
|
|un raton laveur
|الراكون
|el mapache <player>raccoon-spanish.mp3</player>
|il procione
|der Waschbär
|rakun
|szop
|енот
|浣熊(huànxióng/wǎnxióng)
|ラクーン、アライグマ（洗熊、浣熊）
|mosómedve
|너구리
|o raccoon
|lavurso
|浣熊(wun5 hung4)
|-
|
|rat
|
|un rat
|فأر
|la rata <player>rat-spanish.mp3</player>
|il ratto
|die Ratte
|sıçan
|szczur
|крыса
|大鼠(dà shǔ)
|鼠（ねずみ）、ラット
|patkány
|쥐
|o rato
|rato
|鼠(syu2)
|-
|
|raven
|
|un corbeau
|غراب أسود
|el cuervo <player>raven-spanish.mp3</player>
|il corvo
|der Rabe
|kuzgun
|kruk
|ворон
|渡鸦/渡鴉(dùyā)
|烏、鴉
（からす）
|holló
|갈가마귀
|o corvo
|korako
|烏鴉(wu1 aa1)
|-
|
|rhinoceros
|
|un rhinocéros
|وحيد القرن
|el rinoceronte <player>rhino-spanish.mp3</player>
|il rinoceronte
|das Nashorn
|gergedan
|nosorożec
|носорог
|犀牛(xīniú)
|犀（さい）
|orrszarvú
|코뿔소
|o rinoceronte
|rinocero
|犀牛(sai1 ngau4)
|-
|
|robin
|
|un rouge-gorge
|روبن
|el petirrojo <player>robin-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pettirosso
|das Rotkehlchen
|kızılgerdan
|rudzik
|малиновка
|知更鸟/知更鳥(zhīgēngniǎo)
|ヨーロッパコマドリ（ヨーロッパ駒鳥）
|vörösbegy
|유럽울새
|o pisco de peito vermelho
|rubekolo
|知更鳥(zi1 gang1 niu5)
|-
|
|salamander
|
|une salamandre
|السمندر
|la salamandra <player>salamander-spanish.mp3</player>
|la salamandra
|der Salamander
|salamander
|salamandra
|саламандра
|蝾螈/蠑螈(róngyuán)
|サンショウウオ（山椒魚、鯢）
|szalamandra
|도롱뇽
|a salamandra
|salamandro
|蠑螈(wing4 jyun4)
|-
|
|salmon
|
|un saumon
|سمك السالمون
|el salmón <player>salmon-spanish.mp3</player>
|il salmone
|der Lachs
|somon
|łosoś
|лосось
|鲑鱼/鮭魚(guīyú)
|鮭（さけ）
|lazac
|연어
|o salmão
|salmo
|三文魚(saam1 man4 jyu4*2)，沙門魚(saa1 mun4 jyu4*2)，鮭魚(gwai1 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|scorpion
|
|un scorpion
|برج العقرب
|el escorpión <player>scorpion-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo scorpione
|der Skorpion
|akrep
|skorpion
|скорпион
|蝎子/蠍子(xiēzi)
|蠍（さそり）
|skorpió
|투석기
|o escorpião
|skorpio
|山蝦(saan1 haa1)，蠍子(hit3 zi2)
|-
|
|seagull
|
|une mouette
|سيغول
|la gaviota <player>seagull-spanish.mp3</player>
|il gabbiano
|die Seemöwe
|martı
|mewa
|чайка
|海鸥/海鷗(hǎi'ōu)
|鴎（かもめ）
|sirály
|갈매기
|a gaivota
|mevo
|海鷗(hoi2 au1)
|-
|
|seahorse
|
|un hippocampe
|فرس البحر
|el hipocampo <player>seahorse-spanish.mp3</player>
el caballito de mar <player>seahorse2-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cavalluccio marino
|der Seepferd
|denizatı
|konik morski
|морской конек
|海马/海馬(hiǎmǎ)
|タツノオトシゴ（竜の落とし子）
|csikóhal
|해마(海馬)
|o cavalo marinho
|hipocampo
|海馬(hoi2 maa5)
|-
|
|seal
|
|un phoque
|اغلاق محكم
|la foca <player>seal-spanish.mp3</player>
|la foca
|der Seehund
|fok
|foka
|нерпа
|海豹(hǎibào)
|海豹（あざらし）
|fóka
|봉인
|a foca
|sigelo
|海豹(hoi2 paau3)
|-
|
|seashell
|
|un coquillage
|صدف
|la concha marina <player>seashell-spanish.mp3</player>
|la conchiglia
|das
Seemuschel
|deniz kabuğu
|muszla
|морская ракушка
|贝壳/貝殼(bèiké)
|貝殻（かいがら）
|kagyló
|조개
|a concha
|konko
|貝殼(bui3 hok3)
|-
|
|sea bream
|
|une dorade
|البحر بريام
|el dorado <player>seabream-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'orata(m)
|die Seebrasse
|çipura
|leszcz morski
|морской лещ
|鲷鱼/鯛魚(diāoyú)
|鯛（たい）
|tengeri keszeg
|도미
|a dorada
|bramo
|海鯛(hoi2 diu1)
|-
|
|shark
|
|un requin
|قرش
|el tiburón <player>shark-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo squalo
|der Hai
|köpek balığı
|rekin
|акула
|鲨鱼/鯊魚(shāyú)
|鮫（さめ）
|cápa
|상어
|o tubarão
|ŝarko
|鯊魚(saa1 jyu4)
|-
|
|sheep
|
|un mouton
une brebis
|خروف
|la oveja <player>sheep-spanish.mp3</player>
|la pecora
|das Schaf
|koyun
|owca
|овца
|绵羊/綿羊(miányáng)
|羊（ひつじ）
|juh
|양(羊)
|as ovelhas
|ŝafo
|綿羊(min4 joeng4)
|-
|
|shrimp
|
|une crevette
|جمبري
|el langostino <player>shrimp-spanish.mp3</player>
|il gamberetto
|die Krabbe
|karides
|krewetka
|креветка
|虾/蝦(xiā)
|海老、蝦
（えび）
|garnélarák
|새우
|o camarão
|salikoko
|蝦(haa1)
|-
|
|silkworm
|
|un ver à soie
|دودة القز
|el gusano de la seda <player>silkworm-spanish.mp3</player>
|il baco da seta
|der Seidenraupen
|ipek böceği
|jedwabnik
|тутовый шелкопряд
|蚕/蠶(cán)
|蚕（かいこ）
|selyemhernyó
|누에
|o bicho-da-seda
|silkraŭpo
|蠶(caam4)
|-
|
|slug
|
|une limace
|سبيكة
|la babosa <player>slug-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lumaca
|die Schnecke
|sümüklü böcek
|ślimak
|слизень
|蛞蝓(kuòyú)
|蛞蝓（なめくじ）
|meztelen csiga
|강타
|a lesma
|limako, heliko
|蜒蚰(jin4 jau4)
|-
|
|snail
|
|un escargot
|حلزون
|el caracol <player>snail-spanish.mp3</player>
|la lumaca
|die Schnecke
|salyangoz
|ślimak
|улитка
|蜗牛/蝸牛(wōniú)
|蝸牛（かたつむり）
|csiga
|달팽이
|o caracol
|limako
|蝸牛(wo1 ngau4)
|-
|
|snake
|
|un serpent
|ثعبان
|la serpienete <player>snake-spanish.mp3</player>
|il serpente
|die Natter
|yılan
|wąż
|змея
|蛇(shé)
|蛇（へび）
|kígyó
|뱀
|a cobra
|serpento
|蛇(se4)
|-
|
|sow
|
|une truie
|خنزيرة
|la cerda <player>sow-spanish.mp3</player>
|la scrofa
|die Sau
|dişi domuz
|locha
|свинья
|母猪/母豬(mǔzhū)
|雌豚（めぶた）
|koca
|암퇘지
|a porca
|porkino
|母豬(mou5 zyu1)，豬乸(zyu1 naa2)口
|-
|
|sparrow
|
|un moineau
|عصفور
|el gorrión <player>sparrow-spanish.mp3</player>
|il passero
|der Spatz
|serçe
|wróbel
|воробей
|麻雀(máquè)
|雀（すずめ）
|veréb
|참새
|o pardal
|pasero
|麻雀(maa4 zoek3*2)
|-
|
|spider
|
|une araignée
|العنكبوت
|la araña <player>spider-spanish.mp3</player>
|il ragno
|die Spinne
|örümcek
|pająk
|паук
|蜘蛛(zhīzhū)
|蜘蛛（くも）
|pók
|거미
|a aranha
|araneo
|蜘蛛(zi1 zyu1)，蠄蟧(kam4 lou4)口
|-
|
|squid
|
|un calmar
|حبار
|el calamar <player>squid-spanish.mp3</player>
|il calamaro
|der Kalmar
|mürekkep balığı
|kałamarnica
|кальмар
|乌贼/烏賊(wūzéi)
|烏賊（いか）
|tintahal
|오징어
|a lula
|kalmaro
|魷魚(jau4 jyu4*2)，蘇冬(so3 dong1)口
|-
|
|squirrel
|
|un écureuil
|السنجاب
|la ardilla <player>squirrel-spanish.mp3</player>
|lo scoiattolo
|das
Eichhörnchen
|sincap
|wiewiórka
|белка
|松鼠(sōngshǔ)
|栗鼠（りす）
|mókus
|다람쥐
|o esquilo
|sciuro
|松鼠(cung4 syu2)，栗鼠(leot6 syu2)
|-
|
|starfish
|
|une étoile de mer
|نجم البحر
|la estrella de mar <player>starfish-spanish.mp3</player>
|la stella di mare
|die Seesterne
|denizyıldızı
|rozgwiazda
|морская звезда
|海星(hǎixīng)
|海星（ひとで）
|tengeri csillag
|불가사리
|a estrela do mar
|stelo de maro
|海星(hoi2 sing1)
|-
|
|stingray
|
|une pastenague
|اللدغة
|la mantarraya <player>stingray-spanish.mp3</player>
|la razza
|der Stachelrochen
|dikenli vatoz
|płaszczka
|морской скат
|黄貂鱼/黃貂魚(huángdiāoyú)
|アカエイ（赤鱏、赤鱝）
|rája
|가오리
|a arraia
|rajo
|黃貂魚(wong4 diu1 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|stork
|
|une cigogne
|طائر اللقلق
|la cigüeña <player>stork-spanish.mp3</player>
|la cicogna
|der Storch
|leylek
|bocian
|аист
|鹳/鸛(guàn)
|鸛（こうのとり）
|gólya
|황새
|a cegonha
|cikonio
|鸛(gun3)
|-
|
|swallow
|
|une hirondelle
|سنونو
|la golondrina <player>swallow-spanish.mp3</player>
|la rondine
|die
Rauchschwalbe
|kırlangıç
|jaskółka
|ласточка
|燕子(yànzi)
|燕（つばめ）
|fecske
|참새
|a andorinha
|hirundo
|燕子(jin3 zi2)
|-
|
|swan
|
|un cygne
|سوان
|el cisne <player>swan-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cigno
|der Schwan
|kuğu
|łabędź
|лебедь
|天鹅/天鵝(tiān'é)
|白鳥（はくちょう）
|hattyú
|백조(白鳥)
|o cisne
|cigno
|天鵝(tin1 ngo4)
|-
|
|swordfish
|
|un espadon
|سمك أبو سيف
|el pez espada <player>swordfish-spanish.mp3</player>
|il pesce spada
|der
Schwertfisch
|kılıç balığı
|miecznik
|рыба-меч
|旗鱼/旗魚(qíyú)，剑鱼/劍魚(jiànyú)
|メカジキ（目梶木、眼梶木）
|kardhal
|황새치
|o peixe-espada
|spadofiŝo
|劍魚(gim3 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|tadpole
|
|un têtard
|الشرغوف
|el renacuajo <player>tadpole-spanish.mp3</player>
|il girino
|der Kaulquappe
|iribaş
|kijanka
|головастик
|蝌蚪(kēdǒu)
|オタマジャクシ（御玉杓子）
|ebihal
|올챙이
|o girino
|renacuajo
|蝌蚪(fo1 dau2)
|-
|
|termite
|
|une termite
|النمل الأبيض
|la termita <player>termite-spanish.mp3</player>
|la termite
|die Termite
|termit
|termit
|термит
|白蚁/白蟻(báiyǐ)
|白蟻（しろあり）
|termesz
|흰개미
|o cupim
|termito
|白蟻(baak6 ngai5)
|-
|
|thrush
|
|une grive
|مرض القلاع
|el tordo <player>thrush-spanish.mp3</player>
|il tordo
|die Drossel
|ardıç
|drozd
|молочница
|画眉/畫眉(huàméi)
|鶫（つぐみ）
|rigó
|아구창
|o sapinho
|turdo
|畫眉(waa6 mei4*2)
|-
|
|tiger
|
|un tigre
une tigresse
|نمر
|el tigre <player>tiger-spanish.mp3</player>
|la tigre
|der Tiger
|kaplan
|tygrys
|тигр
|老虎(lǎohǔ)
|虎（とら）
|tigris
|호랑이
|o tigre
|tigro
|老虎(lou5 fu2)
|-
|
|toad
|
|un crapaud
|العلجوم
|el sapo <player>toad-spanish.mp3</player>
|il rospo
|die Kröte
|kara kurbağası
|ropucha
|жаба
|蟾蜍(chánchú)
|蟇蛙（ひきがえる）
|varangy
|두꺼비
|o sapo
|bufo
|蠄蟝(kam4 keoi4*2)口，蟾蜍(sim4 ceoi4)，蛤乸(gap3 naa2)口
|-
|
|tortoise
|
|une tortue
|سلحفاة
|la tortuga <player>turtle-spanish.mp3</player>
|la tartaruga
|die Schildkröte
|tosbağa
|żółw
|черепаха
|乌龟/烏龜(wūguī)
|亀（かめ）
|teknős
|남생이
|a tartaruga
|testudo
|烏龜(wu1 gwai1)
|-
|
|trout
|
|une truite
|سمك السلمون المرقط
|la trucha <player>trout-spanish.mp3</player>
|la trota
|die Forelle
|alabalık
|pstrąg
|форель
|鳟鱼/鱒魚(zūnyú)
|鱒（ます）
|pisztráng
|송어
|a truta
|truto
|鱒魚(zyun1 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|tuna
|
|un thon
|تونة
|el atún <player>tuna-spanish.mp3</player>
|il tonno
|der Thunfisch
|ton balığı
|tuńczyk
|тунец
|金枪鱼/金槍魚(jīnqiāngyú)
|鮪（まぐろ）
|tonhal
|참치
|o atum
|tinuso
|吞拿魚(tan1 naa4 jyu4*2)，金槍魚(gam1 coeng1 jyu4*2)，鮪魚(fui2 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|turkey
|
|un dindon,
une dinde
|ديك رومي
|el pavo <player>turkey-spanish.mp3</player>
|il tacchino
|der Truthahn
|hindi
|indyk
|индейка
|火鸡/火雞(huǒjī)
|七面鳥（しちめんちょう）
|pulyka
|터키
|o peru
|meleagro
|火雞(fo2 gai1)
|-
|
|turtle
|
|une tortue
|سلحفاة
|la tortuga <player>turtle-spanish.mp3</player>
|la tartaruga acquatica
|die
Schildkröte
|kaplumbağa
|żółw
|черепаха
|海龟/海龜(hǎiguī)
|ヌマガメ（沼亀）
|teknősbéka
|터틀
|a tartaruga marinha
|testudo
|海龜(hoi2 gwai1)
|-
|
|turtledove
|
|une tourterelle
|ترتليدوف
|la tórtola <player>turtledove-spanish.mp3</player>
|la tortora
|die Turtledove
|üveyik
|turkawka
|горлица
|斑鸠/斑鳩(bānjiū)
|キジバト（雉鳩）
|gerlice
|거북이
|as rola
|turto
|鳩(kau1/gau1)
|-
|
|viper
|
|une vipère
|الأفعى
|la víbora <player>viper-spanish.mp3</player>
|la vipera
|die Viper
|engerek
|żmija
|гадюка
|毒蛇(dúshé)
|毒蛇（どくじゃ、どくへび）
|vipera
|독사(毒蛇)
|a víbora
|vipuro
|毒蛇(duk6 se4)
|-
|
|vulture
|
|un vautour
|نسر
|el buitre <player>vulture-spanish.mp3</player>
|l'avvoltoio(m)
|der Geier
|akbaba
|sęp
|гриф
|秃鹫/禿鷲(tūjiù)
|ハゲワシ（禿鷲）
|keselyű
|독수리
|o abutre
|vulturo
|禿鷲(tuk1 zau6)
|-
|
|walrus
|
|un morse
|الفظ
|la morsa <player>walrus-spanish.mp3</player>
|il tricheco
|das Walross
|mors
|mors
|морж
|海象(hǎixiàng)
|海象（せいうち）
|rozmár
|해마(海馬)
|a morsa
|rosmaro
|海象(hoi2 zoeng6)
|-
|
|wasp
|
|une guêpe
|دبور
|la avispa <player>wasp-spanish.mp3</player>
|la vespa
|die Wespe
|eşek arısı
|osa
|оса
|胡蜂(húfēng)
|蜂（はち）
|darázs
|말벌
|a vespa
|vespo
|黃蜂(wong4 fung1)，螞蜂(maa5 fung1)書
|-
|
|weasel
|
|une belette
|ابن عرس
|la comadreja <player>weasel-spanish.mp3</player>
|la donnola
|das Wiesel
|sansar
|łasica
|ласка
|鼬鼠(yòushǔ)
|鼬（いたち）
|menyét
|족제비
|a doninha
|mustelo
|鼬鼠(jau6 syu2)
|-
|
|whale
|
|une baleine
|حوت
|la ballena <player>whale-spanish.mp3</player>
|la balena
|der Wal
|balina
|wieloryb
|кит
|鲸鱼/鯨魚(jīngyú)
|鯨（くじら）
|bálna
|고래
|a baleia
|baleno
|鯨魚(king4 jyu4*2)
|-
|
|wild boar
|
|un sanglier
|خنزير بري
|el jabalí <player>wildboar-spanish.mp3</player>
|il cinghiale
|das Wildschwein
|yaban domuzu
|dzik
|дикий кабан
|野猪/野豬(yězhū)
|猪・豬（いのしし）
|vaddisznó
|멧돼지
|o javali
|apro
|野豬(je5 zyu1)
|-
|
|wolf
|
|un loup
|الذئب
|el lobo <player>wolf-spanish.mp3</player>
|il lupo
|der Wolf
|kurt
|wilk
|волк
|狼(láng)
|狼（おおかみ）
|farkas
|늑대
|o lobo
|lupo
|狼(long4)
|-
|
|wombat
|
|un wombat
|وومبات
|el vombátido <player>wombat-spanish.mp3</player>
|il vombato
|der Wombat
|vombat
|wombat
|вомбат
|袋熊(dàixióng)
|ウォンバット
|vombat
|웜뱃
|o vombate
|vombato
|袋熊(doi6*2 hung4)
|-
|
|worm
|
|un ver
|الفيروس المتنقل
|el gusano <player>worm-spanish.mp3</player>
|il verme
|der Wurm
|kurtçuk
|robak
|червяк
|蠕虫/蠕蟲(rúchóng)
|ワーム
|féreg
|벌레
|o verme
|vermo
|蟲子(cung4 zi2)書
|-
|
|zebra
|
|un zèbre
|الحمار الوحشي
|la cebra <player>zebra-spanish.mp3</player>
|la zebra
|das Zebra
|zebra
|zebra
|зебра
|斑马/斑馬(bānmǎ)
|縞馬（しまうま）
|zebra
|얼룩말
|a zebra
|zebro
|斑馬(baan1 maa5)
|}

==References==
*English Sound files: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/ant Example]
*Spanish Sound filesː Made by [https://PolyglotClub.com/member/Sidemont Sidemont]. Please, contact hime for any question.
Animal sounds in many languages: https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Animals-sounds-in-many-languages
{{#seo:
|title=Table of animal names in many languages
|keywords=cat, dog, cow, sheep, horse, fish, english, spanish, french, german, russian, chinese
|description=This page includes many animal names translated into different languages with their pronunciation (audio file).
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/d/da/Animals-vocabulary-in-many-languages.png
}}
[[Category:Vocabulary/many-languages]]

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/What-are-the-differences-between-Ukrainian-and-Russian

2022-04-29T03:03:12Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Differences between the Ukrainian and Russian languages?</div>
[[File:what-are-the-differences-between-russian-and-ukrainian.jpg|thumb]]

In Ukraine, the two languages are spoken widely but what are the differences between those two Slavic languages?

They belong to the same linguistic family but with grammatical, phonetical, and alphabetical differences.

==History==

Russian, Ukrainian and Belarus have all three the same root language: the old Ruthenian belongs to the East Slavic languages.
From the IX - X century, these languages were separated and began to develop independently.

* The Russian nation was formed around the Kyev and Moscow regions and expanded with the growing sphere of Russian influence. That is why today, the Russian language, dominates the Eurasian continent and is an official language in international organizations and is spoken around the world, and includes many words of non-Slavic origin.

* The Ukrainian nation is more recent having formed as a result of political changes and decisions in the traditional Russian region.

Unlike the Russian which has been in touch with many cultures and has thus been influenced linguistically, Ukrainian retained more localized roots of Ruthenian, and borrowed words come mainly from other Slavic dialects.

==Differences==
Foreign students who come to study in Ukraine say that Ukrainian is much closer to European languages. One can find in Ukrainian many words borrowed from Indo-European languages which are considered "hidden words". Why hidden? Just because the Ukrainians think that these are purely Ukrainian words and do not know the origins of a particular word. For example, the Ukrainian word for "bed" is "ліжко" (pronounced like "lijko") comes from the French word "lit" which also means "bed". Interpreters emphasize that it is easier to make the French or English-Ukrainian translation than French or English-Russian.
Most of the time, it is not easy to really explain the difference between Ukrainian and Russian. Sometimes Ukrainian just mixed the two languages and we have been seeing the birth of a new "language" called "Surjik", an intermediate mixture between Russian and Ukrainian.

Today, the Ukrainian language is considered the official language of the country. It is taught in school, all official documents are in Ukrainian, and 95% of media disseminate information in Ukrainian.

==Examples==
===How are you?===
*'''Ukrainian:''' Як ся маєш? / Як справи?
*'''Russian:''' Как дела?

===Good night!===
*'''Ukrainian:''' Добраніч!
*'''Russian:''' Спокойной ночи!

===Mom===
*'''Ukrainian:''' Мамо!
*'''Russian:''' Мамa!
===Who are you?===
*'''Ukrainian:''' Ти хто? / Хто ти?
*'''Russian:''' Ты кто? / Кто ты?

===I am a student===
*'''Ukrainian:''' Я студент.
*'''Russian:''' Я студент.

===When is it ready?===
Please note: that all possible permutations are valid and have different context-specific meaning.
*'''Ukrainian:''' Коли буде готово? / Коли готове буде? / Готове буде коли? / Готово коли буде? / Буде коли готово?
*'''Russian:''' Когда будет готово? / Когда готово будет? / Готово будет когда? / Готово когда будет? / Будет когда готово?

==References==
http://ukrainian-journal.blogspot.fr/2013/01/la-difference-entre-lukrainien-et-le.html

http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/russian-ukrainian-differences.292214/

== Links ==
===Ukrainian Vocabulary===
http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/ukrainian.php

===Ask questions===
http://polyglotclub.com/language/ukrainian/question

http://polyglotclub.com/language/ukrainian/forum

==Videos ==
<youtube> n5Kx9MbEncg</youtube>

{{#seo:
|title=How Similiar are Ukrainian and Russian?
|keywords=slavic, culture, Surjik, Ruthenian, Ukraine
|description=Many people don't understand the differences between the Ukrainian and the Russian language.
|og:image=http://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/7/78/What-are-the-differences-between-russian-and-ukrainian.jpg
}}

Language/Romansh/Vocabulary/Verbs-in-Romansh

2022-04-29T02:38:35Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Verbs in Romansh.png|alt=Verbs in Romansh|thumb]]
Hello everybody,

In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about '''verbs''' in Romansh.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions !

Happy learning ! 😀

== '''Some Verbs in Romansh''' ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''English'''</big>
!'''<big>Portuguese</big>'''
!'''<big>Romansh</big>'''
|-
|<big>to drink</big>
|<big>beber</big>
|<big>baiver</big>
|-
|<big>to eat</big>
|<big>comer</big>
|<big>mangiar</big>
|-
|<big>to bite</big>
|<big>morder</big>
|<big>morder</big>
|-
|<big>to suck</big>
|<big>chupar</big>
|<big>schitschar</big>
|-
|<big>to spit</big>
|<big>cuspir</big>
|<big>spidar</big>
|-
|<big>to vomit</big>
|<big>vomitar</big>
|<big>render</big>
|-
|<big>to blow</big>
|<big>explodir</big>
|<big>sufflar</big>
|-
|<big>to breathe</big>
|<big>respirar</big>
|<big>respirar</big>
|-
|<big>to laugh</big>
|<big>rir</big>
|<big>rir</big>
|-
|<big>to see</big>
|<big>ver</big>
|<big>vesair</big>
|-
|<big>to hear</big>
|<big>ouvir</big>
|<big>udir</big>
|-
|<big>to know</big>
<big>something</big>
|<big>saber</big>
|<big>savair</big>
<big>insatge</big>
|-
|<big>to know</big>
<big>someone</big>
|<big>conhecer</big>
|<big>conuscher</big>
<big>insatgi</big>
|-
|<big>to think</big>
|<big>pensar</big>
|<big>pensar</big>
|-
|<big>to smell</big>
|<big>cheirar</big>
|<big>savurar</big>
|-
|<big>to fear</big>
|<big>temer</big>
|<big>temair</big>
|-
|<big>to sleep</big>
|<big>dormir</big>
|<big>durmir</big>
|-
|<big>to live</big>
|<big>viver</big>
|<big>star</big>
|-
|<big>to die</big>
|<big>morrer</big>
|<big>murir</big>
|-
|<big>to kill</big>
|<big>matar</big>
|<big>mazzar</big>
|-
|<big>to fight</big>
|<big>lutar</big>
|<big>lutgar</big>
|-
|<big>to hunt</big>
|<big>caçar</big>
|<big>chatschar</big>
|-
|<big>to hit</big>
|<big>acertar</big>
|<big>bastunar</big>
|-
|<big>to cut</big>
|<big>cortar</big>
|<big>tagliar</big>
|-
|<big>to split</big>
|<big>dividir</big>
|<big>parter</big>
|-
|<big>to dig</big>
|<big>cavar</big>
|<big>stgavar</big>
|-
|<big>to swim</big>
|<big>nadar</big>
|<big>nudar</big>
|-
|<big>to fly</big>
|<big>voar</big>
|<big>sgular</big>
|-
|<big>to walk</big>
|<big>andar</big>
|<big>chaminar</big>
|-
|<big>to come</big>
|<big>vir</big>
|<big>vegnir</big>
|-
|<big>to sit</big>
|<big>sentar</big>
|<big>seser</big>
|-
|<big>to stand</big>
|<big>ficar de pé</big>
|<big>s`auzar</big>
|-
|<big>to turn</big>
|<big>virar</big>
|<big>volver</big>
|-
|<big>to fall</big>
|<big>cair</big>
|<big>crudar</big>
|-
|<big>to give</big>
|<big>dar</big>
|<big>dar</big>
|-
|<big>to hold</big>
|<big>segurar</big>
|<big>tegnair</big>
|-
|<big>to squeeze</big>
|<big>espremer</big>
|<big>smatgar</big>
|-
|<big>to wash</big>
|<big>lavar</big>
|<big>lavar</big>
|-
|<big>to clean</big>
|<big>limpar</big>
|<big>schubregiar</big>
|-
|<big>to push</big>
|<big>empurrar</big>
|<big>smatgar</big>
|-
|<big>to throw</big>
|<big>arremessar</big>
|<big>bittar</big>
|-
|<big>to tie</big>
|<big>amarrar</big>
|<big>liar</big>
|-
|<big>to sew</big>
|<big>costurar</big>
|<big>cuser</big>
|-
|<big>to count</big>
|<big>contar</big>
|<big>dumbrar</big>
|-
|<big>to say</big>
|<big>dizer</big>
|<big>dir</big>
|-
|<big>to sing</big>
|<big>cantar</big>
|<big>chantar</big>
|-
|<big>to play</big>
|<big>jogar</big>
|<big>giugar</big>
|-
|<big>to flow</big>
|<big>fluir</big>
|<big>fluir</big>
|-
|<big>to freeze</big>
|<big>congelar</big>
|<big>schelar</big>
|-
|<big>to swell</big>
|<big>inchar</big>
|<big>unflar</big>
|}

Language/Turkish/Vocabulary/Basic-expression

2022-04-29T02:35:24Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Basic Expressions in Turkish.png|alt=Basic Expressions in Turkish|thumb]]

Hello everybody 😎

In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about basic expressions in Turkish.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions !

Happy learning! :)

== '''Basic Expressions in Turkish''' ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''English'''</big>
!'''<big>Brazilian Portugese</big>'''
!'''<big>Turkish</big>'''
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
|-
|<big>Hello</big>
|<big>Olá</big>
|<big>Merhaba</big>
|<big>mehr hah bah</big>
|-
|<big>Hi</big>
|<big>Oi</big>
|<big>Merhaba</big>
|<big>mehr hah bah</big>
|-
|<big>My name is Anna .</big>
|<big>Meu nome é Ana</big>
|<big>Benim adım Anna.</big>
|<big>beh nihm ah duhm ahn nah</big>
|-
|<big>I am Anna .</big>
|<big>Sou a Ana</big>
|<big>Ben Anna.</big>
|<big>behn ahn nah</big>
|-
|<big>How are you ? (informal)</big>
|<big>Como tá ?</big>
|<big>Nasılsın ?</big>
|<big>nah suhl suhn ?</big>
|-
|<big>How are you ? (formal)</big>
|<big>Como vai ?</big>
|<big>Nasılsınız ?</big>
|<big>nah suhl suh nuhz ?</big>
|-
|<big>Where are you ?</big>
|<big>Onde você tá ?</big>
|<big>Neredesin ?</big>
|<big>neh reh deh sihn ?</big>
|-
|<big>How are you doing ?</big>
|<big>Como vai ?</big>
|<big>N'aber ?</big>
|<big>nah behr</big>
|-
|<big>What are you doing ?</big>
|<big>O que tem feito ?</big>
|<big>Ne yapıyorsun ?</big>
|<big>neh neh yah puh yohr soon ?</big>
|-
|<big>What are you doing here ?</big>
|<big>O que tá fazendo aqui ?</big>
|<big>Burada ne yapıyorsun ?</big>
|<big>boor dah neh yah pu yohr soon ?</big>
|-
|<big>What is your nationality ?</big>
|<big>Qual a sua nacionalidade ?</big>
|<big>Nerelisin ?</big>
|<big>neh reh lih sihn ?</big>
|-
|<big>How old are you ?</big>
|<big>Quantos anos você tem ?</big>
|<big>Kaç yaşındasın ?</big>
|<big>kaach yah suhn dah ih uhm ?</big>
|-
|<big>I am twenty years old .</big>
|<big>Tô com 20 anos</big>
|<big>Ben yirmi yaşındayım .</big>
|<big>behn eer mih yah suhn dah ih uhm</big>
|-
|<big>I am twenty .</big>
|<big>Tenho 20 anos</big>
|<big>Yirmi</big>
|<big>eer mih</big>
|-
|<big>Do you speak English ?</big>
|<big>Você fala Inglês ?</big>
|<big>İngilizce biliyor musun ?</big>
|<big>ihn gih lihz jeh bih lih yohr mou soon ?</big>
|-
|<big>Only a little bit</big>
|<big>Só um pouco</big>
|<big>Birazcık</big>
|<big>bih rahz juhk</big>
|-
|<big>Yes, I do</big>
|<big>Sim, falo</big>
|<big>Evet, Biliyorum</big>
|<big>eh veht, bih lih yoh room</big>
|-
|<big>No, I do not speak English .</big>
|<big>Não, Não falo Inglês</big>
|<big>Hayır, İngilizce bilmiyorum.</big>
|<big>hah ih uhr, ihn gih lihz jeh bih mih yoh room</big>
|-
|<big>Do you want to learn a few words ? </big>
|<big>Você quer aprender algumas palavras ?</big>
|<big>Birkaç kelime öğrenmek ister misin ?</big>
|<big>bihr kahch keh lih meh er rehn mehk ihs tehr mih sihn ?</big>
|-
|<big>Yes, sure .</big>
|<big>Sim, Claro</big>
|<big>Tabii ki .</big>
|<big>tah bee kih</big>
|-
|<big>What's this called ?</big>
|<big>Como isso é chamado ?</big>
|<big>Buna ne denir ?</big>
|<big>bou nah neh deh nihr</big>
|-
|<big>It's a window .</big>
|<big>É uma janela</big>
|<big>Bu bir pencere.</big>
|<big>bou bihr pehn jeh reh</big>
|-
|<big>Do you understand ? (informal)</big>
|<big>Tu entendeu ?</big>
|<big>Anlıyor musun ?</big>
|<big>ahn luh yohr mou soun</big>
|-
|<big>Do you understand ? (formal)</big>
|<big>Você entendeu ?</big>
|<big>Anlıyor musunuz ?</big>
|<big>ahn luh yohr mou sou nooz</big>
|-
|<big>I do not understand .</big>
|<big>Não entendi</big>
|<big>Anlamıyorum .</big>
|<big>ahn lah muh yoh room</big>
|-
|<big>I get it .</big>
|<big>Capitei</big>
|<big>Anlıyorum</big>
|<big>ahn luh yoh room</big>
|-
|<big>Can you repeat please ?</big>
|<big>Pode repetir, por favor ?</big>
|<big>Tekrar eder misin lütfen ?</big>
|<big>teh krahr eh dehr mih sihn lewt fehn</big>
|-
|<big>Can you talk a bit more slowly, please ?</big>
|<big>Você pode falar um pouco mais devagar, por favor ?</big>
|<big>Biraz daha yavaş konuşur musun, lütfen ?</big>
|<big>bih rahz dah hah yah vahsh koh nou shoor mou soun, lewt fehn</big>
|-
|<big>Could you write it down, please ?</big>
|<big>Você pode escrever, por favor ?</big>
|<big>Yazabilir misin, lütfen ?</big>
|<big>yah zah bih lihr mih sihn, lewht fehn</big>
|}

Language/Cherokee/Vocabulary/Days-of-the-Week

2022-04-29T02:30:35Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">"Days of the Week" Vocabulary in Cherokee</div>
[[File:Cherokee-language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]

➡ In today's lesson you will learn some useful words related to "the Days of the Week" in the Cherokee language.

Happy learning!

== days of the week ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ)'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''English'''
|-
|ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎢ
|unadodaquonvi
|Monday
|-
|ᏔᎵᏁᎢᎦ
|talineiga
|Tuesday
|-
|ᏦᎢᏁᎢᎦ
|tsoineiga
|Wednesday
|-
|ᏅᎩᏁᎢᎦ
|nvgineiga
|Thursday
|-
|ᏧᏅᎩᎶᏍᏗ
|tsunvgilosdi
|Friday
|-
|ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ
|unadodaquidena
|Saturday
|-
|ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬᎢ
|unadodaquasgvi
|Sunday
|}

Language/American-sign-language/Tips/My-Experience

2022-04-29T02:27:59Z

PabloWang:

[[File:american-sign-language-alphabet.png|thumb]]

How is Sign Language useful?

Disclaimer: In this article, I will be using my personal experiences.

During my first two years of High School, I took American Sign Language as my second language. I was able to learn the language at a faster pace than my friends because I studied a lot on my own time. When using Sign Language to communicate, there are no words being actively thought when performing at a higher level. The only thing that is presented is meaning. When signing the word "Mountain", you display the meaning just like any other language would do. Except, there is no active voice. This is why Sign Language is different from all spoken languages.

After finishing my second year, I was going to start my third year in a college class. Unfortunately, I moved to a different school that did not offer Sign Language classes. I still continued to study sign language and interact with the Deaf community. But, I started to make different friends which influenced me to learn another language. German was not my first choice for a third language, but I didn't have the resources to learn the other languages. My first week of learning German was hard. I tried applying it to my daily life, I used spiral index cards, and I had to move again... away from my friends that I just made. I didn't want to give up learning the language. I did not know how to enhance my learning until I remembered that I knew Sign Language.

I took a different approach to learn a language and it worked. Every time I said the word "Frau" (meaning woman), I would sign the word in ASL.

I was giving a voice to my non-voice language. This is what I needed to break through the learning barrier that I had. Within 4 weeks of learning German, my vocabulary expanded a great amount.

After a week of studying grammar and learning the cases, I was able to write in German as well as speak it. Learning Sign Language is simple and fun. I highly recommend anyone to learn it. Applying my second language to my third is what let me excel.

==Author==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/LucidSleeper LucidSleeper]

{{#seo:
|title=American Sign Language: my experience
|keywords=sign language, American, class, course, study, work, voice
|description=I took American Sign Language as my second language to interact with the Deaf community.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/f/f2/American-sign-language-alphabet.png
}}

[[Category:Sign-Language/Beginner]]

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/The-Polyglot-Club-Team

2022-04-21T06:50:43Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">The Polyglot Club Team</div>
[[File:logo_orange_transparent.png|thumb]]
{{Multiple-languages-flag}}

This page lists the main people who have contributed to the development of the community over the years.
* This page is under construction.
* If you are not listed, please add yourself 😉 (we'll check if you are a valid contributor of course)
* If you are on the list, please complete with a small paragraph (if you want).
==Founders==
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Vincent Vincent]===
Webmaster. Developer. Manager.
<blockquote>Vincent Scheidecker, IT engineer, brings his expertise in computer systems, web development, and community management. He has 10 years of professional experience as an engineer with a multinational food company and as an officer for the Ministry of Agriculture. Vincent Sheidecker has been building the PolyglotClub.com website since 2003.</blockquote>

===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Pat Pat]===
Manager (Paris).
<blockquote>Patrick Rousseau has many specialty degrees and wrote a doctoral thesis on the topic of communications, languages, and cultural exchanges. In addition, he has international academic training and extensive experience in the field of foreign language education. Patrick Rousseau has been developing PolyglotClub offline services since 2005.</blockquote>

==Main Online Contributors==
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]===
Wiki Lessons. Web development.
<blockquote>Usually being called ‘Grim’, GrimPixel has been contributing to the Wiki section since 2017.</blockquote>
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Marianth Marianth]===
Greek Wiki Lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/AussieInBg AussieInBg]===
English Questions and Corrections. Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/exRanger exRanger]===
English Questions and Corrections. Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Mastavaya Mastavaya]===
Wiki Lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Rua Rua]===
French Questions and Corrections. Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/catthefroggie catthefroggie]===
French Questions and Corrections.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/nmesomtoChukwu nmesomtoChukwu]===
Wiki lessons. Web development.
[to be completed]

===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Doval Doval]===
English Translations & Corrections.
[to be completed]

===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/sergio sergio]===
Mibbit Chat Room Development.
[to be completed]

===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/About_Blank About_Blank]===
French Questions and Corrections. Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/alecoiba alecoiba]===
Spanish Questions. Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Iamfran Iamfran]===
Spanish Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/BriceJ BriceJ]===
Japanese Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/AlvaroM AlvaroM]===
Spanish Corrections.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Mostafa2220 Mostafa2220]===
Arabic Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/tansawt_im tansawt_im]===
Kabyle Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/rachid04 rachid04]===
Wiki lessons.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/genzaimu genzaimu]===
English corrections.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Ianglish Ianglish]===
Finnish translations.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Duc_ Duc_]===
German corrections.
[to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/Kalev Kalev]===
Hungarian translations. Events in Hungary.
[to be completed]

==Main Offline Contributors==
===Donal===
In charge of all the events in Aix-en-Provence. [to be completed]
===Lotfi===
In charge of all the events in Marseille.
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/BriceJ BriceJ]===
In charge of Tuesday event in Paris. [to be completed]
===Jean-Noel===
In charge of Monday event in Paris.
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/bezzaf bezzaf]===
Events in Algeria. [to be completed]
===[https://polyglotclub.com/member/AssESSoR AssESSoR]===
Administrator Russia. Events in Moscow. [to be completed]

Language/Standard-arabic/Vocabulary/Colors

2022-04-21T06:25:15Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Arabic-Language-Colors-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Arabic-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:200%;">Colors in Arabic Language |

الألوان في اللغة العربية | el alwan fi logha el arabiya</div>

----

Hello Everyone | مرحبا جميعاً 😊

Here are some colors in Arabic and the way you can pronounce them | هنا بعض الألوان بالغة العربية وكيفية نطقها.

Hope this will help you with your Learning | أتمنى أن يفيدكم هذا في تعلمكم

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Appearance
!English
!Arabic Pronounciation
!Arabic Writing
!Audio
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#000000;" |
| Black
|aswad
|أسود
|<player>ar-polyglot_black.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#0000ff;" |
|Blue
|azraq
|أزرق
|<player>ar-polyglot_blue.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#a52a2a;" |
|Brown
|bunniy
|بني
|<player>ar-polyglot_brown.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#008000;" |
|Green
|akhdar
|أخضر
|<player>ar-polyglot_green.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#8A8A7B;" |
| Grey
|ramadiy
|رمادي
|<player>ar-polyglot_grey.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#ff8c00;" |
| Orange
|burtu-qaaliy
|برتقالي
|<player>ar-polyglot_orange.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#ff1493;" |
|Pink
|wardiy
|زهري-وردي
|<player>ar-polyglot_pink.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#ff0000;" |
|Red
|ahmar
|أحمر
|<player>ar-polyglot_red.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#fff;" |
|White
|abyad
|أبيض
|<player>ar-polyglot_white.mp3</player>
|-
| scope="col" style="background:#ffff00;" |
|Yellow
|asfar
|أصفر
|<player>ar-polyglot_yellow.mp3</player>
|}

==VIDEOS==
<youtube>WOl9J9453OI</youtube>

<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkLhXZeiKw4</youtube>

{{#seo:
|title=Colors vocabulary in Arabic
|keywords=yellow, green, red, black, white, brown
|description=Here is how to write and pronounce the different colors in Arabic.
|og:image=http://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/f/ff/Arabic-colors-vocabulary.jpg
}}

[[Category: Arabic/Beginner]]

Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings

2022-04-21T06:20:08Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">🤗 '''Hebrew''' Greetings for Everyday Life</div>
[[File:greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png|thumb]]
[[File:Hebrew-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
שָׁלוֹם Hebrew Learners! 😃

Do you want to learn how to say “Hello” in '''Hebrew'''?

Greetings are an important part of any language because they allow you to connect and communicate with others.

If you’re planning a trip to the country or are trying to learn Hebrew, keep reading to discover some of the most important greetings.

Let’s get started! 🤗

__TOC__
==Greetings==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Pronouciation'''
!'''עִבְרִית (Hebrew)'''
|-

|Hello (Peace)
|shalom
|שָׁלוֹם
|-

|Peace be upon you
|shalom aleichem
|שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם
|-

|Good morning
|boker tov
|בֹּקֶר טוֹב
|-

|Good morning (reply to בֹּקֶר טוֹב)
|boker or
|בּוֹקֵר אוֹר
|-

|Good afternoon
|tzohora'im tovim
|אַחַר צָהֳרַיִם טוֹבִים
|-

|Good evening
|erev tov
|עֶרֶב טוֹב
|-

|Good night
|laila tov
|לַיְלָה טוֹב
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a man)
|ma shlomcha
|מַה שְלוֹמְךָ
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a woman)
|ma shlomech
|מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a group of men)
|ma shlomechem
|מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a group of women)
|ma shlomechen
|מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן
|-

|What about you?
|ma shlomcha
|מַה איתך
|-

|How are you? (informal)
|ma nishma
|מַה נִשְמַע
|-

|How are you? (very informal, usually used in Tel Aviv)
|ma nish
|מה ניש
|-

|I'm fine, thank you (reply to מַה שְלוֹמְךָ, מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן, מַה נִשְמַע)
|tov toda
|טוב, תודה
|-

|What's going on? (use as "How are you?")
|ma kore
|מַה קוֹרֶה
|-

|How's it going? (use as "How are you?")
|eikh holekh
|אֵיך הוֹלֵך
|-

|What is the situation now? (use as "How are you?")
|ma hamatzav
|מָה הַמַּצָּב
|-

|Welcome (spoken to a group of people)
|baruchim haba'im
|ברוכים הבאים
|-

|Welcome (spoken to one person)
|baruch haba
|בָּרוּך הַבָּא
|-
| What's new?
|ma nishma
|מַה נִשְׁמָע
|-
|Nothing new (reply to מַה נִשְׁמָע)
|en chadash
|אֵין חָדָשׁ
|-
|OK (reply to מַה שְלוֹמְךָ, מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן, מַה נִשְמַע)
|beseder
|בְּסֵדֶר
|-
|Well (reply to מַה שְלוֹמְךָ, מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן, מַה נִשְמַע)
|tov
|טוֹב
|-
|So-so
|kacha kacha
|כָּכָה , כָּכָה
|-
|No problem
|en be'aia
|אֵין בְּעָיָה
|-
| How old are you?
|ben kama ata
|בֵּן כַּמָה אַתָה
|-
|What's your name?
|ma shimcha shmech
|מַה שִׁמְךָ שְׁמֵךְ
|-
|My name is ...
|shmi
| ...שְׁמִי
|-
|I am...
|ani
|...אני
|-
|Gentleman
|ado
|אָדוֹ
|-
|Sir
|adoni
|אָדוֹנִי
|-
|Madam
|gveret
|גְבֶרֶת
|-
|Lady
|gvirti
|גבִירתִי
|-
|Mistress
|marat
|מָרַת
|-
|Nice to meet you
|na'im leha
|נעים להכיר אותך
|-
|Goodbye
|lehitra'ot
|לְהִתרָאוֹת
|-
|Bye
|lehithi
|לְהִת
|-
|Good luck (Successfully)
|behetslacha
|בהצלחה
|-
|Congratulation
|mazal tov
|מַזָל טוֹב
|-
|Please
|ana
|אנא
|-
|Thanks
|toda
|תוֹדָה
|-
|Thanks very much
|toda raba
|תוֹדָה רַבָּה
|-
|You're welcome
|bevakasha
|בבקשה
|-
|With pleasure
|besimcha
|בְּשִׂמחָה
|-
|Right
|nachon
|נָכוֹן
|-
|Yes
|ken
|כֵּן
|-
|No
|lo
|לֹא
|-
|I don't understand
|ani lo mevin mevina
|אֲנִי לֹא מְבִין מְבִינָה
|-
|Don't...
|al
|... אַל
|-
|Sorry
|mitstaer
|מִצטַעֵר
|-
|Excuse me (forgive me)
|salach li
|סלח לי
|}

==Videos==
===Hebrew Lesson - Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8KuFkDDKzo</youtube>
===Learn Hebrew - How to Greet People in Hebrew===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAEc3q7af4k</youtube>
===10 Ways to Say Hello in Hebrew===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-O2k5KZcjU</youtube>
=== Ask a Hebrew Teacher - Hebrew's Unique Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgryBkVL_6U</youtube>

==Sources==
*http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/
*http://lang.hebraic.free.fr/index_uk.php
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8KuFkDDKzo
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAEc3q7af4k
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-O2k5KZcjU
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgryBkVL_6U

==Free Hebrew Lessons==
*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''
==Language Exchange==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=53 Find members TEACHING Hebrew]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=53 Find members LEARNING Hebrew]'''
==Forum==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/forum SHARE ideas about Hebrew]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/question Ask a QUESTION about Hebrew]'''
==Tools==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/note Have your text CORRECTED in Hebrew]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/video VIDEOS to learn Hebrew]'''
==Marketplace==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=53 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Hebrew]'''

{{#seo:
|title=🤗 Say Hello and Greetings in Hebrew
|keywords=hello, how are you?, where are you from?, evening, afternoon, morning, night, thank you, welcome.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the most important Hebrew greetings you need to know. How to say hello, how are you, good morning etc.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/6/67/Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png/450px-Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png
}}

[[Category:Hebrew/Beginner]]

[[Category:Greetings]]

[[Category:Say-Hello]]

[[Category:Jennifers]]

Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings

2022-04-21T06:19:05Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">🤗 '''Hebrew''' Greetings for Everyday Life</div>
[[File:greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png|thumb]]
[[File:Hebrew-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
שָׁלוֹם Hebrew Learners! 😃

Do you want to learn how to say “Hello” in '''Hebrew'''?

Greetings are an important part of any language because they allow you to connect and communicate with others.

If you’re planning a trip to the country or are trying to learn Hebrew, keep reading to discover some of the most important greetings.

Let’s get started! 🤗

__TOC__
==Greetings==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Pronouciation'''
!'''עִבְרִית (Hebrew)'''
|-

|Hello (Peace)
|shalom
|שָׁלוֹם
|-

|Peace be upon you
|shalom aleichem
|שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם
|-

|Good morning
|boker tov
|בֹּקֶר טוֹב
|-

|Good morning (reply to בֹּקֶר טוֹב)
|boker or
|בּוֹקֵר אוֹר
|-

|Good afternoon
|tzohora'im tovim
|אַחַר צָהֳרַיִם טוֹבִים
|-

|Good evening
|erev tov
|עֶרֶב טוֹב
|-

|Good night
|laila tov
|לַיְלָה טוֹב
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a man)
|ma shlomcha
|מַה שְלוֹמְךָ
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a woman)
|ma shlomech
|מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a group of men)
|ma shlomechem
|מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם
|-

|How are you? (spoken to a group of women)
|ma shlomechen
|מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן
|-

|What about you?
|ma shlomcha
|מַה איתך
|-

|How are you? (informal)
|ma nishma
|מַה נִשְמַע
|-

|How are you? (very informal, usually used in Tel Aviv)
|ma nish
|מה ניש
|-

|I'm fine, thank you (reply to מַה שְלוֹמְךָ, מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן, מַה נִשְמַע)
|tov toda
|טוב, תודה
|-

|What's going on? (use as "How are you?")
|ma kore
|מַה קוֹרֶה
|-

|How's it going? (use as "How are you?")
|eikh holekh
|אֵיך הוֹלֵך
|-

|What is the situation now? (use as "How are you?")
|ma hamatzav
|מָה הַמַּצָּב
|-

|Welcome (spoken to a group of people)
|baruchim haba'im
|ברוכים הבאים
|-

|Welcome (spoken to one person)
|baruch haba
|בָּרוּך הַבָּא
|-
| What's new?
|
|מַה נִשְׁמָע
|-
|Nothing new (reply to מַה נִשְׁמָע)
|en chadash
|אֵין חָדָשׁ
|-
|OK (reply to מַה שְלוֹמְךָ, מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן, מַה נִשְמַע)
|beseder
|בְּסֵדֶר
|-
|Well (reply to מַה שְלוֹמְךָ, מַה שְלוֹמֶךְ, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶם, מַה שְלוֹמֵכֶן, מַה נִשְמַע)
|tov
|טוֹב
|-
|So-so
|kacha kacha
|כָּכָה , כָּכָה
|-
|No problem
|en be'aia
|אֵין בְּעָיָה
|-
| How old are you?
|ben kama ata
|בֵּן כַּמָה אַתָה
|-
|What's your name?
|ma shimcha shmech
|מַה שִׁמְךָ שְׁמֵךְ
|-
|My name is ...
|shmi
| ...שְׁמִי
|-
|I am...
|ani
|...אני
|-
|Gentleman
|ado
|אָדוֹ
|-
|Sir
|adoni
|אָדוֹנִי
|-
|Madam
|gveret
|גְבֶרֶת
|-
|Lady
|gvirti
|גבִירתִי
|-
|Mistress
|marat
|מָרַת
|-
|Nice to meet you
|na'im leha
|נעים להכיר אותך
|-
|Goodbye
|lehitra'ot
|לְהִתרָאוֹת
|-
|Bye
|lehithi
|לְהִת
|-
|Good luck (Successfully)
|behetslacha
|בהצלחה
|-
|Congratulation
|mazal tov
|מַזָל טוֹב
|-
|Please
|ana
|אנא
|-
|Thanks
|toda
|תוֹדָה
|-
|Thanks very much
|toda raba
|תוֹדָה רַבָּה
|-
|You're welcome
|bevakasha
|בבקשה
|-
|With pleasure
|besimcha
|בְּשִׂמחָה
|-
|Right
|nachon
|נָכוֹן
|-
|Yes
|ken
|כֵּן
|-
|No
|lo
|לֹא
|-
|I don't understand
|ani lo mevin mevina
|אֲנִי לֹא מְבִין מְבִינָה
|-
|Don't...
|al
|... אַל
|-
|Sorry
|mitstaer
|מִצטַעֵר
|-
|Excuse me (forgive me)
|salach li
|סלח לי
|}

==Videos==
===Hebrew Lesson - Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8KuFkDDKzo</youtube>
===Learn Hebrew - How to Greet People in Hebrew===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAEc3q7af4k</youtube>
===10 Ways to Say Hello in Hebrew===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-O2k5KZcjU</youtube>
=== Ask a Hebrew Teacher - Hebrew's Unique Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgryBkVL_6U</youtube>

==Sources==
*http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/
*http://lang.hebraic.free.fr/index_uk.php
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8KuFkDDKzo
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAEc3q7af4k
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-O2k5KZcjU
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgryBkVL_6U

==Free Hebrew Lessons==
*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Hebrew/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''
==Language Exchange==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=53 Find members TEACHING Hebrew]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=53 Find members LEARNING Hebrew]'''
==Forum==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/forum SHARE ideas about Hebrew]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/question Ask a QUESTION about Hebrew]'''
==Tools==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/note Have your text CORRECTED in Hebrew]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/hebrew/video VIDEOS to learn Hebrew]'''
==Marketplace==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=53 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Hebrew]'''

{{#seo:
|title=🤗 Say Hello and Greetings in Hebrew
|keywords=hello, how are you?, where are you from?, evening, afternoon, morning, night, thank you, welcome.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the most important Hebrew greetings you need to know. How to say hello, how are you, good morning etc.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/6/67/Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png/450px-Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png
}}

[[Category:Hebrew/Beginner]]

[[Category:Greetings]]

[[Category:Say-Hello]]

[[Category:Jennifers]]

Language/Russian/Vocabulary/Bank

2022-04-21T03:20:46Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Bank in Russian.png|alt=Bank in Russian|thumb]]
[[File:Russian-Vocabulary-Bank-and-Money.jpg|thumb]]

привет everybody,

In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about '''¨BANK¨''' in Russian.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions!

Good learning! :)

==Sentences==
*подтвердить код= to validate the code
*получить деньги = to Receive the money
*забирать карту = to take the card back
*вводить карту = to insert the card
*указать сумму = to Specify the amount
*набирать секретный код = to enter a secret code
*снимать деньги из банкомата = to draw the money from cash machine
*В банке. = In the bank.
*Мне нужно пойти в банк. = I need to go the bank.

In this lesson you will find some Russian vocabulary and phrases about money and bank.

==Words==
{| class="wikitable"
!|English
!|Russian
|-
|account
|счёт
|-
|account number
|номер счёта
|-
|bank
|банк
|-
|bank count
|
счёт
|-
|bank notes
|
купюры
|-
|cash
|
наличные
|-
|cash machine
|
банкомат
|-
|check
|чек
|-
|checking account
|текущий счёт
|-
|coins
|
монеты
|-
|credit card
|
кредитная карта
|-
|currency
|
валюта
|-
|currency exchange
|
обмен валюты
|-
|deposit
|вклад
|-
|dollar
|
доллар
|-
|euro
|
евро
|-
|finances
|финансы
|-
|interest
|проценты
|-
|money
|деньги
|-
|pound
|
фунт
|-
|ruble
|
рубль
|-
|savings account
|сберегательный счёт
|-
|to pay
|
платить
|-
|to wait
|
ждать
|-
|withdrawal
|снятие со счёта
|-
|yen
|
иена
|}
==More vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!<big>'''English'''</big>
!'''<big>Pronouciation (English)</big>'''
!'''<big>Russian</big>'''
!'''<big>Pronounciation</big>'''
'''<big>(Brazilian</big>'''
'''<big>Portugese</big><big>)</big>'''
!'''<big>Brazilian</big>'''
'''<big>Portugese</big>'''
|-
|THE ACCOUNT
|''shoht''
|<big>СЧЁТ</big>
|''chôt''
|A CONTA
|-
|THE ACCOUNT
NUMBER
|''noh meer''

''shoh tah''
|<big>НОМЕР</big>

<big>СЧЁТА</big>
|''nômir''
''chôta''
|O NÚMERO

DA CONTA
|-
|THE BANK
|''bahnk''
|<big>БАНК</big>
|''bánk''
|O BANCO
|-
|THE BANK COUNT
|''bahn koh vihs kee''

''shoht''
|<big>БАНКОВСКИЙ СЧЁТ</big>
|''bankovskii chôta''
|A CONTA BANCÁRIA
|-
|THE BANK NOTES
|''kou pih ou ruh''
|<big>КУПЮРЫ</big>
|''kupíurâ''
|AS NOTAS BANCÁRIAS
|-
|THE CASH
|''nah lih chih nyeh''
|<big>НАЛИЧНЫЕ</big>
|''nalitch nie''
|O DINHEIRO
|-
|THE CASH MACHINE
|''bahn koh maht''
|<big>БАНКОМАТ</big>
|''bankomát''
|O CAIXA

ELECTRÔNICO
|-
|THE CHECK
|''chehk''
|<big>ЧЕК</big>
|''tchêk''
|A CONTA
|-
|THE CHECKING ACCOUNT
|''tih kou shee shoh tah''
|<big>ТЕКУЩИЙ СЧЁТА</big>
|''tikuchii chôta''
|A CONTA DE CONTROLE
|-
|THE COINS
|''mah nyeh tuh''
|<big>МОНЕТЫ</big>
|''maníetâ''
|AS MOEDAS
|-
|THE CREDIT
CARD
|''kreh diht nah yah''

''kahr tah''
|<big>КРЕДИТНАЯ</big>
<big>КАРТА</big>
|''kreditnáia''
''kárta''
|O CARTÃO
DE CRÉDITO
|-
|THE CURRENCY
|''vah lih ou tah''
|<big>ВАЛЮТА</big>
|''valíuta''
|A MOEDA
|-
|THE CURRENCY EXCHANGE
|''ahb myehn''

''vah lih ou tuh''
|<big>ОБМЕН</big>
<big>ВАЛЮТЫ</big>
|''abmíen''
''valíutâ''
|A TROCA

DE MOEDA
|-
|THE DEPOSIT
|''vih klaht''
|<big>ВКЛАД</big>
|''vklát''
|O DEPÓSITO
|-
|THE DOLLAR
|''doh laar''
|<big>ДОЛЛАР</big>
|''dôlár''
|O DÓLAR
|-
|THE EURO
|''ehv roh''
|<big>ЕВРО</big>
|''evrô''
|O EURO
|-
|THE FINANCES
|''fih nahn suh''
|<big>ФИНАНСЫ</big>
|''finánsâ''
|AS FINANÇAS
|-
|THE INTEREST
|''prah tsehn tuh''
|<big>ПРОЦЕНТЫ</big>
|''pratséntâ''
|OS JUROS
|-
|THE MONEY
|''dyehn gih''
|<big>ДЕНЬГИ</big>
|''díengui''
|O DINHEIRO
|-
|THE POUND
|''foont''
|<big>ФУНТ</big>
|''funt''
|A LIBRA
|-
|THE RUBLE
|''rou bleh''
|<big>РУБЛЬ</big>
|''rúble''
|O RUBLO
|-
|THE SAVINGS
ACCOUNT
|''sbih rih gah tehl nee''
''shoht''
|<big>СБЕРЕГАТЕЛЬНЫЙ СЧЁТ</big>
|''sbirigateLnii''

''chôt''
|A CONTA DE POUPANÇA
|-
|TO PAY
|''plah tiht''
|<big>ПЛАТИТЬ</big>
|''platít''
|PAGAR
|-
|TO WAIT
|''zhih daht''
|<big>ЖДАТЬ</big>
|''jdát''
|ESPERAR
|-
|THE WITHDRAWAL
|''snyah tyeh''

''sah shoh tah''
|<big>СНЯТИЕ</big>
<big>СО СЧЁТА</big>
|''sníatie''

''sa chôta''
|O SAQUE
|-
|THE YEN
|''yeh nah''
|<big>ИЕНА</big>
|''iéna''
|O IENE
|}

==Videos==
<youtube>aERrVW1L5hk</youtube>

Language/French/Grammar/Negations

2022-04-21T03:16:10Z

PabloWang:

[[File:learn_french_ne_pas.jpg|thumb]]

In this article, you will discover how to form negation in French.

Feel free to directly edit this page if you think it can be improved.

==General Structure==
In French, the general structure of Negation is simply to "encircle" the verb with two particles:

"NE" (or "N’", if the verb begins with a vowel) and "PAS":

<code>SUBJECT + "NE (N')" + VERB + "PAS" + COMPLEMENT</code>

*Il connaît le pays → Il ne connaît pas le pays
<blockquote>He knows the country → He does not know the country</blockquote>

Following this general scheme, in French there are several kinds of denial, each one with a different structure:

==="Ne" + "Pas" : no (generally)===
*Je ne comprends pas.
<blockquote>I do not understand</blockquote>

==="Ne" + "Plus" : no more, anymore, no longer===
*Nous n’avons plus de café
<blockquote>We have no more coffee</blockquote>
*Je ne parle plus
<blockquote>I do not speak anymore</blockquote>
*Il ne fume plus
<blockquote>He no longer smokes</blockquote>

==="Ne" + "Rien" : anything===
*Je ne dis rien
<blockquote>I do not say anything</blockquote>

==="Ne" + "Personne" : nobody, anybody===
*Il n’y a personne
<blockquote>There is nobody</blockquote>
*Je ne vois personne
<blockquote>I do not see anybody</blockquote>

==="Ne" + "Jamais" : never===
*Nous n’allons jamais à la mer
<blockquote>We never go to the sea</blockquote>

==="Ne" + "Aucun(e)": any===
*Je n’ai aucune idée
<blockquote>I do not have any idea</blockquote>

==="Ne" + "Que"===
This structure is not really a negation, but rather a restriction. It is equivalent to "only".
*Je ne dors que cinq heures
<blockquote>I only sleep 5 hours</blockquote>
*Ça ne coûte que cent euros
<blockquote>This costs no more than 100 euros</blockquote>

==Negation with verbs and pronouns==

=== Compound verbs ===

When we have to use negation with a compound verb (compound means having auxiliary and participle), negation "surrounds" the auxiliary, not the participle.

*Vous avez parlé en allemand → Vous n'avez pas parlé en allemand
<blockquote>You have spoken in German → You have not spoken in German</blockquote>

*J’ai dit la vérité → Je n’ai pas dit la vérité.
<blockquote>I have said the truth → I have not said the truth</blockquote>

Thus, the structure to remember is:

<code>SUBJECT + "NE (N’)" + AUXILIARY+ "PAS" + PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENT</code>

Vous + n’+ avez + pas + parlé + allemand

=== Negation of pronominal verbs===

When we have pronouns in the phrase, we must remember the 2nd most important French rule:

<code>"The pronoun goes before the verb, and as close to it as possible."</code>

We will apply this rule, thinking that the first term of negation ("NE") will be first in the order of the sentence, and then will go the pronoun before the verb, and then finally the "PAS".

An example with a pronominal verb, which are the ones with reflexive pronouns:

*Je m’appelle Antoine → Je ne m’appelle pas Antoine
<blockquote>My name is Antoine → My name is not Antoine</blockquote>

<code>SUBJECT + "NE" + ("ME, TE...") + VERB + "PAS" + COMPLEMENT</code>

*Je + ne + m’ + appelle + pas + Antoine

==Examples==

*Je ne veux pas partir
<blockquote>I don't want to leave</blockquote>

''Ne'' becomes ''n''' before a vowel.

*Il n'a pas perdu son sac
<blockquote>He has not lost his bag</blockquote>

Placing ''ne pas'' before an infinitive negates it.

*Le pire est de ne pas essayer
<blockquote>The worst is not to try</blockquote>

==Spoken French==
In spoken French (slang), it is common to hear "J'ai pas faim" (I'm not hungry) without the "n".

The correct written way is : "Je '''n''''ai pas faim".

Always use the '''N''' or the '''NE''' when writing.

==VIDEOS==
<youtube>xjlIsHfkV9E</youtube>

If you consider that this page can be improved, don't hesitate to edit it.

{{#seo:
|title=How to use the negation in French?
|keywords=ne pas, rien, plus, personne, aucun, jamais
|description=This lesson will teach you how to use the negation in French
|og:image=http://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/3/3d/Learn_french_ne_pas.jpg
}}

[[Category: French/Beginner]]
[[Category: French/Grammar]]

Language/French/Grammar/Pronouns

2022-04-20T07:29:42Z

PabloWang:

[[File:French-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%">French Pronouns</div>
== Les Pronoms Personnels -- The Personal Pronouns ==
These are the 8 common personal pronouns, they are:
* '''Je''' (first person singular) = I
* '''Tu''' (second person singular) = You
* '''Il''' (third person singular/masculine) = He
* '''Elle''' (third person singular/feminine) = She
* '''Nous''' (first person plural) = We
* '''Vous''' (second person plural) = You (<-- used to speak with a group of people or to show respect to somebody)
* '''Ils''' (third person plural/masculine) = They
* '''Elles''' (third person plural/feminine) = They
* '''On''' (third person singular) = We/They/You/Somebody

== Les Formes Accusatives -- The Accusative Forms ==
* '''Moi''' (for "Je") = Me
* '''Toi''' (for "Tu") = You
* '''Lui''' (for "Il"and "Elle") = Him/Her
* '''Nous'''
* '''Vous'''
* '''Eux''' (for "Ils" and "Elles") = Them
* '''On'''

== Les Pronoms Réfléchis -- The Reflexive Pronouns ==
* '''Me''' (for "Je") = Me/Myself
* '''Te''' (for "Tu") = You/Yourself
* '''Se''' (for "Il", "Ils", "Elle", "Elles", and "On") = Himself/Herself/Themself
* '''Nous'''
* '''Vous'''

Language/French/Vocabulary/Say-No

2022-04-20T06:42:22Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Différentes-façons-de-dire-NON-en-Français.jpg|thumb]]

<div style="font-size:230%;"> What are the different ways to say "NO" in French? </div>

Salut à toutes et à tous !

In some situations, answering "non" can be considered rude. So you may use different answers like "non merci", "pas maintenant" or "pas vraiment".

Here are different ways to say "no" in French:

----

==Everyday talk==
Use those expression in everyday conversations:

===Non merci ===
''No, thanks''

===Pas du tout===

''Not at all''

If you really don't want to do something, you can say “pas du tout”.
* Est-ce que tu serais prêt à escalader cette montagne ? Pas du tout ! Would you be ready to climb that mountain? Not all all!

===Pas encore===

''Not yet''

If you have not done something yet, you can say “pas encore”.
*Tu as lu le livre dont je t'ai parlé ? Pas encore. = Did you read the book I talked to you about? Not yet.

===Pas maintenant===

''Not now''

If you do not wish to do something now, but would be ready in a moment, you can say "Not now".
* ça te dit d'aller au restaurant ? Pas maintenant. Do you feel like going to the restaurant? Not now.

=== Pas question ! ===
''No way!''

If someone asks you something so crazy you immediately know the answer is “no”. In this situation, you can use "Pas question" (no way), "Hors de question" (out of the question), "absolument pas" (absolutely not).
* Peux-tu t'excuser s'il te plait ? Pas question ! = Can you apologize please? No way!

===Pas vraiment ===

''Not really''

If you are not ready or don't want to do something, you can say "Pas vraiment".
* Salut Pierre ! tu es prêt pour l'examen ? Pas vraiment. Hi Antoine! Are you ready for the test? Not really.

=== Malheureusement pas===

''Unfortunately not''

To formally decline a request while pretending you really wished you could help, you can say "malheureusement pas".
* Peut on obtenir un remboursement du voyage ? Malheureusement pas. = Can I get a refund for this trip? Unfortunately not.

===Oublie ! ===
''Forget it!''
* Pourrais-tu me prêter 1000 euros ? Oublie ! = Could you lend me 1,000 euros? Forget it!

===Ce sera tout===
''That'll be all''

When you buy something at the bakery, the waiter can ask you if you’d like something else. If you do not want something else, you can answer “Ce sera tout”.

* Vous prendrez une boisson avec ça ? Non merci, ce sera tout = Will you take a drink with that? No thanks, that’ll be all.

===Comme ci comme ça===

''So so''

If you do not really want to do something, you can say "Comme ci comme ça"
*ça te dit d'aller faire du sport pendant 2 heures ? Do you feel like doing sport for 2 hours?

===Jamais !===
''Never!''

If you want to say you’ll never do something, you can say “jamais”.
T’as déjà été aux USA? = Non jamais.
* Have you ever been to the US? = No never.

===Non ! un point c'est tout !===
''No ! and that's all !''

If you want to emphasize your NO.

===Alors là, non !===
''Oh no!''

If you want to emphasize your NO.

*Alors là, non, ce n'est plus possible de supporter tout ce bruit ! (it is no longer possible to endure all this noise!)

===Non mais alors !===
''Oh no!''

If you want to emphasize your NO.

*Non mais alors, pour qui il se prend celui là ? (oh no! Who does he think he is?)

===Et puis quoi, encore? ===
''what next!, whatever next!''

Expression expressing disapproval in the tone of exasperation.
=== Nenni===

Nenni is also common in Belgium (Liège). There's also "nenni, valet" , "nenni hein" and "que nenni!".

===Ça va pas, non?===
"Are you out of your mind?"

==Polite ways==

===Refuser une semande (Reject a request)===

==== J'aimerais bien t'aider mais... ====
I would love to help you but ...
==== Malheureusement, ça tombe mal... ====
Unfortunately, it's not a good time...

==== Je suis désolé(e) mais... ====
I'm sorry but ...

===Refuser une offre, une proposition (Reject an offer, a proposal)===
==== J'apprécie ta proposition mais... ====
I appreciate your proposal but ...
====Ce serait bien mais... ====
It would be nice but ...
====Je te remercie pour ton offre mais... ====
I thank you for your offer but ...
===Refuser une invitation (Refuse an invitation)===

====ça semble super mais... ====
It looks great but ...

====J'aurais aimé venir mais... ====
I would have liked to come but ...

====Merci pour l'invitation mais... ====
Thank you for the invitation but ...

==Slang talk==
Use those expressions only with friends. Caution: some of them are very rude.

===Nan===
Slang for "non", like "oui" and "ouais".

===va chier===
Fuck off
(very rude)

=== C'est mort !===
"c'est mort" means something like "no fucking way", "not even a chance"

--

What about you? How do you usually say "no" in French, please share your comments or edit this page!

==References==
https://www.reddit.com/r/French/comments/6msmqm/what_are_the_different_ways_to_say_no_in_french/

https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/et_puis_quoi_encore

==VIDEOS==

Polite ways to say "no"

<youtube>Iu0WArwGoA0</youtube>

----

<youtube>Ka2nBqWLvGs</youtube>

{{#seo:
|title=What are the different ways to say "No" in French?
|keywords=non, pas du tout, jamais, merci, words, expressions, vocabulary
|description=There are several ways to say "No" in French. Here is a list of the main ones.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/e/e2/Learn_french_say_no.jpg
}}
[[Category: French/Intermediate]]
[[Category: French/Beginner]]

Language/French/Grammar/Gender-of-makes-of-vehicle-and-machines

2022-04-20T06:39:56Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Gender-of-Nouns-French-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:French-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:250%">Gender of makes, brands of vehicle & machines</div>

[CHANGED]

__TOC__
Nouns in French are either masculine or feminine. Unfortunately, there are no easy rules for predicting the gender of a noun. However, it is not necessary to learn all genders by heart as there are certain models that can be used to predict the genre with varying degrees of accuracy. Be careful to remember that there are always exceptions to these models.

Usually, the gender of vehicle or machine brands, like cars, trucks, airplanes, lawnmowers, dishwashers, etc. is the same as the gender of the general name of the vehicle or machine.

==Voiture==
"Une voiture" (car) is feminine, so brands of cars are feminine too:
*une Citroën
*une Nissan
*une Peugeot
*une Renault
*une Ford
*une Fiat

==Moto==
"Une moto" (a motorcycle) is feminine, so brands of motorcycles are feminine too:
*Une Yamaha
*Une Honda

==Camion==
"Un camion" (truck) is masculine, so brands of trucks are masculine too:
*un Foden
*un Berliet
*un pickup (sometimes the English names are used)

==Avion==
"Un avion" (an airplane) is masculine, so types of planes are masculine too:
*Un Airbus A320
*Un Boeing 747

==Cuisinière==
"Une cuisinière" (cooker) is feminine, so makes of cooker are feminine:
*une Belling
*une Arthur Martin

etc.

{{Gender-of-French-Nouns}}

==Other Chapters==
{{French-Grammar-Course-Menu}}

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings

2022-04-20T06:36:57Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">🤗 '''Mandarin Chinese''' Greetings for Everyday Life</div>
[[File:greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

Hi Mandarin Chinese learners! 😃

Do you want to learn how to say “Hello” in '''Mandarin Chinese'''?

Greetings are an important part of any language because they allow you to connect and communicate with others.

If you’re planning a trip to the country or are trying to learn Mandarin Chinese, keep reading to discover some of the most important greetings.

Let’s get started! 🤗

__TOC__

==General Greetings==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Hi
|嗨 (borrow from English)
|hi
|-

|Hello
|你(you)好(good)
|nǐ hǎo
|-

|Hello (formal)
|您好
|nín hǎo
|-

|Hello (to a group of people)
|你们好
|nǐ men hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早晨(morning)好(good)
|zǎo chén hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早上 (morning)好(good)
|zǎo shàng hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早(morning)安(safe/still/calm)
|zǎo ān
|-

|Good morning
|早(early)
|zǎo
|-

|Good afternoon
|下午(afternoon)好(good)
|xìa wǔ hǎo
|-

|Good noon
|午(noon)安(safe/still/calm)
|wǔ ān
|-

|Good evening
|晚上(night)好(good)
|wǎn shàng hǎo
|-

|Good night (use before sleep)
|晚(night)安(safe/still/calm)
|wǎn ān
|-

|how are you?
|你好吗?/你好嗎?
|nǐ hǎo mā
|-

|How are you?
|您好吗? 您好嗎?
|nín hǎo mā
|-

|I'm good/fine.
|我很好. (reply to 你好吗?/你好嗎?)
|wǒ hěn hǎo
|-

|How are you?
|你怎么样?
|nǐ zěn me yàng
|-

|Have you eaten?
|你吃饭了吗？你吃飯了嗎?
|nǐ(often read as ní) chī fàn le mā
|-

|Have you eaten?
|你有吃饭吗？你有吃飯嗎?
|nǐ(often read as ní) yǒu chī fàn mā
|-

|(greeting used when meeting someone for the first time)
|幸(lucky)会(meet)
|xìng huì
|-

|Welcome
|欢(happy)迎(meet)/歡迎
|huān yíng
|-

|Welcome
|欢迎光临/歡迎光臨
|huān yíng guāng lín
|-

|greeting used when answering the phone
|喂 (hey)
|wéi
|-

|Hello everyone
|大家(everyone)好(good)
|dà jiā hǎo
|}

==Sichuan Dialect [cmn-xin]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Hello
|你好
|nèe hào
|-

|Good morning
|早上好
|zào sàng hào
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好
|wàn sàng hào
|-

|Good night
|晚安
|wàn ngā
|}

==Northeastern Dialect [cmn-nem]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Hello
|你好
|née hăo
|-

|Good morning
|早上好
|zao shung hao
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好
|wun shung hao
|-

|How are you? (informal)
|你咋样啊?
|ni za yung a
|-

|How are you?
|啥事儿?
|shá shìr
|}

==Kunming Dialect [cmn-kun]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Have you eaten? in the Kunminghua dialect
|咯请的饭了?
|kae ching te fan le
|-

|have you eaten? in the Kunminghua dialect [cmn-kun]
|你给吃饭啦?
|ni gei chi fan la
|}

==Videos==
===Master ALL Chinese Greetings in 15 Minutes===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf21MC5y1oI</youtube>
===Learn Basic Greetings in Mandarin Chinese:"hello", "how are you", "I am very good ...===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1LWu81kWqE</youtube>
===HOW ARE YOU in Chinese? Learn Chinese Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWhDYAFQhAI</youtube>

==Free Mandarin Chinese Lessons==
*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''
==Language Exchange==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=28 Find members TEACHING Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=28 Find members LEARNING Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Forum==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/forum SHARE ideas about Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/question Ask a QUESTION about Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Tools==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/note Have your text CORRECTED in Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/video VIDEOS to learn Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Marketplace==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=28 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Mandarin Chinese]'''

{{#seo:
|title=🤗 Say Hello and Greetings in Mandarin Chinese
|keywords=hello, how are you?, where are you from?, evening, afternoon, morning, night, thank you, welcome.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the most important Mandarin Chinese greetings you need to know. How to say hello, how are you, good morning etc.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/6/67/Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png/450px-Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png
}}

[[Category:Mandarin Chinese/Beginner]]

[[Category:Greetings]]

[[Category:Say-Hello]]

[[Category:Jennifers]]

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-become-a-polyglot

2022-04-19T02:08:46Z

PabloWang: /* AUTHOR */

[[File:1_gOfBY31x1Zb_tLzVoJkjaQ.jpeg|thumb]]

A Polyglot is someone with a high degree of proficiency in several languages. Learning a language is the discovery of a new world, and polyglots can connect their minds to each of these worlds. Do you want to become a polyglot but don't know how to achieve this goal? This article will give you valuable tips on how to start this journey on the right foot.

== Necessity ==
Someday, with the help of artificial intelligence, people will not need to learn any foreign languages. Is it true?

If you have heard about this idea or you have asked it by yourself but somehow agree with this point of view, here is the argument from me:

If you were visiting a sick friend at the hospital, you would care for the one you visit, not the other patients. This is because of familiarity, which affects you mentally. Likewise, your proficiency in a language can determine your ability to perceive the speakers' minds. Please try watching [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4F981418ED7354E3 videos about Sid Meier's Civilization V leaders], you would find that only those who speak the language you know can touch your soul.

This is what the AI can't help you with. A language is more than a means of communication.


If humans were always depending on AI, we would lose our value.

== Motivation ==
Why do you want to learn languages? It's a basic question, but it will determine your future level of language proficiency.
* If you mainly feel bored and want to do something in your spare time, then you could be a beginner forever. You just want to pass the time, but learning a language can be boring at the intermediate stage and requires effort. Thus, you probably can't make real progress.

* If you mainly want to get a better job, then you can develop useful skills, but nothing more. You have a goal, so you can make progress, but you are just interested in practical things; you consider a language as a tool, so you will not dig into the languages and explore the culture of the speakers.

* If you are mainly forced by your parents, relatives, etc., then I feel very sorry for you. I don't know how much progress you can make because progress is mainly determined by your attitude. There are many ways to involve people in learning languages, but coercion is the worst way to begin.

* If you mainly want to touch the world, make friends and can seriously spend time on it, then you may well become a polyglot.

== Choice of Languages ==
Which languages do you want to learn?
* You may want to learn the easiest ones, which may have a close relationship with your native language; you also may want to learn the hardest ones, to challenge yourself.
* You may want to learn the well-known ones, which have much influence around the world; you may also want to learn the rarely-known ones, to discover distinctive cultures.
* Another idea is to learn languages that use the same alphabet or branch off of each other, like French and Spanish, or Farsi and Dari.
It is all up to you.

If you ask me, my opinions:
* The most influential languages in the world
* The most influential languages with close relation to my native languages
* My personal preferences.


You can try Esperanto and/or other constructed languages because they are usually made to be easy to learn. By learning an easy language, you can clearly understand the skeleton of a language. This can be helpful before you to learn a difficult language.

If you want to learn a language that is not popular for learners, you should know that the materials are relatively hard to find. You will likely have to pay for it. You even have to learn another language before learning the language you want to learn, because the speakers of the firstly-learned language have better knowledge about it, or the language you want to learn is similar to this one. Many languages have a lot of loanwords, which means that if you know the languages being borrowed, you can learn the vocabulary of them quickly.

You will also need to know how long it takes to learn a language. There are [https://www.rocketlanguages.com/blog/how-long-does-it-take-to-learn-a-language/ an article by jason-oxenham-ceo] and [https://www.lifehack.org/851918/how-long-does-it-take-to-learn-a-language an article by Leon Ho] to answer it.

== Sequence of Learning ==
There is the following question: “Will it be easier or harder, if I learn this language first and that other language second, instead of learning this language first and that other second?”

If you want to learn two languages with similar grammar, meanwhile their available materials are not of the same quality or are not equally suitable for beginners, it would be better to learn the one with better materials first.

In addition, the case “You even have to learn another language before you learn the language you want to learn” mentioned in the above section should also be taken into consideration.


== Perspective ==
Maybe changing the viewpoint can be better.

Many people use their native languages when learning a new one. Why don't you try another approach?

Pretend that you have forgotten your native language. You will start to wonder how you can express your thoughts, like how to indicate yourself, other people or objects (pronouns and nouns), how to indicate an activity (verb and verb phrase), how to describe your observation towards specific objects (adjective), how to distinguish happened things, things happening and things to happen (tense: conjugation or adverb), etc.

With the use and experience of the language you will gradually manage to forget your native language for a while and not to translate your native language but to think and express yourself directly in the target language.


If you can do this, you have changed your perspective successfully.

It is an urgent demand of making use of languages, instead of a duty to complete a school assignment. You desire to express, but you assumed yourself unable to express in any language, so you have got to accept the new one thoroughly.

[[File:concept to expression.png]]

== Integration ==
Let's imagine a scene: You have a word list, on the one side are words in your native language, on the other side are correspondent words in a language you've never learned. If someone alters it before you see the list, you won't feel unnatural at all when seeing the wrong pairs. But if you already know these words, you would quickly find the problem out.

You could accept whatever interpreted at first, however, when you are familiar to them, you will not easily accept any change. This is because you have been integrated by native speakers. If you were more negative to your original culture, you would be even assimilated.

Most people have no idea what cultural diversity of the world is. They assume that the values at their hometowns as mostly universal. When they are abroad, they can experience the [https://medium.com/global-perspectives/the-4-stages-of-culture-shock-a79957726164 culture shock] for sure.

Integrations on this degree can be done only by living elsewhere for some longer time, not as a tourist, but an inhabitant.


== Logic ==
An important part is logic. It is not only required in reading comprehensions or listening comprehensions, but also in daily life. It is life-changing and definitely deserves being taught in elementary school but the rulers don't want you be smart.

Example: In German, masculine singular nominative article is “der”. If “der” appears in a German text, it means masculine singular nominative article. Right?

In logic, it can be written in syllogism:

# All German masculine singular nominative definite articles are “der”.
# The word in the German text is “der”.
# The word in the German text is German masculine singular nominative definite article.


This fallacy is called “[https://www.thoughtco.com/undistributed-middle-fallacy-1692453 undistributed middle]”, which beginners of logic can recognize.

There is a [http://utminers.utep.edu/omwilliamson/ENGL1311/fallacies.htm list of fallacies]. If you didn't understand logical fallacies, you would fall into confusion easily.

In reading or listening comprehension, for example, if the text only says “He likes apples” and the question is “Does he like pears”, the logical answer is “I don't know”; if the text only says “He has two cars” and the question is “How many cars does he have”. the logical answer is “no less than two”; if the text only says “He has a laptop and a phone and no other electrical devices”, the question is “How many computers does he have”, the logical answer is “If the phone falls into the category of computers, then 2; otherwise 1”.


You could sometimes find that the question creators have bad logic.

To improve your logic, you can read logic books. There are free ones:

* [https://forallx.openlogicproject.org/ forall x: Calgary. An Introduction to Formal Logic] by P. D. Magnus and others
* [https://tellerprimer.ucdavis.edu/pdf A Modern Formal Logic Primer] by Paul Teller
* [https://www.logicmatters.net/tyl/ Logic: A Study Guide] by Peter Smith

There is [https://www.inc.com/larry-alton/7-mental-exercises-to-make-you-a-better-critical-thinker.html an article about practising critical thinking and reasoning]. To do this in a fun way, you can also try to find plot holes in fictions, and discuss them in forums like [https://www.reddit.com/r/plotholes/ the subreddit].

If you are still not determined to learn logic, let me try once more: It slows your brain's aging.

https://www.zwentner.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/jubb2jzkyu751.jpg


== Attitude towards Mistakes ==
The impression plays a big roll. By reducing the impression of mistakes, you can instantly feel the strangeness when a mistake is made. For example, when you hear “a apple”, you can immediately know what type of mistake has been made.

In the ideal situation, when you makes a mistake, it can be instantly corrected. But in reality, you will make mistakes without noticing them. If you keep a log of your mistakes and their types, they would be prevented easily.

== Free or Paid ==
Do you want to spend money on learning languages?

You should know the limitations of free resources:
# They may not be very reliable. Also, it is harder to find out its errors if you have only one material.
# You will lack proper training, especially on speaking and writing. You can find native speakers online, but few of them have teaching skills. You can chat online, but without payment, no individual and no group can keep you practising and point out all your mistakes.
Many people become upset and quit it on their endless ineffective ways. It is clear that if you pay and pay the right ones, you will save a lot of time, and even save your determination.


But if you learn easy languages such as Esperanto, there is no much difference between the free and the paid.

== Methods and Experiences ==
You need to be both the coach and the athlete, especially when you don't rely on paid services.

You may have heard this tone: you will succeed as long as you work hard. This is a trap. You also need good methods. There are some people that can act as a coach, take care about how you learn, for a price. But if you choose to do it on your own, you will gain more, if you are insightful.

As a coach, your methods of learning should suit your own habit and be effective. You can find other people's methods and choose the suitable ones. If you are sure that a method is wrong, abandon it and choose another one right away. When you find something hard to go through and there is no experience for you to learn from, you need to find a way '''on your own'''. And if you like, share your experience with others, even if that method failed. Also, you should watch yourself, don't goof off. Do not rely on the “word of the day” illusion. If you are really interested in learning languages, you shouldn't learn only one word or two each day.

As an athlete, you should do enough exercise. Having suitable methods is an aspect, having enough experiences is the other. An athlete should practise an action over and over again every day. It's same with learning languages. You should be practising over and over again.

There are generally two approaches in the language learning: one is learning vocabulary and grammar systematically and then do reading, listening, writing, speaking; the other is learning without learning vocabulary and grammar systematically and learn only through reading, listening, writing, speaking.

The first approach is how a foreign language is taught at school, the second approach is how a native language is taught at home. They both have advantages and disadvantages. These two approaches are just like these: the first is becoming a car mechanic first and becoming a driver next; the second is becoming a driver first and not necessarily becoming a car mechanic.

There are some tips on
* [https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/20-ways-learn-efficiently/ how to learn effectively]
* [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ways-to-improve-memory how to improve your memory]
* [https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/how-to-improve-concentration how to improve your concentration]
They are just some advice. I don't follow that “drink caffeine”, for example.

If you want to follow that "Take up a musical instrument", you can try the virtual [https://vmpk.sourceforge.io/ piano], [https://github.com/billthefarmer/accordion accordion] or [https://github.com/billthefarmer/melodeon melodeon].

You can practise meditation as [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/12-benefits-of-meditation it is proved to be beneficial in many aspects]. You will be able to focus on tables of declensions, pronouns, and so on, then recall them quickly.

Good scheduling is essential. There is [https://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-time-of-day-to-do-different-types-of-tasks-2017-4 an article] and [https://www.headwaycapital.com/blog/peak-time-day-do-everything-business-backed-science/ a picture] showing how to schedule your day effectively. You can also practise the [https://todoist.com/productivity-methods/pomodoro-technique pomodoro technique].

There is a great finding called “[https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/forgetting-curve.htm forgetting curve]”. It should be taken into consideration. Always prepare to forget and review.

You also need to learn actively, so that you won't forget it easily. There is [https://lidtfoundations.pressbooks.com/chapter/edgar-dale-and-the-cone-of-experience/ the Cone of Experience], it's not based on statistics, however. There are also things called [http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/career-education/difference-between-active-learning-and-passive-learning/ active and passive learning], which should be considered. Contributing to Polyglot Club Wiki is also active learning.

Some things in pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary are similar and easy to be confused with each other. You need to pick one of them (usually the more frequently used one), try to be familiar with it and ignore the other for some time. Avoid learning easy-to-confuse things at the same time.

Don't be afraid to ask. I have met people asking the question as well as myself: In a cliché of fictions, a character's last words are never fully spoken, so if the character had spoken in that language, would that be different like saying the murderer's name before he dies? After finding the solution to this, I learned more than what textbooks told me.

Basic linguistic knowledge can provide you a better understanding. There is [https://www.youtube.com/user/thetrevtutor/playlists a playlist for it].

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/20100727_Nikko_Tosho-gu_Three_wise_monkeys_5965.jpg/640px-20100727_Nikko_Tosho-gu_Three_wise_monkeys_5965.jpg

Best methods for learning nothing

== Resources ==
If you have good tools, you will progress faster.

https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-resources-for-polyglots

== Essential Terms ==
These words are for language learning.

https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must%E2%80%90Know-Words-for-Polyglots

When you understand their meanings, you won't be frustrated by encountering unfamiliar terms from time to time.

== Pronunciation ==
You will surely face this problem first. As you are going to be a polyglot, you need to get to know the International Phonetic Alphabet. IPA is not very hard to learn if you know the structure of oral cavity.

https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Pronunciation/International-Phonetic-Alphabet

When dealing with sound changes, you might feel it hard to memorise the rules. Just remember: native speakers do so, because they tend to be lazy on pronouncing words. You can just let it happen: ignore sound change rules and just pronounce what it “should have been”, read faster. You will naturally realise how to be lazy and understand why they are lazy.

== Vocabulary ==
If you do not have the determination of spending time on memorising vocabulary, you would be unable to speak the language freely.

I am fed up with the metaphor comparing vocabulary to food. In my own opinion, one's vocabulary is pieces of the world that one can depict.

You must overcome the frustration of forgetting most of the words you've just learned. Don't expect to memorise them once and for all, be prepared to review every word you've met many times later. A little tip that people should have learned in primary schools: read the word 3 times, then read its meaning 1 time.


Remember that your confidence will grow following the growth of your vocabulary.

A word may have different meanings and when you read or listen to something, it is the context that determines the word's meaning.

Words in two languages are usually not one-to-one correspondent, i.e. no corresponding word in another language with the exact meanings as that one. Even if two words in two languages have the same meaning(s), their usages and frequencies are often not all the same.

According to [https://wordcounter.io/blog/how-many-words-does-the-average-person-know/ Word Counter], you need to know around 40 000 (uninflected) words to reach native speaker's vocabulary level. Assuming that [https://innerself.com/personal/happiness-and-self-help/life-changes/16581-the-law-of-the-vital-few.html the law of the vital few] can be applied here, you need to master about 8000 words to communicate fluently.


To build your vocabulary, you can follow this way:
# Find a flashcard deck in considerable size and practise, in [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Helpful-Anki-Shared-Decks this wiki lesson] or somewhere else;
# Visit [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Frequency_lists the frequency list], find words that you are still not familiar with under a specific frequency, create your own flashcards and practise.
# Increase the frequency range and repeat the last step.

Alternatively, you can find a dictionary file with considerable number of words or [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Producing-dictionaries-with-web-scraping scrape from the web], then try to [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-make-a-TSV-file convert it to TSV file], import it as a flashcard deck and practise.

Of course, practising flashcards is not the only thing to do. Reading texts is important, too.


To start from basic words, you can alternatively try the [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list], create your own flashcards and practise.

=== Dictionary ===
You may hesitate on choosing a dictionary. First, see which brands have good reputation; second, see what you need:

*if you are a beginner of the language, then a dictionary with 5 000-10 000 entries is enough for your current level;
*if you want to use for daily life, then a dictionary usually with 30 000-50 000 entries is enough;
*if you want the words as many as possible, then buy the thickest one, which usually have more than 100 000 entries, but you will need to spend more time on finding the entry you want as well as more money;

A good dictionary should be able to explain a word with words that are more basic. This is what Wiktionary hasn't done.


There is [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Statistics a page of the statistic of Wiktionary].

You may want to ask: when should I choose a dictionary with 10 000-30 000 or 50 000-100 000 entries? Well, if you want a bit more than these recommended numbers, you can try them.

There is [https://www.icaltefl.com/choosing-a-good-dictionary/ an article on how to choose a dictionary].

Now you may want to memorise all words in a dictionary. Good, but that should be done after having a good command of the most frequently used words. With these words, you can start your reading and listening practice and build your confidence.

If you think you should obey the dictionaries, you've got yourself wrong. Do not worship the authority. It's because of that they can reflect the reality, they become authoritative. It is the people that defines what a dictionary should be, not the other way around.

I won't forget that national college entrance exam preparation: the teacher told us to forget some Chinese words' readings and learn new taught ones, because the new edition of the dictionary that dictates the exam's correct answers was published. Finally even the teacher also messed up some readings.


=== Etymology ===
Some materials tell you to memorise words with some interesting homonyms in your native language. This is superficial and won't help you to understand its underlying structure. Maybe it is effective, but it also has a side effect: when using these words, you can't get rid of that funny stuff in your mind.

You should pay attention to the word roots an affixes instead. This is orthodox of memorising words. You need to know how a word is assembled, and even how to assemble in this language's style.

But this only helps you to understand them. To get familiar to them, you need to memorise by rote.

Wiktionary has “Etymology” for many words in several languages.

There is already a [https://www.oakton.edu/user/3/gherrera/Greek%20and%20Latin%20Roots%20in%20English/greek_and_latin_roots.pdf list of English roots of Greek and Latin origin].

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Etymological_Relationships_Tree.png

=== Definition ===
There are several words with similar meanings. Which one to choose?

You should understand the difference between “translation” and “definition”. Translation is for knowing the meaning of a word, a phrase or a sentence in another language, while definition is for understanding the word and avoiding any ambiguity. Usually, definitions are written by native speakers for native speakers, so you need to read the definition in the language you are learning.

It would be very boring to search for the definition of every word. The best way is learning it through a large amount of reading with searching for the definition as a supplement.

=== Adposition ===
Adpositions are easy to know and hard to master. For example, English beginners are usually confused about the use of “[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/on#Preposition on]”, “[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in#Preposition in]”, “[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at#Preposition at]”. Then you can consult a dictionary. You may find more than 10 meanings of such a word, but don't be upset, because words with so many meanings are few.

Dictionary definition is not enough at all. You can see which adpositions have the similar meaning, and pay attention to distinguish them when you are reading.

=== Collocation ===
Collocation requires much attention. A sentence with a wrong collocation is just like a wrongly buttoned shirt. The example on Wikipedia is good: It's natural to say “strong tea” and “powerful computer” but unnatural to say “strong computer” and “powerful tea”.

Again, a large amount of reading with searching for the definition as a supplement is the best method for it.

=== Number ===
When you learn numbers, you only know the rule of reading numbers, instead of knowing each number, because the numbers are too many. So you need more practice to get the hang of the rules of reading them.


== Flashcard ==
When you have downloaded Anki, ForgetMeNot, Mnemosyne or something else, preparing to create flashcards at the first time, maybe you don't know how to create them to learn efficiently.

My experience: meanings on the front side, word/phrase on the back side. When you see the meaning, you need to recall the word. The recall should be like this: words in the learned language -> concept -> word in the language to learn. Comparing to seeing the word and recalling its meanings, this helps you to learn the word on expression instead of recognisation, as well as recalling the word's synonyms.

Meanings should be brief as well as being commonly used. You can search a word in a dictionary, omit the unimportant meanings, then pick the first section of text in the first meaning, see if there are other meanings that appears to have relatively large difference with the meaning you just picked. You don't need to write too much on the flashcards. You will learn the similar meanings with the one you picked through reading instead of flashcard memorisation.


Another question: there are different levels of efficiency: “again”, “bad”, “good”, “easy”, what's the standard for choosing from them?
In my opinion, according to [https://virtualspeech.com/blog/average-speaking-rate-words-per-minute the average speaking rate], recognising the word in less than 1/4 seconds for “easy”, 1/4 ~ 1/3 seconds for “good”, 1/3 ~ 1/2 seconds for “bad”, more than 1/2 seconds for “again”. But for recalling, the time limits may be longer: 0 ~ 2 second for “easy”, 2 ~ 3 seconds for “good”, 3 ~ 4 seconds for “bad”, more than 4 seconds for “again”.

Maybe you need a metronome to find out how fast they are:
* [https://github.com/thetwom/toc2 Metronome for Android]
* [https://www.antcom.de/gtick/ Metronome for Linux]
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/openmetronome/ Metronome for Windows]
* [https://douglasniedt.com/metronomeonline.html Metronome online]

== Sentence ==
=== Sounds natural ===
Sometimes you say something correctly in grammar, but it is unnatural for native speakers. The reason is that there may be multiple possible ways to express an idea and the unnatural one is not commonly used. Good grammar is just a necessary condition for formulating naturally. A simple example is, if you feel hungry, you usually say in English “I am hungry”, a subject-copula-predicative structure; in German, it's “Ich habe Hunger”, a subject-verb-object structure; in Korean, it's “배고파” or “배고픕니다”, a conjugated verb in plain or humble form. You may use uncommon structures, but people won't easily understand. This is why you should read and listen a lot even if you are already good at the language's grammar.

<blockquote>
Mr. Leuchtag: Frau Leuchtag and I are speaking nothing but English now.

Mrs. Leuchtag: So we should feel at home when we get to America.

Carl: A very nice idea.

Mr. Leuchtag: To America.

Mrs. Leuchtag and Carl: To America.

Mr. Leuchtag: Liebchen, uh, sweetness heart, what watch?

Mrs. Leuchtag: Ten watch.

Mr. Leuchtag: Such much?

Carl: Er, you will get along beautifully in America, huh.

– ''Casablanca''
</blockquote>


To formulate sentences like a native speaker, you need example sentences. [https://tatoeba.org/ Tatoeba] and services using its data is just what you need: Find a sentence in the language you know, try to translate it naturally, finally see the translation by the native speaker. There are also Anki shared decks of example sentences but the sides are reversed and requires changing the card layout manually. If you can't find a good one on Anki shared decks, you can go to [https://tatoeba.org/eng/downloads Tatoeba's download page] to download sentence pairs, open the TSV file with a text editor, divide it into smaller files and import to Anki.


Don't forget that proverbs are not instantly understood if translated into another language word by word; idioms are almost exclusive to the language. It would be a real joke if you translate “[https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/It%27s+Greek+to+me it's Greek to me]” into Greek word by word.


=== Parse Tree ===
You should provide words of needed words in different parts of speech, in the correct order, to express your idea. That is to say, you should get to know the structure of the sentences. You can say you really know what a sentence means only when you know that which part is playing which role. You can get to know some syntax knowledge and the “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree parse tree]”, then try to draw them, and induce the rules of sentence structure of a language.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVUPNb2908k a video about how to draw parse trees].

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Buffalo_sentence_1_parse_tree.svg/640px-Buffalo_sentence_1_parse_tree.svg.png

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo]

But notice that there are exceptions due to the custom, such as “that thing is easy to do” should be “that thing is easy to be done”. Though being irregular, they are still accepted, just because they are not making much confusion.

=== Ambiguity ===
It is almost impossible to avoid ambiguities in natural languages. They exist almost everywhere. Here are [https://www.thoughtco.com/ambiguity-language-1692388 examples]. Usually people have been used to perceive in a particular way, so that they can efficiently ignore other possible interpretations than the common one, but there's no consensus. As a result, you should try to avoid them, make it a bit clearer.

Some languages are more strict than some others. If you really want to avoid them, try [https://www.dictionary.com/e/lojban/ Lojban].

== Reading ==
When you are reading, you may want to read every word through your mouth. But it limits your speed. Your elementary school teacher may want you read word by word, with voice or not, but it will be inappropriate when you are already a teenager. You are potentially able to view the text line by line.

There are tools that helps improving reading speed like [http://wordflashreader.sourceforge.net/ this open-source one].

Of course, you should get all the important information of a text. Speed is secondary.

That is not to say that you should not read aloud.

Another thing to notice is that there are a lot of material on the Internet to read, but not all of them are grammatically correct. Don't expect native speakers always speak correctly. For English, there are also a lot of non-native speakers making all kinds of mistakes on the Internet. As a result, choosing the right material to read is important.



In the old days, people learn a language by reading newspaper, listening to radio and watching television, because of their professional use of the language. Nowadays people have known them better and they have earned their titles around the world: “lamestream media”, “terminales mediáticas”, “merdias”, “Lügenpresse”, “valemedia”, “лживые СМИ”, “霉體”, “기레기”, “マスゴミ”, etc.

<blockquote>
The U.S. did not double oil imports from Russia in the last year

If Your Time is short

The most recent data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration shows that the U.S. increased its oil imports from Russia by about 28% in the first 11 months of 2021.

The U.S. did double the amount of crude oil imported from Russia last year. But Russia accounts for only about 3% of overall U.S. crude oil imports in 2021.

– [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/feb/28/maria-bartiromo/us-did-not-double-oil-imports-russia-last-year/ Yacob Reyes, Politifact]

</blockquote>

To learn advanced vocabulary, you can try reading books that have been reviewed by many people.

If your time is short, you may go to social media, but be careful that the platforms are trying to manipulate you. There is [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/51476432-deleted a book] from outsider's as well as [https://archive.org/details/time.com-the-secret-history-of-the-shadow-campaign-that-saved-the-2020-election an article] from the manipulator's perspectives.

When getting information from media, please always ask yourself how much ideas from which sides you have received and whether they are balanced or not. In the USA, there are [https://ground.news/ Ground News] and [https://www.allsides.com/unbiased-balanced-news AllSides], websites that break down the news coverage according to the media's stances. You can see what news – which may be true or not – you haven't seen because of your habit of choice of media.

Your domestic media alone is not enough, because the bias can exist nationwide or even continentwide.

What to start with? You can just pick some topics you know well, go to the corresponding websites and start reading. Because you are familiar with the topic, so you can expect what vocabulary you are going to see.

If you want to go to news websites, always keep in mind that they are trying to persuade people in most cases (if not always).


== Listening ==
According to the [https://virtualspeech.com/blog/average-speaking-rate-words-per-minute average speaking rate], you normally need to recall 3 words including their denotations and connotations each second, in English. In languages like Chinese, where a word can be represented by fewer syllables, you need to recall words even faster. You also need to pay attention to the sentence structure, otherwise you wouldn't see the forest for the trees.

Keep listening to audios that you can understand as much as possible. When you are familiar enough with the language, you can predict words when hearing the first syllables.

Before practise listening, you should have enough knowledge of the pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence structure and also reading comprehension.


Proper names in the listening material, unless known, should be avoided as much as possible.

When you find something that you can't understand and you don't have the transcript, follow these steps:
# Slow down the recording
# Recognize each syllable
# Recognize each word

If you still failed, try some similar phonemes (with different places of articulation and less likely with different manners of articulation), such as [m] for your recognized [n], [t] for your recognized [ʔ]; maybe you have recognized an open syllable as a closed syllable, or reversely; maybe the vowel is not pronounced clearly, then you should try to recall any word with the same consonants before and after it.


If still failed, the speech recognition can help.

If you want to listen to music, be aware that not every song's lyrics are grammatically correct, not every singer's pronunciation is standard.

My experience: I tried to listen to the theme of an anime without subtitle. The result was out of my expectation: it suddenly begin to speak German and I was caught with my pants down. When I had realised what happened, I could not catch up the Japanese lyrics.

== Irregular Rules ==
There may be irregular rules in a language, which takes much time to be mastered but can be avoided in other languages. This makes learners upset. In fact, when parents are teaching their children, it is also annoying for both of them, until the children get used to it. This is indeed a tragedy of the human. Kind of institutionalisation.

Keep calm and carry on.


<blockquote>
Patrick: My brother Gerry's had word from Ray Boccino, his Italian contact, about a big shipment coming in near the fish market. The triads are expecting something and it smells fishy.

Niko: The fish market smells fishy?

Patrick: Shit, man. I keep forgetting you're not from here. Something smellin' fishy means that it ain't quite right. So, this shipment smellin' fishy means that it ain't gonna be what they say it is.

Niko: But, if it's going to the fish market they must be saying that it's fish.

Patrick: So?

Niko: So if this shipment is what they say it is, then it's going to smell fishy anyway.

– ''Grand Theft Auto IV''
</blockquote>

== Reality ==
You may have got a nice score in an exam, but it doesn't mean that you can wield the language as you wish. Many people feel confident until they go abroad. They just don't know how to express instantly and precisely in diverse situations, in real life.

There are people working on learning languages through virtual reality, but for now, enough money is required. Here is [https://www.fluentu.com/blog/virtual-reality-language-learning/ an article about it].

Mondly has [https://www.mondly.com/ar AR for learning languages].

== Viewing Cultures ==
When I was a kid, I knew almost nothing and found that everything was attractive. I thought foreigners could float in the air like what I did in my dream. Now my horizon is more and more opened and I've realised that everything is losing its splendour as I get more and more familiar with it. So do the exotic feelings. At the same time, my ability of imagination is also declining if I don't often do so.

Before and after watching a show, you will have different feeling towards its posters.

=== Diversity ===
Cultures are largely different: Not only between countries, even between two towns with 20 km distances, differences between their people's values and behaviours are observable; even inside one city, different districts have different cultures. But meanwhile, cultures are also largely the same: no matter where you are, kids play together and make troubles, advertisements are everywhere, the social insurance is a swindle.

Cultures are so diverse that they are not all compatible with each other, just like that not any random people can be friends. You may strongly oppose some ideas in another culture. It doesn't mean you are a racist if you speak it out, however, you should try your best to not do so in a rude way.

=== Stereotype ===
As a person in the information era, when I see stereotypes, I usually desire to reject them. Such examples are ''Company of Heroes 2'' and ''Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019)'', which distort the history and depict Russians as heartless and brainless. They have been largely boycotted in Russia.

There are some products that don't make me want to boycott, such as ''Code Geass'', where China is simply depicted with old fashions like eunuchs in power. In Japanese Nijmegen, foreigners are usually Japanese with a foreign-looking and ''Code Geass'' is not an exception. The reason why it is still popular in China is that its plot is outstanding and the part involving China doesn't make people feel malicious, so people don't tend to boycott it.

Stereotypes are not all negative. An example is ''Street Fighter'', especially its early versions, where every character and every background is made of a stereotype and it is entertaining without being offensive.

=== Social Science ===
You may have learned the geography and history of a country, but you still don't totally understand the culture of it.

You will need to learn other subjects like sociology and psychology. With knowledge of them, you will even find that you have a new understanding of your own country.

The society is like the computer: If you live with it for daily tasks as a common person, everything appears in order; but if you have deeper knowledge of it, you would find that defects and loopholes are everywhere like that some ”conspiracy theories” are actually the reality.

You can suffer desperation as you see through the ugly side of most people and the recovery from it can be very difficult. For example, they say “We just hate your leaders, we don't hate common people like you”, then some calamities happen to common people like you, they cheer (2021 floods in Malaysia, 2021 floods in China, 2021 floods in India, 2021 floods in Turkey, 2021 floods in Europe, etc.). You may lose your confidence in humanity, a price for your curiosity to the world.

=== Ideology ===
In the modern time, all kinds of ideologies have been emerging. They are not limited to politics, but everywhere: programmer communities, gamer communities, reader communities, et cetera. You may have involved in clashes among different ideologies without knowing what their names are. They collide with traditional cultures and make the human society more and more sophisticated. Politics and religion are unavoidable if you want to have a deeper understanding of a culture.

A lot of articles tell people to “avoid politics and religion unless you are familiar with the one you are talking with”, which can be misinterpreted as to avoid talking about that. The true meaning is, if you are both patient enough toward each other's opinions so you can understand each other's reasons for holding such opinions, then the talk can go well, but if one of you or both of you are not so, this will turn bad quickly, so if you are familiar with each other, you both have to be more patient due to the pressure from potentially jeopardizing the relationship that you both have spent effort to build.

Avoid emotion agitators, listen to all sides, especially the opposite side of yours, with as much patience as possible, then you will almost certainly experience the [https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html cognitive dissonance], which feels like you have been an idiot until now. If you haven't experienced so, you definitely should try this. The simplest way is to record your own voice and listen to it.

https://i.pinimg.com/550x/62/70/a2/6270a2b1c08b65849a451547e4088c31.jpg

==Author==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]

{{#seo:
|title=How can I become a real polyglot?
|description=In this lesson you will learn some techniques to become a polyglot (a person speaking many languages)
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/a/a4/1_gOfBY31x1Zb_tLzVoJkjaQ.jpeg/450px-1_gOfBY31x1Zb_tLzVoJkjaQ.jpeg
}}

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-become-a-polyglot

2022-04-19T02:07:59Z

PabloWang:

[[File:1_gOfBY31x1Zb_tLzVoJkjaQ.jpeg|thumb]]

A Polyglot is someone with a high degree of proficiency in several languages. Learning a language is the discovery of a new world, and polyglots can connect their minds to each of these worlds. Do you want to become a polyglot but don't know how to achieve this goal? This article will give you valuable tips on how to start this journey on the right foot.

== Necessity ==
Someday, with the help of artificial intelligence, people will not need to learn any foreign languages. Is it true?

If you have heard about this idea or you have asked it by yourself but somehow agree with this point of view, here is the argument from me:

If you were visiting a sick friend at the hospital, you would care for the one you visit, not the other patients. This is because of familiarity, which affects you mentally. Likewise, your proficiency in a language can determine your ability to perceive the speakers' minds. Please try watching [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4F981418ED7354E3 videos about Sid Meier's Civilization V leaders], you would find that only those who speak the language you know can touch your soul.

This is what the AI can't help you with. A language is more than a means of communication.


If humans were always depending on AI, we would lose our value.

== Motivation ==
Why do you want to learn languages? It's a basic question, but it will determine your future level of language proficiency.
* If you mainly feel bored and want to do something in your spare time, then you could be a beginner forever. You just want to pass the time, but learning a language can be boring at the intermediate stage and requires effort. Thus, you probably can't make real progress.

* If you mainly want to get a better job, then you can develop useful skills, but nothing more. You have a goal, so you can make progress, but you are just interested in practical things; you consider a language as a tool, so you will not dig into the languages and explore the culture of the speakers.

* If you are mainly forced by your parents, relatives, etc., then I feel very sorry for you. I don't know how much progress you can make because progress is mainly determined by your attitude. There are many ways to involve people in learning languages, but coercion is the worst way to begin.

* If you mainly want to touch the world, make friends and can seriously spend time on it, then you may well become a polyglot.

== Choice of Languages ==
Which languages do you want to learn?
* You may want to learn the easiest ones, which may have a close relationship with your native language; you also may want to learn the hardest ones, to challenge yourself.
* You may want to learn the well-known ones, which have much influence around the world; you may also want to learn the rarely-known ones, to discover distinctive cultures.
* Another idea is to learn languages that use the same alphabet or branch off of each other, like French and Spanish, or Farsi and Dari.
It is all up to you.

If you ask me, my opinions:
* The most influential languages in the world
* The most influential languages with close relation to my native languages
* My personal preferences.


You can try Esperanto and/or other constructed languages because they are usually made to be easy to learn. By learning an easy language, you can clearly understand the skeleton of a language. This can be helpful before you to learn a difficult language.

If you want to learn a language that is not popular for learners, you should know that the materials are relatively hard to find. You will likely have to pay for it. You even have to learn another language before learning the language you want to learn, because the speakers of the firstly-learned language have better knowledge about it, or the language you want to learn is similar to this one. Many languages have a lot of loanwords, which means that if you know the languages being borrowed, you can learn the vocabulary of them quickly.

You will also need to know how long it takes to learn a language. There are [https://www.rocketlanguages.com/blog/how-long-does-it-take-to-learn-a-language/ an article by jason-oxenham-ceo] and [https://www.lifehack.org/851918/how-long-does-it-take-to-learn-a-language an article by Leon Ho] to answer it.

== Sequence of Learning ==
There is the following question: “Will it be easier or harder, if I learn this language first and that other language second, instead of learning this language first and that other second?”

If you want to learn two languages with similar grammar, meanwhile their available materials are not of the same quality or are not equally suitable for beginners, it would be better to learn the one with better materials first.

In addition, the case “You even have to learn another language before you learn the language you want to learn” mentioned in the above section should also be taken into consideration.


== Perspective ==
Maybe changing the viewpoint can be better.

Many people use their native languages when learning a new one. Why don't you try another approach?

Pretend that you have forgotten your native language. You will start to wonder how you can express your thoughts, like how to indicate yourself, other people or objects (pronouns and nouns), how to indicate an activity (verb and verb phrase), how to describe your observation towards specific objects (adjective), how to distinguish happened things, things happening and things to happen (tense: conjugation or adverb), etc.

With the use and experience of the language you will gradually manage to forget your native language for a while and not to translate your native language but to think and express yourself directly in the target language.


If you can do this, you have changed your perspective successfully.

It is an urgent demand of making use of languages, instead of a duty to complete a school assignment. You desire to express, but you assumed yourself unable to express in any language, so you have got to accept the new one thoroughly.

[[File:concept to expression.png]]

== Integration ==
Let's imagine a scene: You have a word list, on the one side are words in your native language, on the other side are correspondent words in a language you've never learned. If someone alters it before you see the list, you won't feel unnatural at all when seeing the wrong pairs. But if you already know these words, you would quickly find the problem out.

You could accept whatever interpreted at first, however, when you are familiar to them, you will not easily accept any change. This is because you have been integrated by native speakers. If you were more negative to your original culture, you would be even assimilated.

Most people have no idea what cultural diversity of the world is. They assume that the values at their hometowns as mostly universal. When they are abroad, they can experience the [https://medium.com/global-perspectives/the-4-stages-of-culture-shock-a79957726164 culture shock] for sure.

Integrations on this degree can be done only by living elsewhere for some longer time, not as a tourist, but an inhabitant.


== Logic ==
An important part is logic. It is not only required in reading comprehensions or listening comprehensions, but also in daily life. It is life-changing and definitely deserves being taught in elementary school but the rulers don't want you be smart.

Example: In German, masculine singular nominative article is “der”. If “der” appears in a German text, it means masculine singular nominative article. Right?

In logic, it can be written in syllogism:

# All German masculine singular nominative definite articles are “der”.
# The word in the German text is “der”.
# The word in the German text is German masculine singular nominative definite article.


This fallacy is called “[https://www.thoughtco.com/undistributed-middle-fallacy-1692453 undistributed middle]”, which beginners of logic can recognize.

There is a [http://utminers.utep.edu/omwilliamson/ENGL1311/fallacies.htm list of fallacies]. If you didn't understand logical fallacies, you would fall into confusion easily.

In reading or listening comprehension, for example, if the text only says “He likes apples” and the question is “Does he like pears”, the logical answer is “I don't know”; if the text only says “He has two cars” and the question is “How many cars does he have”. the logical answer is “no less than two”; if the text only says “He has a laptop and a phone and no other electrical devices”, the question is “How many computers does he have”, the logical answer is “If the phone falls into the category of computers, then 2; otherwise 1”.


You could sometimes find that the question creators have bad logic.

To improve your logic, you can read logic books. There are free ones:

* [https://forallx.openlogicproject.org/ forall x: Calgary. An Introduction to Formal Logic] by P. D. Magnus and others
* [https://tellerprimer.ucdavis.edu/pdf A Modern Formal Logic Primer] by Paul Teller
* [https://www.logicmatters.net/tyl/ Logic: A Study Guide] by Peter Smith

There is [https://www.inc.com/larry-alton/7-mental-exercises-to-make-you-a-better-critical-thinker.html an article about practising critical thinking and reasoning]. To do this in a fun way, you can also try to find plot holes in fictions, and discuss them in forums like [https://www.reddit.com/r/plotholes/ the subreddit].

If you are still not determined to learn logic, let me try once more: It slows your brain's aging.

https://www.zwentner.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/jubb2jzkyu751.jpg


== Attitude towards Mistakes ==
The impression plays a big roll. By reducing the impression of mistakes, you can instantly feel the strangeness when a mistake is made. For example, when you hear “a apple”, you can immediately know what type of mistake has been made.

In the ideal situation, when you makes a mistake, it can be instantly corrected. But in reality, you will make mistakes without noticing them. If you keep a log of your mistakes and their types, they would be prevented easily.

== Free or Paid ==
Do you want to spend money on learning languages?

You should know the limitations of free resources:
# They may not be very reliable. Also, it is harder to find out its errors if you have only one material.
# You will lack proper training, especially on speaking and writing. You can find native speakers online, but few of them have teaching skills. You can chat online, but without payment, no individual and no group can keep you practising and point out all your mistakes.
Many people become upset and quit it on their endless ineffective ways. It is clear that if you pay and pay the right ones, you will save a lot of time, and even save your determination.


But if you learn easy languages such as Esperanto, there is no much difference between the free and the paid.

== Methods and Experiences ==
You need to be both the coach and the athlete, especially when you don't rely on paid services.

You may have heard this tone: you will succeed as long as you work hard. This is a trap. You also need good methods. There are some people that can act as a coach, take care about how you learn, for a price. But if you choose to do it on your own, you will gain more, if you are insightful.

As a coach, your methods of learning should suit your own habit and be effective. You can find other people's methods and choose the suitable ones. If you are sure that a method is wrong, abandon it and choose another one right away. When you find something hard to go through and there is no experience for you to learn from, you need to find a way '''on your own'''. And if you like, share your experience with others, even if that method failed. Also, you should watch yourself, don't goof off. Do not rely on the “word of the day” illusion. If you are really interested in learning languages, you shouldn't learn only one word or two each day.

As an athlete, you should do enough exercise. Having suitable methods is an aspect, having enough experiences is the other. An athlete should practise an action over and over again every day. It's same with learning languages. You should be practising over and over again.

There are generally two approaches in the language learning: one is learning vocabulary and grammar systematically and then do reading, listening, writing, speaking; the other is learning without learning vocabulary and grammar systematically and learn only through reading, listening, writing, speaking.

The first approach is how a foreign language is taught at school, the second approach is how a native language is taught at home. They both have advantages and disadvantages. These two approaches are just like these: the first is becoming a car mechanic first and becoming a driver next; the second is becoming a driver first and not necessarily becoming a car mechanic.

There are some tips on
* [https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/20-ways-learn-efficiently/ how to learn effectively]
* [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ways-to-improve-memory how to improve your memory]
* [https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/how-to-improve-concentration how to improve your concentration]
They are just some advice. I don't follow that “drink caffeine”, for example.

If you want to follow that "Take up a musical instrument", you can try the virtual [https://vmpk.sourceforge.io/ piano], [https://github.com/billthefarmer/accordion accordion] or [https://github.com/billthefarmer/melodeon melodeon].

You can practise meditation as [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/12-benefits-of-meditation it is proved to be beneficial in many aspects]. You will be able to focus on tables of declensions, pronouns, and so on, then recall them quickly.

Good scheduling is essential. There is [https://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-time-of-day-to-do-different-types-of-tasks-2017-4 an article] and [https://www.headwaycapital.com/blog/peak-time-day-do-everything-business-backed-science/ a picture] showing how to schedule your day effectively. You can also practise the [https://todoist.com/productivity-methods/pomodoro-technique pomodoro technique].

There is a great finding called “[https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/forgetting-curve.htm forgetting curve]”. It should be taken into consideration. Always prepare to forget and review.

You also need to learn actively, so that you won't forget it easily. There is [https://lidtfoundations.pressbooks.com/chapter/edgar-dale-and-the-cone-of-experience/ the Cone of Experience], it's not based on statistics, however. There are also things called [http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/career-education/difference-between-active-learning-and-passive-learning/ active and passive learning], which should be considered. Contributing to Polyglot Club Wiki is also active learning.

Some things in pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary are similar and easy to be confused with each other. You need to pick one of them (usually the more frequently used one), try to be familiar with it and ignore the other for some time. Avoid learning easy-to-confuse things at the same time.

Don't be afraid to ask. I have met people asking the question as well as myself: In a cliché of fictions, a character's last words are never fully spoken, so if the character had spoken in that language, would that be different like saying the murderer's name before he dies? After finding the solution to this, I learned more than what textbooks told me.

Basic linguistic knowledge can provide you a better understanding. There is [https://www.youtube.com/user/thetrevtutor/playlists a playlist for it].

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/20100727_Nikko_Tosho-gu_Three_wise_monkeys_5965.jpg/640px-20100727_Nikko_Tosho-gu_Three_wise_monkeys_5965.jpg

Best methods for learning nothing

== Resources ==
If you have good tools, you will progress faster.

https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-resources-for-polyglots

== Essential Terms ==
These words are for language learning.

https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must%E2%80%90Know-Words-for-Polyglots

When you understand their meanings, you won't be frustrated by encountering unfamiliar terms from time to time.

== Pronunciation ==
You will surely face this problem first. As you are going to be a polyglot, you need to get to know the International Phonetic Alphabet. IPA is not very hard to learn if you know the structure of oral cavity.

https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Pronunciation/International-Phonetic-Alphabet

When dealing with sound changes, you might feel it hard to memorise the rules. Just remember: native speakers do so, because they tend to be lazy on pronouncing words. You can just let it happen: ignore sound change rules and just pronounce what it “should have been”, read faster. You will naturally realise how to be lazy and understand why they are lazy.

== Vocabulary ==
If you do not have the determination of spending time on memorising vocabulary, you would be unable to speak the language freely.

I am fed up with the metaphor comparing vocabulary to food. In my own opinion, one's vocabulary is pieces of the world that one can depict.

You must overcome the frustration of forgetting most of the words you've just learned. Don't expect to memorise them once and for all, be prepared to review every word you've met many times later. A little tip that people should have learned in primary schools: read the word 3 times, then read its meaning 1 time.


Remember that your confidence will grow following the growth of your vocabulary.

A word may have different meanings and when you read or listen to something, it is the context that determines the word's meaning.

Words in two languages are usually not one-to-one correspondent, i.e. no corresponding word in another language with the exact meanings as that one. Even if two words in two languages have the same meaning(s), their usages and frequencies are often not all the same.

According to [https://wordcounter.io/blog/how-many-words-does-the-average-person-know/ Word Counter], you need to know around 40 000 (uninflected) words to reach native speaker's vocabulary level. Assuming that [https://innerself.com/personal/happiness-and-self-help/life-changes/16581-the-law-of-the-vital-few.html the law of the vital few] can be applied here, you need to master about 8000 words to communicate fluently.


To build your vocabulary, you can follow this way:
# Find a flashcard deck in considerable size and practise, in [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Helpful-Anki-Shared-Decks this wiki lesson] or somewhere else;
# Visit [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Frequency_lists the frequency list], find words that you are still not familiar with under a specific frequency, create your own flashcards and practise.
# Increase the frequency range and repeat the last step.

Alternatively, you can find a dictionary file with considerable number of words or [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Producing-dictionaries-with-web-scraping scrape from the web], then try to [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-make-a-TSV-file convert it to TSV file], import it as a flashcard deck and practise.

Of course, practising flashcards is not the only thing to do. Reading texts is important, too.


To start from basic words, you can alternatively try the [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list], create your own flashcards and practise.

=== Dictionary ===
You may hesitate on choosing a dictionary. First, see which brands have good reputation; second, see what you need:

*if you are a beginner of the language, then a dictionary with 5 000-10 000 entries is enough for your current level;
*if you want to use for daily life, then a dictionary usually with 30 000-50 000 entries is enough;
*if you want the words as many as possible, then buy the thickest one, which usually have more than 100 000 entries, but you will need to spend more time on finding the entry you want as well as more money;

A good dictionary should be able to explain a word with words that are more basic. This is what Wiktionary hasn't done.


There is [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Statistics a page of the statistic of Wiktionary].

You may want to ask: when should I choose a dictionary with 10 000-30 000 or 50 000-100 000 entries? Well, if you want a bit more than these recommended numbers, you can try them.

There is [https://www.icaltefl.com/choosing-a-good-dictionary/ an article on how to choose a dictionary].

Now you may want to memorise all words in a dictionary. Good, but that should be done after having a good command of the most frequently used words. With these words, you can start your reading and listening practice and build your confidence.

If you think you should obey the dictionaries, you've got yourself wrong. Do not worship the authority. It's because of that they can reflect the reality, they become authoritative. It is the people that defines what a dictionary should be, not the other way around.

I won't forget that national college entrance exam preparation: the teacher told us to forget some Chinese words' readings and learn new taught ones, because the new edition of the dictionary that dictates the exam's correct answers was published. Finally even the teacher also messed up some readings.


=== Etymology ===
Some materials tell you to memorise words with some interesting homonyms in your native language. This is superficial and won't help you to understand its underlying structure. Maybe it is effective, but it also has a side effect: when using these words, you can't get rid of that funny stuff in your mind.

You should pay attention to the word roots an affixes instead. This is orthodox of memorising words. You need to know how a word is assembled, and even how to assemble in this language's style.

But this only helps you to understand them. To get familiar to them, you need to memorise by rote.

Wiktionary has “Etymology” for many words in several languages.

There is already a [https://www.oakton.edu/user/3/gherrera/Greek%20and%20Latin%20Roots%20in%20English/greek_and_latin_roots.pdf list of English roots of Greek and Latin origin].

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Etymological_Relationships_Tree.png

=== Definition ===
There are several words with similar meanings. Which one to choose?

You should understand the difference between “translation” and “definition”. Translation is for knowing the meaning of a word, a phrase or a sentence in another language, while definition is for understanding the word and avoiding any ambiguity. Usually, definitions are written by native speakers for native speakers, so you need to read the definition in the language you are learning.

It would be very boring to search for the definition of every word. The best way is learning it through a large amount of reading with searching for the definition as a supplement.

=== Adposition ===
Adpositions are easy to know and hard to master. For example, English beginners are usually confused about the use of “[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/on#Preposition on]”, “[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in#Preposition in]”, “[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at#Preposition at]”. Then you can consult a dictionary. You may find more than 10 meanings of such a word, but don't be upset, because words with so many meanings are few.

Dictionary definition is not enough at all. You can see which adpositions have the similar meaning, and pay attention to distinguish them when you are reading.

=== Collocation ===
Collocation requires much attention. A sentence with a wrong collocation is just like a wrongly buttoned shirt. The example on Wikipedia is good: It's natural to say “strong tea” and “powerful computer” but unnatural to say “strong computer” and “powerful tea”.

Again, a large amount of reading with searching for the definition as a supplement is the best method for it.

=== Number ===
When you learn numbers, you only know the rule of reading numbers, instead of knowing each number, because the numbers are too many. So you need more practice to get the hang of the rules of reading them.


== Flashcard ==
When you have downloaded Anki, ForgetMeNot, Mnemosyne or something else, preparing to create flashcards at the first time, maybe you don't know how to create them to learn efficiently.

My experience: meanings on the front side, word/phrase on the back side. When you see the meaning, you need to recall the word. The recall should be like this: words in the learned language -> concept -> word in the language to learn. Comparing to seeing the word and recalling its meanings, this helps you to learn the word on expression instead of recognisation, as well as recalling the word's synonyms.

Meanings should be brief as well as being commonly used. You can search a word in a dictionary, omit the unimportant meanings, then pick the first section of text in the first meaning, see if there are other meanings that appears to have relatively large difference with the meaning you just picked. You don't need to write too much on the flashcards. You will learn the similar meanings with the one you picked through reading instead of flashcard memorisation.


Another question: there are different levels of efficiency: “again”, “bad”, “good”, “easy”, what's the standard for choosing from them?
In my opinion, according to [https://virtualspeech.com/blog/average-speaking-rate-words-per-minute the average speaking rate], recognising the word in less than 1/4 seconds for “easy”, 1/4 ~ 1/3 seconds for “good”, 1/3 ~ 1/2 seconds for “bad”, more than 1/2 seconds for “again”. But for recalling, the time limits may be longer: 0 ~ 2 second for “easy”, 2 ~ 3 seconds for “good”, 3 ~ 4 seconds for “bad”, more than 4 seconds for “again”.

Maybe you need a metronome to find out how fast they are:
* [https://github.com/thetwom/toc2 Metronome for Android]
* [https://www.antcom.de/gtick/ Metronome for Linux]
* [https://sourceforge.net/projects/openmetronome/ Metronome for Windows]
* [https://douglasniedt.com/metronomeonline.html Metronome online]

== Sentence ==
=== Sounds natural ===
Sometimes you say something correctly in grammar, but it is unnatural for native speakers. The reason is that there may be multiple possible ways to express an idea and the unnatural one is not commonly used. Good grammar is just a necessary condition for formulating naturally. A simple example is, if you feel hungry, you usually say in English “I am hungry”, a subject-copula-predicative structure; in German, it's “Ich habe Hunger”, a subject-verb-object structure; in Korean, it's “배고파” or “배고픕니다”, a conjugated verb in plain or humble form. You may use uncommon structures, but people won't easily understand. This is why you should read and listen a lot even if you are already good at the language's grammar.

<blockquote>
Mr. Leuchtag: Frau Leuchtag and I are speaking nothing but English now.

Mrs. Leuchtag: So we should feel at home when we get to America.

Carl: A very nice idea.

Mr. Leuchtag: To America.

Mrs. Leuchtag and Carl: To America.

Mr. Leuchtag: Liebchen, uh, sweetness heart, what watch?

Mrs. Leuchtag: Ten watch.

Mr. Leuchtag: Such much?

Carl: Er, you will get along beautifully in America, huh.

– ''Casablanca''
</blockquote>


To formulate sentences like a native speaker, you need example sentences. [https://tatoeba.org/ Tatoeba] and services using its data is just what you need: Find a sentence in the language you know, try to translate it naturally, finally see the translation by the native speaker. There are also Anki shared decks of example sentences but the sides are reversed and requires changing the card layout manually. If you can't find a good one on Anki shared decks, you can go to [https://tatoeba.org/eng/downloads Tatoeba's download page] to download sentence pairs, open the TSV file with a text editor, divide it into smaller files and import to Anki.


Don't forget that proverbs are not instantly understood if translated into another language word by word; idioms are almost exclusive to the language. It would be a real joke if you translate “[https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/It%27s+Greek+to+me it's Greek to me]” into Greek word by word.


=== Parse Tree ===
You should provide words of needed words in different parts of speech, in the correct order, to express your idea. That is to say, you should get to know the structure of the sentences. You can say you really know what a sentence means only when you know that which part is playing which role. You can get to know some syntax knowledge and the “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree parse tree]”, then try to draw them, and induce the rules of sentence structure of a language.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVUPNb2908k a video about how to draw parse trees].

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Buffalo_sentence_1_parse_tree.svg/640px-Buffalo_sentence_1_parse_tree.svg.png

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo]

But notice that there are exceptions due to the custom, such as “that thing is easy to do” should be “that thing is easy to be done”. Though being irregular, they are still accepted, just because they are not making much confusion.

=== Ambiguity ===
It is almost impossible to avoid ambiguities in natural languages. They exist almost everywhere. Here are [https://www.thoughtco.com/ambiguity-language-1692388 examples]. Usually people have been used to perceive in a particular way, so that they can efficiently ignore other possible interpretations than the common one, but there's no consensus. As a result, you should try to avoid them, make it a bit clearer.

Some languages are more strict than some others. If you really want to avoid them, try [https://www.dictionary.com/e/lojban/ Lojban].

== Reading ==
When you are reading, you may want to read every word through your mouth. But it limits your speed. Your elementary school teacher may want you read word by word, with voice or not, but it will be inappropriate when you are already a teenager. You are potentially able to view the text line by line.

There are tools that helps improving reading speed like [http://wordflashreader.sourceforge.net/ this open-source one].

Of course, you should get all the important information of a text. Speed is secondary.

That is not to say that you should not read aloud.

Another thing to notice is that there are a lot of material on the Internet to read, but not all of them are grammatically correct. Don't expect native speakers always speak correctly. For English, there are also a lot of non-native speakers making all kinds of mistakes on the Internet. As a result, choosing the right material to read is important.



In the old days, people learn a language by reading newspaper, listening to radio and watching television, because of their professional use of the language. Nowadays people have known them better and they have earned their titles around the world: “lamestream media”, “terminales mediáticas”, “merdias”, “Lügenpresse”, “valemedia”, “лживые СМИ”, “霉體”, “기레기”, “マスゴミ”, etc.

<blockquote>
The U.S. did not double oil imports from Russia in the last year

If Your Time is short

The most recent data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration shows that the U.S. increased its oil imports from Russia by about 28% in the first 11 months of 2021.

The U.S. did double the amount of crude oil imported from Russia last year. But Russia accounts for only about 3% of overall U.S. crude oil imports in 2021.

– [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/feb/28/maria-bartiromo/us-did-not-double-oil-imports-russia-last-year/ Yacob Reyes, Politifact]

</blockquote>

To learn advanced vocabulary, you can try reading books that have been reviewed by many people.

If your time is short, you may go to social media, but be careful that the platforms are trying to manipulate you. There is [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/51476432-deleted a book] from outsider's as well as [https://archive.org/details/time.com-the-secret-history-of-the-shadow-campaign-that-saved-the-2020-election an article] from the manipulator's perspectives.

When getting information from media, please always ask yourself how much ideas from which sides you have received and whether they are balanced or not. In the USA, there are [https://ground.news/ Ground News] and [https://www.allsides.com/unbiased-balanced-news AllSides], websites that break down the news coverage according to the media's stances. You can see what news – which may be true or not – you haven't seen because of your habit of choice of media.

Your domestic media alone is not enough, because the bias can exist nationwide or even continentwide.

What to start with? You can just pick some topics you know well, go to the corresponding websites and start reading. Because you are familiar with the topic, so you can expect what vocabulary you are going to see.

If you want to go to news websites, always keep in mind that they are trying to persuade people in most cases (if not always).


== Listening ==
According to the [https://virtualspeech.com/blog/average-speaking-rate-words-per-minute average speaking rate], you normally need to recall 3 words including their denotations and connotations each second, in English. In languages like Chinese, where a word can be represented by fewer syllables, you need to recall words even faster. You also need to pay attention to the sentence structure, otherwise you wouldn't see the forest for the trees.

Keep listening to audios that you can understand as much as possible. When you are familiar enough with the language, you can predict words when hearing the first syllables.

Before practise listening, you should have enough knowledge of the pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence structure and also reading comprehension.


Proper names in the listening material, unless known, should be avoided as much as possible.

When you find something that you can't understand and you don't have the transcript, follow these steps:
# Slow down the recording
# Recognize each syllable
# Recognize each word

If you still failed, try some similar phonemes (with different places of articulation and less likely with different manners of articulation), such as [m] for your recognized [n], [t] for your recognized [ʔ]; maybe you have recognized an open syllable as a closed syllable, or reversely; maybe the vowel is not pronounced clearly, then you should try to recall any word with the same consonants before and after it.


If still failed, the speech recognition can help.

If you want to listen to music, be aware that not every song's lyrics are grammatically correct, not every singer's pronunciation is standard.

My experience: I tried to listen to the theme of an anime without subtitle. The result was out of my expectation: it suddenly begin to speak German and I was caught with my pants down. When I had realised what happened, I could not catch up the Japanese lyrics.

== Irregular Rules ==
There may be irregular rules in a language, which takes much time to be mastered but can be avoided in other languages. This makes learners upset. In fact, when parents are teaching their children, it is also annoying for both of them, until the children get used to it. This is indeed a tragedy of the human. Kind of institutionalisation.

Keep calm and carry on.


<blockquote>
Patrick: My brother Gerry's had word from Ray Boccino, his Italian contact, about a big shipment coming in near the fish market. The triads are expecting something and it smells fishy.

Niko: The fish market smells fishy?

Patrick: Shit, man. I keep forgetting you're not from here. Something smellin' fishy means that it ain't quite right. So, this shipment smellin' fishy means that it ain't gonna be what they say it is.

Niko: But, if it's going to the fish market they must be saying that it's fish.

Patrick: So?

Niko: So if this shipment is what they say it is, then it's going to smell fishy anyway.

– ''Grand Theft Auto IV''
</blockquote>

== Reality ==
You may have got a nice score in an exam, but it doesn't mean that you can wield the language as you wish. Many people feel confident until they go abroad. They just don't know how to express instantly and precisely in diverse situations, in real life.

There are people working on learning languages through virtual reality, but for now, enough money is required. Here is [https://www.fluentu.com/blog/virtual-reality-language-learning/ an article about it].

Mondly has [https://www.mondly.com/ar AR for learning languages].

== Viewing Cultures ==
When I was a kid, I knew almost nothing and found that everything was attractive. I thought foreigners could float in the air like what I did in my dream. Now my horizon is more and more opened and I've realised that everything is losing its splendour as I get more and more familiar with it. So do the exotic feelings. At the same time, my ability of imagination is also declining if I don't often do so.

Before and after watching a show, you will have different feeling towards its posters.

=== Diversity ===
Cultures are largely different: Not only between countries, even between two towns with 20 km distances, differences between their people's values and behaviours are observable; even inside one city, different districts have different cultures. But meanwhile, cultures are also largely the same: no matter where you are, kids play together and make troubles, advertisements are everywhere, the social insurance is a swindle.

Cultures are so diverse that they are not all compatible with each other, just like that not any random people can be friends. You may strongly oppose some ideas in another culture. It doesn't mean you are a racist if you speak it out, however, you should try your best to not do so in a rude way.

=== Stereotype ===
As a person in the information era, when I see stereotypes, I usually desire to reject them. Such examples are ''Company of Heroes 2'' and ''Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019)'', which distort the history and depict Russians as heartless and brainless. They have been largely boycotted in Russia.

There are some products that don't make me want to boycott, such as ''Code Geass'', where China is simply depicted with old fashions like eunuchs in power. In Japanese Nijmegen, foreigners are usually Japanese with a foreign-looking and ''Code Geass'' is not an exception. The reason why it is still popular in China is that its plot is outstanding and the part involving China doesn't make people feel malicious, so people don't tend to boycott it.

Stereotypes are not all negative. An example is ''Street Fighter'', especially its early versions, where every character and every background is made of a stereotype and it is entertaining without being offensive.

=== Social Science ===
You may have learned the geography and history of a country, but you still don't totally understand the culture of it.

You will need to learn other subjects like sociology and psychology. With knowledge of them, you will even find that you have a new understanding of your own country.

The society is like the computer: If you live with it for daily tasks as a common person, everything appears in order; but if you have deeper knowledge of it, you would find that defects and loopholes are everywhere like that some ”conspiracy theories” are actually the reality.

You can suffer desperation as you see through the ugly side of most people and the recovery from it can be very difficult. For example, they say “We just hate your leaders, we don't hate common people like you”, then some calamities happen to common people like you, they cheer (2021 floods in Malaysia, 2021 floods in China, 2021 floods in India, 2021 floods in Turkey, 2021 floods in Europe, etc.). You may lose your confidence in humanity, a price for your curiosity to the world.

=== Ideology ===
In the modern time, all kinds of ideologies have been emerging. They are not limited to politics, but everywhere: programmer communities, gamer communities, reader communities, et cetera. You may have involved in clashes among different ideologies without knowing what their names are. They collide with traditional cultures and make the human society more and more sophisticated. Politics and religion are unavoidable if you want to have a deeper understanding of a culture.

A lot of articles tell people to “avoid politics and religion unless you are familiar with the one you are talking with”, which can be misinterpreted as to avoid talking about that. The true meaning is, if you are both patient enough toward each other's opinions so you can understand each other's reasons for holding such opinions, then the talk can go well, but if one of you or both of you are not so, this will turn bad quickly, so if you are familiar with each other, you both have to be more patient due to the pressure from potentially jeopardizing the relationship that you both have spent effort to build.

Avoid emotion agitators, listen to all sides, especially the opposite side of yours, with as much patience as possible, then you will almost certainly experience the [https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html cognitive dissonance], which feels like you have been an idiot until now. If you haven't experienced so, you definitely should try this. The simplest way is to record your own voice and listen to it.

https://i.pinimg.com/550x/62/70/a2/6270a2b1c08b65849a451547e4088c31.jpg

==AUTHOR==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]

{{#seo:
|title=How can I become a real polyglot?
|description=In this lesson you will learn some techniques to become a polyglot (a person speaking many languages)
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/a/a4/1_gOfBY31x1Zb_tLzVoJkjaQ.jpeg/450px-1_gOfBY31x1Zb_tLzVoJkjaQ.jpeg
}}

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings

2022-04-19T01:57:49Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">🤗 '''Mandarin Chinese''' Greetings for Everyday Life</div>
[[File:greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

Hi Mandarin Chinese learners! 😃

Do you want to learn how to say “Hello” in '''Mandarin Chinese'''?

Greetings are an important part of any language because they allow you to connect and communicate with others.

If you’re planning a trip to the country or are trying to learn Mandarin Chinese, keep reading to discover some of the most important greetings.

Let’s get started! 🤗

__TOC__

==General Greetings==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Hi
|嗨 (borrow from English)
|hi
|-

|Hello
|你(you)好(good)
|nǐ hǎo
|-

|Hello (formal)
|您好
|nín hǎo
|-

|Hello (to a group of people)
|你们好
|nǐ men hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早晨(morning)好(good)
|zâo chén hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早上 (morning)好(good)
|zâo shàng hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早(morning)安(safe/still/calm)
|zâo an
|-

|Good morning
|早(early)
|zâo
|-

|Good afternoon
|下午(afternoon)好(good)
|xìa wǔ hǎo
|-

|Good noon
|午(noon)安(safe/still/calm)
|wǔ ān
|-

|Good evening
|晚上(night)好(good)
|wǎn shàng hǎo
|-

|Good night (use before sleep)
|晚(night)安(safe/still/calm)
|wǎn ān
|-

|how are you?
|你好吗?/你好嗎?
|nǐ hǎo mā
|-

|How are you?
|您好吗? 您好嗎?
|nín hǎo mā
|-

|I'm good/fine.
|我很好. (reply to 你好吗?/你好嗎?)
|wǒ hěn hǎo
|-

|How are you?
|你怎么样?
|nǐ zěn me yàng
|-

|Have you eaten?
|你吃饭了吗？你吃飯了嗎?
|nǐ(often read as ní) chī fàn le mā
|-

|Have you eaten?
|你有吃饭吗？你有吃飯嗎?
|nǐ(often read as ní) yǒu chī fàn mā
|-

|(greeting used when meeting someone for the first time)
|幸(lucky)会(meet)
|xìng huì
|-

|Welcome
|欢(happy)迎(meet)/歡迎
|huān yíng
|-

|Welcome
|欢迎光临/歡迎光臨
|huān yíng guāng lín
|-

|greeting used when answering the phone
|喂 (hey)
|wéi
|-

|Hello everyone
|大家(everyone)好(good)
|dà jiā hǎo
|}

==Sichuan Dialect [cmn-xin]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Hello
|你好
|nèe hào
|-

|Good morning
|早上好
|zào sàng hào
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好
|wàn sàng hào
|-

|Good night
|晚安
|wàn ngā
|}

==Northeastern Dialect [cmn-nem]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Hello
|你好
|née hăo
|-

|Good morning
|早上好
|zao shung hao
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好
|wun shung hao
|-

|How are you? (informal)
|你咋样啊?
|ni za yung a
|-

|How are you?
|啥事儿?
|shá shìr
|}

==Kunming Dialect [cmn-kun]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-
|Have you eaten? in the Kunminghua dialect
|咯请的饭了?
|kae ching te fan le
|-

|have you eaten? in the Kunminghua dialect [cmn-kun]
|你给吃饭啦?
|ni gei chi fan la
|}

==Videos==
===Master ALL Chinese Greetings in 15 Minutes===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf21MC5y1oI</youtube>
===Learn Basic Greetings in Mandarin Chinese:"hello", "how are you", "I am very good ...===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1LWu81kWqE</youtube>
===HOW ARE YOU in Chinese? Learn Chinese Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWhDYAFQhAI</youtube>

==Free Mandarin Chinese Lessons==
*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''
==Language Exchange==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=28 Find members TEACHING Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=28 Find members LEARNING Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Forum==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/forum SHARE ideas about Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/question Ask a QUESTION about Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Tools==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/note Have your text CORRECTED in Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/video VIDEOS to learn Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Marketplace==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=28 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Mandarin Chinese]'''

{{#seo:
|title=🤗 Say Hello and Greetings in Mandarin Chinese
|keywords=hello, how are you?, where are you from?, evening, afternoon, morning, night, thank you, welcome.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the most important Mandarin Chinese greetings you need to know. How to say hello, how are you, good morning etc.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/6/67/Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png/450px-Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png
}}

[[Category:Mandarin Chinese/Beginner]]

[[Category:Greetings]]

[[Category:Say-Hello]]

[[Category:Jennifers]]

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings

2022-04-15T08:56:14Z

PabloWang: /* 欢迎 huān yíng welcome */

<div class="pg_page_title">🤗 '''Mandarin Chinese''' Greetings for Everyday Life</div>
[[File:greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

Hi Mandarin Chinese learners! 😃

Do you want to learn how to say “Hello” in '''Mandarin Chinese'''?

Greetings are an important part of any language because they allow you to connect and communicate with others.

If you’re planning a trip to the country or are trying to learn Mandarin Chinese, keep reading to discover some of the most important greetings.

Let’s get started! 🤗

__TOC__

== 欢迎 huān yíng welcome ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''English'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese'''
!'''Mandarin Chinese (Pinyin''')
|-

==General Greetings==
|Hi
|嗨 (borrow from English)
|hi
|-

|Hello
|你好 (you good)
|nǐ hǎo
|-

|Hello (formal)
|您好
|nín hǎo
|-

|Hello (to a group of people)
|你们好
|nǐ men hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早晨好 (morning good)
|zâo chén hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早上好 (morning good)
|zâo shàng hǎo
|-

|Good morning
|早安 (morning safe/still/calm)
|zâo an
|-

|Good morning
|早 (early)
|zâo
|-

|Good afternoon
|下午好 (afternoon good)
|xìa wǔ hǎo
|-

|Good noon
|午安 (noon safe/still/calm)
|wǔ ān
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好 (night good)
|wǎn shàng hǎo
|-

|Good night (use before sleep)
|晚安
|wǎn ān
|-

|how are you?
|你好吗?/你好嗎?
|nǐ hǎo mā
|-

|How are you?
|您好吗? 您好嗎?
|nín hǎo mā
|-

|I'm good/fine.
|我很好. (reply to 你好吗?/你好嗎?)
|wǒ hěn hǎo
|-

|How are you?
|你怎么样?
|nǐ zěn me yàng
|-

|Have you eaten?
|你吃饭了吗？你吃飯了嗎?
|nǐ(often read as ní) chī fàn le mā
|-

|Have you eaten?
|你有吃饭吗？你有吃飯嗎?
|nǐ(often read as ní) yǒu chī fàn mā
|-

|(greeting used when meeting someone for the first time)
|幸会 (lucky meet)
|xìng huì
|-

|Welcome
|欢迎/歡迎 (happy meet)
|huān yíng
|-

|Welcome
|欢迎光临/歡迎光臨
|huān yíng guāng lín
|-

|greeting used when answering the phone
|喂 (hey)
|wéi
|-

|Hello everyone
|大家好 (everyone good)
|dà jiā hǎo
|}

==Sichuan Dialect [cmn-xin]==
{| class="wikitable"
|Hello
|你好
|nèe hào
|-

|Good morning
|早上好
|zào sàng hào
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好
|wàn sàng hào
|-

|Good night
|晚安
|wàn ngā
|}

==Northeastern Dialect [cmn-nem]==
{| class="wikitable"
|Hello
|你好
|née hăo
|-

|Good morning
|早上好
|zao shung hao
|-

|Good evening
|晚上好
|wun shung hao
|-

|How are you? (informal)
|你咋样啊?
|ni za yung a
|-

|How are you?
|啥事儿?
|shá shìr
|}

==Kunming Dialect [cmn-kun]==
{| class="wikitable"
|Have you eaten? in the Kunminghua dialect
|咯请的饭了?
|kae ching te fan le
|-

|have you eaten? in the Kunminghua dialect [cmn-kun]
|你给吃饭啦?
|ni gei chi fan la
|}

==Videos==
===Master ALL Chinese Greetings in 15 Minutes===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf21MC5y1oI</youtube>
===Learn Basic Greetings in Mandarin Chinese:"hello", "how are you", "I am very good ...===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1LWu81kWqE</youtube>
===HOW ARE YOU in Chinese? Learn Chinese Greetings===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWhDYAFQhAI</youtube>

==Sources==

*http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/

==Free Mandarin Chinese Lessons==
*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''
==Language Exchange==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=28 Find members TEACHING Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=28 Find members LEARNING Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Forum==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/forum SHARE ideas about Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/question Ask a QUESTION about Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Tools==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/note Have your text CORRECTED in Mandarin Chinese]'''
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/video VIDEOS to learn Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Marketplace==
*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=28 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Mandarin Chinese]'''

{{#seo:
|title=🤗 Say Hello and Greetings in Mandarin Chinese
|keywords=hello, how are you?, where are you from?, evening, afternoon, morning, night, thank you, welcome.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the most important Mandarin Chinese greetings you need to know. How to say hello, how are you, good morning etc.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/6/67/Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png/450px-Greetings-say-hello-polyglot-club.png
}}

[[Category:Mandarin Chinese/Beginner]]

[[Category:Greetings]]

[[Category:Say-Hello]]

[[Category:Jennifers]]

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/How-to-ask-a-question-in-Chinese

2022-04-14T08:34:19Z

PabloWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Chinese Questions</div>
[[File:Question chinese.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
This article will tell you more about how questions are formed and where the interrogative words are meant to be placed in an interrogative sentence.

==Overview==
This is the list of the most common interrogative words in Chinese.

Question words are one of the most common ways to create questions in Chinese.

===什麽/什么===
*shén me
<blockquote>what</blockquote>

===哪裡/哪里, 哪兒/哪儿===
哪兒/哪儿 is used mainly in Northern China.
*nǎ li, nǎr
<blockquote>where</blockquote>

===誰/谁===
When speaking, people more often say “shéi” than “shuí”.
*shéi (shuí)
<blockquote>who</blockquote>

===什麽時候/什么时候===
*shén me shí hou
<blockquote>when (what time)</blockquote>

===為什麽/为什么===
*wèi shén me
<blockquote>why (for what)</blockquote>

===怎么===
*zěn me
<blockquote>how</blockquote>

== Rules ==
In Chinese, using interrogative words makes more sense.

Just add the interrogative word before the information you would like to know.

*我是小李。Wǒ shì Xiǎo Lǐ.

<blockquote>I am Xiao Li.</blockquote>

So, the interrogative form - “Who are you?” - follows the same formation as the affirmative sentence:
* 你是誰？/你是谁？Nǐ shì shéi?

<blockquote>Who are you?</blockquote>

This can apply to anything you want to ask. The interrogative form has the same Structure as the affirmative form.

== Express “what” with 什麽/什么 (shénme) ==
===Structure===
<code>Subject + Verb + 什麽/什么 + (Name)?</code>
=== Examples ===
* A: 這是什麽？/这是什么？Zhè shì shén me?
<blockquote>What's this?</blockquote>

* B: 這是書。/这是书。Zhè shì shū.

<blockquote>It's a book.</blockquote>
* A: 這是什麽書？/这是什么书？Zhè shì shén me shū?

<blockquote>What's this book?</blockquote>
* B: 這是經書。/这是经书。Zhè shì jīng shū.
<blockquote>This is a scripture.</blockquote>

* A: 那是什麽？/那是什么？Nà shì shén me?
<blockquote>What is it?</blockquote>

* B: 那是桌子。Nà shì zhuō zi.
<blockquote>It's a table.</blockquote>

* A: 你有什麽？/你有什么？Nǐ yǒu shén me?
<blockquote>What do you have?</blockquote>

* B: 我有錢。/我有钱。Wǒ yǒu qián.
<blockquote>I have money.</blockquote>

* A: 你看什麽？/你看什么？Nǐ kàn shé nme?
<blockquote>What are you looking at?</blockquote>

* B: 我看美女。Wǒ kàn měi nǚ.
<blockquote>I am looking at these pretty girls. </blockquote>

== Express “where” with 哪里 (nǎli) / 哪儿 (nǎr) ==

===Structure===

<code>Subject + Verb + 哪裡/哪里 / 哪兒/哪儿?</code>

=== Examples ===
* A: 你在哪裡？/你在哪里？Nǐ zài nǎli?
<blockquote>Where are you?</blockquote>

* B: 我在北京。Wǒ zài Běijīng.
<blockquote>I am in Beijing.</blockquote>

* A: 你去哪裡？/你去哪里？Nǐ qù nǎlǐ?
<blockquote>Where are you going?</blockquote>

* B: 我去上海。Wǒ qù Shànghǎi.
<blockquote>I am going to Shanghai.</blockquote>

* A: 我們在哪兒？/我们在哪儿？Wǒmen zài nǎr?
<blockquote>Where are we?</blockquote>

* B: 我們在南京西路。/我们在南京西路。Wǒmen zài Nánjīng Xī Lù.
<blockquote>We are on West Nanjing Road.</blockquote>

* A: 你現在去哪兒？/你现在去哪儿? Nǐ xiànzài qù nǎr?
<blockquote>Where are you going now?</blockquote>

* B: 我去洗手間。/我去洗手间。Wǒ qù xǐshǒujiān.
<blockquote>I'm going to the bathroom. </blockquote>

== Express “who” with 誰/谁 (shéi) ==
===Structure===
<code>Subject + 是 + 誰/谁?</code>

<code>誰/谁 + Verb?</code>

=== Examples ===
* A: 你是誰？/你是谁？Nǐ shì shéi?
<blockquote>Who are you?</blockquote>

* B: 我是成龍。/我是成龙。Wǒ shì Chéng Lóng.
<blockquote>I am Cheng Long (Jackie Chan).</blockquote>

* A: 她是誰？/她是谁？Tā shì shéi?
<blockquote>Who is she?</blockquote>
* B: 她是我的老师。Tā shì wǒde lǎoshī.
<blockquote>She is my teacher.</blockquote>

* A: 誰去？/谁去？Shéi qù?
<blockquote>Who goes there?</blockquote>

* B: 我去。Wǒ qù.
<blockquote>I go.</blockquote>

* A: 誰想喝茶？/谁想喝茶？Shéi xiǎng hē chá?
<blockquote>Who wants to drink tea?</blockquote>

* B: 我想喝茶。Wǒ xiǎng hē chá.
<blockquote>I want to drink tea.</blockquote>

== Express “when” with 什麽時候/什么时候 (shénme shíhou) ==
===Structure===
<code>Subject + 什麽時候/什么时候 + Predicate?</code>
=== Examples ===
Here are some examples to ask and say “when”.

(to keep things simple, we will only include questions in future forms, asking questions in the past form may be more complex and may include a construction “是 … 的 shì … de”).
* A: 你什麽時候來？/你什么时候来？Nǐ shénme shíhou lái?

<blockquote>When are you coming?</blockquote>
* B: 我明天來。/我明天来。Wǒ míngtiān lái.

<blockquote>I'll come tomorrow.</blockquote>
* A: 我們什麽時候吃飯？/我们什么时候吃饭？Wǒmen shénme shíhou chī fàn?

<blockquote>When do we eat?</blockquote>
* B: 我們 6 點吃飯。/我们 6 点吃饭。Wǒmen liù diǎn chī fàn.

<blockquote>We eat at 6:00.</blockquote>
* A: 你們什麽時候結婚？/你们什么时候结婚? Nǐmen shénme shíhou jiéhūn?

<blockquote>When are you going to get married?</blockquote>
* B: 我們下個月結婚。/我们下个月结婚。Wǒmen xià ge yuè jiéhūn.

<blockquote>We will get married next month.</blockquote>
* A: 你什麽時候去旅行？/你什么时候去旅行？Nǐ shénme shíhou qù lǚxíng?

<blockquote>When will you travel?</blockquote>
* B: 我 9 月去旅行。Wǒ Jiǔ-yuè qù lǚxíng.

<blockquote>I will travel in September.</blockquote>

== Express “why” with 為什麽/为什么 (wèishénme) ==

===Structure===

<code>Subject + 為什麽/为什么 + Predicate?</code>

Examples to ask and say “why”.

=== Examples ===
* A: 你為什麽學中文？/你为什么学中文？Nǐ wèishénme xué Zhōngwén?

<blockquote>Why do you study Chinese?</blockquote>
* B: 因為我在中國。/因为我在中国。Yīnwèi wǒ zài Zhōngguó.

<blockquote>Because I am in China.</blockquote>
* A: 你為什麽不高興？/你为什么不高兴？Nǐ wèishénme bù gāoxìng?

<blockquote>Why are not you happy?</blockquote>
* B: 因為我在學中文。/因为我在学中文。Yīnwèi wǒ zài xué Zhōngwén.

<blockquote>Because I study Chinese.</blockquote>
* A: 他為什麽哭了？/他为什么哭了？Tā wèishénme kū le?

<blockquote>Why is he crying?</blockquote>
* B: 因為他喝醉了。/因为他喝醉了。Yīnwèi tā hē zuì le.

<blockquote>Because he is drunk.</blockquote>
* A: 你為什麽沒去上班？/你为什么没去上班？Nǐ wèishénme méi qù shàngbān?

<blockquote>Why did not you go to work?</blockquote>
* B: 因為我生病了。/因为我生病了。Yīnwèi wǒ shēngbìng le.

<blockquote>Because I was sick.</blockquote>

== Express “how” with 怎麽/怎么 (zěnme) ==

===Structure===

<code>Subject + 怎麽/怎么 + Verb + Complement?</code>
=== Examples ===

* A: 你怎麽學習中文？/你怎么学习中文？Nǐ zěnme xuéxí Zhōngwén?
<blockquote>How do you study Chinese?</blockquote>

* B: 我用 Polyglot Club 學習中文。/我用 Polyglot Club 学习中文。Wǒ yòng Polyglot Club xuéxí Zhōngwén.
<blockquote>I use Polyglot Club to study Chinese.</blockquote>

* A: 你怎麽上網？/你怎么上网？Nǐ zěnme shàngwǎng?
<blockquote>How do you go on the internet?</blockquote>

* B: 我用手機上網。/我用手机上网。Wǒ yòng shǒujī shàngwǎng.
<blockquote>I use my phone to go on the internet.</blockquote>

* A: 你怎麽去紐約？/你怎么去纽约？Nǐ zěnme qù Niǔyuē?
<blockquote>How do you go to New York?</blockquote>

* B: 我坐火車去。/我坐火车去。Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù.
<blockquote>I take the train.</blockquote>

* A: 你怎麽聯絡他？/你怎么联系他？Nǐ zěnme liánluò tā?/Nǐ zěnme liánxì tā?
<blockquote>How do you contact him?</blockquote>

* B: 我發郵件聯絡他。/我发邮件联系他。Wǒ fā yóujiàn liánluò tā./Wǒ fā yóujiàn liánxì tā.
<blockquote>I send him an email to contact him.</blockquote>

==Ask a question without any interrogative words==
If you don't use any interrogative words, make sure the sentence ends in tone 1.

* A: 这是兔子？/這是兔子？
<blockquote>This is a rabbit?</blockquote>

*B: 是的
<blockquote>Yes</blockquote>

==Ask a question with 不 (bù)==

To know how to ask a question with 不 (bù), please see the following lesson:

[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Questions-with-不-%28bù%29]]

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/10-Most-Common-Chinese-Characters

2022-04-14T08:17:53Z

PabloWang:

[[File:most-common-chinese-characters.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

Here are the 10 most common Chinese Characters:

If you learn them, you will already have the feeling you know a little bit about how to read in Chinese when walking around the streets in China.

However, you will still have to study a lot before you reach 3,500 and 4,000 characters, the average number a high school-educated Chinese person is thought to know.

==的==
*de: grammatical particle
*dì: goal
*dí: real

==一==
*yī: one
*yí: one (before falling tone) 一个人 yí gè rén = one person
*yì: one (before high, rising, low tones) 一点儿 yìdiǎnr = a little

==是==
*shì: to be

==不==
*bù: not (before high, rising, low tones)
*bú: not (before falling tone)

==了==
*verb particle
*liǎo: finish

==人==
*rén: people

==我==
*wǒ: I, me

==在==
*zài: at

==有==
*yǒu: have
*yòu: again

==他==
*tā: he; someone else, something else

[[Category:Chinese-mandarin/Beginner]]

{{#seo:
|title=What are the 10 most common Chinese characters?
|keywords=mandarin, characters, top 10
|description=By learning the 10 most known Chinese characters, you will have taken the first step in your learning
|og:image=http://wiki.polyglotclub.com/images/2/29/Most-common-chinese-characters.jpg
}}

Language/French

2022-04-14T08:11:43Z

PabloWang:

{{French-flag}}
[[File:french-language-photo-paris.jpg|thumb]]
Hi Polyglots! 😃

Welcome to the '''French''' learning page!

You will find below many '''free''' resources to learn and practice this language.

Enjoy your learning journey with Polyglot Club! 😊
==Facts about French ==

*French descended from Vulgar Latin, like all other Romance languages.
*French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other "langues d'oïl".
*French was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul.
*Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole.
*A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone.
*In modern terms, it is still significantly used as a diplomatic language, being an official language of the United Nations, the Olympic Games, and the European Union.
*It is the official language of 29 countries and is spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxemburg, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, Haiti, the Ivory Coast, Madagascar, the Congo, Algeria, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Gabon, Seychelles, Burundi, Chad, Rwanda, Djibouti, Cameroon, Mauritius, and Canada (mostly in the province of Québec, where it is the primary language, but it is also used in other parts of the country - notably New Brunswick, which is the only bilingual province).
*All consumer product packages in Canada are required by law to have both English and French labels.

*'''Language code (ISO 639-3)''': <code>fra</code>

*'''Autonyms''' (''how to write "French" in French''): <code>Français</code>

*'''"French" in other languages''': <code>Francès, Français, Frans, Französisch, Francese, Francés, Barang, Frantsay</code>

*'''The French language is spoken in''': <code>France</code>

Further readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language, https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1290

==French Dictionaries==

• [https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/ Trésor de la langue française]: the most important dictionary of the French language, meaning & etymology

• [https://dictionnaire.lerobert.com/ Le Robert]: French dictionary, meanings, synonyms [[new.htm|[[File:../images/newlink.gif|class=img-0|what's new?]]]]

• [https://petitrobert.lerobert.com/demo/AidePR/Pages/Suffixes1.HTML Petit dictionnaire] des suffixes du français, by Danièle Morvan

• [https://petitrobert12.lerobert.com/AidePR/Pages/pdf/gentiles.pdf Liste des noms communs et des adjectifs] correspondant aux noms propres de personnes et de lieux

• [https://petitrobert12.lerobert.com/AidePR/Pages/pdf/conjugaisons.pdf Les conjugaisons] (conjugation)

• [https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-monolingue/ Larousse]: French dictionary, meanings, quotations

• [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/ Encyclopédie Larousse]: French encyclopaedia

• [https://usito.usherbrooke.ca/ Usito]: francophone dictionary, ''Université de Sherbrooke'' (Québec)

• [http://www.ikonet.com/fr/ledictionnairevisuel/ Dictionnaire visuel]: visual dictionary, by topics

• [https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française]: French dictionary (1935 & older editions)

• [https://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/ Reverso]: French-English dictionary & words in context & French dictionary (meanings, synonyms)

• [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french Collins]: French-English dictionary

• [https://www.wordreference.com/ WordReference]: French-English dictionary

• [https://www.linguee.com/english-french/ Linguee]: French-English translation of a phrase

• [http://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ Le Grand dictionnaire terminologique]: French-English terminological dictionary & meaning in French (Québec)

• [https://iate.europa.eu/home Iate]: multilingual terminological dictionary (European Union)

• [https://crisco2.unicaen.fr/des/ Crisco]: synonyms dictionary & antonyms

• [http://www.atlas-semantiques.eu/ Atlas sémantiques]: French & English synonyms

• [https://archive.org/details/laroussedictionnairedessynonymes1977?view=theater Dictionnaire des synonymes]: synonyms dictionary, ''Larousse'' (1977)

• [https://archive.org/details/laroussedictionnaireanalogique1980?view=theater Dictionnaire analogique]: analogical dictionary, ''Larousse'' (1980)

• [https://www.expressio.fr/ Expressio]: meaning of the French expressions

• [https://www.loecsen.com/en/learn-french Loecsen]: French-English common phrases (+ audio)

• [http://www.goethe-verlag.com/book2/EN/ENFR/ENFR002.HTM Goethe-Verlag]: French-English common phrases & illustrated [http://www.goethe-verlag.com/book2/_VOCAB/EN/ENFR/ENFR.HTM vocabulary] (+ audio)

• [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/french/ Learn French]: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/french/talk/ useful] & [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/french/cool/ familiar] expressions (+ audio) (BBC)

• [http://shtooka.net/overview.php?lang=fra Shtooka]: French words, with translation (audio)

• [https://tatoeba.org/en/audio/index/fra Tatoeba]: sentences in French, with translation (audio)

*Sources: https://www.lexilogos.com/english/french_dictionary.htm
==Free French Lessons==

*'''[[Language/French/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/French/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/French/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/French/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''

==Language Exchange==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=42 Find members TEACHING French]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=42 Find members LEARNING French]'''
==Forum==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/french/forum SHARE ideas about French]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/french/question Ask a QUESTION about French]'''
==Tools==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/french/note Have your text CORRECTED in French]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/french/video VIDEOS to learn French]'''
==Marketplace==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=42 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to French]'''

Language/Mandarin-chinese

2022-04-14T08:11:39Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
Hi, Polyglots! 😃

Welcome to the '''Mandarin Chinese''' learning page!

You will find many '''Free''' resources below to learn and practice this language.

Enjoy your learning journey with Polyglot Club! 😊

==Facts about Mandarin Chinese ==
*Mandarin is a group of Sinitic languages[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages] natively spoken across most of China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese.
*Chinese is the language with the most native speakers(About 1.3 billion people, approximately 16% of the world's population).
*Chinese is a tonal[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)] language.
*Chinese is a logographic[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram] language and has nearly eighty thousand unique characters that came from hieroglyphs[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph].

*'''Language code (ISO 639-3)''': <code>cmn</code>
*'''Autonyms''' (''how to write "Mandarin Chinese" in Mandarin Chinese''): <code>官話 / 官话 / 普通话 / 國語 / 华语 / 華語</code>
*'''Other names for "Mandarin Chinese"''': <code>Beifang Fangyan, Beijinghua, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua, Tayok, Hoton, Hui, Hui-Zu, Hytad, Khoton, Qotong, Xui</code>
*'''The Mandarin Chinese language is spoken in''': <code>China</code>

Furthur readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mandarin-language, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages, https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mand1415.

==Mandarin Chinese Dictionaries==

• [https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/dictionary.html Chinese tools]: Chinese-English dictionary, [https://www.chine-nouvelle.com/outils/dictionnaire.html French] & other languages, [https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/chinese-dictionary.html Chinese] (meanings)

• [https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-chinese/ Reverso-Collins]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Lin Yutang]: ''Chinese-English dictionary of modern usage'' (1972)

• [https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/home LineDict]: Chinese-[https://dict.naver.com/linedict/enzhdict/#/encn/home English] dictionary (+ audio)

• [http://dict.cn/ Dict.cn]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict Mdbg]: Chinese-English dictionary: simplified & traditional (+ audio)

• [http://www.xiaoma.info/ Xiaoma]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [http://www.mandarintools.com/worddict.html Mandarin tools]: Chinese-English dictionary simplified & traditional (+ audio)

• [http://www.internationalscientific.org/ Chinese etymology]: etymological dictionary

• [http://zhongwen.com/ Zhongwen.com]: English-Chinese dictionary etymology

• [http://shtooka.net/overview.php?lang=cmn Shtooka]: Chinese words, with translation (audio)

• [https://tatoeba.org/en/audio/index/cmn Tatoeba]: sentences in Chinese, with translation (audio)

• [http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本] : Revised Mandarin Chinese dictionary edited by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan (1994)

• [https://archive.org/details/ChineseBibleWords?view=theater Chinese Bible words]: vocabulary of the biblical terms

• [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00087314 The Chinese names of the four directions] by Laurent Sagart, in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' (2004)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011498668?view=theater English and Chinese standard dictionary] edited by 颜惠庆 (Yan Huiqing) (1920)

• [https://archive.org/details/mandarinromanize00macguoft?view=theater Mandarin romanised dictionary of Chinese] by Donald MacGillivray (1918) (Latin & Chinese characters)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354743?view=theater Analytical Chinese-English dictionary] by Frederick William Baller (1900)

• [https://archive.org/details/analyticalvocabu00balluoft?view=theater Analytical vocabulary of the New Testament] by Frederick William Baller (1907)

• [https://archive.org/details/chinesedienglish00lobsrich?view=theater English and Chinese dictionary] by William Lobscheids (1884)

• [https://books.google.com/books?id=P200AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Vocabulary and hand-book of the Chinese language] romanized in the Mandarin dialect, by Justus Doolittle (1872): I & [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhITAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover II]

• [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchin00morr?view=theater Dictionary of the Chinese language] by Robert Morrison (1865)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354917?view=theater Dictionary of idiomatic English phrases] by James Main Dixon, translated by Chan Chi Lan (1909)

• [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcoll00gilerich?view=theater Dictionary of colloquial idioms] in the Mandarin dialect, by Herbert Giles (1873)

• [https://archive.org/details/guidetoconversat00hernrich?view=theater Guide to conversation in the English and Chinese languages] by Stanislas Hernisz (1854)

• [https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofconfu00confiala?view=theater Fragments of Confucian lore], a selection of short quotations with the original text, by Thomas Ferguson (1920)

Multiple languages, bidirectional
* https://dict.eudic.net/
* https://dict.hjenglish.com/
* https://dict.youdao.com/
* http://www.ichacha.net/
Mandarin Chinese
* https://www.zdic.net/
* http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/
Min Nan Chinese https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8 [offl.d PL]

English
* bidirectional
** https://www.91dict.com/
** https://www.iciba.com/
** https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/
** https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary [[https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cc-cedict offl.db PL]]
** https://www.pleco.com/ [offl.p]
** https://www.trainchinese.com/v2/index.php [offl.p]
** http://zhongwen.com/
French
* https://chine.in/mandarin/dictionnaire/ [[https://chine.in/mandarin/dictionnaire/CFDICT/ offl.db PL]]
* https://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/dictionnaire-chinois.php
German https://handedict.zydeo.net/de [[https://handedict.zydeo.net/de/download offl.db PL]]

Hungarian
* https://chdict.zydeo.net/hu [[https://chdict.zydeo.net/hu/download offl.db PL]]
* https://www.morphologic.hu/kinai/index.php
Japanese https://ctrans.org/

Russian
* bidirectional
** https://www.qianyix.com/
** https://bkrs.info/ [[https://bkrs.info/p47 offl.p]]
* https://www.chinese-russian.com/zd/

==== Sources: ====
*https://www.lexilogos.com/english/chinese_dictionary.htm
*[[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-Dictionaries#Chinese]]

==Free Mandarin Chinese Lessons==

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''

==Language Exchange==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=28 Find members TEACHING Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=28 Find members LEARNING Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Forum==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/forum SHARE ideas about Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/question Ask a QUESTION about Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Tools==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/note Have your text CORRECTED in Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/video VIDEOS to learn Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Marketplace==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=28 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Mandarin Chinese]'''

Language/French

2022-04-14T08:07:24Z

PabloWang:

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Days-of-the-Week

2022-04-14T05:51:56Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%;"> Days of the Week in Chinese</div>

In Chinese, there are three ways to tell the days of the week, like what is shown below.

They can begin with 星期 (xīng qī)week, which is 星（xīng）star + 期（qī）period; or, they can begin with 周（zhōu）, the second way to say "week"; and the third way to say "week" is 礼拜（lǐ bài）, which literally means worship. And you add numbers after them. PS: If you want to say something like "one week" or "two weeks", you put numbers before them.

{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Chinese #1
!Chinese #2
!Chinese #3
|-
|Monday
|星期一
|周一/週一
|礼拜一/禮拜一
|-
|Tuesday
|星期二
|周二/週二
|礼拜二/禮拜二
|-
|Wednesday
|星期三
|周三/週三
|礼拜三/禮拜三
|-
|Thursday
|星期四
|周四/週四
|礼拜四/禮拜四
|-
|Friday
|星期五
|周五/週五
|礼拜五/禮拜五
|-
|Saturday
|星期六
|周六/週六
|礼拜六/禮拜六
|-
|Sunday
|星期日(星期天)
|周日（周天）/週日（週天）
|礼拜日（礼拜天）/禮拜日（禮拜天）
|}

As you can see, only Sunday is different, it doesn't end in a number, it ends in 日（rì）day, or 天（tiān）sky

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar

2022-04-14T04:27:24Z

PabloWang:

Hi Polyglots! 😃

Welcome to the '''Mandarin Chinese Grammar''' learning page!

Enjoy your learning journey with Polyglot Club! 😊
==Other Mandarin Chinese Lessons==
*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''
*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''
*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''

Language/Mandarin-chinese

2022-04-08T09:13:52Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
Hi, Polyglots! 😃

Welcome to the '''Mandarin Chinese''' learning page!

You will find many resources below to learn and practice this language.

Enjoy your learning journey with Polyglot Club! 😊

==Facts about Mandarin Chinese ==
Mandarin is a group of Sinitic languages natively spoken across most of China.
The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese.
Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by the number of native speakers (with nearly a billion).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese

*'''Language code (ISO 639-3)''': <code>cmn</code>
*'''Autonyms''' (''how to write "Mandarin Chinese" in Mandarin Chinese''): <code>官話 / 官话 / 普通话 / 國語 / 华语 / 華語</code>
*'''Other names for "Mandarin Chinese"''': <code>Beifang Fangyan, Beijinghua, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua, Tayok, Hoton, Hui, Hui-Zu, Hytad, Khoton, Qotong, Xui</code>
*'''The Mandarin Chinese language is spoken in''': <code>China</code>

==Mandarin Chinese Dictionaries==

• [https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/dictionary.html Chinese tools]: Chinese-English dictionary, [https://www.chine-nouvelle.com/outils/dictionnaire.html French] & other languages, [https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/chinese-dictionary.html Chinese] (meanings)

• [https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-chinese/ Reverso-Collins]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Lin Yutang]: ''Chinese-English dictionary of modern usage'' (1972)

• [https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/home LineDict]: Chinese-[https://dict.naver.com/linedict/enzhdict/#/encn/home English] dictionary (+ audio)

• [http://dict.cn/ Dict.cn]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict Mdbg]: Chinese-English dictionary: simplified & traditional (+ audio)

• [http://www.xiaoma.info/ Xiaoma]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [http://www.mandarintools.com/worddict.html Mandarin tools]: Chinese-English dictionary simplified & traditional (+ audio)

• [http://www.internationalscientific.org/ Chinese etymology]: etymological dictionary

• [http://zhongwen.com/ Zhongwen.com]: English-Chinese dictionary etymology

• [http://shtooka.net/overview.php?lang=cmn Shtooka]: Chinese words, with translation (audio)

• [https://tatoeba.org/en/audio/index/cmn Tatoeba]: sentences in Chinese, with translation (audio)

• [http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本] : Revised Mandarin Chinese dictionary edited by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan (1994)

• [https://archive.org/details/ChineseBibleWords?view=theater Chinese Bible words]: vocabulary of the biblical terms

• [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00087314 The Chinese names of the four directions] by Laurent Sagart, in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' (2004)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011498668?view=theater English and Chinese standard dictionary] edited by 颜惠庆 (Yan Huiqing) (1920)

• [https://archive.org/details/mandarinromanize00macguoft?view=theater Mandarin romanised dictionary of Chinese] by Donald MacGillivray (1918) (Latin & Chinese characters)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354743?view=theater Analytical Chinese-English dictionary] by Frederick William Baller (1900)

• [https://archive.org/details/analyticalvocabu00balluoft?view=theater Analytical vocabulary of the New Testament] by Frederick William Baller (1907)

• [https://archive.org/details/chinesedienglish00lobsrich?view=theater English and Chinese dictionary] by William Lobscheids (1884)

• [https://books.google.com/books?id=P200AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Vocabulary and hand-book of the Chinese language] romanized in the Mandarin dialect, by Justus Doolittle (1872): I & [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhITAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover II]

• [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchin00morr?view=theater Dictionary of the Chinese language] by Robert Morrison (1865)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354917?view=theater Dictionary of idiomatic English phrases] by James Main Dixon, translated by Chan Chi Lan (1909)

• [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcoll00gilerich?view=theater Dictionary of colloquial idioms] in the Mandarin dialect, by Herbert Giles (1873)

• [https://archive.org/details/guidetoconversat00hernrich?view=theater Guide to conversation in the English and Chinese languages] by Stanislas Hernisz (1854)

• [https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofconfu00confiala?view=theater Fragments of Confucian lore], a selection of short quotations with the original text, by Thomas Ferguson (1920)

Multiple languages, bidirectional
* https://dict.eudic.net/
* https://dict.hjenglish.com/
* https://dict.youdao.com/
* http://www.ichacha.net/
Mandarin Chinese
* https://www.zdic.net/
* http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/
Min Nan Chinese https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8 [offl.d PL]

English
* bidirectional
** https://www.91dict.com/
** https://www.iciba.com/
** https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/
** https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary [[https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cc-cedict offl.db PL]]
** https://www.pleco.com/ [offl.p]
** https://www.trainchinese.com/v2/index.php [offl.p]
** http://zhongwen.com/
French
* https://chine.in/mandarin/dictionnaire/ [[https://chine.in/mandarin/dictionnaire/CFDICT/ offl.db PL]]
* https://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/dictionnaire-chinois.php
German https://handedict.zydeo.net/de [[https://handedict.zydeo.net/de/download offl.db PL]]

Hungarian
* https://chdict.zydeo.net/hu [[https://chdict.zydeo.net/hu/download offl.db PL]]
* https://www.morphologic.hu/kinai/index.php
Japanese https://ctrans.org/

Russian
* bidirectional
** https://www.qianyix.com/
** https://bkrs.info/ [[https://bkrs.info/p47 offl.p]]
* https://www.chinese-russian.com/zd/

==== Sources: ====
*https://www.lexilogos.com/english/chinese_dictionary.htm
*[[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-Dictionaries#Chinese]]

==Free Mandarin Chinese Lessons==

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''

==Language Exchange==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=28 Find members TEACHING Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=28 Find members LEARNING Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Forum==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/forum SHARE ideas about Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/question Ask a QUESTION about Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Tools==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/note Have your text CORRECTED in Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/video VIDEOS to learn Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Marketplace==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=28 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Mandarin Chinese]'''

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Plural

2022-04-08T09:06:21Z

PabloWang:

[[File:Plural in Chinese.png|thumb]]

How do we express plural in Mandarin Chinese?

In Chinese, there is no suffix for showing plural. But when we are referring to a group of people, or animals sometimes, we can add 們/们 (men) after the word.

For example:

人(rén)[man] + 們/们 = 人們/人们 (rén men) [men]

老师（lǎo shī）[teacher] + 們/们 = 老师們/们（lǎo shī men）[teachers]

学生（xué shēng）[student] + 們/们 = 学生們/们（xué shēng men）[students]