Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Russian/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2017-04-24T17:52:22Z

Exyanis:

Administrator warning: Please, write this lesson in English

'''I/ Russian alphabet:'''

Russian is a Slavic language, such as Polish or Czech, written with the Cyrillic alphabet, inspired by the Greek alphabet.

'''II/Lines'''

1 Caps

2 Minisculs

3 Prononciation

4 Transcription

{| class="wikitable"
!А
!Б
!В
!Г
!Д
!Е
!Ё
!Ж
!З
!И
!Й
!К
!Л
!М
!Н
!О
!П
!Р
!С
!Т
!У
!Ф
!Х
!Ц
!Ч
!Ш
!Щ
!Ъ
!Ы
!Ь
!Э
!Ю
!Я
|-
|а
|б
|в
|г
|д
|е
|ё
|ж
|з
|и
|й
|к
|л
|м
|н
|о
|п
|р
|с
|т
|у
|ф
|х
|ц
|ч
|ш
|щ
|ъ
|ы
|ь
|э
|ю
|я
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|ye
|yo
|j
|
|
|y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ou
|
|jota
|ts
|tch
|ch
|chtch
|
|
|
|
|you
|ya
|-
|a
|b
|v
|g
|d
|e
|ë
|ž
|z
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|o
|p
|r
|s
|t
|u
|f
|x
|c
|č
|š
|šč
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>
|y
|'
|è
|ju
|ja
|}

'''III/ Notes'''

The Russian l is velar, it is pronounced as English well or as the old French chevals: one pronounced then s of the plural (that is why the pronunciation was then modified in "cheva-or "Then" chevo "writes Chevaux)

At the end of the word, the sound consonants become deaf, as in German, they pronounce then:
b > p
v > f
g > k
d > t
z > s

The Russian has 5 vocalic phonemes noted by 10 graphemes:
{|
|a
|e
|i
|o
|u
|
|-
|а
|э
|ы
|о
|у
| After a hard consonant
|-
|я
|е
|и
|ё
|ю
| After a soft consonant or yod
|}
 
 
 
 
 
'''Exempels :'''
(In brackets the transcription & bracketed phonetics)
{|
|ад (ad) [at] Hell
|яд (jad) [jat] Fish
|-
|мыло (mylo) [milo] soap
|мило (milo) [mjilo] nice
|-
|лук (luk) [luk] onion
|люк (ljuk) [ljuk] hatch
|}
 
These wet sounds are not necessarily transcribed in French. Thus the name of the first president of Russia was Борис Ельцин in Russian, Boris Yeltsin in English and French: Boris Yeltsin (but pronouncing "Yeltsin").

Language/Standard-moroccan-tamazight/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2017-04-23T23:55:53Z

Exyanis: Berber Alphabet

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |'''Berber-Latin'''
!IRCAM's 
Tifinagh 
equivalent
!Arabic 
equivalent
!IPA 
equivalent
! rowspan="1" |Similar English sound
|-
|1
|'''A a'''
|ⴰ
|أ / ا / َ
|æ
|"'''a'''" like in the English word b'''a'''d
|-
|2
|'''B b'''
|ⴱ
|ب
|β
|like the Spanish intervocalic "'''b'''" or "'''v'''"
|-
|3
|'''C c'''
|ⵛ
|ش
|ʃ
|the English "'''sh'''" in '''sh'''ip
|-
|4
|'''Č č''' ('''tc''')
|ⵞ
|تش
|t͡ʃ
|the English "'''ch'''" in '''Ch'''ina
|-
|5
|'''D d'''
|ⴷ
|د / ذ
|d or ð
|English "'''d'''", and English "'''th'''" in '''th'''is
|-
|6
|'''Ḍ ḍ'''
|ⴹ
|ض
|ðˤ
|emphatic "d"
|-
|7
|'''E e'''
|ⴻ
|''none''
|ə
|"'''a'''" in (unstressed) '''a'''ttack
|-
|8
|'''Ɛ ɛ''' ('''Â â''')
|ⵄ
|ع
|ʕ
|like Arabic ع ''`ayn'' (no English equivalent)
|-
|9
|'''F f'''
|ⴼ
|ف
|f
|like the English "'''f'''"
|-
|10
|'''G g'''
|ⴳ
|(گ)
|ɡ
|"'''g'''" like in the words '''g'''ate or '''G'''reek
|-
|11
|'''Ǧ ǧ''' ('''dj''')
|ⴵ
|(دج)
|d͡ʒ
|English "'''j'''" like in the words '''j'''oke and '''J'''ames
|-
|12
|'''Ɣ ɣ''' ('''gh''')
|ⵖ
|غ
|ɣ
|like "'''g'''" in Spanish ha'''g'''a or Southern Dutch '''g'''aan
|-
|13
|'''H h'''
|ⵀ
|هـ
|h
|"'''h'''" like in '''h'''ello or '''h'''igh
|-
|14
|'''Ḥ ḥ'''
|ⵃ
|ح
|ħ
|like in Arabic Mu'''ḥ'''ammad (no English equivalent)
|-
|15
|'''I i'''
|ⵉ
|ي / ِ
|i
|English '''ee''' like in sh'''ee'''t
|-
|16
|'''J j'''
|ⵊ
|ج
|ʒ
|like in confu'''s'''ion or televi'''s'''ion, French "'''j'''" in dé'''j'''à vu.
|-
|17
|'''K k'''
|ⴽ
|(ک)
|k
|English "'''k'''"
|-
|18
|'''L l'''
|ⵍ
|ل
|l or ɫ
|non-emphatic "'''L'''" (like in German or French)
|-
|19
|'''M m'''
|ⵎ
|م
|m
|'''m'''
|-
|20
|'''N n'''
|ⵏ
|ن
|n
|'''n'''
|-
|21
|'''Q q'''
|ⵇ
|ق
|q, qʷ or ɢ
|like Arabic ق "qaf" (no English equivalent)
|-
|22
|'''R r'''
|ⵔ
|ر
|r, rˤ
|like a Spanish or Italian "'''r'''"
|-
|23
|'''Ř ř'''
|ⵔ / ⵍ
|ر
|r ~ l
|A very light "R", pronounced like something between "R" and "L".
|-
|24
|'''Ṛ ṛ'''
|ⵕ
|ر
|rˤ
|emphatic "r"
|-
|25
|'''S s'''
|ⵙ
|س
|s
|'''s'''
|-
|26
|'''Ṣ ṣ'''
|ⵚ
|ص
|sˤ
|emphatic "s"
|-
|27
|'''T t'''
|ⵜ
|ت / ث
|t or θ
|English "'''t'''", and/or English "'''th'''" in '''th'''ree
|-
|28
|'''Ṭ ṭ'''
|ⵟ
|ط
|tˤ
|emphatic "t"
|-
|29
|'''U u'''
|ⵓ
|و / ُ
|ʊ
|English "'''u'''" like in p'''u'''t
|-
|30
|'''W w'''
|ⵡ
|وْ
|w
|English "'''w'''" in '''w'''ater
|-
|31
|'''X x'''
|ⵅ
|خ
|χ
|Spanish "'''j'''", German / Dutch "'''ch'''", Arabic "kh"
|-
|32
|'''Y y'''
|ⵢ
|يْ
|j
|English "'''y'''" like in '''y'''es
|-
|33
|'''Z z'''
|ⵣ
|ز
|z
|English "'''z'''" in '''z'''oo
|-
|34
|'''Ẓ ẓ'''
|ⵥ
|(ژ)
|zˤ
|emphatic "z"
|}

Language/Russian/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

2017-04-23T17:34:25Z

Exyanis: Alphabet Russe

'''I/ Alphabet Russe:'''

Le Russe est une langue slave, comme le polonais ou le tchèque, écrit avec l'alphabet cyrillique, inspiré de l'alphabet grec.

'''II/ Lignes:'''

1 Majuscules/Caps

2 Minuscules

3 Prononciation en français

4 Transcription

{| class="wikitable"
!А
!Б
!В
!Г
!Д
!Е
!Ё
!Ж
!З
!И
!Й
!К
!Л
!М
!Н
!О
!П
!Р
!С
!Т
!У
!Ф
!Х
!Ц
!Ч
!Ш
!Щ
!Ъ
!Ы
!Ь
!Э
!Ю
!Я
|-
|а
|б
|в
|г
|д
|е
|ё
|ж
|з
|и
|й
|к
|л
|м
|н
|о
|п
|р
|с
|т
|у
|ф
|х
|ц
|ч
|ш
|щ
|ъ
|ы
|ь
|э
|ю
|я
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|ye
|yo
|j
|
|
|y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ou
|
|jota
|ts
|tch
|ch
|chtch
|
|
|
|
|you
|ya
|-
|a
|b
|v
|g
|d
|e
|ë
|ž
|z
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|o
|p
|r
|s
|t
|u
|f
|x
|c
|č
|š
|šč
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>
|y
|'
|è
|ju
|ja
|}

'''II/ Remarques'''

Le l russe est vélaire, il se prononce comme l'anglais ''well'' ou bien comme l'ancien français ''chevals'' : on prononçait alors le s du pluriel (c'est pour cette raison que la prononciation s'est ensuite modifiée en ''"cheva-ou"'' puis ''"chevo"'' écrit ''chevaux'')

En fin de mot, les consonnes sonores deviennent sourdes, comme en allemand, elles se prononcent alors:
b > p
v > f
g > k
d > t
z > s

Le russe possède 5 phonèmes vocaliques notés par 10 graphèmes :
{|
|a
|e
|i
|o
|u
|
|-
|а
|э
|ы
|о
|у
| après une consonne dure
|-
|я
|е
|и
|ё
|ю
| après une consonne molle ou yod
|}
 
 
 
 
 
'''Exemples :'''
(entre parenthèses la transcription & entre crochets la phonétique)
{|
|ад (ad) [at] enfer
|яд (jad) [jat] poison
|-
|мыло (mylo) [milo] savon
|мило (milo) [mjilo] gentil
|-
|лук (luk) [luk] oignon
|люк (ljuk) [ljuk] écoutille
|}
 
Ces sons mouillés ne sont pas forcément transcrits en français. Ainsi le nom du premier président de Russie s'écrivait Борис Ельцин en russe, ''Boris Yeltsin'' en anglais et en français : ''Boris Eltsine'' (mais en prononçant "Yeltsine").