Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Latin/Grammar/Parts-of-speech-Latin

2021-06-02T17:23:00Z

JCR: Participe in English and French

[[File:rome_27_395.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%;"> Parts of speech Latin</div>
== '''English''' ==

There are '''nine''' parts (including the participle) of speech in Latin :

'''noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection'''. There is '''no article''' in Latin.

Of the eight parts of speech in Latin, '''5''' are inflected ('''noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb''');

the other '''3''' ('''conjunction, preposition, and interjection''') are invariable.

'''1. Noun''' is a word used to express the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

'''Nouns''' have gender: '''masculine, feminine, or neuter'''

'''Number:''' Singular or Plural

'''Case:''' Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative

{| class="wikitable"
| Casus - Case : Singular – Plural
|-
|Nominative (nominativus)
|-
|Accusative (accusativus)
|-
|Genitive (genetivus)
|-
|Dative (dativus)
|-
|Ablative (ablativus)*
|-
|Vocative (vocativus)
|}
'''*This case is used in syntax, as in Ancient Greek'''

'''2.''' '''Pronoun''' : a word used in place of a noun.

'''a)  '''Personal pronoun *

'''b)  '''Reflexive pronoun - refers to subject of sentence

'''c)  '''Interrogative pronoun

'''d)  '''Demonstrative pronoun

'''e)  '''Relative pronoun (in subordinate clauses).

'''f)   '''Possessive pronoun

'''g)  '''Indefinite pronoun

'''*The''' personal pronoun is not expressed if it is clear from the context who is the subject of the verb,

since the verb ending indicates the subject.

'''3. Adjective''' : a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

'''4. Verb''' : a word that expresses an action or condition

'''5.''' '''Adverbs : ''' a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

'''6.''' '''Conjunction''' : a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.

'''7.''' '''Preposition''' : a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.

'''8.''' '''Interjection :''' an expression of emotion, thrown in among, but grammatically independent of, the other words of the sentence.

'''9.''' '''Participle :''' a word that come from a verb but looks and behaves like an adjective. It describes a noun or pronoun and agrees with the noun, it modifies in number, gender and case.

== '''Français''' ==
'''Les parties du discours Latin'''

Il y a '''neuf ('''y compris la participe) parties du discours en latin :

'''Le nom, le pronom, l'adjectif, le verbe, l'adverbe, la conjonction, la préposition et l'interjection'''. '''Il n'y a pas d'article''' en latin.

'''1 .''' '''Le''' '''Nom''' est un mot utilisé pour exprimer une personne, un lieu, une chose ou une idée.

Les noms ont trois genres: masculin, féminin et neutre

'''Nombre''' : '''Singulier''' et '''Pluriel'''

'''Cas''' : Nominatif, Génitif, Datif, Accusatif, Ablatif.

{| class="wikitable"
|Casus - Case : Singular – Plural
|-
|Nominative (nominativus)
|-
|Accusative (accusativus)
|-
|Genitive (genetivus)
|-
|Dative (dativus)
|-
|Ablative (ablativus)*
|-
|Vocative (vocativus)
|}
'''*Ce cas''' '''est utilisé au syntaxe, comme dans Grec Ancien'''

'''2. Pronom''' : est un mot utilisé à la place d'un nom.

'''a)''' Pronom personnel *

'''b)''' Pronom réfléchi - fait référence au sujet de la phrase

'''c)''' Pronom interrogatif

'''d)''' Pronom démonstratif

'''e)''' Pronom relatif (dans les propositions subordonnées).

'''f)''' Pronom possessif

'''g)''' Pronom indéfini

'''*Le pronom personnel''' n'est pas exprimé s'il ressort clairement du contexte qui est le sujet du verbe,

puisque la terminaison du verbe indique le sujet à tous temps, le pluriel ou le singulier.

'''3. Adjectif''' : un mot qui décrit un nom ou un pronom.

'''4. Verbe''' : un mot qui exprime une action ou une condition

'''5. Adverbes''' : un mot qui modifie un verbe, un adjectif ou un autre adverbe.

'''6. Conjonction''' : un mot qui joint des mots, des phrases ou des clauses.

'''7. Préposition :''' un mot qui montre la relation entre un nom ou un pronom et un autre mot dans la phrase.

'''8. Interjection''': une expression d'émotion, jetée entre les autres mots de la phrase, mais grammaticalement indépendante de celles-ci.

'''9.''' '''Participe :''' sont formes adjectivales du verbe. Ils se déclinent donc comme des adjectifs et s'accordent en nombre,genre et cas avec le nom auquel ils se rapportent.

== '''Ελληνικά''' ==

Τα μέρη λόγου στα Λατινικά είναι '''εννέα:'''

'''ουσιαστικό, αντωνυμία, επίθετο, ρήμα, επίρρημα, σύνδεσμος, πρόθεση και το επιφώνημα. Δεν''' υπάρχει '''άρθρο''' στα Λατινικά.

Από τα οκτώ μέρη της ομιλίας στα Λατινικά, τα '''5''' έχουν κλίση ('''ουσιαστικό, αντωνυμία, επίθετο, ρήμα, επίρρημα''').

τα άλλα '''3''' ('''σύνδεσμος, πρόθεση και επιφώνημα''') είναι αμετάβλητα.

'''1. Ουσιαστικό''' (substantīvum)είναι μια λέξη που χρησιμοποιείται για να εκφράσει το όνομα ενός ατόμου, τόπου, αντικειμένου ή ιδέας.

Τα ουσιαστικά έχουν '''φύλο: αρσενικό, θηλυκό''' και '''ουδέτερο'''

'''Αριθμός : ενικός και πληθυντικός'''

'''Πτώσεις''' : Nominative, Accusative Genitive, Dative, Ablative.

{| class="wikitable"
|Casus - Case : Singular – Plural
|-
|Nominative (nominativus)
|-
|Accusative (accusativus)
|-
|Genitive (genetivus)
|-
|Dative (dativus)
|-
|Ablative (ablativus)*
|-
|Vocative (vocativus)
|}
'''3. Επίθετο''' (adiectīvum'''):''' λέξη που περιγράφει ένα ουσιαστικό ή μια αντωνυμία.

'''4. ρήμα''' (verbum): λέξη που εκφράζει ενέργεια ή κατάσταση του υποκείμενου

'''5. Επίρρημα:''' (Adverbia) λέξη που τροποποιεί ένα ρήμα, ένα επίθετο ή άλλο επίρρημα.

'''6. Σύνδεσμος''' (Coniunctiōnes) λέξη που ενώνει λέξεις, φράσεις ή προτάσεις.

'''7. Πρόθεση:''' (Praepositiōnes) : λέξη που δείχνει τη σχέση μεταξύ ενός ουσιαστικού ή αντωνυμίας και μιας άλλης λέξης στην πρόταση.

'''8. Επιφωνήματα''' (Interiectiōnes) : μια έκφραση συναισθήματος, που απορρέει μεταξύ άλλων, αλλά γραμματικά ανεξάρτητη από τις άλλες λέξεις της πρότασης.

'''9. Μετοχή''' (participium)

Language/Spanish/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2019-06-21T22:10:27Z

JCR:

[[File:Spanish-Alphabet.jpg|thumb|none]]

Hi, guys!

In this section I will show you one of the most basic things you need to know in any language: the alphabet.

I will teach you which are the letters that make up the alphabet.

So, I hope to be of help.

Good luck.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!|Letter
!Name
!|Pronunciation
!Exceptions
|-
|A a
|a
|/a/
|
|-
|B b
|be, be larga
|/b/, <big>/</big>β/
|
|-
|C c
|ce
|/k/, /θ/
|
|-
|CH ch
|che
|/ʧ/
|*According to the Spanish Royal Academy (SRA)
It is no longer part of the Spanish alphabet.
|-
|D d
|de
|/d/
|
|-
|E e
|e
|/e/
|
|-
|F f
|efe
|/f/
|
|-
|G g
|ge
|/ɡ/, /x/
|
|-
|H h
|hache
|Ø
|
|-
|I i
|i
|/i/
|
|-
|J j
|jota
|/x/
|
|-
|K k
|ka
|/k/
|
|-
|L l
|ele
|/l/
|
|-
|LL ll
|elle
|/ʎ/
|*According to the Spanish Royal Academy (SRA)
It is no longer part of the Spanish alphabet.
|-
|M m
|eme
|/m/
|
|-
|N n
|ene
|/n/
|
|-
|Ñ ñ
|eñe
|/ɲ/
|
|-
|O o
|o
|/o/
|
|-
|P p
|pe
|/p/
|
|-
|Q q
|cu
|/k/
|
|-
|R r
|erre
|/ɾ/, /r/
|
|-
|S s
|ese
|/s/
|
|-
|T t
|te
|/t/
|
|-
|U u
|u
|/u/
|
|-
|V v
|uve - ve - ve corta
|/b/
|
|-
|W w
|uve doble, doble u, doble ve
|/w/, /b/
|
|-
|X x
|equis
|/ks/, /x/, /s/
|
|-
|Y y
|i igriega, ye
|/ʝ/, /i/
|
|-
|Z z
|zeta
|/θ/
|
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Exceptions information: http://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario

==Video==
Learn with a song! ;)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT7_qIFBa3Y

= Pronouncing the 'R' in Spanish =

==== ''The sound can be similar to the English 'D''' ====
Question: One word in Spanish that I can't seem to get right is ''aire'' for "air." I hear it from Spanish speakers sounding like "EYE-day," but it's not a "d" sound — there's a definite "re" sound, but it eludes me.

=== The R for English Speakers ===
What works for some English speakers (even if it may not be technically correct) is to shape the lips something like the sound that is made for the English "r," but to make the sound with a single trill or flap of the tongue against the front of the palate. Actually, it's probably best not to think English "r" at all; the sounds of the two languages really are different. And if it's any consolation, the sound of the English "r" is more difficult for native Spanish speakers (and speakers of many other languages) to master than it is for English speakers to master the Spanish ''r''.

=== Recommendations From the Community ===
Participants in our forum have discussed pronunciation of the ''r'', especially when it comes after a consonant, as in ''abra''. Here's some of their advice:
* "You can try substituting the English letter 'd' for a single ''r''. For example: ''Pero''(Spanish) = Pedo (English). If you say it quickly it begins to take on the character of the Spanish ''r''. I learned this from a friend from Colombia whose name was Miriam. She hated the swallowed 'r' that Americans make when they say her name, so she suggested that they call her Medium. Said quickly, that was much closer to the Spanish pronunciation of Miriam."
* "When you say the word 'throw' you have to put your tongue in almost the same position as you do when you make the Spanish ''r'' sound. Try that for positioning your tongue, then just blow real hard and your tongue will vibrate like it's supposed to do for those rolling ''rr''s. Once you have the tongue vibrating, make a growling sound like 'rrrrrrr.'"
* "If you pronounce the ''t'' and ''d'' as they are pronounced in Spanish with the tip of the tongue on or near the top of the upper front teeth instead of farther up on the alveolar ridge as we usually do in English, then to get to the ''r'' you only have to flip it up a little. Anyway, you can solace that Spanish doesn't have those impossible consonant combinations that some languages have. (I knew a guy from Africa whose first name was Ngmpu. Try that one!")

* "If you can already make the ''r'' sound when surrounded by vowels, then stick in a vowel at first — ''u'' works the best. Practice saying ''abura'' a bunch of times, gradually emphasizing the ''u'' less and less until you're just saying ''abra''."
* "I don't think I have any trouble with ''r'' as in ''abra'', or at least no native speaker has ever told me that my pronunciation of it sounds bad. If you've got the ''r'' of ''para'' or ''caro'' down, it's exactly the same as that; flap your tongue right after the consonant. In other words, try saying ''ohtda'' as though it were an English word very quickly (of course, your tongue should touch the back of your front teeth when you say the ''t'') and you will probably get the word ''otra'' right." [Gerald Erichsen].
[[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]]

Language/Spanish/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2019-06-21T22:08:03Z

JCR: I added a interesting and helpfully text about pronunciation. I copied thist text from: https://www.thoughtco.com/pronouncing-the-r-3079556 I can't explain it better,because that I shared this article.

[[File:Spanish-Alphabet.jpg|thumb|none]]

Hi, guys!

In this section I will show you one of the most basic things you need to know in any language: the alphabet.

I will teach you which are the letters that make up the alphabet.

So, I hope to be of help.

Good luck.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!|Letter
!Name
!|Pronunciation
!Exceptions
|-
|A a
|a
|/a/
|
|-
|B b
|be, be larga
|/b/, <big>/</big>β/
|
|-
|C c
|ce
|/k/, /θ/
|
|-
|CH ch
|che
|/ʧ/
|*According to the Spanish Royal Academy (SRA)
It is no longer part of the Spanish alphabet.
|-
|D d
|de
|/d/
|
|-
|E e
|e
|/e/
|
|-
|F f
|efe
|/f/
|
|-
|G g
|ge
|/ɡ/, /x/
|
|-
|H h
|hache
|Ø
|
|-
|I i
|i
|/i/
|
|-
|J j
|jota
|/x/
|
|-
|K k
|ka
|/k/
|
|-
|L l
|ele
|/l/
|
|-
|LL ll
|elle
|/ʎ/
|*According to the Spanish Royal Academy (SRA)
It is no longer part of the Spanish alphabet.
|-
|M m
|eme
|/m/
|
|-
|N n
|ene
|/n/
|
|-
|Ñ ñ
|eñe
|/ɲ/
|
|-
|O o
|o
|/o/
|
|-
|P p
|pe
|/p/
|
|-
|Q q
|cu
|/k/
|
|-
|R r
|erre
|/ɾ/, /r/
|
|-
|S s
|ese
|/s/
|
|-
|T t
|te
|/t/
|
|-
|U u
|u
|/u/
|
|-
|V v
|uve - ve - ve corta
|/b/
|
|-
|W w
|uve doble, doble u, doble ve
|/w/, /b/
|
|-
|X x
|equis
|/ks/, /x/, /s/
|
|-
|Y y
|i igriega, ye
|/ʝ/, /i/
|
|-
|Z z
|zeta
|/θ/
|
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Exceptions information: http://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario

==Video==
Learn with a song! ;)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT7_qIFBa3Y]

=== The R for English Speakers ===
What works for some English speakers (even if it may not be technically correct) is to shape the lips something like the sound that is made for the English "r," but to make the sound with a single trill or flap of the tongue against the front of the palate. Actually, it's probably best not to think English "r" at all; the sounds of the two languages really are different. And if it's any consolation, the sound of the English "r" is more difficult for native Spanish speakers (and speakers of many other languages) to master than it is for English speakers to master the Spanish ''r''.

You can hear the ''r'' pronounced by native speakers in our [https://0.tqn.com/z/g/spanish/library/media/audio/r.mp3 audio lesson on pronouncing the r]. Words spoken in that lesson are ''pero'' (but), ''caro'' (expensive), ''primo'' (cousin), ''tres'' (three), ''señor'' (Mr.) and ''hablar'' (to speak).

=== Recommendations From the Community ===
Participants in our forum have discussed pronunciation of the ''r'', especially when it comes after a consonant, as in ''abra''. Here's some of their advice:
* "You can try substituting the English letter 'd' for a single ''r''. For example: ''Pero''(Spanish) = Pedo (English). If you say it quickly it begins to take on the character of the Spanish ''r''. I learned this from a friend from Colombia whose name was Miriam. She hated the swallowed 'r' that Americans make when they say her name, so she suggested that they call her Medium. Said quickly, that was much closer to the Spanish pronunciation of Miriam."
* "When you say the word 'throw' you have to put your tongue in almost the same position as you do when you make the Spanish ''r'' sound. Try that for positioning your tongue, then just blow real hard and your tongue will vibrate like it's supposed to do for those rolling ''rr''s. Once you have the tongue vibrating, make a growling sound like 'rrrrrrr.'"
* "If you pronounce the ''t'' and ''d'' as they are pronounced in Spanish with the tip of the tongue on or near the top of the upper front teeth instead of farther up on the alveolar ridge as we usually do in English, then to get to the ''r'' you only have to flip it up a little. Anyway, you can solace that Spanish doesn't have those impossible consonant combinations that some languages have. (I knew a guy from Africa whose first name was Ngmpu. Try that one!")

* "If you can already make the ''r'' sound when surrounded by vowels, then stick in a vowel at first — ''u'' works the best. Practice saying ''abura'' a bunch of times, gradually emphasizing the ''u'' less and less until you're just saying ''abra''."
* "I don't think I have any trouble with ''r'' as in ''abra'', or at least no native speaker has ever told me that my pronunciation of it sounds bad. If you've got the ''r'' of ''para'' or ''caro'' down, it's exactly the same as that; flap your tongue right after the consonant. In other words, try saying ''ohtda'' as though it were an English word very quickly (of course, your tongue should touch the back of your front teeth when you say the ''t'') and you will probably get the word ''otra'' right." [Gerald Erichsen].
[[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]]