Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Spanish/Vocabulary/Astronomy

2020-10-17T22:54:27Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Astronomy.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; color:#fff; background-color:#03396c; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Astronomy</div>

<br/>

Below is an extensive list of words about astronomy in Spanish.

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |Spanish
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |English
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Acuario
|Aquarius
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |agujero de gusano
|worm hole
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |agujero negro
|black hole
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Alba / Amanecer / Aurora
|Dawn / Daybreak
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |alienígena
|alien
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Alunizaje
|Moon landing
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |año luz
|light year
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Anochecer / Crepúsculo
|Nightfall / Dusk
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Aries
|Aries
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |asteroide
|asteroid
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astrofísica
|Astrophysics
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |astronauta
|astronaut
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astronauta
|Astronaut
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astronomía
|Astronomy
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astrónomo
|Astronomer
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |atmósfera
|atmosphere
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |átomo
|atom
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Aurora boreal
|Aurora borealis
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Big-bang
|Big-bang
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Bóveda celeste
|Celestial vault
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cáncer
|Cancer
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Capricornio
|Capricorn
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |carbono
|carbon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cohete
|Rocket
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cometa
|comet
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |constelación
|constellation
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cosmología
|cosmology
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cosmonauta
|Cosmonaut
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cosmos
|Cosmos
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cuerpo negro
|black body
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cúmulo (ej: de galaxias)
|cluster
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cúmulo globular
|globular cluster
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Eclipse
|Eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclipse de luna
|lunar eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclipse parcial
|partial eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclipse total
|total eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclíptica
|ecliptic
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |El Sol
|The sun
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |electrón
|electron
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |elipse solar
|solar eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |entropía
|entropy
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |equinoccio
|equinox
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Escorpión
|Scorpio
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Espacio
|Space
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |espacio exterior
|outer space
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Espacio exterior
|Outer space
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |espectroscopio
|spectroscope
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estación espacial
|space station
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella
|star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella binaria
|binary star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella de neutrones
|neutron star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella del norte
|north star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella doble
|double star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella enana
|dwarf star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella fugaz
|shooting star, falling star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella variable
|variable star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |exoplaneta
|exoplanet
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |extraterrestre
|extraterrestrial, alien
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |física cuántica
|quantum physics
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |física de partículas
|particle physics
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |fotón
|photon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |fusión nuclear
|nuclear fusion
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Galaxia
|Galaxy
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Géminis
|Gemini
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |globo, esfera
|globe
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |gravedad
|gravity
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Gravedad
|Gravity
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |hidrógeno
|hydrogen
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Idioma Klingon
|Klingon Language
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |ingrávido
|weightless
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |interestelar
|interstellar
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Júpiter
|Jupiter
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |La Luna
|The moon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |La Tierra
|The Earth
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |La Vía Láctea
|The Milky Way
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |lanzadera espacial
|space shuttle
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |lente gravitacional
|gravitational lens
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Leo
|Leo
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |leyes de Kepler
|Kepler’s laws
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |leyes de Newton
|Newton’s laws
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Libra
|Libra
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |longitud de onda
|wavelength
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |lucero del alba
|morning star
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna creciente / Cuarto creciente
|First quarter / Crescent moon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna llena / Plenilunio
|Full moon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna menguante
|Last quarter / Waning moon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna nueva
|New moon
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |luz de las estrellas
|starlight
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Marte
|Mars
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |materia oscura
|dark matter
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |mecánica cuántica
|quantum mechanics
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Mercurio
|Mercury
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |meteorito
|meteorite
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |meteoro
|meteor
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |nave espacial
|spaceship, spacecraft
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Nave espacial
|Spaceship
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Nave estelar
|Starship
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |nebulosa
|nebula
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Nebulosa
|Nebula
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Neptuno
|Neptune
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |nube de Oort
|Oort cloud
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |observatorio
|observatory
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |órbita
|orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |órbita elíptica
|elliptical orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |órbita hiperbólica
|hyperbolic orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |OVNI
|UFO
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Piscis
|Pisces
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |planeta
|planet
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Plutón
|Pluto
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |polvo interestelar
|interstellar dust
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |poner en órbita
|to put into orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Poner en órbita
|To put into orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |protón
|proton
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Puesta del Sol / Ocaso
|Sunset
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |púlsar
|pulsar
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |quasar
|quasar
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |radiación
|radiation
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |radiación de fondo
|background radiation
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |reacción nuclear
|nuclear reaction
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Sagitario
|Sagittarius
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Salida del Sol
|Sunrise
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |satélite
|satellite
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Satélite artificial
|Artificial satellite
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Saturno
|Saturn
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Signos del zodiaco
|Signs of the zodiac
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |singularidad
|singularity
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Sistema solar
|Solar system
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |solsticio
|solstice
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |supernova
|supernova
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Tauro
|Taurus
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Telescopio
|Telescope
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |telescopio Hubble
|Hubble telescope
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |teoría de la relatividad
|theory of relativity
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Transbordador espacial
|Space shuttle
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Universo
|Universe
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Urano
|Uranus
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |velocidad de la luz
|light speed
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Venus
|Venus
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Vía Láctea
|Milky Way
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |viaje en el tiempo
|time travel
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |viento solar
|solar wind
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Virgo
|Virgo
|-
| style="background-color:#6497b1; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |zodíaco
|zodiac
|}

Language/Spanish/Vocabulary/Astronomy

2020-10-17T22:43:13Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Astronomy.jpg|thumb]]
Below is an extensive list of words about astronomy in Spanish.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#03394c; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Spanish
| style="background-color:#03394c; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |English
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Acuario
|Aquarius
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |agujero de gusano
|worm hole
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |agujero negro
|black hole
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Alba / Amanecer / Aurora
|Dawn / Daybreak
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |alienígena
|alien
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Alunizaje
|Moon landing
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |año luz
|light year
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Anochecer / Crepúsculo
|Nightfall / Dusk
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Aries
|Aries
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |asteroide
|asteroid
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astrofísica
|Astrophysics
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |astronauta
|astronaut
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astronauta
|Astronaut
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astronomía
|Astronomy
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Astrónomo
|Astronomer
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |atmósfera
|atmosphere
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |átomo
|atom
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Aurora boreal
|Aurora borealis
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Big-bang
|Big-bang
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Bóveda celeste
|Celestial vault
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cáncer
|Cancer
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Capricornio
|Capricorn
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |carbono
|carbon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cohete
|Rocket
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cometa
|comet
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |constelación
|constellation
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cosmología
|cosmology
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cosmonauta
|Cosmonaut
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Cosmos
|Cosmos
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cuerpo negro
|black body
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cúmulo (ej: de galaxias)
|cluster
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |cúmulo globular
|globular cluster
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Eclipse
|Eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclipse de luna
|lunar eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclipse parcial
|partial eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclipse total
|total eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |eclíptica
|ecliptic
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |El Sol
|The sun
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |electrón
|electron
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |elipse solar
|solar eclipse
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |entropía
|entropy
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |equinoccio
|equinox
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Escorpión
|Scorpio
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Espacio
|Space
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |espacio exterior
|outer space
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Espacio exterior
|Outer space
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |espectroscopio
|spectroscope
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estación espacial
|space station
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella
|star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella binaria
|binary star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella de neutrones
|neutron star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella del norte
|north star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella doble
|double star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella enana
|dwarf star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella fugaz
|shooting star, falling star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |estrella variable
|variable star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |exoplaneta
|exoplanet
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |extraterrestre
|extraterrestrial, alien
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |física cuántica
|quantum physics
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |física de partículas
|particle physics
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |fotón
|photon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |fusión nuclear
|nuclear fusion
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Galaxia
|Galaxy
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Géminis
|Gemini
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |globo, esfera
|globe
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |gravedad
|gravity
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Gravedad
|Gravity
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |hidrógeno
|hydrogen
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Idioma Klingon
|Klingon Language
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |ingrávido
|weightless
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |interestelar
|interstellar
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Júpiter
|Jupiter
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |La Luna
|The moon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |La Tierra
|The Earth
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |La Vía Láctea
|The Milky Way
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |lanzadera espacial
|space shuttle
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |lente gravitacional
|gravitational lens
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Leo
|Leo
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |leyes de Kepler
|Kepler’s laws
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |leyes de Newton
|Newton’s laws
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Libra
|Libra
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |longitud de onda
|wavelength
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |lucero del alba
|morning star
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna creciente / Cuarto creciente
|First quarter / Crescent moon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna llena / Plenilunio
|Full moon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna menguante
|Last quarter / Waning moon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Luna nueva
|New moon
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |luz de las estrellas
|starlight
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Marte
|Mars
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |materia oscura
|dark matter
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |mecánica cuántica
|quantum mechanics
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Mercurio
|Mercury
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |meteorito
|meteorite
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |meteoro
|meteor
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |nave espacial
|spaceship, spacecraft
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Nave espacial
|Spaceship
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Nave estelar
|Starship
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |nebulosa
|nebula
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Nebulosa
|Nebula
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Neptuno
|Neptune
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |nube de Oort
|Oort cloud
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |observatorio
|observatory
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |órbita
|orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |órbita elíptica
|elliptical orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |órbita hiperbólica
|hyperbolic orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |OVNI
|UFO
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Piscis
|Pisces
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |planeta
|planet
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Plutón
|Pluto
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |polvo interestelar
|interstellar dust
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |poner en órbita
|to put into orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Poner en órbita
|To put into orbit
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |protón
|proton
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Puesta del Sol / Ocaso
|Sunset
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |púlsar
|pulsar
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |quasar
|quasar
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |radiación
|radiation
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |radiación de fondo
|background radiation
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |reacción nuclear
|nuclear reaction
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Sagitario
|Sagittarius
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Salida del Sol
|Sunrise
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |satélite
|satellite
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Satélite artificial
|Artificial satellite
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Saturno
|Saturn
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Signos del zodiaco
|Signs of the zodiac
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |singularidad
|singularity
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Sistema solar
|Solar system
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |solsticio
|solstice
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |supernova
|supernova
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Tauro
|Taurus
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Telescopio
|Telescope
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |telescopio Hubble
|Hubble telescope
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |teoría de la relatividad
|theory of relativity
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Transbordador espacial
|Space shuttle
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Universo
|Universe
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Urano
|Uranus
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |velocidad de la luz
|light speed
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Venus
|Venus
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Vía Láctea
|Milky Way
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |viaje en el tiempo
|time travel
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |viento solar
|solar wind
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |Virgo
|Virgo
|-
| style="background-color:#005b96; color:#fff; text-align:center;" |zodíaco
|zodiac
|}

Language/Spanish/Vocabulary/City

2020-10-08T16:08:38Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:CIUDAD-spanish-vocabulary.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:200%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; color:#48c8db;">Vocabulary</div>
<div style="font-size:500%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; color:#2682a4;">CITY</div>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#48c8db; font-weight:bold; width:50%; text-align:center;" | Spanish
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#48c8db; font-weight:bold; width:50%; text-align:center;" | English
|-
|Edificio
|Building
|-
|Estatua
|Statue
|-
|Calle
|Street
|-
|Escuela
|School
|-
|Universidad
|University
|-
|Banco
|Bank
|-
|Cine
|Cinema
|-
|Centro Comercial
|Mall
|-
|Paso Peatonal
|Crosswalk
|-
|Semáforo
|Traffic Light
|-
|Municipalidad
|Municipality
|-
|Parque
|Park
|-
|Mercado
|Market
|-
|Autopista
|Highways
|-
|Gimnasio
|Gym
|-
|Estacionamiento
|Parking lot
|-
|Metro/Subterraneo
|Subway
|-
|Bar
|Pub
|-
|Casa
|House
|-
|Torre
|Tower
|-
|Puente
|Bridge
|-
|Avenida
|Avenue
|-
|Biblioteca
|Library
|-
|Monumento
|Monument
|-
|Estadio
|Stadium
|-
|Teatro
|Theatre
|-
|Museo
|Museum
|-
|Garage/Cochera
|Garage
|-
|Restaurante
|Restaurant
|-
|Hospital
|Hospital
|-
|Cementerio
|Cemetery
|-
|Comisaría/Estación de policias
|Police station
|-
|Estación de bomberos
|Fire station
|-
|Iglesia
|Church
|-
|Ayuntamiento
|Town hall
|-
|Plaza
|Square
|-
|Parada de autob''ús''
|Bus station
|-
|Para de Taxi
|Taxi Station
|-
|Estación
|Station
|-
|Teléfono público
|Public Telefone
|}

Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/Al-ham'za-الهمزة

2020-10-01T18:54:20Z

Juan Sahidt:

<div style="font-size:300%; font-weight:bold;color:#003300;">Al ham'za الهمزة</div>
__TOC__

In order to master the Arabic consonant hamza (هَمْزَة), you have to know the rules governing when and how it is written.

The rules change according the position in the word.

Here are those rules:

كتابة الهمزة في اللغة العربية تعد من أهم القواعد وتتغير حسب موضعها ,لدينا :

== <div style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; color:#006600;">Hamza at the beginning of the word (Alham'za fe bedayate alkalema): الهمزة في بداية الكلمة</div> ==

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; margin:auto;"
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" | Type of Hamza
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |نوع الهمزة Type of Hamza in Arabic (naw'ae Alham'za)
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |Definition
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |Example
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#66cc00;" |Hamza of cutting
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |همزة القطع (ham'zato alqaTae)
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |Alef :this type of Alef is always pronounced
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |أَنا إِِسمي أُسامة
anna esmi ossama

(my name is Osama)
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#66cc00;" |Hamza of linking
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |همزة الوصل (ham'zato alwaSle)
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |Alef appears in beginning of word but if it's preceded by some word or letter it will be not pronounced
it is written at the beginning of any word that's starts with sokun ( ْ)
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |ma howa 'smoka ?
what's your name?

ما هو اسْمكَ؟
|}

== <div style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; color:#006600;">Hamza in the middle of word (alhamza fe wasaTe alkalema): الهمزة في وسط الكلمة </div> ==
Hamza in the middle of the word or the medium hamza:

it is written according to its vowel-marks and the vowel-marks that preceded it, and the strongest vowel-marks is that which determines that, and the strength of the vowel-marks is arranged as follows: kasra, Damma ,Fat'<u>h</u>a. It's written on nabbera ( ئ ) alwaw' (ؤ ) alalef'( أ ),

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; margin:auto;"
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الهمزة
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الكسرة kasrra ( ِ )
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الضمة Damma( ُ )
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الفتحة ( َ )
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#66cc00;" |على الهمزة
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |لئِيم (laeemun) Naughty
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |رؤُوسٌ (ro'oossun) Heads
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |إمرأَةٌ (emra'atun) Woman
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#66cc00;" |قبل الهمزة
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |مِئَةٌ (me'atun) Hundred
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |المُؤْمنونَ (almo'eminuna) the believers
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |فَأْرٌ (fa'erun) Mouse
|}

== <div style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; color:#006600;">Hamza at the end of the word (Alham'za fe nihayate alkalemah) : الهمزة في نهاية الكلمة </div> ==
*It is written alone on the line (ء ) if it is preceded by the Sekoun( ْ)
*it is written on Alif ( ا) if it is preceded by the fathah( َ )
*it is written on alnaberra (ى) if it is preceded by the kasrah( ِ)
*it is written on Alwaw (و) if it is preceded by Domma ( ُ).

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; margin:auto;"
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الحركة قبل الهمزة The vowel-marks before Hamza (al<u>h</u>arakah qabla alham'zah)
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |السكون ( ْ) alsokun
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الفتحة ( َ) alfat'ha
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الكسرة ( ِ) alkasra
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#009900; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;" |الضمة ( ُ) alDamma
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#66cc00;" |أمثلة ( amthalah) Examples
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |ضَوْءٌ (Daw'un) Light
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |مَرْفَأْ (marfa'un) Port
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |ٌقَارِىء (qare'un) Reader
| style="background-color:#ccff99;" |لُؤْلُؤٌ (loe'lo'un) Pearl
|}

Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Fruits

2020-09-28T18:56:29Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:japanese-fruits.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; color:#e40000; font-weight:bold;"> Fruits in Japanese</div>

Sometimes, fruits are called by their English name, sometimes by their Japanese name.

It depends of the context.

== <div style="color:#ff0000; font-weight:bold;">Vocabulary</div> ==

{| class="wikitable" style="border:5px outset #ff6347; border-top:2px ridge #556b2f; border-radius: 9px; font: normal 15px/150% Times New Roman, Times, serif; padding:10px;"
|Apple ||Ringo||　||リンゴ
|-
|Banana ||Banana|| ||バナナ
|-
|Blackberry ||Burakkuberī|| ||ブラックベリー
|-
|Blueberry || Burūberī|| ||ブルーベリー
|-
|Chestnust || Kuri||栗||
|-
|Grape ||Budō, Gurēpu||葡萄||グレープ
|-
|Lemon ||Remon|| ||レモン
|-
|Lime ||Raime|| ||ライム
|-
|Mandarine ||Mikan|| ||ミカン
|-
|Mango ||Mangō||　||マンゴー
|-
|Olive ||Orību||　||オリーブ
|-
|Orange ||Orenji||　||オレンジ
|-
|Peach ||Momo||桃||
|-
|Pear ||Nashi||梨||
|-
|Pineapple ||Painappuru||　||パイナップル
|-
|Plum ||Ume||梅||
|-
|Raspberry ||Razuberī||　||ラズベリー
|-
|Strawberry ||Ichigo||　||イチゴ
|-
|Tomato || Tomato||　||トマト
|-
|Watermelon ||Suika||　||スイカ
|-
|Yuzu ||Yuzu||ゆず||
|-
|Walnut || Kurumi||　||くるみ
|}

I wrote this article on October 31st (2016). So what more natural than talking about the october most famous fruit/vegetable? How it is called in Japanese? We sayː '''KABOCHAǃǃ'''

== <div style="color:#ff0000; font-weight:bold;">Fruits in culture</div> ==
*Where could we find fruits in popular culture?

*There is a song, sang by AV (Adult Video) idols called Banana-Mango High School.

The meaning is pretty clear I guess. But why Mango? Because in japanese, women genitals are called "manko".

*In the manga "To Love" (available in France...) Some characters wear names of fruits. Mikan, Momo...

*In Tokyo aera, the publc transportation pass card is called ː Suica cardǃ

*Recently (October 2016), Entertainer Piko Taro released a viral video song ː Pen Pineapple-Apple Pen and hit the GUINESS RECORD.

<youtube>Ct6BUPvE2sM</youtube>

*Famous alcohol is called ː Umeshuu.

*One of the princesses from Mario games is called "Peach".

== <div style="color:#ff0000; font-weight:bold;">Authors</div>==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/BriceJ BriceJ]

{{#seo:
|title=Fruits vocabulary and Culture in Japanese
|keywords=vocabulary, Japan, words, expressions, idioms, fruits, apple, banana
|description=Here is some vocabulary about fruits in Japanese and cultural information. Good learning!
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/6/68/Japanese-fruits.jpg
}}

[[Category: Japanese/Intermediate]]

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite

2020-09-28T18:16:11Z

Juan Sahidt:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite}}

<div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:300%;"><span style="color:#8b008b;">How to Be Polite?</span></div>

Languages can be a wonderful key to meet people from other parts of the world. But we have to remember that this also means to meet people with
different culture backgrounds and we cannot ignore that culture when we are speaking a foreign language. For example, in many languages the way
we speak has to change according to the level of respect we have towards our listener, and that's the case in Spanish too. So in this article it
will be shown how this works and how you can apply it when you talk with a Spanish-speaking person.

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"><span style="color:#9400d3;">The Informal and Formal pronouns</span></div> ==

<pre style="color:#800080; font-weight:bold;">Good news for you Spanish learner!</pre>

In the Spanish language '''only the second person singular''' is modified because of this politeness rule. This means that you only need to
get used and pay attention to the singular "you". So it may be easier than you expected!

The second person singular pronoun in Spanish is ''tú'' (''vos'' in some regions). And its formal form is ''usted''. So there are only three pronouns we have to
take into account for this:
* ''Tú'', ''Vos''
* ''Usted''

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">When should you use them?</span></div> ===

<br/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center" | Usage description
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| These pronouns are usually used with people who are around your age or younger than you, with children or people who have a close relationship with you (such as friends or relatives).
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Generally, we use this pronoun when we are talking to an elder person, people who have some authority or importance (a boss, a professor and so on), people we are not so close with or in formal contexts.
|}
<br/>

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">The possesive pronouns</span></div> ===

Possesive pronouns (you, yours) are also different depending on whether we use ''tú'' / ''vos'' or ''usted''.

<br/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Possessive pronouns
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Example
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| Tu(s), tuyo(s)
| ''¿Esta es '''tu''' carpeta''? (Is this '''your (informal)''' folder?)
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Su(s), suyo(s)
| ''¿Esta es '''su''' carpeta''? (Is this '''your (formal)''' folder?)
|}
<br/>

<blockquote style="color:#da70d6;">TIP: Gramatically speaking, whenever we use ''usted'' our speech is to change from the second person to the third person. This means that whenever
we use ''usted'' instead of ''tú'' we are going to speak like we were talikg about ''él'' or ''ella''.</blockquote>

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">The verb conjugations</span></div> ===

According to the tip shown in the previous section, we have to switch from second to third person when we are using ''usted'', and this is also applied to the verb conjugations in any
tense. For example, these would be the conjugations for the verb ''ser'' (to be).

<br/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Present
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Simple past
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Future
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| Eres / sos
| Fuiste
| Serás
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Es
| Fue
| Será
|}
<br/>

If you already have some Spanish knowledge, you may have confirmed by yourself that the conjugations for ''usted'' are exactly the same as for ''él'' and ''ella'' (third person).
<br/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Present
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Simple past
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Future
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Él / ella
| Es
| Fue
| Será
|}
<br/>

And this same rule works for any tense.

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-28T18:14:37Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Comparatives and Superlatives in Spanish.jpg|thumb]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}
<div style="font-size:300%; font-weight:bold;"> <span style="color:#0000cc;">Comparatives and Superlatives</span> </div>

<pre style="color:#9999ff">(Comparativos y Superlativos)</pre>

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"> <span style="color:#3333ff;">Comparatives</span></div> ==
There are two kinds of comparatives.

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%;"> <span style="color:#6666ff">Inequality comparatives</span> </div> ===
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%;"> <span style="color:#6666ff;">Equality comparatives</span> </div> ===
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"> <span style="color:#3333ff">Superlatives</span> </div> ==
There are two kinds of superlatives:

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%"> <span style="color:#6666ff">Relative superlatives</span> </div> ===
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] [noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote> <span style="color:#9999ff;">NOTES: Remember that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either before the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</span></blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%;"> <span style="color:#6666ff;">Absolute superlatives</span> </div> ===
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote> <span style="color:#9999ff;">NOTE: The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</span></blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-28T18:13:59Z

Juan Sahidt:

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite

2020-09-28T18:11:39Z

Juan Sahidt:

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-resources-for-polyglots

2020-09-28T18:03:17Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[Category:Free-Resources]]
[[File:website-polyglots.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00008b; text-align:center; color:#fff;"> Best Free Services for Polyglots</div>

<big>'''If your English is not good, please find links with “!!”. Links with “!!!!” are the most important to improve your English. Also, go to [[Language/English/Culture/Internet-resources-for-learning-English|here]].'''</big>

The Internet is a giant treasure. It provides so many free services.

An interesting list: https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2018/06/27/european-music-media-organizations-article-13/

This page is updated from time to time, not frequently, not regularly.

It would be great if you pay a visit to every site on the list. Don't lose your curiosity.

Condensed version with services' names: [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/IRFP-in-brief]].

If you want to do creative work to help others to learn languages and to know about cultures, please visit [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Productivity-tools-for-polyglots]].

If you see GitHub or GitLab links, please notice that the download icons on GitHub and GitLab mean to download the source code. Links to download built programs are elsewhere.

It is not recommended to put some banner like “featured in Polyglot Club” on your website, because this list is dynamic.

<big>It is highly recommend to have privacy protection on. An open-source website on privacy: https://www.privacytools.io/</big>

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Blue Light Filter</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://jonls.dk/redshift/ </big></big>
Filter for Linux and BSD. Windows version is experimental. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/LibreShift/red-moon/ </big></big>

Filter for Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://tyrrrz.me/Projects/LightBulb/ </big></big>

Filter for Windows 7 and newer versions. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Dark Mode</div> ==
<big><big><big>!!</big> https://darkreader.org/ </big></big>

Dark mode for web browsers. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Rest Reminder</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.workrave.org/ </big></big>

It can lock your keyboard and mouse buttons when it is time. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://hovancik.net/stretchly/ </big></big>

It supports Windows, Linux, BSD and macOS. Fewer features than Workrave. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Self-Control Helper</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.proginosko.com/leechblock/ </big></big>

Browser add-ons for blocking websites. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/Alikaraki95/Getoffyourphone </big></big>

For Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://selfcontrolapp.com/ </big></big>

Block websites for Mac. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Brain Trainer</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.lumosity.com/en/ </big></big>

Practise through mini-games, 3 random games everyday for free.

This is merely a little teaser, not something like Touhou Project.

<big><big> https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Apps/gbrainy </big></big>

Mini-games. It is open-source.

<big><big> http://brainworkshop.sourceforge.net/ </big></big>

Dual n-back. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Meditation helper</div> ==

<big><big> https://gitlab.com/tslocum/meditationassistant </big></big>

For meditation. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://gitlab.com/axet/android-binaural-beats </big></big>

Binaural beats. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://ashutoshgngwr.github.io/noice/ </big></big>

Background noise. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Keyboard</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://colemak.com/ </big></big>

This one supports a lot of languages in Latin script, but it means to learn typing again. [https://kokizzu.blogspot.com/2016/07/remap-capslock-to-backspace-on-linux.html It is worth it]. You may have noticed that “Kolemak” is even better than Colemak. How to modify keyboards will be discussed below.

[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KB_US-Colemak_with_AltGr.svg A better layout image].

Note that the download link on the home page is “Caps Lock Unchanged”. The idea of replacing Caps Lock with Backspace is great because of its convenience to press Backspace, but having it unchanged is generally better because it's punitive to press Backspace, urging you to make fewer misspellings.

There is a flaw of no “„” or “‚”. You can replace “÷” and “×” with them. Also, the positions of single and double quotation marks only benefit British people for not pressing Shift. You can exchange their positions, too.

In my modification, I exchanged positions of “q” and “j”, “x” and “b”, according to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency letter frequency]. There are also [https://www.sttmedia.com/wordcreator-frequencies some pages on this].

*[https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=22339 Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] for Windows;
*[https://pqrs.org/osx/karabiner/ Karabiner] for macOS;
*[http://rlog.rgtti.com/2014/05/01/how-to-modify-a-keyboard-layout-in-linux/ A guidance] for Linux;
*[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/change-keyboard-layout.52615/ A discussion] for FreeBSD.

For languages with other letters such as Ə and Ɔ, autocorrection (or called in another way: text replacement) is required.

*[https://autohotkey.com/ AutoHotkey] for Windows, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_9-QkD-zJ4 a video about it];
*[https://support.apple.com/guide/automator/welcome/mac Automator] for macOS, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z56PBanBSx4 a video about it];
*[https://github.com/autokey/autokey AutoKey] for Linux, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9-Rj5P1dq8 a video about it].

People think it's uncomfortable to type HE with Colemak because it requires stretching the index finger and shrinking the middle finger. I type E with my ring finger in this case.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://bepo.fr/wiki/Accueil </big></big>

Based on French, giving consideration to European languages.

No English translation for this site, but it doesn't matter, because this keyboard is generally pre-installed in common operating systems. You just need to find it in the “French” section of keyboard settings.

<big><big> https://neo-layout.org/index_en.html </big></big>

This one is based on German keyboard, so you don't need to worry about lower quotation marks.

Its idea is 6 layers. But it may have trouble with your operating system. I suppose there could be 8 layers: 2 for Latin, 2 for Greek, 2 for Cyrillic, 2 for symbols.

But don't you think changing layers is the same work as changing input methods?

<big><big> https://forum.colemak.com/topic/519-rulemak-russian-colemak-layout/ </big></big>

Variant of Colemak for typing Cyrillic. It is available as source code. It is pre-installed in some Linux distributions including Debian, but it might require some effort as mentioned in the section of changing keys in “Colemak”, to enable it. “Greek (Colemak)” is also available there. OK, my imaginary on Neo can be deprecated.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kl.ime.oh </big></big>

It is lightweight and supports many languages, with many keyboard layouts. But it has problems, such as poor plugins.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Typing</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://klavaro.sourceforge.net/en/ </big></big>

Typing tutor. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://10fastfingers.com/ </big></big>

A place to train typing.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Shortcut</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_keyboard_shortcuts </big></big>

Keyboard shortcuts in general.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://defkey.com/ </big></big>

Keyboard shortcuts for specific programs.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">To-Do-List</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.taskcoach.org/ </big></big>

It has many functions: hierarchy, progress, different views of the list. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8a5rA-Exmw A video about it].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://abstractspoon.com/wiki/doku.php?id=todolist-description/ </big></big>

A different to-do-list. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Notebook</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.zim-wiki.org/ </big></big>

A desktop wiki. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9bbVFzkN_E&list=PLNY1np4YRcnyl8mWOAih6_wo8G3-OrBpo A tutorial about it].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.giuspen.com/cherrytree/ </big></big>

It supports hierarchy. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S-uaq9jZ3k A video about it on Windows]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKzfsDUdcfs a video about it on Linux].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://standardnotes.org/ </big></big>

It is privacy-focused. It is open-source. Can't insert images without payment.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Mind Map</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.freeplane.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page </big></big>

Successful fork of the lack-of-update [http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page FreeMind]. They are pretty much alike, but it claims [https://www.freeplane.org/wiki/index.php/Freeplane_features_you_were_missing_in_FreeMind to possess more features than FreeMind]. Java is required. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCfGAuHJk0s A video about it]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKt9Bm9krBM another video about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Hierarchical Spereadsheet</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://strlen.com/treesheets/ </big></big>

It combines mind map, spreadsheet and other forms of data. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB-saQZfrsw A video about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">International Phonetic Alphabet</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/ </big></big>

The site of the maker. The full IPA chart can be downloaded here. There is also a link to an interactive IPA chart.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://easypronunciation.com/en/ipa-phonetic-transcription-converters </big></big>

IPA and romanization transcriptions. Very detailed, but there is a limitation for each hour. Its “More Tools” is also noteworthy.

<big><big> https://github.com/dmort27/epitran/ </big></big>

Transcription to IPA. It is open-source. It won't help if you don't know Python.

It only supports words, as is [https://github.com/dmort27/epitran/issues/12 discussed]. Somebody can develop a tool for sound change.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;"><b><u>[[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-Courses|Course]]</u></b></div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.duolingo.com/ </big></big>

The best free online language courses. It is actually a collection of exercises instead of real teaching courses. It is also under criticism, from quality to method.

Don't neglect their other products.

<big><big> https://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/ </big></big>

This one has a lot of materials as well as other things.

<big><big> https://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/ </big></big>

Mainly courses of Foreign Service Institute, Defense Language Institute, Peace-Corps. FSI is initially aimed at middle-aged officials, so maybe not everyone likes it.

<big><big> https://www.coursera.org/browse/language-learning/ </big></big>

Some super cool courses. This is suggested by RomDasha.

<big><big> https://www.lingolia.com/en/ </big></big>

A little site with useful basic courses of 5 languages with good design.

<big><big> https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/ </big></big>

Grammar lessons.

<big><big> http://native-languages.org/ </big></big>

Material of native American languages.

<big><big> https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Languages </big></big>

Books are mostly incomplete and in lack of update, but some are nearly completed or completed, not bad.

<big><big> http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/ </big></big>

It is discontinued, but deserves a mention for quality. It is for beginners.

<big><big> https://elon.io/ </big></big>

Only 3 languages, but still worth a mention for its quantity and maybe quality.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Linguistic Article</div> ==

<big><big> https://scholar.google.com/ </big></big>

When you are confused about the grammar, or simply out of curiosity, you want to touch linguistics. This site can help, though few articles are free.

<big><big> http://www.oajse.com/subjects/linguistics.html </big></big>

A list and a search engine of open-access Linguistic journals.

<big><big> https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ampersand </big></big>

Open-access Linguistic journal by Elsevier.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Speaking</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://forvo.com/ </big></big>

Dictionary of pronunciation.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://speechling.com/ </big></big>

Submit the recording and wait for the response. Supported languages are not many.

<big><big> http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ </big></big>

With this one, you can say you are “studying” pronunciation.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjlFNOzfdPo A little tutorial] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDNhmBsOXcM&list=PL4mxJ1XKfFjK9VswLDnYqgJiO4mOoVzyQ a big playlist of various videos].

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.tongue-twister.net/ </big></big>

Try not to hurt yourself when practicing.

There is [https://ivypanda.com/tongue-twisters another site] that has an improved version of that. But I am not sure about its copyright affairs.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Vocabulary</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://apps.ankiweb.net/ </big></big>

Offline flashcard platform. You can find its manual at “Docs” on the website. Content can be rendered in HTML and CSS. There are also [https://ankiweb.net/shared/addons/ many powerful add-ons for it]. It is open-source.

Its community has [https://ankiweb.net/shared/decks/ some decks], but this is not mentioned at the home page.

Unfortunately, not free on iOS.

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XaJjbCSXT0 A video] about the intervals of Anki;
*[https://www.lengthytravel.com/create-anki-deck-google-sheets-spreadsheet/ An article] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwGNP3GXmxg a video] about how to import from a spreadsheet;
*[http://womenlearnthai.com/index.php/creating-anki-flashcard-decks-with-audio-and-pictures/ An article] about how to add images and audios;
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02vwciRkRYg A video] about how to split audios and add them into cards.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saVJN5-_JDM&list=PLoRUsKSPCHAYv6OnDZQnb_TjGn6WGIpud A playlist] of tutorial.
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBKvlmuiSfSbH0KEVagdAjA A channel] about add-ons.
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLeZR5LtbJ8Klmeux_6TTJw A channel] of all kinds of techniques.

Looks like no one tells people how to export anki decks into spreadsheets. Let me do it:
#click on the cog of your deck, click on “Export”;
#in “Export from”, select “Notes in plain text (.txt)”;
#export;
#open the file in a spreadsheet program, which should be able to automatically recognise its separator “tab”.

If you want to batch rename files, there is [https://www.inviska.com/rename/ a program to do it]; there is [http://file-folder-ren.sourceforge.net/index.php?page=Main a program that supports FreeBSD and Solaris]. They are open-source.

There exists a successful collaboration: [https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/2109889812 Untimate Geopraphy]. Perhaps it can inspire more such projects.

If you are still confused, go to communities about Anki and find solution.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://mnemosyne-proj.org/ </big></big>

If your want a simple alternative to Anki, try this one. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.memrise.com/ </big></big>

Flashcards in high quality can be found. Some most popular languages have courses of 0-5k and 5k-8k words, or divided differently and still reach 8k. A few can be over 30k.

Though it is said to be memorizing words with “mems” (memes in many cases), the “mems” are actually not in good quality.

Its app is quite worse than the web version. On the app, you can't add other courses besides official ones, and the download for offline use always fails if the vocabulary is over 3k.

In the app, don't look at the candidates (including candidate letters) at first, to avoid getting hints from them.

You can [https://memrise.helpshift.com/a/memrise-learn-a-new-language/?p=all&l=en&s=course-creation&f=how-can-i-add-words-to-my-course-can-i-upload-words-from-a-spreadsheet import from a spreadsheet].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://quizlet.com/ </big></big>

It is not so good at efficient memorization as Memrise. It is for having quizzes. But you can find specific practice such as reflexive verbs, weak nouns.

It even encourages you to copy other people's card decks and create your own variants, in case a good deck has flaws and the creator doesn't respond to it.

You can [https://quizlet.com/help/2444107/import-content-to-quizlet import from a spreadsheet].

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.clozemaster.com/ </big></big>

Learn with cloze. It is effective, but sometimes it is just repeating the same point in different questions, also, synonyms not supported.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://lingvist.com/ </big></big>

Four languages to learn, for lower intermediate learners (roughly telc B1). There is a trial automatically started after you register, so don't expect all features will continue if you don't pay after 48 hours.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://context.reverso.net/translation/ </big></big>

Among its products, the mobile version of Context seems to be the most helpful: learn and practise new words with example sentences.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://tr-ex.me/ </big></big>

Similar to Reverso Context.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://wordbit.net/ </big></big>

Learn vocabulary on lock screen.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languagedrops.com/ </big></big>

It focuses on visual training, which has both advantages and disadvantages. Free users have to wait 10 hours for the next 5 min practice session.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.learnwitholiver.com/ </big></big>

Simply learn words and sentences.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://babadum.com/ </big></big>

It's pretty good for educating young polyglots.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://github.com/tkrajina/10000sentences </big></big>

Sentences from Tatoeba to practice. It is aesthetically same with Anki (I mean copy-paste). It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languageguide.org/ </big></big>

Some basic vocabulary.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.wordofthehour.org/ </big></big>

They may think “word of the day” is too inefficient, so do I. It is constantly being improved, but not satisfying for now. The response of a contact is quick and friendly.

<big><big> http://sublearning.com/ </big></big>

Practice sentence translation through subtitles. Don't expect word-to-word translations.

<big><big> https://www.iclanguage.com/ </big></big>

A site with a different design.

<big><big> https://babadada.com/ </big></big>

Visual dictionary. No grammatical genders or pronunciation, suitable for revision.

A lot of languages has not been completed yet, without any notice. Also, look out for polyseme mistakes.

<big><big> https://github.com/lexica/lexica </big></big>

Word game for Android. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://mainichi.me/ </big></big>

A great idea to learn a word each time you open a tab. Only for three languages. Only for beginners.

<big><big> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Frequency_lists </big></big>

Frequency lists. Make use of it with programs that help to memorise, such as Anki.

If you seriously want to learn a language, and there are no ready-made free flashcards reaching the native level, and you don't want to spend money, this may be the most effective way to memorise words.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Test</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.transparent.com/language-resources/tests.html </big></big>

Test your proficiency.

There is only one set of test for each language. Don't search the meanings of the words you don't know, if you want to take this test again later.

<big><big> https://www.arealme.com/vocabulary-size-test/en/ </big></big>

For testing your vocabulary size.

There is only one set of test for each language. Don't search the meanings of the words you don't know, if you want to take this test again later.

<big><big> https://www.ezglot.com/vocabulary-test.php </big></big>

Test your vocabulary size. It's faster and maybe not so accurate. The result is at an inconspicuous corner.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Reading</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.wikipedia.org/ </big></big>

Numerous articles in many languages and they are usually proofed to read.

Don't forget to browse the “Category” to find specific contents.

Also take a look at its sister projects on [https://www.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.kiwix.org/ </big></big>

Make Wikipedia and some other sites offline. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/ </big></big>

The largest collections of books in the public domain, mostly in English though.

<big><big> https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/archives.html </big></big>

List of book collections. Many links are available in “https” now but appear as “http” on this page.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://quiterss.org/ </big></big>

RSS feeder. It is open-source.

If you don't know what RSS is, you can read [https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-an-rss-feed-4684568 this article].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://getflowlingo.com/ </big></big>

Read and create flashcards to learn. The response of a contact is quick and friendly.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://paralleltext.io/ </big></big>

As what its domain name says, parallel text. Classical works.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://readlang.com/ </big></big>

Articles in many languages, with online dictionaries.

<big><big> https://vocabhunter.github.io/ </big></big>

Find unfamiliar words in a document. Great for getting familiar with all words in a document before reading. Better to disable the filter. Java is required. It is open-source.

It doesn't support Chinese, Japanese, Thai and Vietnamese, because words are not separated by spaces or a word is usually separated by one or more spaces in these languages. Inflection is not supported.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/autoscrolling/ </big></big>

Autoscrolling for Firefox. Good for practising reading speed. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/simple-auto-scroll/dccjkemhmffnljlnnoffljpkhkfpldff </big></big>

Autoscrolling for Chrome. Good for practising reading speed.

<big><big> https://www.bible.com/ </big></big>

Declaration: suggesting it is not for preaching.

The full Bible has been translated into at least 670 languages, more than double the number of languages of Wikipedia.

The site's counterpart in Islam is at [https://pakdata.com/products/quran-majeed/ Pakdata]. Declaration: mentioning it is not for preaching.

<big><big> https://github.com/gildas-lormeau/SingleFile </big></big>

Save the web page as a single file.

There is also a [https://github.com/gildas-lormeau/SingleFile SingleFileZ], which can compress pages.

<big><big> https://librera.mobi/ </big></big>

Reader for Android. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://okular.kde.org/ </big></big>

Reader for desktops. You can take notes with it. It is open-source.

<big><big> http://lwt.sourceforge.net/ </big></big>

This is a PHP project. The page design is very bad and you need sufficient patience to read the guide and follow it. It's a DIY, offline and free version of LingQ. Inflection is not supported. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXHFktejxBo A video for its introduction]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOrpB51I_N4 a video about its setup]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZLfH77NMt4 a video about its more features].

There installation tutorial is not clear, and [https://sourceforge.net/p/lwt/discussion/1813497/thread/26bc0075/ the reply on a common problem is responded impolitely].

LingQ is freemium, but it can't be recommended, for its unacceptable limitations on free users.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Writing</div> ==

<big><big> https://owl.excelsior.edu/ </big></big>

It is not for learning languages, but for how to write and read.

It is teaching about English, so something does not applies to some other languages.

<big><big> https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html </big></big>

Another online writing lab. A bit dumb but also good.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;"><b><u>[[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-Dictionaries|Dictionary]]</u></b></div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.lexicool.com/ </big></big>

List of dictionaries.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.wiktionary.org/ </big></big>

Practical, no need to switch dictionaries, translations in many languages are shown together.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.wordreference.com/ </big></big>

It is really completed.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.linguee.com/ </big></big>

It is completed, with example sentences of high quality. You can even find uncommon words with meanings of common words.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://bab.la/ </big></big>

It is completed for several languages.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://github.com/meetDeveloper/Dictionary-Anywhere </big></big>

Add-on for Firefox, powered by Google's partner Oxford Languages. You can download history in TSV format (with “txt” as file extension). It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://iate.europa.eu/ </big></big>

Terminology dictionary of European Union. That is to say, what you search should be a term.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://glosbe.com/ </big></big>

It supports a lot of languages, citing results from several corpora. It is somehow messy and in many cases inaccurate, but if the dictionaries listed above have no result about a word, this one may help.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://goldendict.org/ </big></big>

It supports several dictionaries in the free version, and also Lingoes in the paid Android version. No one would want to pay after knowing a link below. It is open-source.

You can search the word by selecting it and listen to Forvo pronunciation. You can also add dictionary websites.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://aarddict.org/ </big></big>

Offline dictionaries. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://bravolol.com/ </big></big>

Offline dictionaries and phrase books.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://hedgedict.com/en </big></big>

An offline collection of dictionaries. Discontinued.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/search?q=alldict </big></big>

Offline dictionaries by Alldict. Larger quantity and lower quality.

It's weird that there are fewer apps at [https://play.google.com/store/apps/collection/cluster?clp=igM4ChkKEzcxNjQyMzIxNjI5NzAzNzQ3NDgQCBgDEhkKEzcxNjQyMzIxNjI5NzAzNzQ3NDgQCBgDGAA%3D:S:ANO1ljKcYO4&gsr=CjuKAzgKGQoTNzE2NDIzMjE2Mjk3MDM3NDc0OBAIGAMSGQoTNzE2NDIzMjE2Mjk3MDM3NDc0OBAIGAMYAA%3D%3D:S:ANO1ljIHMuc the developer's page].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.freelang.net/ </big></big>

Offline dictionary with even larger quantity and lower quality.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Translator</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://translate.google.com/ </big></big>

The best translator by now. It also supports optical character recognition on mobile.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIpXjFwVdIE a video] about how machine translation works.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAgp7nXdkLU a video] about why machine translation makes mistakes.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.bing.com/translator </big></big>

It supports several languages that Google Translation doesn't support, but its quality is not so good as Google's.

<big><big> https://simple-translate.sienori.com/ </big></big>

Browser add-on for Google Translate. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://translatr.varunmalhotra.xyz/ </big></big>

Translate to multiple languages at one time. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://nicetranslator.com/ </big></big>

Similar to Translatr, but it is powered by Microsoft.

<big><big> https://www.soimort.org/translate-shell/ </big></big>

Command-line translator from different sources. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://www.apertium.org/ </big></big>

It is open-source. Promising.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2atSy3Zfiec A video about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Conjugation</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://cooljugator.com/ </big></big>

Conjugation and some declension.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Gender</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.passion4teq.com/apps/ </big></big>

Apps for practising genders in 4 languages. You can also estimate how long you can practice until your battery becomes empty.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Number</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/numbering-systems/en/ </big></big>

Rules of writing numbers, more concise than Wikipedia's entries.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.random.org/sequences/ </big></big>

Generate a random sequence. You can practice reading them or train your listening with TTS.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Grammar Checker</div> ==

<big><big> https://languagetool.org/ </big></big>

It supports several languages but works well on the few. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnQCHo14gOU A video about the rule editor].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Listening</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> http://www.listeningpractice.org/ </big></big>

To practice listening. Not very good-looking. Voices are from volunteers, the quality is not very good. It also has conjugation exercises.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://librivox.org/ </big></big>

Books read by volunteers.

<big><big> https://www.linguistica360.com/ </big></big>

News with some free transcripts, and the speed is slow.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.languagepod101.com/ </big></big>

Materials can become no-free after a period of time, but it's reasonable.

It doesn't mean that you can't see an archived lesson forever if you don't pay. They offer a random lesson each Thursday for free.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://lyricstraining.com/ </big></big>

Listen to songs and fill in the blanks of lyrics.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://rhinospike.com/ </big></big>

Listen to recordings.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/colloquial/ </big></big>

Audios are free, books are paid.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://audio-lingua.eu/ </big></big>

Listening materials. It doesn't have transcripts but can search according to your level.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.audacityteam.org/ </big></big>

This is for editing audio files, but it can also do something else: [https://manual.audacityteam.org/man/tutorial_recording_audio_playing_on_the_computer.html record the playback from your computer], which means that you can record online stream radios.

There are [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3jUONYgiak a video about labeling], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEStFcRQSbE a video about pronunciation checking] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02vwciRkRYg a video about automatically splitting words from a vocabulary recording].

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCisC3sHneM A video about tips for using Audacity].

It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://obsproject.com/ </big></big>

When you are playing games in the languages you are learning, it is often hard to focus on the voices and subtitles without failing your goals in the games. You can solve this problem by recording your gameplay with this program. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://greatlanguagegame.com/ </big></big>

Listen and identify the language. It has been shut down, but it has links to two other sites in the same type. [https://www.verbling.com/game Verbling has this game, too.]

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Text-to-Speech</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.cross-plus-a.com/balabolka.htm </big></big>

A software to read texts. If you don't know how to get the voices, you can see [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-use-SR-and-TTS-on-Windows]].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/Danesprite/tts-util-app </big></big>

Text-to-Speech For Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=hesoft.T2S </big></big>

It is the most highly rated platform on Android.

<big><big> https://pypi.org/project/pyttsx3/ </big></big>

Offline Text-to-Speech with Python. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2F9hTlCUs8 a video about it].

<big><big> https://pypi.org/project/gTTS/ </big></big>

Online Google Text-to-Speech with Python. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q8wtPCyMdo a video about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Speech Recognition</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.speechtexter.com/ </big></big>

Turn audios into texts, powered by Google.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://speech-to-text-demo.ng.bluemix.net/ </big></big>

Turn audios into texts, powered by IBM Watson.

<big><big> https://pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/ </big></big>

Speech recognition with Python.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QebIJmWwXfA A video about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Example Sentence</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://tatoeba.org/ </big></big>

Example sentences in many languages. It is open-source.

If you want to translate, translate sentences with audio first, because the translations may appear on sites which provide translations of audio.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.dictionarist.com/ </big></big>

Search for example sentences of a word, with the Lingoes dictionary inserted. Many results are from Tatoeba.

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://weblate.org/ </big></big>

Website for localisation. You can easily find parallel texts. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://subasub.com/ </big></big>

Search for parallel texts in subtitles.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Parse Tree</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.mapsofspeech.com/2017/10/02/treeform/ </big></big>

A tool to draw parse trees and have a better understanding of sentence structures. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5DhtQgrlTE A video about it].

<big><big> https://ltc.sourceforge.io/ </big></big>

A different one to draw parse trees. It is open-source.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Text Memorization</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://github.com/zg/text-memorize </big></big>

For memorizing text. Python is required.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://rememberthetext.com/ </big></big>

Memorization with hints. It has some libraries of text samples. You can add your texts.

It is also useful for building the impressions of sentence structures.

Unfortunately, it doesn't support many scripts. The reasons are: 1. it does not recognize the punctuation of many scripts such as Arabic; 2. it does not recognize words in scripts in which words are not separated by spaces such as Han or some languages where a word have spaces inside it, such as Vietnamese.

Solutions are: 1. add punctuation according to [[Language/Multiple-languages/Grammar/Punctuation-of-many-languages]]; 2. add dictionaries of Chinese, Japanese, Thai, Vietnamese, etc. from Wiktionary or elsewhere.

[https://memorizer.me/ memorizer.me] has the same problems.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Phrasebook</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!!!</big> https://www.funeasylearn.com/ </big></big>

It provides apps for both phrase and vocabulary, but I have categorized it in this one because it provides IPA in the apps of phrases.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.loecsen.com/ </big></big>

It supports many languages, and it is detailed.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.50languages.com/ </big></big>

Actually a few more than 50 languages. You can also have a test there.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">World Clock, Calendar & Weather</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.timeanddate.com/ </big></big>

It has not only the world clock for every city but also many other features, such as calendars with festivals of most countries.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.ventusky.com/ </big></big>

A lot of things about meteology.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://earth.nullschool.net/ </big></big>

Wind, weather, ocean conditions.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://waqi.info/ </big></big>

Air condition around the world.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Community</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.italki.com/ </big></big>

The most popular language learning community by now. It also pushes helpful articles written by teachers.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.reddit.com/ </big></big>

It is surely a miscellany, and it is a good miscellany.

Go to r/languagelearning or r/linguistics to enjoy.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.tolearnfree.com/ </big></big>

The design of the webpages is old-fashioned but it has a lot of content, including little tests.

Its French version has something more.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://polyglotclub.com/ </big></big>

There are some rare features of it, such as Wiki lessons, Events. It adopts ISO 639-3, almost every language is included here.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Questions & Answers</div> ==

<big><big> https://hinative.com/ </big></big>

Ask and answer with people around the world. Unfortunately, don't expect them to be effective in dealing with spamming and abusing. But I'm not encouraging you to do so.

Search before you ask.

Do not feed the trolls.

Do not answer blanked homework questions, because the questioner is too lazy to deserve an answer.

Do not answer the meaning of a single word. The questioners should consult a dictionary on their own. Exceptions are newbies, because they may be just following the tutorial and have a try, not lazy.

Do not ask questions in English channels, because the questions are too many, the answer rate is extremely low. Try asking at Polyglot Club.

Ask in parallel text. Then the respondent won't need to ask you about the real meaning if the sentence is not understood.

<big><big> https://stackexchange.com/sites#culturerecreation </big></big>

One of the most popular Q&A site.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Language Exchange</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.lingbe.com/ </big></big>

An app for talking with people who are as nervous to talk with strangers like you.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://mylanguageexchange.com/ </big></big>

Free users can be contacted by those who have paid. Since they have paid, they are more likely to be serious learners.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Blog</div> ==

<big><big> https://blog.thelinguist.com/ </big></big>

Things about language learning. It is active.

<big><big> https://blogs.transparent.com/ </big></big>

There are periodically good contents being presented.

<big><big> https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094 </big></big>

Languages are fewer than Transparent's, and so do the update frequency. But its quality is still high.

<big><big> https://blog.feedspot.com/culture_blogs/ </big></big>

Blogs about cultures. There are also [https://blog.feedspot.com/culture_magazines/ magazines].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Lyrics</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.musixmatch.com/ </big></big>

See lyrics and translations.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://lyricstranslate.com/ </big></big>

Lyrics and translations.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Subtitle</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.opensubtitles.org/en/search/subs </big></big>

One of the most popular subtitle sites. Subtitles in European languages are easier to find.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://subscene.com/ </big></big>

One of the most popular subtitle sites. Subtitles in English, Arabic, Persian, Indonesian are easier to find.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://getcaption.co/ </big></big>

For downloading subtitles. You can add websites on your own. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://bonigarcia.github.io/dualsub/index.html </big></big>

It can help to merge two subtitles. It may crash at the second time. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.smplayer.info/ </big></big>

If Dualsub can't run since the second time, you can try this player, which can display two subtitles. It is open-source.

What a good name of this program.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://subs2srs.sourceforge.net/ </big></big>

Turn subtitles into flashcards. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AvgqVGHP8A A video about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Radio & Podcast</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.radio-browser.info/gui/#!/ </big></big>

A list of internet radio stations. You can find other projects (some are open-source) such as its official [https://github.com/segler-alex/RadioDroid RadioDroid] to listen to them.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.listennotes.com/ </big></big>

Search Engine of podcasts.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://antennapod.org/ </big></big>

Podcast player for Android. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bambuna.podcastaddict </big></big>

A wierd site. You can click on the image and go to its Google App Store page. It has all useful functions for listening to podcasts.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://castbox.fm/ </big></big>

Podcasts in some countries.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">TV Channel</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://livetvcentral.com/ </big></big>

The most complete list of worldwide online TV channels.

Many links are dead, but the live stream is still available somewhere else in many of these sites.

This site is not serious on national flags at all.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_television_channels </big></big>

List of TV channels.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">News</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://unfiltered.news/ </big></big>

It reveals how media around the world report about the world.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.abyznewslinks.com/ </big></big>

Links to news websites.

Some TV have shows for free, some of which even with subtitles.

<big><big> https://liveuamap.com/ </big></big>

Instant news about hot spots from social media.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Video</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.youtube.com/ </big></big>

No one can be richer in content than this. Heavy censorship, demonetization, weird copyright terms.

There are some open-source alternatives to it such as [https://joinpeertube.org/ PeerTube].

There are many channels teaching languages and introducing cultures, which people may forget. However, YouTube is not the only source of such channels.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://newpipe.schabi.org/ </big></big>

Watch YouTube videos without being watched by YouTube on Android. It is open-source.

Downloading YouTube videos violates YouTube's terms of service. What a great move of grabbing your videos and claiming them as their properties.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://freetubeapp.io/ </big></big>

Watch YouTube videos privately on desktop. It is open-source.

<big><big> https://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/ </big></big>

Download videos with Python commands. It is open-source.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A-HLSvtBWc A tutorial about it].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Live </div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.twitch.tv/ </big></big>

There are players speaking different languages. Its “IRL” section is people in real life. You can interact with them in their languages.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Language Information</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.omniglot.com/ </big></big>

It provides information about basic knowledge of many languages. Many “Alphabet and Pronunciation” lessons on this site are from there.

<big><big> https://glottolog.org/ </big></big>

Information of languages of the world. Not only languages, but also many varieties. It is open-soruce.

<big><big> https://www.scriptsource.org/ </big></big>

Information of scripts.

<big><big> https://www.muturzikin.com/countries.htm </big></big>

Linguistic maps.

<big><big> https://www.ethnologue.com/ </big></big>

Basic information of languages of the world. It may be not free in some regions.

<big><big> https://lingvo.info/en/ </big></big>

General knowledge about European languages.

<big><big> https://iso639-3.sil.org/ </big></big>

Codes for every language and is still being updated. You can find the whole table.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">General Knowledge</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.britannica.com/ </big></big>

A comprehensive encyclopedia.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Map</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.google.com/maps/ </big></big>

It resolves the exotic sense. If you are careful enough, you can find trivia about a place.

From the maps you can only see the appearance, not inside the societies. Actually, people in somewhere looks rich maybe not so happy as people in somewhere looks poor.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.openstreetmap.org/ </big></big>

Another map site. You can even download them. It is open-source.

There is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_v7HrDJfyk a video about its modification with Inkscape].

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://marble.kde.org/ </big></big>

Alternative to Google Earth. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://osmand.net/ </big></big>

Offline maps for mobile with OpenStreetMap data. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://ontheworldmap.com/ </big></big>

Downloadable maps. It even includes cities. I don't expect them to be up-to-date.

<big><big> https://www.geoguessr.com/ </big></big>

Guess where you are in a random Google Maps street view.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Culture & Travel</div> ==

<big><big> https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ </big></big>

Introductions to cultures.

<big><big> https://www.wikivoyage.org/ </big></big>

Introduction of the city and many details of countries. It is open-source.

The most important page for travelers is [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Stay_safe this].

<big><big> https://www.everyculture.com/ </big></big>

Its information is old. There are details of peoples and countries.

<big><big> https://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/ </big></big>

It is mainly about some details about manners.

<big><big> https://guide.culturecrossing.net/index.php </big></big>

It is mainly about some details about manners.

<big><big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcultures </big></big>

Subcultures, modern things.

<big><big> https://travelhealthpro.org.uk/ </big></big>

Detailed information about health.

<big><big> https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ </big></big>

Cultural heritages. There is also an interactive map.

<big><big> https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists/ </big></big>

Intangible cultural heritages.

<big><big> https://rammworldcultures.org.uk/home/objects/ </big></big>

Cultural Objects.

<big><big> https://www.tripadvisor.com/ </big></big>

Guide of traveling cities.

<big><big> https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/ </big></big>

A formal publication of basic information about countries.

<big><big> https://www.nationsonline.org/ </big></big>

Introduction of countries and other things with links.

<big><big> https://worldcultures.webs.com/ </big></big>

Links to other sites about cultures.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">History</div> ==

<big><big> http://www.fsmitha.com/ </big></big>

Texts are detailed for each item.

<big><big> https://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/History_n2/a.html </big></big>

Looks old-fashioned, but it is not bad if you get used to it.

<big><big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.timleg.historytimeline </big></big>

An app about major events of history.

<big><big> https://omniatlas.com/ </big></big>

It shows you some old news with detailed maps.

<big><big> https://www.timemaps.com/ </big></big>

Maps of history.

<big><big> https://www.wdl.org/en/ </big></big>

Items in the history.

<big><big> https://histography.io/ </big></big>

It looks cool.

<big><big> http://geacron.com/home-en/ </big></big>

Map of every year.

<big><big> https://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/ </big></big>

A popular history book by an amateur historian called Herbert George Wells.

If he were a professional historian, he would not have written it, together with many other nice books.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Philosophy & Religion</div> ==

<big><big> https://libguides.humboldt.edu/openedu/phil </big></big>

Links to resources.

<big><big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions </big></big>

List of religions and spiritual traditions.

Not believing a religion itself is also religious.

<big><big> https://www.philosophybasics.com/ </big></big>

The basics of philosophy, “by a layman for the layman”.

<big><big> http://www.religionfacts.com/ </big></big>

Facts about religions.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Sociology</div> ==

<big><big> https://libguides.humboldt.edu/openedu/soc </big></big>

Links to resources.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Geography</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.youtube.com/user/GeographyNow/ </big></big>

Videos about world geography.

<big><big> https://www.worldatlas.com/ </big></big>

Short articles.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://gedevapps.com/flags/ </big></big>

Flags, capitals, currencies, some landmarks, in multiple languages. Dependencies included are not many.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.qbis.guessthecountry </big></big>

An app for practising world map in several languages.
Dependencies are not all included. The form of address in Chinese version is a mixture of PRC's and ROC's, which is not good. For Chinese names of countries, go to [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Countries-and-Nationalities]].

<big><big> https://userbase.kde.org/KGeography </big></big>

Learn Geography on Linux. Information is outdated, though [https://github.com/KDE/kgeography it's still being maintained]. It is open-source.

I am thinking about creating my own fork.

<big><big> http://www.nationalanthems.info/ </big></big>

National anthems. This is more complete than Wikimedia.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Music</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.youtube.com/user/pupsibaerle1 </big></big>

All about traditional music.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.soundhound.com/ </big></big>

Recognize music with recording or your humming. It has some advantages over Shazam.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.shazam.com/ </big></big>

Recognize music with recording. It has some advantages over Soundhound.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Art</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.wikiart.org/ </big></big>

All kinds of artwork around the world.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Dance</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin </big></big>

Dances by origin. You can search for them on video sites.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Cuisine</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.allrecipes.com/ </big></big>

Recipes around the world.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines </big></big>

List of cuisines.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Folk Costume</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_costume </big></big>

List of folk costume.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Folktale</div> ==

<big><big> https://fairytalez.com/ </big></big>

Some faire tales.

<big><big> https://www.worldoftales.com/ </big></big>

Some fairy tale books.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Festival</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_festivals_by_country </big></big>

Not complete, but still good.

<big><big> https://www.world-festivals.net/ </big></big>

It includes more countries than the one above. I wonder if it is so difficult to gather information about festivals.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Name </div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.behindthename.com/ </big></big>

Find the meanings of a given name.

Don't expect you can understand every Chinese name.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Astronomy</div> ==

<big><big> https://stellarium.org/ </big></big>

You can see the sky in different locations and times. There are starlores in different cultures. Some even have constellation art.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Living Standard</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.craigslist.org/ </big></big>

Living information.

<big><big> https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/ </big></big>

Prices from the world. Sometimes inaccurate.

<big><big> https://www.globalbrandprices.com/ </big></big>

The prices of the same products in different regions.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Statistics</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.statista.com/ </big></big>

All kinds of statistical data. Some are free.

<big><big> https://ourworldindata.org/ </big></big>

It has detailed explanation on each data.

<big><big> https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/ </big></big>

A research program by the World Bank. There is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators an article] on Wikipedia about it.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Trivia Quizzes</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.jetpunk.com/ </big></big>

Trivia quizzes of the world. It is available in multiple languages.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Prepaid SIM Card</div> ==

<big><big>https://prepaid-data-sim-card.fandom.com/wiki/Prepaid_SIM_with_data </big></big>

Details about SIM cards.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">License Plate</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.worldlicenseplates.com/ </big></big>

Take a look if you are interested. It's so completed.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Fonts</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.google.com/get/noto/ </big></big>

It presents a lot of fonts in one art style. It is open-source.

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://unifoundry.com/unifont/index.html </big></big>

No one covers more of the Unicode map than GNU Unifont. It is open-source, no need to say because the name has “GNU”.

Its function is limited, such as bad support for South and Southeast Asian characters.

<big><big><big>!!</big> https://www.fontspace.com/ </big></big>

You can go to its “stuff” and search by Unicode characters.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Optical Character Recognition</div> ==

<big><big> https://github.com/manisandro/gImageReader </big></big>

It recognizes characters on the screen with Tesseract. Training is required.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ba7mflTI1I A video about training].

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Language Identifier</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> http://www.polyglot3000.com/ </big></big>

It identifies languages.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Resource Links</div> ==
Unlike this page, those are for some specific languages, and I am not responsible for their qualities.

<big><big> https://www.lexilogos.com/english/index.htm </big></big>

This one is in a great quantity that even GrimPixel's resource pages can hardly match.

<big><big> https://www.ats-group.net/language-resources.html </big></big>

This one has a lot of languages.

<big><big> http://gratisglobal.com/ </big></big>

A comprehensive resource database.

<big><big> http://www.openculture.com/ </big></big>

This one has various references.

<big><big> https://www.lonweb.org/ </big></big>

This one has more languages with fewer links for each one.

<big><big> http://lexicity.com/ </big></big>

This one focuses on ancient languages.

<big><big> https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Free_media_resources </big></big>

Free media resources.

<big><big> https://www.alllanguageresources.com/ </big></big>

This one includes recommendations that are not free-of-charge without notice.

<big><big> http://www.meta-share.org/ </big></big>

Repository for language researching.

<big><big> https://nlp.stanford.edu/links/statnlp.html </big></big>

Academic software. You may wonder why academicians are so dumb at design. That is because they are not so good at front-end and they don't have to learn much of it.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Web Page Archive</div> ==

<big><big> https://www.archive.org/ </big></big>

Archive of the Internet since 1996. Really cool!

Examples: [https://archive.org/details/5LanguageVisualDictionary ''De Agostini 5 Language Visual Dictionary''] (practical) and [https://archive.org/details/FiveLanguageVisualDictionary ''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary''] (comprehensive).

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Virtual Private Network</div> ==

<big><big><big>!!</big> mailto:get@psiphon3.com </big></big>

Those who are hindered from accessing the world Internet, send an e-mail to it.

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Endangered Language Protection</div> ==
If you are capable and responsible, please do your part to protect endangered languages.

<big><big> http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/ </big></big>

<big><big> https://www.eldp.net/ </big></big>

== <div style="color:#0000cd; font-weight:bold;">Volunteering for Language Learning</div> ==

If they are willing to learn a language to make a decent life, they deserve to be respected.

<big><big> https://volunteersinlanguagelearning.eu/ </big></big>

<big><big> https://www.languagevolunteers.com/ </big></big>

==<div style="color:#0000ff; font-weight:bold;">-- CRITERIA --</div>==

Resources should possess at least one of the following characteristics:

#be rich in free content (not just a trial or not fulfilling the need in the free part), and the free content is mostly accurate, and the free content is not all covered by other free ones;
#be made with a unique good idea;
#has no better alternatives.

Resources with the following features will be given a little priority:

#available offline;
#available on multiple platforms;
#multilingual user interface;
#open source;
#privacy-friendly (including “registration not required”).

== <div style="color:#0000ff; font-weight:bold;">-- AUTHOR --</div> ==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]

{{#seo:
|title=Best Free Tools for Polyglots
|keywords=website, phonetics, tv, radio, dictionary, pronunciation, courses, translators, vocabulary
|description=The services listed on this page are free.
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/8/8e/Website-polyglots.jpg/800px-Website-polyglots.jpg
}}

Language/Spanish/Grammar/How-to-use-Ser-o-Estar-(verb-to-be)

2020-09-28T17:27:04Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Spanish-to-be.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; background-color:#81717a; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;">How to use Ser and Estar?</div>
<br/>In Spanish the verb "to be" has two meanings and it may be difficult at the beginning, but don't worry it's nothing out of this world.

== <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#9d8ca1;">Ser</span> ==
This verb is used to attribute to the subject of the sentence a quality or condition of his own, for example

"Yo '''soy''' Gary."

"Él '''es''' Profesor."

"Ustedes '''son''' altos."

This verb changes with the pronoun and it stays like this

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pronombre
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Presente
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold" |Pronoun
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold" |Simple Present
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Yo
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Soy
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |I
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Am
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Tú
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Eres
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |You
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Are
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Él / Ella
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Es
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |He / She
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Is
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Nosotros
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Somos
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |We
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Are
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Ustedes
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Son
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |You
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Are
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Vosotros
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Sois
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |You
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Are
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Ellos / Ellas
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Son
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |They
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Are
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Eso / Esto 
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Es
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |It
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Is
|}
<br/>
It also changes when is used in all the verbal timesː

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%; margin:auto;"
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pronombre
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pasado Simple
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pretérito Imperfecto
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Futuro
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pronoun
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Simple Past 
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Future
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Yo
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fui
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Era
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Seré
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |I
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Was
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Tu
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fuiste
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Eras
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Serás
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |You
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Were
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Él / Ella
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fue
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Era
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Será
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |He / She
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Was
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Nosotros
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fuimos
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Eramos
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Seremos
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |We
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Were
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Ustedes
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fueron
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Eran
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Serán
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |You
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Were
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Vosotros
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fuisteis
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Erais
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Seréis
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |You
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Were
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Ellos / Ellas
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fueron
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Eran
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Serán
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |They
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Were
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Eso / Esto 
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Fue
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Era
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Será
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |It
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Was
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Will be
|}
<br/>
== <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#9d8ca1;">Estar</span> ==
* To exist, to locate a person or thing in a place, situation, condition, etc. Eg: '''Estoy''' feo, '''estoy''' viudo, '''estoy''' en Canadá, '''estoy''' encerrado.

* Staying a certain time in a place, in a situation. Eg: '''Estuvo''' aquí toda la tarde

* To be, to feel, to be in a certain way. It is constructed with passive adjectives or expressions expressing feelings, sensations, etc. And with adverbs so. Eg: '''Estoy''' triste, '''estoy''' bien, '''estoy''' cansado.
* To be such a day or date, or such month. Eg: '''Estamos''' a martes, '''Estamos''' a 3 de marzo
* Have some price. Eg: ¿En cuánto '''está''' el kilogramo de cebollas?

<br/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%; margin:auto;"
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pronombre
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Presente
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pasado
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Pretérito imperfecto
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#9993b2; font-weight:bold;" |Futuro
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Yo
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estoy
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaba
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuve
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaré
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Tu
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estás
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estabas
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuviste
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estarás
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |El / Ella
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Está
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaba
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuvo
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estará
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Nosotros
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estamos
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estábamos
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuvimos
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaremos
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Ustedes
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Están
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaban
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuvieron
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estarán
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Vosotros
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estáis
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estabais
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuvisteis
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaréis
|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#a7abdd;" |Ellos / Ellas
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Están
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estaban
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estuvieron
| style="background-color:#b4d4ee;" |Estarán
|}

Language/Spanish/Grammar/How-to-use-Ser-o-Estar-(verb-to-be)

2020-09-28T16:42:35Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Spanish-to-be.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; background-color:#453643; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;">How to use Ser and Estar?</div>
In Spanish the verb "to be" has two meanings and it may be difficult at the beginning, but don't worry it's nothing out of this world.
<br/>

== <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#5e5d5c;">Ser</span> ==
This verb is used to attribute to the subject of the sentence a quality or condition of his own, for example

"Yo '''soy''' Gary."

"Él '''es''' Profesor."

"Ustedes '''son''' altos."

This verb changes with the pronoun and it stays like this
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Presente
!Pronoun
!Simple Present
|-
|Yo
|Soy
|I
|Am
|-
|Tú
|Eres
|You
|Are
|-
|Él / Ella
|Es
|He
|Is
|-
|Nosotros
|Somos
|We
|Are
|-
|Ustedes
|Son
|You
|Are
|-
|Vosotros
|Sois
|You
|Are
|-
|Ellos / Ellas
|Son
|They
|Are
|-
|Eso / Esto 
|Es
|It
|Is
|}
It also changes when is used in all the verbal timesː
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Pasado Simple
!Pretérito Imperfecto
!Futuro
!Pronoun
!Simple Past 
!Future
|-
|Yo
|Fui
|Era
|Seré
|I
|Was
|Will be
|-
|Tu
|Fuiste
|Eras
|Serás
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|El / Ella
|Fue
|Era
|Será
|She / He
|Was
|Will be
|-
|Nosotros
|Fuimos
|Eramos
|Seremos
|We
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Ustedes
|Fueron
|Eran
|Serán
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Vosotros
|Fuisteis
|Erais
|Seréis
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Ellos / Ellas
|Fueron
|Eran
|Serán
|They
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Eso / Esto 
|Fue
|Era
|Será
|It
|Was
|Will be
|}

== <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#5e5d5c;">Estar</span> ==
* To exist, to locate a person or thing in a place, situation, condition, etc. Eg: '''Estoy''' feo, '''estoy''' viudo, '''estoy''' en Canadá, '''estoy''' encerrado.

* Staying a certain time in a place, in a situation. Eg: '''Estuvo''' aquí toda la tarde

* To be, to feel, to be in a certain way. It is constructed with passive adjectives or expressions expressing feelings, sensations, etc. And with adverbs so. Eg: '''Estoy''' triste, '''estoy''' bien, '''estoy''' cansado.
* To be such a day or date, or such month. Eg: '''Estamos''' a martes, '''Estamos''' a 3 de marzo
* Have some price. Eg: ¿En cuánto '''está''' el kilogramo de cebollas?
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Presente
!Pasado
!Pretérito imperfecto
!Futuro
|-
!Yo
|Estoy
|Estaba
|Estuve
|Estaré
|-
!Tu
|Estás
|Estabas
|Estuviste
|Estarás
|-
!El / Ella
|Está
|Estaba
|Estuvo
|Estará
|-
!Nosotros
|Estamos
|Estábamos
|Estuvimos
|Estaremos
|-
!Ustedes
|Están
|Estaban
|Estuvieron
|Estarán
|-
!Vosotros
|Estáis
|Estabais
|Estuvisteis
|Estaréis
|-
!Ellos / Ellas
|Están
|Estaban
|Estuvieron
|Estarán
|}

Language/Spanish/Grammar/How-to-use-Ser-o-Estar-(verb-to-be)

2020-09-28T16:40:14Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Spanish-to-be.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; background-color:#453643; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;">How to use Ser and Estar?</div>
In Spanish the verb "to be" has two meanings and it may be difficult at the beginning, but don't worry it's nothing out of this world.

== Ser ==
This verb is used to attribute to the subject of the sentence a quality or condition of his own, for example

"Yo '''soy''' Gary."

"Él '''es''' Profesor."

"Ustedes '''son''' altos."

This verb changes with the pronoun and it stays like this
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Presente
!Pronoun
!Simple Present
|-
|Yo
|Soy
|I
|Am
|-
|Tú
|Eres
|You
|Are
|-
|Él / Ella
|Es
|He
|Is
|-
|Nosotros
|Somos
|We
|Are
|-
|Ustedes
|Son
|You
|Are
|-
|Vosotros
|Sois
|You
|Are
|-
|Ellos / Ellas
|Son
|They
|Are
|-
|Eso / Esto 
|Es
|It
|Is
|}
It also changes when is used in all the verbal timesː
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Pasado Simple
!Pretérito Imperfecto
!Futuro
!Pronoun
!Simple Past 
!Future
|-
|Yo
|Fui
|Era
|Seré
|I
|Was
|Will be
|-
|Tu
|Fuiste
|Eras
|Serás
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|El / Ella
|Fue
|Era
|Será
|She / He
|Was
|Will be
|-
|Nosotros
|Fuimos
|Eramos
|Seremos
|We
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Ustedes
|Fueron
|Eran
|Serán
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Vosotros
|Fuisteis
|Erais
|Seréis
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Ellos / Ellas
|Fueron
|Eran
|Serán
|They
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Eso / Esto 
|Fue
|Era
|Será
|It
|Was
|Will be
|}

== Estar ==
* To exist, to locate a person or thing in a place, situation, condition, etc. Eg: '''Estoy''' feo, '''estoy''' viudo, '''estoy''' en Canadá, '''estoy''' encerrado.

* Staying a certain time in a place, in a situation. Eg: '''Estuvo''' aquí toda la tarde

* To be, to feel, to be in a certain way. It is constructed with passive adjectives or expressions expressing feelings, sensations, etc. And with adverbs so. Eg: '''Estoy''' triste, '''estoy''' bien, '''estoy''' cansado.
* To be such a day or date, or such month. Eg: '''Estamos''' a martes, '''Estamos''' a 3 de marzo
* Have some price. Eg: ¿En cuánto '''está''' el kilogramo de cebollas?
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Presente
!Pasado
!Pretérito imperfecto
!Futuro
|-
!Yo
|Estoy
|Estaba
|Estuve
|Estaré
|-
!Tu
|Estás
|Estabas
|Estuviste
|Estarás
|-
!El / Ella
|Está
|Estaba
|Estuvo
|Estará
|-
!Nosotros
|Estamos
|Estábamos
|Estuvimos
|Estaremos
|-
!Ustedes
|Están
|Estaban
|Estuvieron
|Estarán
|-
!Vosotros
|Estáis
|Estabais
|Estuvisteis
|Estaréis
|-
!Ellos / Ellas
|Están
|Estaban
|Estuvieron
|Estarán
|}

Language/Spanish/Grammar/How-to-use-Ser-o-Estar-(verb-to-be)

2020-09-28T16:39:50Z

Juan Sahidt:

[[File:Spanish-to-be.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%; background-color:#453643; color:#fff; font-weight:bold"; text-align:center;>How to use Ser and Estar?</div>
In Spanish the verb "to be" has two meanings and it may be difficult at the beginning, but don't worry it's nothing out of this world.

== Ser ==
This verb is used to attribute to the subject of the sentence a quality or condition of his own, for example

"Yo '''soy''' Gary."

"Él '''es''' Profesor."

"Ustedes '''son''' altos."

This verb changes with the pronoun and it stays like this
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Presente
!Pronoun
!Simple Present
|-
|Yo
|Soy
|I
|Am
|-
|Tú
|Eres
|You
|Are
|-
|Él / Ella
|Es
|He
|Is
|-
|Nosotros
|Somos
|We
|Are
|-
|Ustedes
|Son
|You
|Are
|-
|Vosotros
|Sois
|You
|Are
|-
|Ellos / Ellas
|Son
|They
|Are
|-
|Eso / Esto 
|Es
|It
|Is
|}
It also changes when is used in all the verbal timesː
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Pasado Simple
!Pretérito Imperfecto
!Futuro
!Pronoun
!Simple Past 
!Future
|-
|Yo
|Fui
|Era
|Seré
|I
|Was
|Will be
|-
|Tu
|Fuiste
|Eras
|Serás
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|El / Ella
|Fue
|Era
|Será
|She / He
|Was
|Will be
|-
|Nosotros
|Fuimos
|Eramos
|Seremos
|We
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Ustedes
|Fueron
|Eran
|Serán
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Vosotros
|Fuisteis
|Erais
|Seréis
|You
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Ellos / Ellas
|Fueron
|Eran
|Serán
|They
|Were
|Will be
|-
|Eso / Esto 
|Fue
|Era
|Será
|It
|Was
|Will be
|}

== Estar ==
* To exist, to locate a person or thing in a place, situation, condition, etc. Eg: '''Estoy''' feo, '''estoy''' viudo, '''estoy''' en Canadá, '''estoy''' encerrado.

* Staying a certain time in a place, in a situation. Eg: '''Estuvo''' aquí toda la tarde

* To be, to feel, to be in a certain way. It is constructed with passive adjectives or expressions expressing feelings, sensations, etc. And with adverbs so. Eg: '''Estoy''' triste, '''estoy''' bien, '''estoy''' cansado.
* To be such a day or date, or such month. Eg: '''Estamos''' a martes, '''Estamos''' a 3 de marzo
* Have some price. Eg: ¿En cuánto '''está''' el kilogramo de cebollas?
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Presente
!Pasado
!Pretérito imperfecto
!Futuro
|-
!Yo
|Estoy
|Estaba
|Estuve
|Estaré
|-
!Tu
|Estás
|Estabas
|Estuviste
|Estarás
|-
!El / Ella
|Está
|Estaba
|Estuvo
|Estará
|-
!Nosotros
|Estamos
|Estábamos
|Estuvimos
|Estaremos
|-
!Ustedes
|Están
|Estaban
|Estuvieron
|Estarán
|-
!Vosotros
|Estáis
|Estabais
|Estuvisteis
|Estaréis
|-
!Ellos / Ellas
|Están
|Estaban
|Estuvieron
|Estarán
|}

Language/Spanish/Pronunciation/Accents

2020-09-28T16:28:29Z

Juan Sahidt:

<div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:300%; background-color:#254e70; text-align:center"><span style="color:#fff;">How to use the accents in Spanish?</span></div>

[[File:spanish_accents3.jpg]]

Written accents in Spanish, á, é, í, ó, ú are very useful to know where to put the stressed syllable of the word.

Each word in Spanish includes a syllable which is more accentuated than the other: it is sometimes marked by a written accent.

== <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#37718e;">Rules</span> ==
The rules for where to put the accent and why to put it there may be difficult for non Spanish native speakers at the beginning.

* If the word ends in an ''s'' or ''n'' or one of five vowels (''a, e, i, o, u''), stress is marked on the penultimate syllable. It does not need a written accent to mark the intonation. The majority of Spanish words fall into this category.

:Examples: '''me'''-sa, za-'''pa'''-tos, '''pa'''-dre

* All other words that do not end in an ''s'', ''n'' or a vowel and do not include written accent then carry the accent on the last syllable. They do not need a written accent.

:Examples: Co-'''mer''', pa-'''pel''', or-de-na-'''dor'''

* If the accent is marked on another syllable (for words not following the two previous rules), we then use a written accent to indicate the stressed syllable.

:Examples: di-'''fí'''-cil, '''ár'''-bol (both words end with an l and should be part of the second category. As this is not the case, we must then place a written accent on the stressed syllable).

* It is the same when the accent falls on the penultimate syllable or the last such as with compound words.

:Examples: '''dí'''-me-lo (imperative and two pronouns), du-'''chán'''-do-se (gerund and reflexive pronoun), los fan-'''tás'''-tic-co.

* There are exceptions to these rules for foreign words used in the Spanish language.

* There are other specific cases in the use of written accents in Spanish.

* The letter ñ is a letter of the Spanish alphabet but is sometimes seen as an accent. It changes the sound of the ''n'' as in español.

== <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#37718e;">How to write the Spanish accents on your keyboard?</span> ==

Spanish accents are an important aspect of spelling words: So be sure to write them.

Here is the list of shortcuts to use a keyboard that is not Spanish.

To do this, hold down the Alt key and type the number listed:

<br/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:auto; text-align:center;"
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#37718e;" | '''Character'''
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#37718e;" | '''Shortcut'''
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#37718e;" | '''Character'''
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#37718e;" | '''Shortcut'''

|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''Á'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0193
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''á'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0225

|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''É'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0201
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''é'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0233

|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''Í'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0205
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''í'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0237

|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''Ó'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0211
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''ó'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0243

|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''Ú'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0218
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''ú'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0250

|-
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''Ñ'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0209
| style="color:#fff; background-color:#1cb1c4;" |'''ñ'''
| style="background-color:#cce5ff;" |Alt + 0241
|}
<br/>

{{#seo:
|title=How to use the accents in Spanish
|keywords=accents, accentuation, syllabe, write, speak, type
|description=In this lesson you will learn how to use the accents in Spanish.
|og:image=http://wiki.polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/d/d0/Spanish_accents3.jpg
}}Most monosyllabic words like pan and sal do not have an accent.

[[Category: Spanish/Beginner]]

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite

2020-09-28T15:40:04Z

Juan Sahidt:

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite

2020-09-28T15:35:44Z

Juan Sahidt:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite}}

<div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:300%;"><span style="color:#8b008b;">How to Be Polite?</span></div>

Languages can be a wonderful key to meet people from other parts of the world. But we have to remember that this also means to meet people with
different culture backgrounds and we cannot ignore that culture when we are speaking a foreign language. For example, in many languages the way
we speak has to change according to the level of respect we have towards our listener, and that's the case in Spanish too. So in this article it
will be shown how this works and how you can apply it when you talk with a Spanish-speaking person.

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"><span style="color:#9400d3;">The Informal and Formal pronouns</span></div> ==

<pre style="color:#800080; font-weight:bold;">Good news for you Spanish learner!</pre>

In the Spanish language '''only the second person singular''' is modified because of this politeness rule. This means that you only need to
get used and pay attention to the singular "you". So it may be easier than you expected!

The second person singular pronoun in Spanish is ''tú'' (''vos'' in some regions). And its formal form is ''usted''. So there are only three pronouns we have to
take into account for this:
* ''Tú'', ''Vos''
* ''Usted''

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">When should you use them?</span></div> ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center" | Usage description
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| These pronouns are usually used with people who are around your age or younger than you, with children or people who have a close relationship with you (such as friends or relatives).
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Generally, we use this pronoun when we are talking to an elder person, people who have some authority or importance (a boss, a professor and so on), people we are not so close with or in formal contexts.
|}

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">The possesive pronouns</span></div> ===

Possesive pronouns (you, yours) are also different depending on whether we use ''tú'' / ''vos'' or ''usted''.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Possessive pronouns
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Example
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| Tu(s), tuyo(s)
| ''¿Esta es '''tu''' carpeta''? (Is this '''your (informal)''' folder?)
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Su(s), suyo(s)
| ''¿Esta es '''su''' carpeta''? (Is this '''your (formal)''' folder?)
|}
<br/>

<blockquote style="color:#da70d6;">TIP: Gramatically speaking, whenever we use ''usted'' our speech is to change from the second person to the third person. This means that whenever
we use ''usted'' instead of ''tú'' we are going to speak like we were talikg about ''él'' or ''ella''.</blockquote>

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">The verb conjugations</span></div> ===

According to the tip shown in the previous section, we have to switch from second to third person when we are using ''usted'', and this is also applied to the verb conjugations in any
tense. For example, these would be the conjugations for the verb ''ser'' (to be).

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Present
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Simple past
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Future
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| Eres / sos
| Fuiste
| Serás
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Es
| Fue
| Será
|}
<br/>

If you already have some Spanish knowledge, you may have confirmed by yourself that the conjugations for ''usted'' are exactly the same as for ''él'' and ''ella'' (third person).

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Present
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Simple past
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Future
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Él / ella
| Es
| Fue
| Será
|}
<br/>

And this same rule works for any tense.

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite

2020-09-28T15:33:36Z

Juan Sahidt: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite}} <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:300%;"><span style="color:#8b008b;">How to Be Polite?</span></div> Languages can..."

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Be-Polite}}

<div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:300%;"><span style="color:#8b008b;">How to Be Polite?</span></div>

Languages can be a wonderful key to meet people from other parts of the world. But we have to remember that this also means to meet people with
different culture backgrounds and we cannot ignore that culture when we are speaking a foreign language. For example, in many languages the way
we speak has to change according to the level of respect we have towards our listener, and that's the case in Spanish too. So in this article it
will be shown how this works and how you can apply it when you talk with a Spanish-speaking person.

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"><span style="color:#9400d3;">The Informal and Formal pronouns</span></div> ==

<pre style="color:#800080; font-weight:bold;">Good news for you Spanish learner!</pre>

In the Spanish language '''only the second person singular''' is modified because of this politeness rule. This means that you only need to
get used and pay attention to the singular "you". So it may be easier than you expected!

The second person singular pronoun in Spanish is ''tú'' (''vos'' in some regions). And its formal form is ''usted''. So there are only three pronouns we have to
take into account for this:
* ''Tú'', ''Vos''
* ''Usted''

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">When should I use them?</span></div> ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center" | Usage description
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| These pronouns are usually used with people who are around your age or younger than you, with children or people who have a close relationship with you (such as friends or relatives).
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Generally, we use this pronoun when we are talking to an elder person, people who have some authority or importance (a boss, a professor and so on), people we are not so close with or in formal contexts.
|}

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">The possesive pronouns</span></div> ===

Possesive pronouns (you, yours) are also different depending on whether we use ''tú'' / ''vos'' or ''usted''.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Possessive pronouns
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Example
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| Tu(s), tuyo(s)
| ''¿Esta es '''tu''' carpeta''? (Is this '''your (informal)''' folder?)
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Su(s), suyo(s)
| ''¿Esta es '''su''' carpeta''? (Is this '''your (formal)''' folder?)
|}
<br/>

<blockquote style="color:#da70d6;">TIP: Gramatically speaking, whenever we use ''usted'' our speech is to change from the second person to the third person. This means that whenever
we use ''usted'' instead of ''tú'' we are going to speak like we were talikg about ''él'' or ''ella''.</blockquote>

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:90%;"><span style="color:#9932cc">The verb conjugations</span></div> ===

According to the tip shown in the previous section, we have to switch from second to third person when we are using ''usted'', and this is also applied to the verb conjugations in any
tense. For example, these would be the conjugations for the verb ''ser'' (to be).

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Present
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Simple past
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Future
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Tú / Vos
| Eres / sos
| Fuiste
| Serás
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Usted
| Es
| Fue
| Será
|}
<br/>

If you already have some Spanish knowledge, you may have confirmed by yourself that the conjugations for ''usted'' are exactly the same as for ''él'' and ''ella'' (third person).

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin:auto;"
| style="background-color:#ba55d3; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Pronoun
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Present
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Simple past
| style="background-color:#9933ff; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Future
|-
| style="background-color:#da70d6; color:#fff;" | Él / ella
| Es
| Fue
| Será
|}
<br/>

And this same rule works for any tense.

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-27T02:34:04Z

Juan Sahidt:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}
<div style="font-size:300%; font-weight:bold;"> <span style="color:#0000cc;">Comparatives and Superlatives</span> </div>

<pre style="color:#9999ff">(Comparativos y Superlativos)</pre>

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"> <span style="color:#3333ff;">Comparatives</span></div> ==
There are two kinds of comparatives.

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%;"> <span style="color:#6666ff">Inequality comparatives</span> </div> ===
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%;"> <span style="color:#6666ff;">Equality comparatives</span> </div> ===
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"> <span style="color:#3333ff">Superlatives</span> </div> ==
There are two kinds of superlatives:

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%> <span style="color:#6666ff">Relative superlatives</span> </div> ===
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] [noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote> <span style="color:#9999ff;">NOTES: Remember that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either before the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</span></blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

=== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:85%;"> <span style="color:#6666ff;">Absolute superlatives</span> </div> ===
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote> <span style="color:#9999ff;">NOTE: The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</span></blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).
__INDEX__

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-27T02:21:25Z

Juan Sahidt:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}
<div style="font-size:300%; font-weight:bold;"> <span style="color:#0000cc;">Comparatives and Superlatives</span> </div>

<pre style="color:#9999ff">(Comparativos y Superlativos)</pre>

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"> <span style="color:#3333ff;">Comparatives</span></div> ==
There are two kinds of comparatives.

=== '''Inequality comparatives''' ===
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

=== '''Equality comparatives''' ===
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

== <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%;"> <span style="color:#3333ff">Superlatives</span> </div> ==
There are two kinds of superlatives:

=== '''Relative superlatives''' ===
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] [noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote>NOTES: Remember that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either before the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

=== '''Absolute superlatives''' ===
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote>NOTE: The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).
__INDEX__

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-25T18:03:03Z

Juan Sahidt: Text modifications

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}

== '''Comparatives and Superlatives''' ==
(Comparativos y Superlativos)

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

=== '''Comparatives''' ===
There are two kinds of comparatives.

==== '''Inequality comparatives''' ====
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

==== '''Equality comparatives''' ====
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

=== '''Superlatives''' ===
There are two kinds of superlatives:

==== '''Relative superlatives''' ====
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] [noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote>NOTES: Remeber that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either before the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

==== '''Absolute superlatives''' ====
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote>NOTE: The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).
__INDEX__

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-25T18:01:54Z

Juan Sahidt: Style corrections

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}

== '''Comparatives and Superlatives''' ==
(Comparativos y Superlativos)

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

=== '''Comparatives''' ===
There are two kinds of comparatives.

==== '''Inequality comparatives''' ====
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

==== '''Equality comparatives''' ====
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

=== '''Superlatives''' ===
There are two kinds of superlatives:

==== '''Relative superlatives''' ====
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] [noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote>NOTES: Remeber that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either after the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

==== '''Absolute superlatives''' ====
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote>NOTE: The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).
__INDEX__

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-25T18:00:56Z

Juan Sahidt: Structure modifications

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}

== '''Comparatives and Superlatives''' ==
(Comparativos y Superlativos)

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

=== '''Comparatives''' ===
There are two kinds of comparatives.

==== '''Inequality comparatives''' ====
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

==== '''Equality comparatives''' ====
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

=== '''Superlatives''' ===
There are two kinds of superlatives:

==== '''Relative superlatives''' ====
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] ''[''noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote>NOTES: Remeber that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either after the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

==== '''Absolute superlatives''' ====
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote>NOTE: The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).
__INDEX__

Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives

2020-09-25T17:59:18Z

Juan Sahidt: I started to write this article. I will keep working on it to update it.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Language/Spanish/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives}}

== '''Comparatives and Superlatives''' ==
(Comparativos y Superlativos)

Comparatives and superlatives are used to make comparisons. They are a very important part of the grammar, and they are necessary when we want to express the equality or inequality of two or more nouns/pronouns or groups of nouns/pronouns. So this article is to explain how they are used in the Spanish language.

=== '''Comparatives''' ===
There are two kinds of comparatives.

==== '''Inequality comparatives''' ====
The structure for using '''inequality''' comparatives in Spanish is:
* ''Más'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (more [...] than).
* ''Menos'' [adjective / noun / adverb] ''que''... (less [...] than).

Examples:
* ''Armando es '''más fuerte que''' Pedro'' (Armando '''is stronger than''' Pedro).
* ''Nosotros tenemos '''menos dinero que''' ellos'' (We have '''less money than''' them).

==== '''Equality comparatives''' ====
For the '''equality''' comparatives the structure is:
* ''Tan'' [adjective / adverb] ''como''... / ''Igual de'' [adjective / adverb] ''que...'' (as [...] as).

Examples:
* ''México es '''tan hermoso como''' España'' (Mexico is '''as beautiful as''' Spain).
* ''El libro es '''igual de bueno que''' la película'' (The book is '''as good as''' the film).

=== '''Superlatives''' ===
There are two kinds of superlatives:

==== '''Relative superlatives''' ====
The structure for this kind of superlative is:
* [Article] [noun] ''más'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the most [...] of).
* [Article] ''[''noun] ''menos'' [adjective] ''de...'' (the least [...] of).
<blockquote>NOTES: Remeber that the article will depend of the gender and the number of the noun / pronoun used. The noun is optional in this structure if the context allows us to infere it. The noun can be placed either after the particle ''más'' / ''menos'' or after the adjective.</blockquote>

Examples:
* ''Gabriela es '''la''' (estudiante) '''más lista''' de su clase'' (Gabriela is '''the smartest''' (student) '''of''' her class).
* ''Alejandro Magno es considerado uno de '''l'''''<nowiki/>'''os más''' '''''grandes''' (generales) '''de''' la historia'' (Alexander the Great is considered one of '''the greatest''' (generals) '''of''' history).

==== '''Absolute superlatives''' ====
Also known as the ''-ísimo'' adjectives.
* [Adjective] + ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas.''
<blockquote>The usage of ''ísimo'' / ''ísima'' / ''ísimos'' / ''ísimas'' will depend of the gender and number of the noun / pronoun.</blockquote>

Example:
* ''Esta comida está buena'' (this food is good) ''>> Esta comida está buen'''ísima''''' (this food is so good).
__INDEX__

Language/Spanish/Pronunciation/Accents

2020-09-25T15:01:24Z

Juan Sahidt:

<span style="font-size:200%;">How to use the accents in Spanish?</span>

[[File:spanish_accents3.jpg]]

Written accents in Spanish, á, é, í, ó, ú are very useful to know where to put the stressed syllable of the word.

Each word in Spanish includes a syllable which is more accentuated than the other: it is sometimes marked by a written accent.

==Rules==
The rules for where to put the accent and why to put it there, can be difficult for non Spanish native speakers.

* If the word ends in an s or n or one of five vowels a, e, i, o, u, stress is marked on the penultimate syllable.

It does not need a written accent to mark the intonation. The majority of Spanish words fall into this category.

Examples: '''me'''-sa, za-'''pa'''-tos, '''pa'''-dre

* All other words that do not end in an s, n or a vowel and does not include written accent then carry the accent on the last syllable.

It does not need a written accent.

Examples: Co-'''mer''', pa-'''pel''', or-de-na-'''dor'''

* If the accent is marked on another syllable (for words not following the two previous rules), we then use a written accent to indicate the stressed syllable.

Examples: di-'''''fí'''''-cil, '''ár'''-bol (both words end with an l and should be part of the second category. As this is not the case, we must then place a written accent on the stressed syllable).

It is the same when the accent falls on the penultimate syllable or the last such as with compound words.

Examples: '''dí'''-me-lo (imperative and two pronouns), du-'''chán'''-do-se (gerund and reflexive pronoun), los fan-'''tás'''-tic-co.

There are exceptions to these rules for foreign words used in the Spanish language.

There are other specific cases in the use of written accents in Spanish.

The letter ñ is a letter of the Spanish alphabet but is sometimes seen as an accent.

It changes the sound of the n as in español.

==How to write the Spanish accents on your keyboard?==

Spanish accents are an important aspect of spelling words: So be sure to write them.

Here is the list of shortcuts to use a keyboard that is not Spanish.

To do this, hold down the Alt key and type the number listed:

{| class="wikitable"
|'''Á'''
|Alt + 0193
|'''á'''
|Alt + 0225

|-
|'''É'''
|Alt + 0201
|'''é'''
|Alt + 0233

|-
|'''Í'''
|Alt + 0205
|'''í'''
|Alt + 0237

|-
|'''Ó'''
|Alt + 0211
|'''ó'''
|Alt + 0243

|-
|'''Ú'''
|Alt + 0218
|'''ú'''
|Alt + 0250

|-
|'''Ñ'''
|Alt + 0209
|'''ñ'''
|Alt + 0241
|}

{{#seo:
|title=How to use the accents in Spanish
|keywords=accents, accentuation, syllabe, write, speak, type
|description=In this lesson you will learn how to use the accents in Spanish.
|og:image=http://wiki.polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/d/d0/Spanish_accents3.jpg
}}Most monosyllabic words like pan and sal do not have an accent.

[[Category: Spanish/Beginner]]