Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Turkish/Vocabulary/Countries-and-Continents

2019-09-30T08:14:20Z

Gozde-agar: I added some African and European countries to the list.

[[File:Countries and Continents in Turkish.png|alt=Countries and Continents in Turkish|thumb|Countries and Continents in Turkish]]
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Hello everybody,

In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about '''¨COUNTRIES AND CONTINENTS¨''' in Turkish.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions!

Good learning! :)

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{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Continents</big>'''
|'''''kuh tah lahr'''''
|'''<big>Kıtalar</big>'''
|'''''kâtalár'''''
|'''<big>CONTINENTES</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Africa
|'''''ah frih kah'''''
|'''<big>Afrika</big>'''
|'''''africa'''''
|AFRICA
|-
|Asia
|'''''ah syah'''''
|'''<big>Asya</big>'''
|'''''asía'''''
|ASIA
|-
|Europe
|'''''ah vrou pah'''''
|'''<big>Avrupa</big>'''
|'''''avrúpa'''''
|EUROPA
|-
|North
America
|'''''kou zay'''''

'''''ah meh rih kah'''''
|'''<big>Kuzey</big>'''
'''<big>Amerika</big>'''
|'''''cuzêi'''''

'''''ameríka'''''
|AMERICA
DO NORTE
|-
|South
America
|'''''gew nay'''''
'''''ah meh rih kah'''''
|'''<big>Güney</big>'''
'''<big>Amerika</big>'''
|'''''guynei'''''

'''''ameríka'''''
|AMERICA
DO SUL
|-
|Oceania
|'''''oh kyah nou syah'''''
|'''<big>Okyanusya</big>'''
|'''''okianusía'''''
|OCEANIA
|-
|Antarctica
|'''''ahn tahr tih kah'''''
|'''<big>Antartika</big>'''
|'''''antartíka'''''
|ANTARTICA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Countries</big>'''

'''<big>(Africa)</big>'''
|'''''ewl keh lehr'''''
'''''(ah frih kah)'''''
|'''<big>Ülkeler</big>'''

'''<big>(Afrika)</big>'''
|'''''yLkelér'''''
'''''(afríka)'''''
|'''<big>PAISES</big>'''

'''<big>(AFRICA)</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Egypt
|'''''muh suhr'''''
|'''<big>Mısır</big>'''
|'''''mâsâr'''''
|EGITO
|-
|Tunisia
|'''''tou noos'''''
|'''<big>Tunus</big>'''
|'''''tunús'''''
|TUNISIA
|-
|Libya
|'''''lih byah'''''
|'''<big>Libya</big>'''
|'''''líbia'''''
|LIBIA
|-
|Algeria
|'''''jeh zay ihr'''''
|'''<big>Cezayir</big>'''
|'''''djezêir'''''
|ARGELIA
|-
|Morocco
|'''''faas'''''
|'''<big>Fas</big>'''
|'''''fas'''''
|MARROCOS
|-
|Western Sahara
|'''''bah tuh sahH rah'''''
|'''<big>Batı Sahra</big>'''
|'''''batâ saHra'''''
|SAHARA
|-
|Mauritania
|'''''moh rih tah nyah'''''
|'''<big>Moritanya</big>'''
|'''''moritánia'''''
|MAURITANIA
|-
|Senegal
|'''''seh neh gahl'''''
|'''<big>Senegal</big>'''
|'''''senegáL'''''
|SENEGAL
|-
|Guinea Bissau
|'''''yeh nih gih neh'''''
|'''<big>Yeni Gine</big>'''
|'''''iení guiné'''''
|GUINE-BISSAU
|-
|Guinea
|'''''gih neh'''''
|'''<big>Gine</big>'''
|'''''guiné'''''
|GUINE
|-
|Gambia
|'''''gahm byah'''''
|'''<big>Gambiya</big>'''
|'''''gambiia'''''
|GAMBIA
|-
|Sierra Leone
|'''''sih eh rah leh oh neh'''''
|'''<big>Sierra Leone</big>'''
|'''''sierra leoné'''''
|SERRA LEOA
|-
|Liberia
|'''''lih beh ryah'''''
|'''<big>Liberya</big>'''
|'''''libería'''''
|LIBERIA
|-
|Ivory Coast
|'''''fihl dih shih sah Hih lih'''''
|'''<big>Fildişi Sahili</big>'''
|'''''fiLdichi saHilí'''''
|COSTA DO MARFIM
|-
|Bourkina Faso
|'''''boor kih nah fah soh'''''
|'''<big>Burkina Faso</big>'''
|'''''burkina fasó'''''
|BURQUINA FASO
|-
|Ghana
|'''''gah nah'''''
|'''<big>Gana</big>'''
|'''''ganá'''''
|GANA
|-
|Togo
|'''''toh goh'''''
|'''<big>Togo</big>'''
|'''''togó'''''
|TOGO
|-
|Benin
|'''''beh nihn'''''
|'''<big>Benin</big>'''
|'''''benín'''''
|BENIN
|-
|Mali
|'''''mah lih'''''
|'''<big>Mali</big>'''
|'''''malí'''''
|MALI
|-
|Niger
|'''''nih jehr'''''
|'''<big>Nijer</big>'''
|'''''nidjér'''''
|NIGER
|-
|Nigeria
|'''''nih jeh ryah'''''
|<big>'''Nijerya'''</big>
|'''''nidjéria'''''
|NIGERIA
|-
|Chad
|'''''chahd'''''
|'''<big>Çad</big>'''
|'''''tchád'''''
|TCHADE
|-
|Cameroon
|'''''kah meh roon'''''
|'''<big>Kamerun</big>'''
|'''''camerún'''''
|CAMARÕES
|-
|Gabon
|'''''gah bohn'''''
|'''<big>Gabon</big>'''
|'''''gabón'''''
|GABÃO
|-
|Congo
|'''''kohn goh'''''
|'''<big>Kongo</big>'''
|'''''congo'''''
|CONGO
|-
|Central African Republic
|'''''ohr tah'''''

'''''ah frih kah'''''

'''''joum hou rih yeht'''''
|'''<big>Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti</big>'''
|'''''ortá afríka'''''
'''''djumHuriietí'''''
|REPUBLICA CENTRO-AFRICANA
|-
|Democratical Republic of Congo
|'''''deh moh krah tihk'''''

'''''kohn goh'''''

'''''joum hou rih yeht'''''
|'''<big>Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti</big>'''
|'''''democratík kongo'''''
'''''djumHuriietí'''''
|REPUBLICA DEMOCRATICA DO CONGO
|-
|Angola
|'''''ahn goh lah'''''
|'''<big>Angola</big>'''
|'''''angóla'''''
|ANGOLA
|-
|Sudan
|'''''sou dahn'''''
|'''<big>Sudan</big>'''
|'''''sudán'''''
|SUDÃO
|-
|South Sudan
|'''''gew nay'''''

'''''sou dahn'''''
|'''<big>Güney Sudan</big>'''
|'''''guynei sudan'''''
|SUDÃO DO SUL
|-
|Eritrea
|'''''eh rih treh'''''
|'''<big>Eritre</big>'''
|'''''erítre'''''
|ERITREIA
|-
|Somali
|'''''soh mah lih'''''
|'''<big>Somali</big>'''
|'''''somalí'''''
|SOMALIA
|-
|Ethiopia
|'''''eh tee yoh pyah'''''
|'''<big>Etiyopya</big>'''
|'''''etiiopia'''''
|ETIOPIA
|-
|Uganda
|'''''ou gahn dah'''''
|'''<big>Uganda</big>'''
|'''''ugandá'''''
|UGANDA
|-
|Kenya
|'''''keh nyah'''''
|'''<big>Kenya</big>'''
|'''''quenía'''''
|QUENIA
|-
|Tanzania
|'''''tahn zah nyah'''''
|'''<big>Tanzanya</big>'''
|'''''tanzania'''''
|TANZANIA
|-
|Bostwana
|'''''bohst vah nah'''''
|'''<big>Bostvana</big>'''
|'''''bostvana'''''
|BOTSUANA
|-
|Zimbabwe
|'''''zihm bahb veh'''''
|'''<big>Zimbabve</big>'''
|'''''zimbabve'''''
|ZIMBABUE
|-
|Mozambique
|'''''moh zahm bihk'''''
|'''<big>Mozambik</big>'''
|'''''mozambik'''''
|MOÇAMBIQUE
|-
|South Africa
|'''''gew nay'''''

'''''ah frih kah'''''
|'''<big>Güney Afrika</big>'''
|'''''guynei afríka'''''
|AFRICA DO SUL
|-
|Namibia
|'''''nah mih byah'''''
|'''<big>Namibya</big>'''
|'''''namíbia'''''
|NAMIBIA
|-
|Madagascar
|'''''mah dah gahs kahr'''''
|'''<big>Madagaskar</big>'''
|'''''madagaskar'''''
|MADAGASCAR
|-
|Burundi
|
|'''<big>Burundi</big>'''
|
|
|-
|Republic of Cabo Verde
|
|'''<big>Cape Verde</big>'''
|
|
|-
|Malawi
|
|'''<big>Malavi</big>'''
|
|
|-
|Mauritius
|
|'''<big>Mauritius</big>'''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Countries</big>'''
'''<big>(Middle East )</big>'''
|'''''ewl keh lehr'''''
'''''(ohr tah doh oo)'''''
|'''<big>Ülkeler</big>'''

'''<big>(Orta Doğu)</big>'''
|'''''yLkeler'''''
'''''(ortá doou)'''''
|'''<big>PAISES</big>'''
'''<big>(ORIENTE MEDIO)</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Turkey
|'''''tewr kee eh'''''
|'''<big>Türkiye</big>'''
|'''''tyyrkiie'''''
|TURQUIA
|-
|Iran
|'''''ih rahn'''''
|'''<big>İran</big>'''
|'''''irán'''''
|IRÃO
|-
|Iraq
|'''''ih rahk'''''
|'''<big>Irak</big>'''
|'''''irák'''''
|IRAQUE
|-
|Syria
|'''''sou ree yeh'''''
|'''<big>Suriye</big>'''
|'''''suriie'''''
|SIRIA
|-
|Lebanon
|'''''lewb nahn'''''
|'''<big>Lübnan</big>'''
|'''''lybnan'''''
|LIBANO
|-
|Israel
|'''''ihs rah ihl'''''
|'''<big>İsrail</big>'''
|'''''israiL'''''
|ISRAEL
|-
|Jordan
|'''''ewr dewn'''''
|'''<big>Ürdün</big>'''
|'''''yrdyn'''''
|JORDANIA
|-
|Saudi Arabia
|'''''soo dih'''''

'''''ah rah bihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Suudi Arabistan</big>'''
|'''''suudi arabistán'''''
|ARABIA SAUDITA
|-
|Bahrain
|'''''bahH rayn'''''
|'''<big>Bahreyn</big>'''
|'''''bahrein'''''
|BAHREIN
|-
|Qatar
|'''''kah tahr'''''
|'''<big>Katar</big>'''
|'''''catár'''''
|CATAR
|-
|UAE

(United Arab Emirates )
|'''''bihr leh shihk'''''
'''''ah rahp'''''

'''''eh mihr lihk leh rih'''''
|'''<big>BAE</big>'''

'''<big>(Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri)</big>'''
|'''''birlechík aráp'''''
'''''emirliklerí'''''
|EMIRADOS ARABES
UNIDOS
|-
|Oman
|'''''oom mahn'''''
|'''<big>Umman</big>'''
|'''''umman'''''
|OMÃ
|-
|Yemen
|'''''yeh mehn'''''
|'''<big>Yemen</big>'''
|'''''iemen'''''
|IEMEN
|-
|Afghanistan
|'''''ahf gah nihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Afganistan</big>'''
|'''''afganistan'''''
|AFEGANISTÃO
|-
|Pakistan
|'''''pah kihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Pakistan</big>'''
|'''''pakístan'''''
|PAQUISTÃO
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Turkic</big>'''

'''<big>Countries</big>'''
|'''''tewrk'''''
'''''ewl keh leh rih'''''
|'''<big>Türki</big>'''

'''<big>Ülkeler/Türk Olan</big>'''
|'''''tyrk'''''
'''''(yLkeleri)'''''
|'''<big>PAISES</big>'''
'''<big>(TURCOS)</big>'''
|-
|''' '''
|
|
|
|
|-
|Azarbaijan
|'''''ah zehr bah ih jahn'''''
|'''<big>Azerbaycan</big>'''
|'''''azerbaidján'''''
|AZERBAIJÃO
|-
|Kazakhstan
|'''''kah zah kihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Kazakistan</big>'''
|'''''cazakístan'''''
|CAZAQUISTÃO
|-
|Turkmenistan
|'''''tewrk meh nihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Türkmenistan</big>'''
|'''''tyrkmenistan'''''
|TURCOMENISTÃO
|-
|Uzbekistan
|'''''erz beh kihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Özbekistan</big>'''
|'''''êêzbekístan'''''
|USBEQUISTÃO
|-
|Kyrgyzstan
|'''''kuhr gu zihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Kırgızistan</big>'''
|'''''kârgâzístan'''''
|QUIRQUISTÃO
|-
|Tajikistan
|'''''tah jih kihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Tacikistan</big>'''
|'''''tadjikístan'''''
|TAJIQUISTÃO
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>South</big>'''

'''<big>Asia</big>'''
|'''''gew nay'''''
'''''ah syah'''''
|'''<big>Güney</big>'''

'''<big>Asya</big>'''
|'''''guynei'''''
'''''asía'''''
|'''<big>SUL DA</big>'''
'''<big>ASIA</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|India
|'''''hihn dihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Hindistan</big>'''
|'''''Hindístan'''''
|INDIA
|-
|Nepal
|'''''neh pahl'''''
|'''<big>Nepal</big>'''
|'''''nepáL'''''
|NEPAL
|-
|Bhutan
|'''''bou tahn'''''
|'''<big>Bhutan</big>'''
|'''''bután'''''
|BRUTÃO
|-
|Bangladesh
|'''''bahn glah dehsh'''''
|'''<big>Bangladeş</big>'''
|'''''bangladech'''''
|BANGLADECHE
|-
|Sri lanka
|'''''srih lanh kah'''''
|'''<big>Sri lanka</big>'''
|'''''srí lanká'''''
|SRI LANCA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Southeast</big>'''

'''<big>Asia</big>'''
|'''''gew nay doh oo'''''
'''''ah syah'''''
|'''<big>Güneydoğu</big>'''

'''<big>Asya</big>'''
|'''''guyneidoou'''''
'''''asía'''''
|'''<big>SUDESTE DA</big>'''
'''<big>ASIA</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Burma
|'''''bour mah'''''
|'''<big>Burma</big>'''
|'''''burmá'''''
|BURMA
|-
|Thailand
|'''''tayh lahnd'''''
|'''<big>Tayland</big>'''
|'''''tailánd'''''
|TAILANDIA
|-
|Laos
|'''''lah ohs'''''
|'''<big>Laos</big>'''
|'''''láos'''''
|LAOS
|-
|Cambodia
|'''''kahm boh chyah'''''
|'''<big>Kamboçya</big>'''
|'''''cambótcha'''''
|CAMBOJA
|-
|Vietnam
|'''''vyeht nahm'''''
|'''<big>Vietnam</big>'''
|'''''víetnam'''''
|VIETNÃ
|-
|Malaysia
|'''''mah leh zyah'''''
|'''<big>Malezya</big>'''
|'''''malézia'''''
|MALASIA
|-
|Philipines
|'''''fih lih pihn lehr'''''
|'''<big>Filipinler</big>'''
|'''''filipínler'''''
|FILIPINAS
|-
|İndonesia
|'''''ehn doh neh zyah'''''
|'''<big>Endonezya</big>'''
|'''''endonézia'''''
|INDONESIA
|-
|Singapor
|'''''sihn gah poor'''''
|'''<big>Singapur</big>'''
|'''''singápur'''''
|CINGAPURA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Far East</big>'''

'''<big>Asia</big>'''
|'''''ou zahk'''''
'''''ah syah'''''
|'''<big>Uzak doğu</big>'''

'''<big>Asya</big>'''
|'''''uzák doou'''''
'''''asía'''''
|'''<big>DISTANTE DO LESTE ASIATICO</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|China
|'''''chihn'''''
|'''<big>Çin</big>'''
|'''''tchín'''''
|CHINA
|-
|Taiwan
|'''''tayh vahn'''''
|'''<big>Tayvan</big>'''
|'''''taívan'''''
|TAIUÃ
|-
|South Korea
|'''''gew nay koh reh'''''
|'''<big>Güney Kore</big>'''
|'''''guynei coré'''''
|COREIA DO SUL
|-
|North Korea
|'''''kou zay koh reh'''''
|'''<big>Kuzey Kore</big>'''
|'''''cuzei coré'''''
|COREIA DO NORTE
|-
|Japan
|'''''zhah poh nyah'''''
|'''<big>Japonya</big>'''
|'''''japonía'''''
|JAPÃO
|-
|Mongolia
|'''''moh oh lihs tahn'''''
|'''<big>Moğolistan</big>'''
|'''''moo olistan'''''
|MONGOLIA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>North</big>'''

'''<big>Asia</big>'''
|'''''kou zay'''''
'''''ah syah'''''
|'''<big>Kuzey</big>'''

'''<big>Asya</big>'''
|'''''cuzêi'''''
'''''asía'''''
|'''<big>NORTE ASIATICO</big>'''
|-
|Russia
|'''''rou syah'''''
|'''<big>Rusya</big>'''
|'''''rusía'''''
|RUSSIA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Europe</big>'''
|'''''ahv rou pah'''''
|'''<big>Avrupa</big>'''
|'''''avrúpa'''''
|'''<big>EUROPA</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Belgium
|'''''behl chih kah'''''
|'''<big>Belçika</big>'''
|'''''beLtchika'''''
|BELGICA
|-
|Finland
|'''''fihn lahn dee ah'''''
|'''<big>Finlandiya</big>'''
|'''''finlandíia'''''
|FINLANDIA
|-
|Germany
|'''''ahl mah nee ah'''''
|'''<big>Almanya</big>'''
|'''''aLmánia'''''
|ALEMANHA
|-
|France
|'''''frahn sah'''''
|'''<big>Fransa</big>'''
|'''''fransá'''''
|FRANÇA
|-
|Italy
|'''''ih tah lee ah'''''
|'''<big>İtalya</big>'''
|'''''itália'''''
|ITALIA
|-
|Ukraine
|'''''ou krah ee nah'''''
|'''<big>Ukrayna</big>'''
|'''''ucráina'''''
|UCRANIA
|-
|Sweden
|'''''ihs vehch'''''
|'''<big>İsveç</big>'''
|'''''isvetch'''''
|SUECIA
|-
|Spain
|'''''ihs pah nee ah'''''
|'''<big>İspanya</big>'''
|'''''ispánia'''''
|ESPANHA
|-
|Norway
|
|'''<big>Norveç</big>'''
|
|
|-
|Greece
|
|'''<big>Yunanistan</big>'''
|
|
|-
|Hungary
|
|'''<big>Macaristan</big>'''
|
|
|-
|Czech Republic
|
|'''<big>Çek Cumhuriyeti</big>'''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>North</big>'''
'''<big>America</big>'''
|'''''kou zay'''''

'''''ah meh rih kah'''''
|'''<big>Kuzey</big>'''
'''<big>Amerika</big>'''
|'''''cuzei'''''
'''''ameríka'''''
|'''<big>AMERICA DO NORTE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Canada
|'''''kah nah dah'''''
|'''<big>Kanada</big>'''
|'''''canadá'''''
|CANADA
|-
|Costa Rica
|'''''kohs tah rih kah'''''
|'''<big>Kosta Rika</big>'''
|'''''costá rica'''''
|COSTA RICA
|-
|Mexico
|'''''mehk sih kah'''''
|'''<big>Meksika</big>'''
|'''''meksíka'''''
|MEXICO
|-
|United States of America
|'''''ah meh rih kah'''''

'''''bihr leh shihk'''''

'''''dehv leht leh rih'''''
|'''<big>Amerika Birleşik Devletleri</big>'''
|'''''ameríka birlechik'''''

'''''devletleri'''''
|ESTADOS UNIDOS DA

AMERICA
|-
|Cuba
|'''''kew bah'''''
|'''<big>Küba</big>'''
|'''''kybá'''''
|CUBA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>South</big>'''
'''<big>America</big>'''
|'''''gew nay'''''
'''''ah meh rih kah'''''
|'''<big>Güney</big>'''
'''<big>Amerika</big>'''
|'''''guynei'''''
'''''ameríka'''''
|'''<big>AMERICA DO SUL</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Argentina
|'''''ahr zahn tihn'''''
|'''<big>Arjantin</big>'''
|'''''arjantín'''''
|ARGENTINA
|-
|Brazil
|'''''breh zih lyah'''''
|'''<big>Brezilya</big>'''
|'''''brezília'''''
|BRASIL
|-
|Peru
|'''''peh rou'''''
|'''<big>Peru</big>'''
|'''''perú'''''
|PERU
|-
|Chile
|'''''shih lih'''''
|'''<big>Şili</big>'''
|'''''chíli'''''
|CHILE
|-
|Colombia
|'''''koh lohm bee ah'''''
|'''<big>Kolombiya</big>'''
|'''''colombiia'''''
|COLOMBIA
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''<big>Oceania</big>'''
|'''''oh kih ah nou syah'''''
|'''<big>Okyanusya</big>'''
|'''''okianusía'''''
|'''<big>OCEANIA</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Australia
|'''''ah vous trah lee ah'''''
|'''<big>Avustralya</big>'''
|'''''avustrália'''''
|AUSTRALIA
|-
|New Zealand
|'''''yeh nih zeh lahn dah'''''
|'''<big>Yeni Zelanda</big>'''
|'''''iení zelánda'''''
|NOVA ZELANDIA
|}

== Continents - Kıtalar ==
Africa - '''Afrika'''

Asia - '''Asya'''

Europe - '''Avrupa'''

North America - '''Kuzey Amerika'''

South America - '''Güney Amerika'''

Oceania - '''Okyanusya'''

Antarctica - '''Antartika'''

== Countries - Ülkeler ==
Turkey - '''Türkiye'''

=== Africa - Afrika ===
Egypt - '''Mısır'''

Tunisia - '''Tunus'''

Libya - '''Libya'''

Algeria - Cezayir

Morocco - '''Fas'''

Western Sahara - Batı Sahra

Mauritania - Moritanya

Senegal - Senegal

Guinea Bissau - Yeni Gine

Guinea - Gine

Gambia - Gambiya

Sierra Leone - Sierra Leone

Liberia - Liberya

Ivory Coast - Fildişi Sahili

Bourkina Faso - Burkina Faso

Ghana - Gana

Togo - Togo

Benin - Benin

Mali - Mali

Niger - Nijer

Nigeria - '''Nijerya'''

Chad - Çad

Cameroon - Kamerun

Gabon - Gabon

Congo - Kongo

Central African Republic - Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti

Democratical Republic of Congo - Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti

Angola - Angola

Sudan - Sudan

Eritrea - Eritre

Somali - Somali

Ethiopia - Etiyopya

Uganda - Uganda

Kenya - Kenya

Tanzania - Tanzanya

Bostwana - Bostvana

Zimbabwe - Zimbabve

Mozambique - Mozambik

South Africa - Güney Afrika

Namibia -Namibya

Madagascar - Madagaskar

=== Asia -Asya ===
* Midde East countries on Asia - Asyadaki Ortadoğu Ülkeleri

** Turkey - Türkiye
** Iran - İran
** Iraq - '''Irak'''
** Syria - Suriye
** Lebanon - Lübnan
** Israel - İsrail
** Jordan - Ürdün
** Saudi Arabia - Suudi Arabistan
** Bahrain - Bahreyn
** Qatar - Katar
** UAE (United Arab Emirates ) - BAE (Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri)
** Oman - Umman
** Yemen - Yemen
** Afghanistan - Afganistan
** Pakistan - Pakistan
* Turkic Countries - Türk Ülkeleri
** Azarbaijan - Azerbaycan
** Kazakhstan - '''Kazakistan'''
** Turkmenistan - Türkmenistan
** Uzbekistan - Özbekistan
** Kyrgyzstan - Kırgızistan
** Tajikistan - Tacikistan
* South Asia - Güney Asya
** India - Hindistan
** Nepal - Nepal
** Bhutan - Bhutan
** Bangladesh - Bangladeş
** Sri lanka - Sri lanka
* Southeast Asia - Güneydoğu Asya
** Burma - Burma
** Thailand - Tayland
** Laos - Laos
** Cambodia - Kamboçya
** Vietnam - Vietnam
** Malaysia - Malezya
** Philipines - Filipinler
** İndonesia - Endonezya
** Singapor - Singapur
* Far East Asia - Uzak doğu Asya
** ( Southeast Asian countries are also Far East Countries according to some sources ) - Güneydoğu Asya ülkeleri aynı zamanda bazı kaynaklara göre Uzak doğu ülkeleridir
** China - Çin
** Taiwan - Tayvan
** South Korea - Güney Kore
** North Korea - Kuzey Kore
** Japan - Japonya
** Mongolia - Moğolistan
* North Asia - Kuzey Asya
** Russia - Rusya

=== Europe-AVRUPA ===
Belgium - '''Belçika'''

Finland - '''Finlandiya'''

Germany - '''Almanya'''

France - '''Fransa'''

Italy - '''İtalya'''

Ukraine - '''Ukrayna'''

Sweden - '''İsveç'''

Spain - '''İspanya'''

=== North America-KUZEY AMERİKA ===
Canada - '''Kanada'''

Costa Rica - '''Kosta Rika'''

Mexico - '''Meksika'''

United States of America - '''Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'''

Cuba - '''Küba'''

=== South America-GÜNEY AMERİKA ===
Argentina - '''Arjantin'''

Brazil - '''Brezilya'''

Peru - '''Peru'''

Chile - '''Şili'''

Colombia - '''Kolombiya'''

=== Oceania-OKYANUSYA ===
Australia - '''Avustralya'''

New Zealand - '''Yeni Zelanda'''

[[File:ülkeler.jpg|thumb|none]]

Language/Turkish/Grammar/Past-Tense

2019-09-29T14:05:22Z

Gozde-agar: I have added kind of "Di'li Geçmiş Zaman" and "Miş'li Geçmiş Zaman" tenses.

[[File:Paste Tense in Turkish.png|alt=Paste Tense in Turkish|thumb|Paste Tense in Turkish]]

.

Hello everybody,

In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about '''¨PAST TENSE¨''' in Turkish.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions!

Good learning! :)

.

.

'''<big>Simple Past Tense - Görünen /Di'li Geçmiş Zaman</big>'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''I CAME'''
|'''''behn gehl dihm'''''
|'''<big>BEN GELDİM</big>'''
|'''''ben gueLdim'''''
|'''EU VIM'''
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|'''''sehn gehl dihn'''''
|'''<big>SEN GELDİN</big>'''
|'''''sen gueLdin'''''
|'''VOCÊ VEIO'''
|-
|'''HE / SHE / IT'''
'''CAME'''
|'''''oh gehl dih'''''
|'''<big>O GELDİ</big>'''
|'''''o gueLdí'''''
|'''ELE / ELA / ISSO'''
'''VEIO'''
|-
|'''WE CAME'''
|'''''bihz gehl dihk'''''
|'''<big>BİZ GELDİK</big>'''
|'''''biz gueLdík'''''
|'''NÓS VIEMOS'''
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|'''''sihz gehl dih nihz'''''
|'''<big>SİZ GELDİNİZ</big>'''
|'''''siz gueLdiníz'''''
|'''VOCÊS VIERAM'''
|-
|'''THEY'''
'''CAME'''
|'''''ohn lahr'''''
'''''gehl dih lehr'''''
|'''<big>ONLAR</big>'''
'''<big>GELDİLER</big>'''
|'''''onlár'''''
'''''gueLdilér'''''
|'''ELES / ELAS'''
'''VIERAM'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''I CAME HOME'''
|'''''behn eh veh gehl dihm'''''
|'''<big>BEN EVE GELDİM</big>'''
|'''''ben evé gueLdim'''''
|'''EU VIM PRA CASA'''
|-
|'''YOU CAME HOME'''
|'''''sehn eh veh gehl dihn'''''
|'''<big>SEN EVE GELDİN</big>'''
|'''''sen evé gueLdin'''''
|'''VOCÊ VEIO PRA CASA'''
|-
|'''HE CAME HOME'''
|'''''oh eh veh gehl dih'''''
|'''<big>O EVE GELDİ</big>'''
|'''''o evé gueLdí'''''
|'''ELE / ELA / ISSO'''
'''VEIO PRA CASA'''
|-
|'''WE CAME HOME'''
|'''''bihz eh veh gehl dihk'''''
|'''<big>BİZ EVE GELDİK</big>'''
|'''''biz evé gueLdík'''''
|'''NÓS VIEMOS PRA CASA'''
|-
|'''YOU CAME HOME'''
|'''''sihz eh veh gehl dih nihz'''''
|<big>'''SİZ EVE GELDİNİZ'''</big>
|'''''siz evé gueLdiníz'''''
|'''VOCÊS VIERAM PRA CASA'''
|-
|'''THEY CAME'''

'''HOME'''
|'''''ohn lahr eh veh'''''
'''''gehl dih lehr'''''
|<big>'''ONLAR EVE'''</big>

<big>'''GELDİLER'''</big>
|'''''onlár evé'''''
'''''gueLdilér'''''
|'''ELES / ELAS'''
'''VIERAM PRA CASA'''
|}

'''<big>Not defined in English - Öğrenilen /Miş'li Geçmiş Zaman</big>'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''I CAME'''
|
|Ben gelmişim
|
|
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|
|Sen gelmişsin
|
|
|-
|'''HE / SHE / IT'''
'''CAME'''
|
|O gelmiş
|
|
|-
|'''WE CAME'''
|
|Biz gelmişiz
|
|
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|
|Siz gelmişsiniz
|
|
|-
|'''THEY'''
'''CAME'''
|
|Onlar gelmişler
|
|
|}

'''<big>Simple Past Perfect - Öğrenilen Geçmiş Zamanın Hikayesi</big>'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''I HAD CAME'''
|
|Ben gelmiştim
|
|
|-
|'''YOU HAD CAME'''
|
|Sen gelmiştin
|
|
|-
|'''HE / SHE / IT'''
'''HAD CAME'''
|
|O gelmişti
|
|
|-
|'''WE HAD CAME'''
|
|Biz gelmiştik
|
|
|-
|'''YOU HAD CAME'''
|
|Siz gelmiştiniz
|
|
|-
|'''THEY HAD'''
'''CAME'''
|
|Onlar gelmiştiler
|
|
|}

'''<big>Not defined in English</big>''' '''<big>- Öğrenilen Geçmiş Zamanın Şartı</big>'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''I CAME'''
|
|Ben gelmişsem
|
|
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|
|Sen gelmişsen
|
|
|-
|'''HE / SHE / IT'''
'''CAME'''
|
|O gelmişse
|
|
|-
|'''WE CAME'''
|
|Biz gelmişsek
|
|
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|
|Siz gelmişseniz
|
|
|-
|'''THEY'''
'''CAME'''
|
|Onlar gelmişseler
|
|
|}

'''<big>Not defined in English</big>''' '''<big>- Görülen Geçmiş Zamanın Şartı</big>'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
|'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
|'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''I CAME'''
|
|Ben geldiysem
|
|
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|
|Sen geldiysen
|
|
|-
|'''HE / SHE / IT'''
'''CAME'''
|
|O geldiyse
|
|
|-
|'''WE CAME'''
|
|Biz geldiysek
|
|
|-
|'''YOU CAME'''
|
|Siz geldiyseniz
|
|
|-
|'''THEY'''
'''CAME'''
|
|Onlar geldiyseler
|
|
|}

'''<big>PRONOUN + OBJECT + VERB STEM + -DI, -Dİ, -DU, -DÜ / PRONOME + OBJETO + RAIZ DO VERBO + -DI, -Dİ, -DU, -DÜ</big>'''

.

.

Turkish grammer and sentence structure is little bit different from other europan language. Turks are using the verb at the end of the sentence. but the Turkish grammer is the same about the pronouns and conjugation. Past Tense (Geçmiş Zaman) consists of two parts : -Di'li Geçmiz zaman (görülen) and -Miş'li Geçmiş Zaman (duyulan). we see the action and the action is exactly finish (completed) in -Di'li Geçmiş Zaman . On the other hand the action is not seen or heard by the subject ( pronoun) and the action learned or known afterward in the Miş'li geçmiş zaman. but the basic past tense in Turkish is -Di'li Geçmiş zaman. we make the simple past tense in Turkish language with adding the addition -dı, - di, -du, -dü (-tı, -ti, -tu, -tü ) to the verb stem. now I am present you to table about the past tenses conjugation.
{| class="wikitable"
!pronouns
!conjugation
!pronouns
!conjugation
|-
|ben
|gel - '''dim'''
|I
|came
|-
|sen
|gel - '''din'''
|you
|came
|-
|o
|gel - '''di'''
|he/she/it
|came
|-
|biz
|gel - '''dik'''
|we
|came
|-
|siz
|gel - '''diniz'''
|you
|came
|-
|onlar
|gel - '''diler'''
|they
|came
|}

''Ben eve gel'''dim'''. ( I came home). '''Pronoun + object + Verb stem + -dı, -di, -du, -dü .'''''

''Sen eve gel'''din'''. (You came home).''

''O eve gel'''di'''. (He came home).''

''Biz eve gel'''dik'''. (We came home).''

''Siz eve gel'''diniz'''. (You came home).''

''Onlar eve gel'''diler'''. (They came home).''

Language/Turkish/Grammar/Present-Tense

2019-09-29T12:53:32Z

Gozde-agar: I have added "used to" or "would" and "if conditionals" parts tolesson which related with Simple Present Tense.

[[File:Present Tense in Turkish.png|alt=Present Tense in Turkish|thumb|Present Tense in Turkish]]
.

.

Hello everybody,

In today's lesson you will learn '''"THE PRESENT TENSE"''' in Turkish.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions !

Good learning! :)

.

.

'''<big>Personal Pronouns - Kişilik Zamirleri</big>'''
{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|I
|'''''behn'''''
|'''<big>BEN</big>'''
|'''''ben'''''
|EU
|-
|YOU
|'''''sehn'''''
|'''<big>SEN</big>'''
|'''''sen'''''
|VOCÊ
|-
|HE
|'''''oh'''''
|'''<big>O</big>'''
|'''''o'''''
|ELE
|-
|SHE
|'''''oh'''''
|'''<big>O</big>'''
|'''''o'''''
|ELA
|-
|WE
|'''''bihz'''''
|<big>'''BİZ'''</big>
|'''''biz'''''
|NÓS
|-
|YOU (PLURAL)
|'''''sihz'''''
|<big>'''SİZ'''</big>
|'''''siz'''''
|VOCÊS
|-
|THEY
|'''''ohn lahr'''''
|'''<big>ONLAR</big>'''
|'''''onlár'''''
|ELES
|}
.

<big>'''Simple Present Tense - Şimdiki Zaman'''</big>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|'''''giht mehk'''''
|<big>'''GİTMEK'''</big>
|'''''guit mek'''''
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|I GO
|'''''behn gih deh rihm'''''
|BEN GİDERİM
|'''''ben guiderím'''''
|EU VOU
|-
|YOU GO
|'''''sehn gih dehr sihn'''''
|SEN GİDERSİN
|'''''sen guidersin'''''
|VOCÊ VAI
|-
|HE GOES
|'''''oh gih dehr'''''
|O GİDER
|'''''o guider'''''
|ELE VAI
|-
|SHE GOES
|'''''oh gih dehr'''''
|O GİDER
|'''''o guider'''''
|ELA VAI
|-
|WE GO
|'''''bihz gih deh rihz'''''
|BİZ GİDERİZ
|'''''biz guideriz'''''
|NÓS VAMOS
|-
|YOU (PLURAL) GO
|'''''sihz gih dehr sih nihz'''''
|SİZ GİDERSİNİZ
|'''''siz guidersiníz'''''
|VOCÊS VÃO
|-
|THEY GO
|'''''ohn lahr gih dehr lehr'''''
|ONLAR GİDERLER
|'''''onlár guiderlér'''''
|ELES VÃO
|}

'''<big>"Used to" or "Would"</big>''' '''<big>- Geniş Zamanın Hikayesi</big>'''

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|'''''giht mehk'''''
|<big>'''GİTMEK'''</big>
|'''''guit mek'''''
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|I would go
|
|Ben giderdim
|
|
|-
|You would go
|
|Sen giderdin
|
|
|-
|He would go
|
|O giderdi
|
|
|-
|She would go
|
|O giderdi
|
|
|-
|We would go
|
|Biz giderdik
|
|
|-
|You would go/Plural
|
|Siz giderdiniz
|
|
|-
|They would go
|
|Onlar giderlerdi
|
|
|}

'''<big>If Conditionals - Geniş Zamanın Şartı</big>'''

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION</big>'''
'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''

'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|'''''giht mehk'''''
|<big>'''GİTMEK'''</big>
|'''''guit mek'''''
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|If I go
|
|Ben gidersem
|
|
|-
|If you go
|
|Sen gidersen
|
|
|-
|If he goes
|
|O giderse
|
|
|-
|If she goes
|
|O giderse
|
|
|-
|If we go
|
|Biz gidersek
|
|
|-
|If you go/Plural
|
|Siz giderseniz
|
|
|-
|If they go
|
|Onlar giderseler
|
|
|}

Language/Turkish/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be

2019-09-29T10:08:32Z

Gozde-agar: I deleted expression of the "noun". Because they can use all forms.

[[File:turkish-grammar-to-be.jpg|thumb|none]]
In today's lesson, we will learn how to use the verb "TO BE" in Turkish.

The verb '''to be''' is in the form of a suffix.

The harmonic rules of the vowels must be respected and a modification applies to the suffix placed after a hard consonant.

==Present - All forms==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| -im, -ım,-üm, -um
| -yim, -yım , -yüm, -yum
| -im, -ım , -üm, -um
|-
|Sen
| -sin, -sın , -sün , -sun
| -sin, -sın , -sün , -sun
| -sin, -sın , -sün , -sun
|-
|O
|(-dir), (-dır), (-dür), (-dur)
|(-dir), (-dır), (-dür), (-dur)
|(-tir), (-tır), (-tür), (-tur)
|-
|Biz
| -iz, -ız,-üz,-uz
| -yiz, -yız,-yüz,-yuz
| -iz, -ız,-üz,-uz
|-
|Siz
| -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
| -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
| -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
|-
|Onlar
| -(dir)ler, -(dır)lar, -(dür)ler, -(dur)lar
| -(dir)ler, -(dır)lar, -(dür)ler, -(dur)lar
| -(tir)ler, -(tır)lar, -(tür)ler, -(tur)lar
|}

== ''Present - Examples -All forms'' ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| Güzelim , Özgürüm
| İstekliyim , Yakışıklıyım
| Gencim/Genç/ , Aşığım/Aşık/
|-
|Sen
| Güzelsin , Özgürsün
| İsteklisin , Yakışıklısın
| Gençsin , Aşıksın
|-
|O
|Güzel(dir),Özgür(dür)
|İstekli(dir) , Yakışıklı(dır)
|Genç(tir) , Aşık(tır)
|-
|Biz
| Güzeliz , Özgürüz
| İstekliyiz , Yakışıklıyız
| Genciz , Aşığız
|-
|Siz
| Güzelsiniz , Özgürsünüz
| İsteklisiniz , Yakışıklısınız
| Gençsiniz , Aşıksınız
|-
|Onlar
| Güzel(dir)ler , Özgür(dür)ler
| İstekli(dir)ler , Yakışıklı(dır)lar
| Genç(tir)ler , Aşık(tır)lar
|}

==Past \\di\\ All Forms==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| -dim, -dım, -düm, -dum
| -ydim, -ydım , -ydüm, -ydum
| -tim, -tım, -tüm, -tum
|-
|Sen
| -din, -dın , -dün , -dun
| -ydin, -ydın , -ydün , -ydun
| -tin, -tın , -tün , -tun
|-
|O
| -di, -dı, - dü, -du
| -ydi, -ydı, - ydü, -ydu
| -ti, -tı, - tü, -tu
|-
|Biz
| -dik, -dık,-dük,-duk
| -ydik, -ydık, -ydük,-yduk
| -tik, -tık,-tük,-tuk
|-
|Siz
| -diniz, -dınız, -dünüz, -dunuz
| -ydiniz, -ydınız, -ydünüz, -ydunuz
| -tiniz, -tınız, -tünüz, -tunuz
|-
|Onlar
| -diler, -dılar, -düler, -dular
| -ydiler, -ydılar, -ydüler, -ydular
| -tiler, -tılar, -tüler, -tular
|}

== Past \\di\\ - Examples-All Forms ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| Güzeldim , Özgürdüm
| İstekliydim , Yakışıklıydım
| Gençtim/Genç/ , Aşıktım/Aşık/
|-
|Sen
| Güzeldin , Özgürdün
| İstekliydin , Yakışıklıydın
| Gençtin , Aşıktın
|-
|O
|Güzeldi,Özgürdü
|İstekliydi , Yakışıklıydı
|Gençti , Aşıktı
|-
|Biz
| Güzeldik , Özgürdük
| İstekliydik , Yakışıklıydık
| Gençtik , Aşıktık
|-
|Siz
| Güzeldiniz , Özgürdünüz
| İstekliydiniz , Yakışıklıydınız
| Gençtiniz , Aşıktınız
|-
|Onlar
| Güzeldiler , Özgürdüler
| İstekliydiler , Yakışıklıydılar
| Gençtiler , Aşıktılar
|}

==Past \\miş\\==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| -mişim, -mışım , -müşüm, -muşum
|-
|Sen
| -mişsin, -mışsın , -müşsün , -muşsun
|-
|O
| <s>-miş(dir), -mış(dır), - müş(dü)r, -muş(dur)</s> -miş , -mış , -müş , -muş
|-
|Biz
| -mişiz, -mışız,-müşüz,-muşuz
|-
|Siz
| -mişsiniz, -mışsınız, -müşsünüz, -muşsunuz
|-
|Onlar
| <s>-miş(dir)ler, -mış(dır)lar, -müş(dür)ler, -muş(dur)lar</s> -mişler, -mışlar, -müşler, -muşlar
|}

==Past \\miş\\ - Examples==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| Gençmişim, Özgürmüşüm
|-
|Sen
| Gençmişsin , Özgürmüşsün
|-
|O
| Gençmiş , Özgürmüş
|-
|Biz
| Gençmişiz , Özgürmüşüz
|-
|Siz
| Gençmişsiniz , Özgürmüşsünüz
|-
|Onlar
| Gençmişler , Özgürmüşler
|}

== Conditional ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| -sem, -sam
|-
|Sen
| -sen, -san
|-
|O
| -se, -sa
|-
|Biz
| -sek, -sak
|-
|Siz
| -seniz, -sanız
|-
|Onlar
| -seler, -salar
|}
==Conditional - Examples==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| Özgürsem , Yakışıklıysam
|-
|Sen
| Özgürsen , Yakışıklıysan
|-
|O
| Özgürse , Yakışıklıysa
|-
|Biz
| Özgürsek , Yakışıklıysak
|-
|Siz
| Özgürseniz , Yakışıklıysanız
|-
|Onlar
| Özgürseler , Yakışıklıysalar
|}

Language/Turkish/Vocabulary/How-to-use¨to-be¨-with-names-and-places

2019-09-29T09:53:30Z

Gozde-agar: I have seperated of the "to verb" as "with names" and "with places" and corrected their meaning.

[[File:How to use ¨to be¨ with names and places in Turkish.png|alt=How to use ¨to be¨ with names and places in Turkish|thumb|How to use ¨to be¨ with names and places in Turkish]]

.

.

Hello everybody,

In today's lesson you will learn the '''VERB TO BE WITH NAMES AND PLACES''' in Turkish.

Feel free to edit this page by adding new conjugations and expressions!

Good learning! :)

.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PAST TENSE</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''TO BE (WITH PLACES)'''
!
!
!Bulunma hali
!
!'''ESTAR (COM NOMES E LUGARES)'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!I (WAS) at Turkey
!
!'''''kahl duhm'''''
!Türkiye'deydim
!'''''kaL dâm'''''
!EU ESTAVA
|-
!YOU (WERE) at Turkey
!
!'''''kahl duhn'''''
!Türkiye'deydin
!'''''kaL dân'''''
!VOCÊ ESTAVA
|-
!HE/SHE (WAS) at Turkey
!
!'''''kahl duh'''''
!Türkiye'deydi
!'''''kaL dâ'''''
!ELE ESTAVA
|-
!WE (WERE) at Turkey
!
!'''''kahl duhk'''''
!Türkiye'deydik
!'''''kaL dâk'''''
!NÓS ESTÁVAMOS
|-
!YOU (WERE) at Turkey/Plural
!
!'''''kahl duh nuhz'''''
!Türkiye'deydiniz
!'''''kaL dâ nâz'''''
!VOCÊS ESTAVAM
|-
!THEY (WERE) at Turkey
!
!'''''kahl duh lahr'''''
!Türkiye'deydiler
!'''''kaL dâ lar'''''
!ELES ESTAVAM
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''TO BE (WITH NAMES)'''
!
!
!Olma hali
!
!
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!I (WAS) a student
!
!
!Öğrenciydim
!
!
|-
!YOU (WERE) a student
!
!
!Öğrenciydin
!
!
|-
!HE/SHE (WAS) a student
!
!
!Öğrenciydi
!
!
|-
!WE (WERE) student
!
!
!Öğrenciydik
!
!
|-
!YOU (WERE) student/Plural
!
!
!Öğrenciydiniz
!
!
|-
!THEY (WERE) student
!
!
!Öğrenciydiler
!
!
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRESENT TENSE</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''TO BE (WITH PLACES)'''
!
!
!Bulunma hali
!
!'''ESTAR (COM NOMES E LUGARES)'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!I (AM) at Turkey
!
!'''''kah luh ruhm'''''
!Türkiye'deyim
!'''''ka lâ râm'''''
!EU ESTOU
|-
!YOU (ARE) at Turkey
!
!'''''kah luhr suhn'''''
!Türkiye'desin
!'''''ka lâr sân'''''
!VOCÊ ESTÁ
|-
!HE/SHE (IS) at Turkey
!
!'''''kah luhr'''''
!Türkiye'de
!'''''ka lâr'''''
!ELE ESTÁ
|-
!WE (ARE) at Turkey
!
!'''''kah luh ruhz'''''
!Türkiye'deyiz
!'''''ka lâ râz'''''
!NÓS ESTAMOS
|-
!YOU (ARE) at Turkey/Plural
!
!'''''kah luhr sou nouz'''''
!Türkiye'desiniz
!'''''ka lâr sâ nâz'''''
!VOCÊS ESTÃO
|-
!THEY (ARE) at Turkey
!
!'''''kah luh ruhm'''''
!Türkiye'deler
!'''''ka lâr lar'''''
!ELES ESTÃO
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''TO BE (WITH NAMES)'''
!
!
!Olma hali
!
!
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!I (AM) a student
!
!
!Öğrenciyim
!
!
|-
!YOU (ARE) a student
!
!
!Öğrencisin
!
!
|-
!HE/SHE (IS) a student
!
!
!Öğrenci
!
!
|-
!WE (ARE) student
!
!
!Öğrenciyiz
!
!
|-
!YOU (ARE) student/Plural
!
!
!Öğrencisiniz
!
!
|-
!THEY (ARE) student
!
!
!Öğrenciler
!
!
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''<big>ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>TURKISH</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH</big>'''
!'''<big>FUTURE TENSE</big>'''
!'''<big>PRONUNCIATION BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
!'''<big>BRAZILIAN</big>'''
'''<big>PORTUGUESE</big>'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''TO BE (WITH PLACES)'''
!
!
!Bulunma hali
!
!'''ESTAR (COM NOMES E LUGARES)'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!I(WILL BE)at Turkey
!
!'''''kah lah jaa uhm'''''
!Türkiye'de olacağım
!'''''ka la djaa âm'''''
!EU ESTAREI
|-
!YOU(WILL BE)at Turkey
!
!'''''kah lah jaak suhn'''''
!Türkiye'de olacaksın
!'''''ka la djaak sân'''''
!VOCÊ ESTARÁ
|-
!HE/SHE (WILL BE)at Turkey
!
!'''''kah lah jaak'''''
!Türkiye'de olacak
!'''''ka la djaak'''''
!ELE ESTARÁ
|-
!WE (WILL BE)at Turkey
!
!'''''kah lah jaa uhz'''''
!Türkiye'de olacağız
!'''''ka la djaa âz'''''
!NÓS ESTAREMOS
|-
!YOU (WILL BE)at Turkey/Plural
!
!'''''kah lah jaak suh nuhz'''''
!Türkiye'de olacaksın
!'''''ka la djaak sâ nâz'''''
!VOCÊS ESTARÃO
|-
!THEY (WILL BE)at Turkey
!
!'''''kah lah jaak lar'''''
!Türkiye'de olacaklar
!'''''ka la djaak lar'''''
!ELES ESTARÃO
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!'''TO BE (WITH NAMES)'''
!
!
!Olma hali
!
!'''ESTAR (COM NOMES E LUGARES)'''
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!I(WILL BE)a student
!
!
!Öğrenci olacağım
!
!
|-
!YOU(WILL BE)a student
!
!
!Öğrenci olacaksın
!
!
|-
!HE/SHE (WILL BE)a student
!
!
!Öğrenci olacak
!
!
|-
!WE (WILL BE) student
!
!
!Öğrenci olacağız
!
!
|-
!YOU (WILL BE) student/Plural
!
!
!Öğrenci olacaksınız
!
!
|-
!THEY (WILL BE) a student
!
!
!Öğrenci olacaklar
!
!
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
|}

Language/Turkish/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be

2019-09-23T21:28:13Z

Gozde-agar: I just added examples to all part

[[File:turkish-grammar-to-be.jpg|thumb|none]]
In today's lesson, we will learn how to use the verb "TO BE" in Turkish.

The verb '''to be''' is in the form of a suffix.

The harmonic rules of the vowels must be respected and a modification applies to the suffix placed after a hard consonant.

==Present (noun)==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| -im, -ım,-üm, -um
| -yim, -yım , -yüm, -yum
| -im, -ım , -üm, -um
|-
|Sen
| -sin, -sın , -sün , -sun
| -sin, -sın , -sün , -sun
| -sin, -sın , -sün , -sun
|-
|O
|(-dir), (-dır), (-dür), (-dur)
|(-dir), (-dır), (-dür), (-dur)
|(-tir), (-tır), (-tür), (-tur)
|-
|Biz
| -iz, -ız,-üz,-uz
| -yiz, -yız,-yüz,-yuz
| -iz, -ız,-üz,-uz
|-
|Siz
| -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
| -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
| -siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz
|-
|Onlar
| -(dir)ler, -(dır)lar, -(dür)ler, -(dur)lar
| -(dir)ler, -(dır)lar, -(dür)ler, -(dur)lar
| -(tir)ler, -(tır)lar, -(tür)ler, -(tur)lar
|}

== ''Present - Examples(noun)'' ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| Güzelim , Özgürüm
| İstekliyim , Yakışıklıyım
| Gencim/Genç/ , Aşığım/Aşık/
|-
|Sen
| Güzelsin , Özgürsün
| İsteklisin , Yakışıklısın
| Gençsin , Aşıksın
|-
|O
|Güzel(dir),Özgür(dür)
|İstekli(dir) , Yakışıklı(dır)
|Genç(tir) , Aşık(tır)
|-
|Biz
| Güzeliz , Özgürüz
| İstekliyiz , Yakışıklıyız
| Genciz , Aşığız
|-
|Siz
| Güzelsiniz , Özgürsünüz
| İsteklisiniz , Yakışıklısınız
| Gençsiniz , Aşıksınız
|-
|Onlar
| Güzel(dir)ler , Özgür(dür)ler
| İstekli(dir)ler , Yakışıklı(dır)lar
| Genç(tir)ler , Aşık(tır)lar
|}

==Past \\di\\ (noun)==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| -dim, -dım, -düm, -dum
| -ydim, -ydım , -ydüm, -ydum
| -tim, -tım, -tüm, -tum
|-
|Sen
| -din, -dın , -dün , -dun
| -ydin, -ydın , -ydün , -ydun
| -tin, -tın , -tün , -tun
|-
|O
| -di, -dı, - dü, -du
| -ydi, -ydı, - ydü, -ydu
| -ti, -tı, - tü, -tu
|-
|Biz
| -dik, -dık,-dük,-duk
| -ydik, -ydık, -ydük,-yduk
| -tik, -tık,-tük,-tuk
|-
|Siz
| -diniz, -dınız, -dünüz, -dunuz
| -ydiniz, -ydınız, -ydünüz, -ydunuz
| -tiniz, -tınız, -tünüz, -tunuz
|-
|Onlar
| -diler, -dılar, -düler, -dular
| -ydiler, -ydılar, -ydüler, -ydular
| -tiler, -tılar, -tüler, -tular
|}

== Past \\di\\ - Examples''(noun)'' ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |Normal form
! |After a vowel
! |After a hard
consonant
|-
|Ben
| Güzeldim , Özgürdüm
| İstekliydim , Yakışıklıydım
| Gençtim/Genç/ , Aşıktım/Aşık/
|-
|Sen
| Güzeldin , Özgürdün
| İstekliydin , Yakışıklıydın
| Gençtin , Aşıktın
|-
|O
|Güzeldi,Özgürdü
|İstekliydi , Yakışıklıydı
|Gençti , Aşıktı
|-
|Biz
| Güzeldik , Özgürdük
| İstekliydik , Yakışıklıydık
| Gençtik , Aşıktık
|-
|Siz
| Güzeldiniz , Özgürdünüz
| İstekliydiniz , Yakışıklıydınız
| Gençtiniz , Aşıktınız
|-
|Onlar
| Güzeldiler , Özgürdüler
| İstekliydiler , Yakışıklıydılar
| Gençtiler , Aşıktılar
|}

==Past \\miş\\ (noun)==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| -mişim, -mışım , -müşüm, -muşum
|-
|Sen
| -mişsin, -mışsın , -müşsün , -muşsun
|-
|O
| <s>-miş(dir), -mış(dır), - müş(dü)r, -muş(dur)</s> -miş , -mış , -müş , -muş
|-
|Biz
| -mişiz, -mışız,-müşüz,-muşuz
|-
|Siz
| -mişsiniz, -mışsınız, -müşsünüz, -muşsunuz
|-
|Onlar
| <s>-miş(dir)ler, -mış(dır)lar, -müş(dür)ler, -muş(dur)lar</s> -mişler, -mışlar, -müşler, -muşlar
|}

==Past \\miş\\ - Examples''(noun)''==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| Gençmişim, Özgürmüşüm
|-
|Sen
| Gençmişsin , Özgürmüşsün
|-
|O
| Gençmiş , Özgürmüş
|-
|Biz
| Gençmişiz , Özgürmüşüz
|-
|Siz
| Gençmişsiniz , Özgürmüşsünüz
|-
|Onlar
| Gençmişler , Özgürmüşler
|}

== Conditional (noun) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| -sem, -sam
|-
|Sen
| -sen, -san
|-
|O
| -se, -sa
|-
|Biz
| -sek, -sak
|-
|Siz
| -seniz, -sanız
|-
|Onlar
| -seler, -salar
|}
==Conditional - Examples''(noun)''==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! |All forms
|-
|Ben
| Özgürsem , Yakışıklıysam
|-
|Sen
| Özgürsen , Yakışıklıysan
|-
|O
| Özgürse , Yakışıklıysa
|-
|Biz
| Özgürsek , Yakışıklıysak
|-
|Siz
| Özgürseniz , Yakışıklıysanız
|-
|Onlar
| Özgürseler , Yakışıklıysalar
|}

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning

2019-07-26T13:21:11Z

Gozde-agar:

[[File:Interesting ideas about language learning.jpg|thumb]]

This is for expressing your ideas about language learning and culture exchange.

Everyone may say something under its username. And generally, do not delete other users' content.

== GrimPixel ==
Better if they are well-funded and be freemium or free. I don't expect Duolingo to do that, at least before it makes its new courses acceptable.

=== Website of visual dictionary ===

I have seen three books:

''5 Language Visual Dictionary''

''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian''

''Merriam-Webster's Compact 5-Language Visual Dictionary (English, Spanish, French, German and Italian Edition)''

So I think there can be a website can provide such a service, even better.

'''[REALIZED: https://babadada.com/ also some paid visual dictionaries in apple app store]'''

Review: In Babadada, there are no genders, no pinyin tones for Chinese, no furigana or romaji for Japanese, many languages are incomplete without indications, parts of speech are not clear. Great for having dialects.

There are several visual dictionaries in the apple app store, but they are not for advanced users.

=== Tutorials of languages ===
I have seen two channels on Youtube:

https://www.youtube.com/user/ProgrammingKnowledge

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfx2dro_w4_MyA19Nm5badg

providing "tutorials" about programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, which last several hours. So I think somebody may give such "tutorials" about the grammar of human languages.

=== Filter of characteristics ===
This requires a database of characteristics of ethnics or nationalities, with a filter. Input the characteristics, and get the result of which ethnics or nationalities possess them.

Of course, it requires the update, because culture may change with time.

=== Sentence analyzer ===
Tatoeba has a lot of sentences, but it only shows what a sentence looks like. There should be something radical, to reveal the function of a sentence, to show people the logicality of a sentence. That is to say, syntax.

I imagine a service, which draws parse trees of each sentence, and shows how a sentence may be changed in the structure into another one without changing its general meaning.

If you don't know how to analyze a sentence, see https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-Sentences.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.webforditas.hu/parser'''

'''http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/submit-sentence-4.html]'''

Review: It is clear that linguistics have this tool since long ago. But it is really not widespread, because they are usually amateur-proof. I wish there will be support for more languages.

=== Parallel text in video games and other software, also websites ===
It is very common for current games to be multilingual, but no one has made such a little change to help language-learning players. Also in other software, and also websites.

There seems to be a practical way for websites: user script. Each script adds a language on the website.

=== Postage stamps on e-mails ===
Postage stamps can be brought back, showing different culture.

=== Screensaver for language learning ===
With a terrible collaboration of nouveau and Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M, costing me hours to find a solution to install, finally I embraced Linux Mint 19 MATE. Now I have switched to its LMDE 3 to avoid packages from the privacy violator Ubuntu.

It has a wonderful XScreenSaver! Somebody can make use of it to learn languages, just like "Molecule" teaching chemistry.

If you are new to Linux, Manjaro is as suitable as Linux Mint for you.

Two people are currently working on it. It's about Han script, and it's not a screensaver. It will have the similar behavior of “Molecule”.

=== Software on the resources ===
This would be epic.

I am thinking about what it can do:

#Fetch Wiktionary word frequency lists, translate those words with those dictionaries, generate flashcards on those flashcard programs with example sentences;
#Access almost every resource on the lists, with Android or iOS simulator;
#Background music from "Traditional Music Channel";

I think its name can be named "Polyglot 1".

=== Google Maps game ===
It shows a random street view image, and let you find its origin in a range of satellite images by switching to street view and reaching the same spot.

'''[SIMILAR: https://www.geoguessr.com/]'''

Review on Geoguessr: It is not what I want. My idea is based on how to locate a photo, but this one just want to let you know where you are. I think its idea is not so cool as mine.

=== A remix of Tetris Theme A played by instruments of the world ===
This song is very good for looping. So I think it may be remixed involving all kinds of instruments around the world, each several of them playing a section.

=== Make use of Applets, Widgets, Gadgets, etc. ===
It is always forgotten that operating systems have these stuff. Applets on Debian, Widgets on Android, Gadgets on Windows, other names on other platforms. They are highly undervalued. They can start automatically right after boot. I can be forced to see them, in case I were too busy to remember to learn languages.

=== Vocabulary on loading screen ===
When a program is loading, a word and its translation show up on the screen. It may be a mod for a game, or an add-on for a browser.

=== Etymology trees of words ===
Just like family trees of the human, words have their trees.

I don't mean “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_family word family]”, I mean that a word root that can't be retrieved further is the ancestor on the “family tree”, and the words derived from it are the branches. Precisely, different forms of the same lexeme should be put on the z-axis and only be displayed with “expand” button pressed. The lemma represents the other forms on the tree.

The trees are cross-language, showing lexical relations between languages.

=== Altering TTS ===
Read a word or a sentence in a language in a line, automatically change the voice in the next line. This will help creating recordings of vocabulary or dialogue.

=== Mods for learning ===
Create mods in games, to allow players learn languages and other subjects.

The mods can be books to read, recordings to listen to, and so on. Just like learning a language in real life.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/8892'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/46088'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/24456'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/76477'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/57436'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/94931]'''

Review: Well, how I wish people can work on an open-source game like this.

There are also numerous mods for Skyrim about cultures: NPC, clothes, weapons, armors, buildings, and so on.

=== Game for learning ===
Unite the enthusiastic programmers, and work on this open-source game, in which players can learn language and other subjects.

=== Humourous listening material ===
Humourous listening materials in many languages. Save the mood to enjoy learning languages.

=== Parsed Tatoeba ===
There should be a database about part of speech. Then build the mechanism for the computer to learn how to parse the sentences.

=== Vocabulary matrix ===
Just give an example:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Multiple languages
|-
!
![http://lingua.mtsu.edu/chinese-computing/statistics/char/list.php?Which=MO 现代汉语单字字频: Character frequency list of Modern Chinese]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![http://www.chinesecj.com/cj5dict/ 倉頡之友。馬來西亞]
|-
!character
!frequency
!pronunciation
!definition
!HSK level
!classifier
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!radical
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!JLPT level
!Cangjie 5 code
|-
|的
|1
|de

dī

dí

dì

|of / ~'s (possessive particle) / (used after an attribute) / (used to form a nominal expression) / (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)

see 的士

really and truly

aim / clear
|1
|
|名

助

副

形
|ㄉㄧˋ dì

ㄉㄜ˙ de

ㄉㄧˊ dí
|箭靶的中心

1.結構助詞：➊ 置於形容詞後。如：「美麗的風景」、「聰明的小孩」。➋ 置於名詞或代名詞後，表示所屬、所有的關係。如：「我的書」、「太陽的光」。➌ 置於修飾片語或子句後。如：「他寄來的信，我昨天收到。」、「那賣花的人沒零錢找。」➍ 置於副詞後。同「地」。如：「慢慢的走」、「高高的飛」。
2.句尾助詞：置於句尾，表示肯定或加強的語氣。

確、真、實在。

確實的、可靠的。
|白
|Na-adjective, Suffix

Noun
|てき

まと
|bull's eye, mark, target, object, adjective ending
|N1
|hapi
|}

As you can see, 的 is a polyphone and a polyseme. There should be links between corresponding items: the part of speech, the pronunciation and the definition of the same source, but here on a wikitable it is not possible.

The list of databases is [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Licensed-Free-Databases]]

If you want to learn the vocabulary, you can get some, and memorise more proficiently. For example, you can select all adjectives in the same or in several HSK levels, turn them into Anki, and memorise them all in one time.

This can be the fundamental for building [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Techniques-for-learning-languages#Vocabulary division|Vocabulary division]] and can be used to serve as an offline pop-up dictionary for it.

=== Note for listening ===
Open the file in the audio player, when you don't understand, just press the “m” key, then the program will mark it with the audio still going on. Repeat the selections later.

Of course there is a lag between your starting to not understand and pressing the button, starting to understand and pressing the button. You can set an advance value for repetition.

Audacity does not have this feature.

=== Bidirectional textbook ===
A book with two languages, in which each language is taught with the other.

But I wonder how to keep them in the same pace after teaching pronouns.

This would suit language exchange participators.

=== Live quiz ===
A teacher is the streamer. There is a program implemented for answering questions. The teacher gives a question, then watchers (including robots) submit answers. The teacher then review the most popular answers.

== Vincent ==

=== Learn like a child ===
A child is able to learn a language only with the help of his parents.

Of course the child is learning very fast compared to an adult, but adults can use the same process.

Create a software using the same process with technologies like Artificial Intelligence...

The idea is to learn naturally without too many efforts:
*Listen and repeat first
*No grammar
*Learn whole sentenses, not single words...
*Learn only what is useful to you every day
*As soon as you reach a basic level, talk to people

==gozde-agar==

'''Everything about the Word Contest !'''

''Would you like to attend'' a contest which is in Polyglot.com?

If yes lets create one together..

In my opinion we have to find sensible answers some questions. For example;

1- Why people want to join of the word contest? First of all people want to learn new words and want to speak with more words. Also the contests are always fun. We need to make learning new words fun.

2- How do we keep people's attantion high? We can give points to the participants whose successed to stay in the top 10 list for a week (its just an example, please share your advice).

3- Which language cards will the contest contain? We need to make sure it works for a while. Everyone should be able to quickly help to build its infrastructure. That's why we can choose English first. If everthing is fine we can add other languages in it or can create new contests which named French Word Contest, Spanish Word Contest...

4- How do we find lots of words to create a contest? We can create a team for this project or we can want to help from the all members.

Each small duello can take place between two or three people. The person with the highest score is placed higher on the overall ranking.

Please ask your questions. You can even provide suggestions for your questions :D

5-What will be the interface of the contest page? The interface design work is as in the picture(draft1).
[[File:-Draft1-.png|thumb|1112x1112px|Draft 1.]]

File:-Draft1-.png

2019-07-26T13:20:39Z

Gozde-agar:

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning

2019-07-26T12:43:53Z

Gozde-agar: I added picture which named draft 1.

File:Draft 1 .png

2019-07-26T12:41:13Z

Gozde-agar:

In this picture, the interface of the contest screen is tried to be designed.

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning

2019-07-26T12:31:45Z

Gozde-agar:

[[File:Interesting ideas about language learning.jpg|thumb]]

This is for expressing your ideas about language learning and culture exchange.

Everyone may say something under its username. And generally, do not delete other users' content.

== GrimPixel ==
Better if they are well-funded and be freemium or free. I don't expect Duolingo to do that, at least before it makes its new courses acceptable.

=== Website of visual dictionary ===

I have seen three books:

''5 Language Visual Dictionary''

''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian''

''Merriam-Webster's Compact 5-Language Visual Dictionary (English, Spanish, French, German and Italian Edition)''

So I think there can be a website can provide such a service, even better.

'''[REALIZED: https://babadada.com/ also some paid visual dictionaries in apple app store]'''

Review: In Babadada, there are no genders, no pinyin tones for Chinese, no furigana or romaji for Japanese, many languages are incomplete without indications, parts of speech are not clear. Great for having dialects.

There are several visual dictionaries in the apple app store, but they are not for advanced users.

=== Tutorials of languages ===
I have seen two channels on Youtube:

https://www.youtube.com/user/ProgrammingKnowledge

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfx2dro_w4_MyA19Nm5badg

providing "tutorials" about programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, which last several hours. So I think somebody may give such "tutorials" about the grammar of human languages.

=== Filter of characteristics ===
This requires a database of characteristics of ethnics or nationalities, with a filter. Input the characteristics, and get the result of which ethnics or nationalities possess them.

Of course, it requires the update, because culture may change with time.

=== Sentence analyzer ===
Tatoeba has a lot of sentences, but it only shows what a sentence looks like. There should be something radical, to reveal the function of a sentence, to show people the logicality of a sentence. That is to say, syntax.

I imagine a service, which draws parse trees of each sentence, and shows how a sentence may be changed in the structure into another one without changing its general meaning.

If you don't know how to analyze a sentence, see https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-Sentences.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.webforditas.hu/parser'''

'''http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/submit-sentence-4.html]'''

Review: It is clear that linguistics have this tool since long ago. But it is really not widespread, because they are usually amateur-proof. I wish there will be support for more languages.

=== Parallel text in video games and other software, also websites ===
It is very common for current games to be multilingual, but no one has made such a little change to help language-learning players. Also in other software, and also websites.

There seems to be a practical way for websites: user script. Each script adds a language on the website.

=== Postage stamps on e-mails ===
Postage stamps can be brought back, showing different culture.

=== Screensaver for language learning ===
With a terrible collaboration of nouveau and Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M, costing me hours to find a solution to install, finally I embraced Linux Mint 19 MATE. Now I have switched to its LMDE 3 to avoid packages from the privacy violator Ubuntu.

It has a wonderful XScreenSaver! Somebody can make use of it to learn languages, just like "Molecule" teaching chemistry.

If you are new to Linux, Manjaro is as suitable as Linux Mint for you.

Two people are currently working on it. It's about Han script, and it's not a screensaver. It will have the similar behavior of “Molecule”.

=== Software on the resources ===
This would be epic.

I am thinking about what it can do:

#Fetch Wiktionary word frequency lists, translate those words with those dictionaries, generate flashcards on those flashcard programs with example sentences;
#Access almost every resource on the lists, with Android or iOS simulator;
#Background music from "Traditional Music Channel";

I think its name can be named "Polyglot 1".

=== Google Maps game ===
It shows a random street view image, and let you find its origin in a range of satellite images by switching to street view and reaching the same spot.

'''[SIMILAR: https://www.geoguessr.com/]'''

Review on Geoguessr: It is not what I want. My idea is based on how to locate a photo, but this one just want to let you know where you are. I think its idea is not so cool as mine.

=== A remix of Tetris Theme A played by instruments of the world ===
This song is very good for looping. So I think it may be remixed involving all kinds of instruments around the world, each several of them playing a section.

=== Make use of Applets, Widgets, Gadgets, etc. ===
It is always forgotten that operating systems have these stuff. Applets on Debian, Widgets on Android, Gadgets on Windows, other names on other platforms. They are highly undervalued. They can start automatically right after boot. I can be forced to see them, in case I were too busy to remember to learn languages.

=== Vocabulary on loading screen ===
When a program is loading, a word and its translation show up on the screen. It may be a mod for a game, or an add-on for a browser.

=== Etymology trees of words ===
Just like family trees of the human, words have their trees.

I don't mean “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_family word family]”, I mean that a word root that can't be retrieved further is the ancestor on the “family tree”, and the words derived from it are the branches. Precisely, different forms of the same lexeme should be put on the z-axis and only be displayed with “expand” button pressed. The lemma represents the other forms on the tree.

The trees are cross-language, showing lexical relations between languages.

=== Altering TTS ===
Read a word or a sentence in a language in a line, automatically change the voice in the next line. This will help creating recordings of vocabulary or dialogue.

=== Mods for learning ===
Create mods in games, to allow players learn languages and other subjects.

The mods can be books to read, recordings to listen to, and so on. Just like learning a language in real life.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/8892'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/46088'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/24456'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/76477'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/57436'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/94931]'''

Review: Well, how I wish people can work on an open-source game like this.

There are also numerous mods for Skyrim about cultures: NPC, clothes, weapons, armors, buildings, and so on.

=== Game for learning ===
Unite the enthusiastic programmers, and work on this open-source game, in which players can learn language and other subjects.

=== Humourous listening material ===
Humourous listening materials in many languages. Save the mood to enjoy learning languages.

=== Parsed Tatoeba ===
There should be a database about part of speech. Then build the mechanism for the computer to learn how to parse the sentences.

=== Vocabulary matrix ===
Just give an example:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Multiple languages
|-
!
![http://lingua.mtsu.edu/chinese-computing/statistics/char/list.php?Which=MO 现代汉语单字字频: Character frequency list of Modern Chinese]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![http://www.chinesecj.com/cj5dict/ 倉頡之友。馬來西亞]
|-
!character
!frequency
!pronunciation
!definition
!HSK level
!classifier
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!radical
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!JLPT level
!Cangjie 5 code
|-
|的
|1
|de

dī

dí

dì

|of / ~'s (possessive particle) / (used after an attribute) / (used to form a nominal expression) / (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)

see 的士

really and truly

aim / clear
|1
|
|名

助

副

形
|ㄉㄧˋ dì

ㄉㄜ˙ de

ㄉㄧˊ dí
|箭靶的中心

1.結構助詞：➊ 置於形容詞後。如：「美麗的風景」、「聰明的小孩」。➋ 置於名詞或代名詞後，表示所屬、所有的關係。如：「我的書」、「太陽的光」。➌ 置於修飾片語或子句後。如：「他寄來的信，我昨天收到。」、「那賣花的人沒零錢找。」➍ 置於副詞後。同「地」。如：「慢慢的走」、「高高的飛」。
2.句尾助詞：置於句尾，表示肯定或加強的語氣。

確、真、實在。

確實的、可靠的。
|白
|Na-adjective, Suffix

Noun
|てき

まと
|bull's eye, mark, target, object, adjective ending
|N1
|hapi
|}

As you can see, 的 is a polyphone and a polyseme. There should be links between corresponding items: the part of speech, the pronunciation and the definition of the same source, but here on a wikitable it is not possible.

The list of databases is [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Licensed-Free-Databases]]

If you want to learn the vocabulary, you can get some, and memorise more proficiently. For example, you can select all adjectives in the same or in several HSK levels, turn them into Anki, and memorise them all in one time.

This can be the fundamental for building [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Techniques-for-learning-languages#Vocabulary division|Vocabulary division]] and can be used to serve as an offline pop-up dictionary for it.

=== Note for listening ===
Open the file in the audio player, when you don't understand, just press the “m” key, then the program will mark it with the audio still going on. Repeat the selections later.

Of course there is a lag between your starting to not understand and pressing the button, starting to understand and pressing the button. You can set an advance value for repetition.

Audacity does not have this feature.

=== Bidirectional textbook ===
A book with two languages, in which each language is taught with the other.

But I wonder how to keep them in the same pace after teaching pronouns.

This would suit language exchange participators.

=== Live quiz ===
A teacher is the streamer. There is a program implemented for answering questions. The teacher gives a question, then watchers (including robots) submit answers. The teacher then review the most popular answers.

== Vincent ==

=== Learn like a child ===
A child is able to learn a language only with the help of his parents.

Of course the child is learning very fast compared to an adult, but adults can use the same process.

Create a software using the same process with technologies like Artificial Intelligence...

The idea is to learn naturally without too many efforts:
*Listen and repeat first
*No grammar
*Learn whole sentenses, not single words...
*Learn only what is useful to you every day
*As soon as you reach a basic level, talk to people

==gozde-agar==

'''Everything about the Word Contest !'''

''Would you like to attend a contest which is in Polyglot.com?''

''If yes lets create one together..''

In my opinion we have to find sensible answers some questions. For example;

1- Why people want to join of the word contest? First of all people want to learn new words and want to speak with more words. Also the contests are always fun. We need to make learning new words fun.

2- How do we keep people's attantion high? We can give points to the participants whose successed to stay in the top 10 list for a week (its just an example, please share your advice).

3- Which language cards will the contest contain? We need to make sure it works for a while. Everyone should be able to quickly help to build its infrastructure. That's why we can choose English first. If everthing is fine we can add other languages in it or can create new contests which named French Word Contest, Spanish Word Contest...

4- How do we find lots of words to create a contest? We can create a team for this project or we can want to help from the all members.

Each small duello can take place between two or three people. The person with the highest score is placed higher on the overall ranking.

Please ask your questions. You can even provide suggestions for your questions :D

5-What will be the interface of the contest page? The interface design work is as in the picture.

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning

2019-07-26T11:35:46Z

Gozde-agar:

[[File:Interesting ideas about language learning.jpg|thumb]]

This is for expressing your ideas about language learning and culture exchange.

Everyone may say something under its username. And generally, do not delete other users' content.

== GrimPixel ==
Better if they are well-funded and be freemium or free. I don't expect Duolingo to do that, at least before it makes its new courses acceptable.

=== Website of visual dictionary ===

I have seen three books:

''5 Language Visual Dictionary''

''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian''

''Merriam-Webster's Compact 5-Language Visual Dictionary (English, Spanish, French, German and Italian Edition)''

So I think there can be a website can provide such a service, even better.

'''[REALIZED: https://babadada.com/ also some paid visual dictionaries in apple app store]'''

Review: In Babadada, there are no genders, no pinyin tones for Chinese, no furigana or romaji for Japanese, many languages are incomplete without indications, parts of speech are not clear. Great for having dialects.

There are several visual dictionaries in the apple app store, but they are not for advanced users.

=== Tutorials of languages ===
I have seen two channels on Youtube:

https://www.youtube.com/user/ProgrammingKnowledge

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfx2dro_w4_MyA19Nm5badg

providing "tutorials" about programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, which last several hours. So I think somebody may give such "tutorials" about the grammar of human languages.

=== Filter of characteristics ===
This requires a database of characteristics of ethnics or nationalities, with a filter. Input the characteristics, and get the result of which ethnics or nationalities possess them.

Of course, it requires the update, because culture may change with time.

=== Sentence analyzer ===
Tatoeba has a lot of sentences, but it only shows what a sentence looks like. There should be something radical, to reveal the function of a sentence, to show people the logicality of a sentence. That is to say, syntax.

I imagine a service, which draws parse trees of each sentence, and shows how a sentence may be changed in the structure into another one without changing its general meaning.

If you don't know how to analyze a sentence, see https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-Sentences.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.webforditas.hu/parser'''

'''http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/submit-sentence-4.html]'''

Review: It is clear that linguistics have this tool since long ago. But it is really not widespread, because they are usually amateur-proof. I wish there will be support for more languages.

=== Parallel text in video games and other software, also websites ===
It is very common for current games to be multilingual, but no one has made such a little change to help language-learning players. Also in other software, and also websites.

There seems to be a practical way for websites: user script. Each script adds a language on the website.

=== Postage stamps on e-mails ===
Postage stamps can be brought back, showing different culture.

=== Screensaver for language learning ===
With a terrible collaboration of nouveau and Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M, costing me hours to find a solution to install, finally I embraced Linux Mint 19 MATE. Now I have switched to its LMDE 3 to avoid packages from the privacy violator Ubuntu.

It has a wonderful XScreenSaver! Somebody can make use of it to learn languages, just like "Molecule" teaching chemistry.

If you are new to Linux, Manjaro is as suitable as Linux Mint for you.

Two people are currently working on it. It's about Han script, and it's not a screensaver. It will have the similar behavior of “Molecule”.

=== Software on the resources ===
This would be epic.

I am thinking about what it can do:

#Fetch Wiktionary word frequency lists, translate those words with those dictionaries, generate flashcards on those flashcard programs with example sentences;
#Access almost every resource on the lists, with Android or iOS simulator;
#Background music from "Traditional Music Channel";

I think its name can be named "Polyglot 1".

=== Google Maps game ===
It shows a random street view image, and let you find its origin in a range of satellite images by switching to street view and reaching the same spot.

'''[SIMILAR: https://www.geoguessr.com/]'''

Review on Geoguessr: It is not what I want. My idea is based on how to locate a photo, but this one just want to let you know where you are. I think its idea is not so cool as mine.

=== A remix of Tetris Theme A played by instruments of the world ===
This song is very good for looping. So I think it may be remixed involving all kinds of instruments around the world, each several of them playing a section.

=== Make use of Applets, Widgets, Gadgets, etc. ===
It is always forgotten that operating systems have these stuff. Applets on Debian, Widgets on Android, Gadgets on Windows, other names on other platforms. They are highly undervalued. They can start automatically right after boot. I can be forced to see them, in case I were too busy to remember to learn languages.

=== Vocabulary on loading screen ===
When a program is loading, a word and its translation show up on the screen. It may be a mod for a game, or an add-on for a browser.

=== Etymology trees of words ===
Just like family trees of the human, words have their trees.

I don't mean “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_family word family]”, I mean that a word root that can't be retrieved further is the ancestor on the “family tree”, and the words derived from it are the branches. Precisely, different forms of the same lexeme should be put on the z-axis and only be displayed with “expand” button pressed. The lemma represents the other forms on the tree.

The trees are cross-language, showing lexical relations between languages.

=== Altering TTS ===
Read a word or a sentence in a language in a line, automatically change the voice in the next line. This will help creating recordings of vocabulary or dialogue.

=== Mods for learning ===
Create mods in games, to allow players learn languages and other subjects.

The mods can be books to read, recordings to listen to, and so on. Just like learning a language in real life.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/8892'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/46088'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/24456'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/76477'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/57436'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/94931]'''

Review: Well, how I wish people can work on an open-source game like this.

There are also numerous mods for Skyrim about cultures: NPC, clothes, weapons, armors, buildings, and so on.

=== Game for learning ===
Unite the enthusiastic programmers, and work on this open-source game, in which players can learn language and other subjects.

=== Humourous listening material ===
Humourous listening materials in many languages. Save the mood to enjoy learning languages.

=== Parsed Tatoeba ===
There should be a database about part of speech. Then build the mechanism for the computer to learn how to parse the sentences.

=== Vocabulary matrix ===
Just give an example:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Multiple languages
|-
!
![http://lingua.mtsu.edu/chinese-computing/statistics/char/list.php?Which=MO 现代汉语单字字频: Character frequency list of Modern Chinese]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![http://www.chinesecj.com/cj5dict/ 倉頡之友。馬來西亞]
|-
!character
!frequency
!pronunciation
!definition
!HSK level
!classifier
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!radical
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!JLPT level
!Cangjie 5 code
|-
|的
|1
|de

dī

dí

dì

|of / ~'s (possessive particle) / (used after an attribute) / (used to form a nominal expression) / (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)

see 的士

really and truly

aim / clear
|1
|
|名

助

副

形
|ㄉㄧˋ dì

ㄉㄜ˙ de

ㄉㄧˊ dí
|箭靶的中心

1.結構助詞：➊ 置於形容詞後。如：「美麗的風景」、「聰明的小孩」。➋ 置於名詞或代名詞後，表示所屬、所有的關係。如：「我的書」、「太陽的光」。➌ 置於修飾片語或子句後。如：「他寄來的信，我昨天收到。」、「那賣花的人沒零錢找。」➍ 置於副詞後。同「地」。如：「慢慢的走」、「高高的飛」。
2.句尾助詞：置於句尾，表示肯定或加強的語氣。

確、真、實在。

確實的、可靠的。
|白
|Na-adjective, Suffix

Noun
|てき

まと
|bull's eye, mark, target, object, adjective ending
|N1
|hapi
|}

As you can see, 的 is a polyphone and a polyseme. There should be links between corresponding items: the part of speech, the pronunciation and the definition of the same source, but here on a wikitable it is not possible.

The list of databases is [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Licensed-Free-Databases]]

If you want to learn the vocabulary, you can get some, and memorise more proficiently. For example, you can select all adjectives in the same or in several HSK levels, turn them into Anki, and memorise them all in one time.

This can be the fundamental for building [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Techniques-for-learning-languages#Vocabulary division|Vocabulary division]] and can be used to serve as an offline pop-up dictionary for it.

=== Note for listening ===
Open the file in the audio player, when you don't understand, just press the “m” key, then the program will mark it with the audio still going on. Repeat the selections later.

Of course there is a lag between your starting to not understand and pressing the button, starting to understand and pressing the button. You can set an advance value for repetition.

Audacity does not have this feature.

=== Bidirectional textbook ===
A book with two languages, in which each language is taught with the other.

But I wonder how to keep them in the same pace after teaching pronouns.

This would suit language exchange participators.

=== Live quiz ===
A teacher is the streamer. There is a program implemented for answering questions. The teacher gives a question, then watchers (including robots) submit answers. The teacher then review the most popular answers.

== Vincent ==

=== Learn like a child ===
A child is able to learn a language only with the help of his parents.

Of course the child is learning very fast compared to an adult, but adults can use the same process.

Create a software using the same process with technologies like Artificial Intelligence...

The idea is to learn naturally without too many efforts:
*Listen and repeat first
*No grammar
*Learn whole sentenses, not single words...
*Learn only what is useful to you every day
*As soon as you reach a basic level, talk to people

==gozde-agar==

'''Everything about the Word Competition !'''

'''''Would you like to attend a competition which is in Polyglot.com?'''''

''If yes lets create one together..''

In my opinion we have to find sensible answers some questions. For example;

1- Why people want to join of the word competition? First of all people want to learn new words and want to speak with more words. Also the competitions are always fun. We need to make learning new words fun.

2- How do we keep people's attantion high? We can give points to the participants whose successed to stay in the top 10 list for a week (its just an examle, please share your advice).

3- Which language cards will the competition contain? We need to make sure it works for a while. Everyone should be able to quickly help to build its infrastructure. That's why we can choose English first. If everthing is fine we can add other languages in it or can create new competitions which named French Word Competition, Spanish Word Competition...

4- How do we find lots of words to create a competition? We can create a team for this project or we can want to help from the all members.

Each small duello can take place between two or three people. The person with the highest score is placed higher on the overall ranking.

Please ask your questions. You can even provide suggestions for your questions :D

Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ideas-about-language-learning

2019-07-26T11:33:49Z

Gozde-agar: I added something about Word Competition.

[[File:Interesting ideas about language learning.jpg|thumb]]

This is for expressing your ideas about language learning and culture exchange.

Everyone may say something under its username. And generally, do not delete other users' content.

== GrimPixel ==
Better if they are well-funded and be freemium or free. I don't expect Duolingo to do that, at least before it makes its new courses acceptable.

=== Website of visual dictionary ===

I have seen three books:

''5 Language Visual Dictionary''

''The Firefly Five Language Visual Dictionary: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian''

''Merriam-Webster's Compact 5-Language Visual Dictionary (English, Spanish, French, German and Italian Edition)''

So I think there can be a website can provide such a service, even better.

'''[REALIZED: https://babadada.com/ also some paid visual dictionaries in apple app store]'''

Review: In Babadada, there are no genders, no pinyin tones for Chinese, no furigana or romaji for Japanese, many languages are incomplete without indications, parts of speech are not clear. Great for having dialects.

There are several visual dictionaries in the apple app store, but they are not for advanced users.

=== Tutorials of languages ===
I have seen two channels on Youtube:

https://www.youtube.com/user/ProgrammingKnowledge

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfx2dro_w4_MyA19Nm5badg

providing "tutorials" about programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, which last several hours. So I think somebody may give such "tutorials" about the grammar of human languages.

=== Filter of characteristics ===
This requires a database of characteristics of ethnics or nationalities, with a filter. Input the characteristics, and get the result of which ethnics or nationalities possess them.

Of course, it requires the update, because culture may change with time.

=== Sentence analyzer ===
Tatoeba has a lot of sentences, but it only shows what a sentence looks like. There should be something radical, to reveal the function of a sentence, to show people the logicality of a sentence. That is to say, syntax.

I imagine a service, which draws parse trees of each sentence, and shows how a sentence may be changed in the structure into another one without changing its general meaning.

If you don't know how to analyze a sentence, see https://www.wikihow.com/Analyze-Sentences.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.webforditas.hu/parser'''

'''http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/submit-sentence-4.html]'''

Review: It is clear that linguistics have this tool since long ago. But it is really not widespread, because they are usually amateur-proof. I wish there will be support for more languages.

=== Parallel text in video games and other software, also websites ===
It is very common for current games to be multilingual, but no one has made such a little change to help language-learning players. Also in other software, and also websites.

There seems to be a practical way for websites: user script. Each script adds a language on the website.

=== Postage stamps on e-mails ===
Postage stamps can be brought back, showing different culture.

=== Screensaver for language learning ===
With a terrible collaboration of nouveau and Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M, costing me hours to find a solution to install, finally I embraced Linux Mint 19 MATE. Now I have switched to its LMDE 3 to avoid packages from the privacy violator Ubuntu.

It has a wonderful XScreenSaver! Somebody can make use of it to learn languages, just like "Molecule" teaching chemistry.

If you are new to Linux, Manjaro is as suitable as Linux Mint for you.

Two people are currently working on it. It's about Han script, and it's not a screensaver. It will have the similar behavior of “Molecule”.

=== Software on the resources ===
This would be epic.

I am thinking about what it can do:

#Fetch Wiktionary word frequency lists, translate those words with those dictionaries, generate flashcards on those flashcard programs with example sentences;
#Access almost every resource on the lists, with Android or iOS simulator;
#Background music from "Traditional Music Channel";

I think its name can be named "Polyglot 1".

=== Google Maps game ===
It shows a random street view image, and let you find its origin in a range of satellite images by switching to street view and reaching the same spot.

'''[SIMILAR: https://www.geoguessr.com/]'''

Review on Geoguessr: It is not what I want. My idea is based on how to locate a photo, but this one just want to let you know where you are. I think its idea is not so cool as mine.

=== A remix of Tetris Theme A played by instruments of the world ===
This song is very good for looping. So I think it may be remixed involving all kinds of instruments around the world, each several of them playing a section.

=== Make use of Applets, Widgets, Gadgets, etc. ===
It is always forgotten that operating systems have these stuff. Applets on Debian, Widgets on Android, Gadgets on Windows, other names on other platforms. They are highly undervalued. They can start automatically right after boot. I can be forced to see them, in case I were too busy to remember to learn languages.

=== Vocabulary on loading screen ===
When a program is loading, a word and its translation show up on the screen. It may be a mod for a game, or an add-on for a browser.

=== Etymology trees of words ===
Just like family trees of the human, words have their trees.

I don't mean “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_family word family]”, I mean that a word root that can't be retrieved further is the ancestor on the “family tree”, and the words derived from it are the branches. Precisely, different forms of the same lexeme should be put on the z-axis and only be displayed with “expand” button pressed. The lemma represents the other forms on the tree.

The trees are cross-language, showing lexical relations between languages.

=== Altering TTS ===
Read a word or a sentence in a language in a line, automatically change the voice in the next line. This will help creating recordings of vocabulary or dialogue.

=== Mods for learning ===
Create mods in games, to allow players learn languages and other subjects.

The mods can be books to read, recordings to listen to, and so on. Just like learning a language in real life.

'''[REALIZED:'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/8892'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/46088'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/24456'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/76477'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/57436'''

'''https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/94931]'''

Review: Well, how I wish people can work on an open-source game like this.

There are also numerous mods for Skyrim about cultures: NPC, clothes, weapons, armors, buildings, and so on.

=== Game for learning ===
Unite the enthusiastic programmers, and work on this open-source game, in which players can learn language and other subjects.

=== Humourous listening material ===
Humourous listening materials in many languages. Save the mood to enjoy learning languages.

=== Parsed Tatoeba ===
There should be a database about part of speech. Then build the mechanism for the computer to learn how to parse the sentences.

=== Vocabulary matrix ===
Just give an example:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Mandarin Chinese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Japanese
!Multiple languages
|-
!
![http://lingua.mtsu.edu/chinese-computing/statistics/char/list.php?Which=MO 现代汉语单字字频: Character frequency list of Modern Chinese]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict CC-CEDICT]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://www.moedict.tw/ 萌典]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![https://jisho.org/ Jisho.org]
![http://www.chinesecj.com/cj5dict/ 倉頡之友。馬來西亞]
|-
!character
!frequency
!pronunciation
!definition
!HSK level
!classifier
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!radical
!part of speech
!pronunciation
!definition
!JLPT level
!Cangjie 5 code
|-
|的
|1
|de

dī

dí

dì

|of / ~'s (possessive particle) / (used after an attribute) / (used to form a nominal expression) / (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)

see 的士

really and truly

aim / clear
|1
|
|名

助

副

形
|ㄉㄧˋ dì

ㄉㄜ˙ de

ㄉㄧˊ dí
|箭靶的中心

1.結構助詞：➊ 置於形容詞後。如：「美麗的風景」、「聰明的小孩」。➋ 置於名詞或代名詞後，表示所屬、所有的關係。如：「我的書」、「太陽的光」。➌ 置於修飾片語或子句後。如：「他寄來的信，我昨天收到。」、「那賣花的人沒零錢找。」➍ 置於副詞後。同「地」。如：「慢慢的走」、「高高的飛」。
2.句尾助詞：置於句尾，表示肯定或加強的語氣。

確、真、實在。

確實的、可靠的。
|白
|Na-adjective, Suffix

Noun
|てき

まと
|bull's eye, mark, target, object, adjective ending
|N1
|hapi
|}

As you can see, 的 is a polyphone and a polyseme. There should be links between corresponding items: the part of speech, the pronunciation and the definition of the same source, but here on a wikitable it is not possible.

The list of databases is [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Licensed-Free-Databases]]

If you want to learn the vocabulary, you can get some, and memorise more proficiently. For example, you can select all adjectives in the same or in several HSK levels, turn them into Anki, and memorise them all in one time.

This can be the fundamental for building [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Techniques-for-learning-languages#Vocabulary division|Vocabulary division]] and can be used to serve as an offline pop-up dictionary for it.

=== Note for listening ===
Open the file in the audio player, when you don't understand, just press the “m” key, then the program will mark it with the audio still going on. Repeat the selections later.

Of course there is a lag between your starting to not understand and pressing the button, starting to understand and pressing the button. You can set an advance value for repetition.

Audacity does not have this feature.

=== Bidirectional textbook ===
A book with two languages, in which each language is taught with the other.

But I wonder how to keep them in the same pace after teaching pronouns.

This would suit language exchange participators.

=== Live quiz ===
A teacher is the streamer. There is a program implemented for answering questions. The teacher gives a question, then watchers (including robots) submit answers. The teacher then review the most popular answers.

== Vincent ==

=== Learn like a child ===
A child is able to learn a language only with the help of his parents.

Of course the child is learning very fast compared to an adult, but adults can use the same process.

Create a software using the same process with technologies like Artificial Intelligence...

The idea is to learn naturally without too many efforts:
*Listen and repeat first
*No grammar
*Learn whole sentenses, not single words...
*Learn only what is useful to you every day
*As soon as you reach a basic level, talk to people

==gozde-agar==

'''Everything about the Word Competition !'''

'''''Would you like to attend a competition which is in Polyglot.com?'''''

''If yes lets create one together..''

In my opinion we have to find sensible answers some questions. For example;

1- Why people want to join of the world competition? First of all people want to learn new words and want to speak with more words. Also the competitions are always fun. We need to make learning new words fun.

2- How do we keep people's attantion high? We can give points to the participants whose successed to stay in the top 10 list for a week (its just an examle, please share your advice).

3- Which language cards will the competition contain? We need to make sure it works for a while. Everyone should be able to quickly help to build its infrastructure. That's why we can choose English first. If everthing is fine we can add other languages in it or can create new competitions which named French Word Competition, Spanish Word Competition...

4- How do we find lots of words to create a competition? We can create a team for this project or we can want to help from the all members.

Each small duello can take place between two or three people. The person with the highest score is placed higher on the overall ranking.

Please ask your questions. You can even provide suggestions for your questions :D

Language/Turkish/Vocabulary/Feelings-and-Emotions

2019-07-24T20:45:24Z

Gozde-agar: I have added some words : Silly,confused,exhausted,discouraged,angry,nervous,calm,energetic,jealous.

* Love - '''Aşk / Sevgi'''
* Hate - '''Nefret'''
* Fear - '''Korku'''
* Hurt - '''Acı'''
* Thrill - '''Heyecan'''
* Joy - '''Sevinç'''
* Silly - '''Şaşkın'''
* Confused - '''Kafası karışık'''
* Exhausted - '''Bitkin'''
* Discouraged - '''Cesareti kırılmış'''
* Angry - '''Sinirli'''
* Nervous - '''Gergin'''
* Calm - '''Sakin'''
* Energetic - '''Enerjik'''
* Jealous - '''Kıskanç'''