Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/Mandarin-chinese

2022-04-14T07:07:46Z

DiegoWang:

[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
Hi, Polyglots! 😃

Welcome to the '''Mandarin Chinese''' learning page!

You will find many resources below to learn and practice this language.

Enjoy your learning journey with Polyglot Club! 😊

==Facts about Mandarin Chinese ==
*Mandarin is a group of Sinitic languages[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages] natively spoken across most of China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese.
*Chinese is the language with the most native speakers(About 1.3 billion people,approximately 16% of the world's population).
*Chinese is a tonal[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)] language.
*Chinese is a logographic[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram] language and has nearly eighty thousands of unique characters that came from hieroglyphs[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph].
*Furthur readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mandarin-language, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages, https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mand1415.

*'''Language code (ISO 639-3)''': <code>cmn</code>
*'''Autonyms''' (''how to write "Mandarin Chinese" in Mandarin Chinese''): <code>官話 / 官话 / 普通话 / 國語 / 华语 / 華語</code>
*'''Other names for "Mandarin Chinese"''': <code>Beifang Fangyan, Beijinghua, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua, Tayok, Hoton, Hui, Hui-Zu, Hytad, Khoton, Qotong, Xui</code>
*'''The Mandarin Chinese language is spoken in''': <code>China</code>

==Mandarin Chinese Dictionaries==

• [https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/dictionary.html Chinese tools]: Chinese-English dictionary, [https://www.chine-nouvelle.com/outils/dictionnaire.html French] & other languages, [https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/chinese-dictionary.html Chinese] (meanings)

• [https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-chinese/ Reverso-Collins]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Lin Yutang]: ''Chinese-English dictionary of modern usage'' (1972)

• [https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/home LineDict]: Chinese-[https://dict.naver.com/linedict/enzhdict/#/encn/home English] dictionary (+ audio)

• [http://dict.cn/ Dict.cn]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict Mdbg]: Chinese-English dictionary: simplified & traditional (+ audio)

• [http://www.xiaoma.info/ Xiaoma]: Chinese-English dictionary

• [http://www.mandarintools.com/worddict.html Mandarin tools]: Chinese-English dictionary simplified & traditional (+ audio)

• [http://www.internationalscientific.org/ Chinese etymology]: etymological dictionary

• [http://zhongwen.com/ Zhongwen.com]: English-Chinese dictionary etymology

• [http://shtooka.net/overview.php?lang=cmn Shtooka]: Chinese words, with translation (audio)

• [https://tatoeba.org/en/audio/index/cmn Tatoeba]: sentences in Chinese, with translation (audio)

• [http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本] : Revised Mandarin Chinese dictionary edited by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan (1994)

• [https://archive.org/details/ChineseBibleWords?view=theater Chinese Bible words]: vocabulary of the biblical terms

• [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00087314 The Chinese names of the four directions] by Laurent Sagart, in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' (2004)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011498668?view=theater English and Chinese standard dictionary] edited by 颜惠庆 (Yan Huiqing) (1920)

• [https://archive.org/details/mandarinromanize00macguoft?view=theater Mandarin romanised dictionary of Chinese] by Donald MacGillivray (1918) (Latin & Chinese characters)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354743?view=theater Analytical Chinese-English dictionary] by Frederick William Baller (1900)

• [https://archive.org/details/analyticalvocabu00balluoft?view=theater Analytical vocabulary of the New Testament] by Frederick William Baller (1907)

• [https://archive.org/details/chinesedienglish00lobsrich?view=theater English and Chinese dictionary] by William Lobscheids (1884)

• [https://books.google.com/books?id=P200AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Vocabulary and hand-book of the Chinese language] romanized in the Mandarin dialect, by Justus Doolittle (1872): I & [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhITAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover II]

• [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchin00morr?view=theater Dictionary of the Chinese language] by Robert Morrison (1865)

• [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023354917?view=theater Dictionary of idiomatic English phrases] by James Main Dixon, translated by Chan Chi Lan (1909)

• [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcoll00gilerich?view=theater Dictionary of colloquial idioms] in the Mandarin dialect, by Herbert Giles (1873)

• [https://archive.org/details/guidetoconversat00hernrich?view=theater Guide to conversation in the English and Chinese languages] by Stanislas Hernisz (1854)

• [https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofconfu00confiala?view=theater Fragments of Confucian lore], a selection of short quotations with the original text, by Thomas Ferguson (1920)

Multiple languages, bidirectional
* https://dict.eudic.net/
* https://dict.hjenglish.com/
* https://dict.youdao.com/
* http://www.ichacha.net/
Mandarin Chinese
* https://www.zdic.net/
* http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/
Min Nan Chinese https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8 [offl.d PL]

English
* bidirectional
** https://www.91dict.com/
** https://www.iciba.com/
** https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/
** https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary [[https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cc-cedict offl.db PL]]
** https://www.pleco.com/ [offl.p]
** https://www.trainchinese.com/v2/index.php [offl.p]
** http://zhongwen.com/
French
* https://chine.in/mandarin/dictionnaire/ [[https://chine.in/mandarin/dictionnaire/CFDICT/ offl.db PL]]
* https://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/dictionnaire-chinois.php
German https://handedict.zydeo.net/de [[https://handedict.zydeo.net/de/download offl.db PL]]

Hungarian
* https://chdict.zydeo.net/hu [[https://chdict.zydeo.net/hu/download offl.db PL]]
* https://www.morphologic.hu/kinai/index.php
Japanese https://ctrans.org/

Russian
* bidirectional
** https://www.qianyix.com/
** https://bkrs.info/ [[https://bkrs.info/p47 offl.p]]
* https://www.chinese-russian.com/zd/

==== Sources: ====
*https://www.lexilogos.com/english/chinese_dictionary.htm
*[[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Internet-Dictionaries#Chinese]]

==Free Mandarin Chinese Lessons==

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar|Grammar Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation|Pronunciation Lessons]]'''

*'''[[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture|Culture Lessons]]'''

==Language Exchange==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=28 Find members TEACHING Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&dem1=28 Find members LEARNING Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Forum==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/forum SHARE ideas about Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/question Ask a QUESTION about Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Tools==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/note Have your text CORRECTED in Mandarin Chinese]'''

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/language/mandarin-chinese/video VIDEOS to learn Mandarin Chinese]'''
==Marketplace==

*'''[https://polyglotclub.com/services/search-jobs/?pg_offre=28 Buy or Sell SERVICES related to Mandarin Chinese]'''

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Prices-and-purchases-in-Chinese

2022-04-08T09:08:37Z

DiegoWang: /* Vocabulary */

<div class="pg_page_title">Prices and purchases in Chinese</div>
[[File:Prices-and-purchases-in-Chinese.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
Chinese people have a reputation to be clever businessmen. If you happen to do business with China you absolutely need to study this lesson!

In this lesson of Mandarin Chinese, we will discuss prices and purchases.

== Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable"
!Word
!Pinyin
!Translation
|-
|找
|zhǎo
|give back change
|-
|可以
|kě yǐ
|to be possible
|-
|買/买
|mǎi
|buy
|-
|要
|yào
|want to
|-
|給/给
|gěi
|give
|-
|尝尝
|cháng chang
|to taste
|-
|多少
|duō shǎo
|how much (in a question)
|-
|錢/钱
|qián
|money
|-
|別的/别的
|bié de
|other
|-
|塊/块
|kuài
|(monetary unit used in China in oral)
|-
|元
|yuán
|yuan (monetary unit used in China)
|-
|角（毛）
|jiǎo (máo)
|0.10 yuan
|-
|分
|fēn
|0.01 yuan; centime
|-
|斤
|jīn
|500 grams; 1/2 Kg
|-
|公斤
|gōng jīn
|kilogram
|-
|一共
|yī gòng
|in all
|-
|太...了
|tài...le
|too ...
|-
|貴/贵
|guì
|expensive
|-
|便宜
|pián yi
|cheap
|-
|怎麼樣/怎么样
|zěn me yàng
|How is it? What do you think?
|-
|還/还
|hái
|again; more; also; return
|-
|種/种
|zhǒng
|kind; type
|-
|蘋果/苹果
|píng guǒ
|apple
|-
|香蕉
|xiāng jiāo
|banana
|-
|葡萄
|pú tao
|grapes
|-
|您
|nín
|you (formal)
|}

== Linguistic note ==
In China, the prices are indicated with the monetary value of the country like the yuan 元 <yuán>, the Chinese currency. However, in oral we replace 元 <yuán> with 塊/块 <kuài>.

Here is a chart to help you read, tell and understand the sums of money:
{| class="wikitable"
!0.02 元
!0.04 元
!0.22 元
!0.45 元
|-
|兩分/两分
|四分
|兩毛二/两毛二
|四毛五
|-
!1.04 元
!1.39 元
!1.40 元
!2.05 元
|-
|一塊零四(分)/一块零四(分)
|一塊三毛九/一块三毛九
|一塊四/一块四
|兩塊零五(分)/两块零五(分)
|-
!2.20 元
!2.22 元
!10.4 元
!10.04 元
|-
|兩塊二/两块二
|兩塊兩毛二/两块两毛二
|十塊四毛/十块四毛
|十塊零四分/十块零四分
|}

== Grammar==
=== Ask how much does it cost ===
"多少錢/多少钱 <duōshǎo qián>" (literal "how much money") translates to "how much does it cost" or "how much does it cost ...".
When asking for the price for a specific quantity, this expression is followed by the numerical value of the quantity and then by a unit of measurement or the classifier corresponding to the subject:

<code>(S +) 多少錢 / 多少钱 + Quantity + CL?</code>
* 這種地圖多少錢一張？ / 这种地图多少钱一张？ <Zhè zhǒng dìtú duōshǎo qián yī zhāng? > How much is this kind of map?
<code>(S +) 多少錢 / 多少钱 + Quantity + Unit?</code>
* 香蕉多少錢一斤？ / 香蕉多少钱一斤？ <Xiāngjiāo duōshǎo qián yī jīn? > How much is half a kilo bananas?

=== The adverb "still" 還/还 <hái> ===
The adverb 還/还 <hái>, like all other adverbs in Chinese, precedes the verb.

<code>(S +) 還/还 + V + Object</source></code>
* 您還要別的嗎？ / 您还要别的吗？ <Nín hái yào biéde ma? > Do you want something else (besides)?
* 我還要兩斤香蕉。 / 我还要两斤香蕉。 <Wǒ hái yào liǎng jīn xiāngjiāo. > I also want a kilo of bananas.

== Dialogues ==

=== Dialogue N ° 1 ===
* 法國地圖多少錢一張？ / 法国地图多少钱一张? <Fàguó dítú duōshǎo qián yī zhāng? > How much are the maps of France?
* 您要這種還是那種？ / 您要这种还是那种? <Nín yao zhè zhǒng háishì nà zhǒng? > Do you want this kind or that one?
* 多少錢？ / 多少钱？ <Duōshǎo qián? > How much does it cost ?
* 這種四塊一張。那種三塊五一張。 / 这种四块一张。那种三块五一张。 <Zhè zhǒng sì kuài yī zhāng. Nā zhǒng sān kuài wǔ yī zhāng. > This kind costs 4 yuan per unit; that one, 3 yuan.
* 我要這種。 / 我要这种。 <Wǒ yào zhè zhǒng. > I want this kind.
* 您要多少張地圖？ / 您要多少张地图？ <Nín yào duōshǎo zhāng dìtú? > How many maps do you want?
* 我要一張。給你錢。 / 我要一张。给你钱。 <Wǒ yào yī zhāng. Gěi nǐ qián. > I want one. Here is the money.

=== Dialogue N ° 2 ===
* 葡萄多少錢一斤？ / 葡萄多少钱一斤？ <Pútáo duōshǎo qián yī jīn? > How much is half-kilo of grapes?
* 四塊五。 / 四块五。 <Sì kuài wǔ. >4.5 yuan.
* 可以嘗嘗嗎？ / 可以尝尝吗? <Kěyǐ cháng cháng my? > Can we taste?
* 可以，嘗吧。 / 可以，尝吧。 <Kěyǐ, cháng ba. > Yes. Taste!
* 葡萄好吃！ <Pútáo hàochī! > The grapes taste good!
* 您要幾斤？ / 您要几斤? <Nín yào jǐ jīn? > How much do you want (kilos)?
* 我買一公斤。 / 我买一公斤。 <Wǒ mǎi yī gōngjīn. > I want a kilogram.

=== Dialogue N ° 3 ===
* 蘋果多少錢一斤？ / 苹果多少钱一斤? <Píngguǒ duōshǎo qián yī jīn? >How much are the apples?
* 八塊。 / 八块。 <Bā kuài. >Eight yuan half a kilo.
* 太貴了，便宜一點吧。六塊五一斤，怎么樣？太贵了，便宜一点吧。六块五一斤，怎么样？ <Tài guì le, piányí yīdiǎn ba. Liù kuài wǔ yī jīn, zěnmeyàng? >It's too expensive, a little cheaper. 6.5 yuan for half a kilo?
* 七塊吧。 / 七块吧。 <Qī kuài ba. >Come on, 7 yuan.
* 行。我要兩斤。 / 行。我要两斤。 <Xíng. Wǒ yào liǎng jīn. >Okay. I want a kilo.
* 還要別的嗎？ / 还要别的吗？ <Hái yào bié de ma? >Do you want something else?
* 還要一斤香蕉。一共多少錢？还要一斤香蕉。一共多少钱? <Hái yào yī jīn xiāngjiāo. Yīgòng duōshǎo qián? >And half a kilo of bananas. How much in total?
* 一共十八塊。 / 一共十八块。 <Yīgòng shíbā kuài. >18 yuan in total.
* 給你二十塊錢。 / 给你二十块钱。 <Gěi nǐ èrshí kuài qián. >Give you 20 yuan.
* 找您兩塊。 / 找您两块。 <Zhǎo nǐ liǎng kuài. >2 yuan back to you.
== Exercise of substitution ==
Replace the blanks in the question, according to the proposed list:

_________________ 多少錢 / 多少钱 _________________?

一本書 / 一本书 → 18 元

一本詞典 / 一本词典 → 35 元

一張地圖 / 一张地图 → 4 元

一支筆 / 一支笔 → 3,6 元

一斤餃子 / 一斤饺子 → 28 元

一把椅子 → 150 元

一張床 / 一张床 → 2200 元

==Sources==
https://chine.in/mandarin/methode/index.php?lecon=14

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/不-(bù)

2022-04-08T08:59:43Z

DiegoWang: /* Examples */

[[File:Negative-sentence-Mandarin-Chinese-不-bù.png|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

The traditional way to have negative verbs in Chinese is to use 不 ‹ bù ›.

不 can be used for the negative form of verbs in the present or future.

==Structure==

To make a negative verb, you just have to put 不 in front of it:

<code>Subject + 不 + Verb (+ Object)</code>

*不 is in the 4th tone, but in front of a verb also in the 4th tone, it turns into 2nd tone.

*不 is used almost in all cases, except for the verb “to desire” 要 ‹ yào ›. Actually in Chinese, 要 ‹ yào › is used as a modal verb to show one’s thoughts or desires. But when expressing the negative of 要, we generally say 不想 ‹ bù xiǎng ›. 不要 ‹ bú yào › is just for colloquial use.

==Examples==

*我不是德國人。/我不是德国人。‹ Wǒ bú shì Déguórén. ›
<blockquote>I am not German.</blockquote>

*他不喜歡你。/他不喜欢你。‹ Tā bù xǐhuān nǐ. ›
<blockquote>He does not like you.</blockquote>

*她不喝酒。/她不喝酒。‹ Tā bù hē jiǔ. ›
<blockquote>She does not drink alchohol.</blockquote>

*我不是个好學生。/我不是个好学生。‹ Wǒ bú shì hǎo xuéshēng. ›
<blockquote>I am not a good student.</blockquote>

==Sources==
https://chine.in/mandarin/grammaire/ASGIPYFV

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/二-(èr)-versus-两-(liǎng)

2022-04-07T08:05:31Z

DiegoWang:

<div class="pg_page_title">Differences between 二 (èr) and 两 (liǎng)</div>
[[File:二-(èr)-versus-两-(liǎng)-polyglot-club-wiki.png|thumb]]
[[File:Chinese-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
In Chinese, there are two words to say "two".

Here is an introduction to the different uses of "2" in Chinese, 二 (èr) and 两 (liǎng).

==How to use 二 (èr)==

The number 2 is 二 (èr).

二 (èr) is used in most cases for numbers, when you count to ten, when you give your phone number and so on.

Unlike 兩/两 (liǎng), 二 (èr) is not used in itself for classifiers.

Numbers like 十二 (12) (shí èr) and 二十二 (22) (èr shí èr) end with “2” and can always be combined with classifiers.

In these cases, 兩/两 (liǎng) is not necessary.

===Examples===

Here are some common examples of using 二 (èr):

*第二 dì-èr
<blockquote>the second</blockquote>

*第二個/第二个 dì-èr gè
<blockquote>the second one</blockquote>

*第二次/第二次 dì-èr cì
<blockquote>the second time</blockquote>

*二號/二号 èr hào
<blockquote>the second (of the month)/number two</blockquote>

==How to use 兩/两 (liǎng)==

兩/两 is used with classifiers.

When specifying quantities (and using a classifier to do so), 兩/两 (liǎng) is used.

It is used to express either "two unit or entity of something" or "both".

Here are some examples of the use of 兩/两 (liǎng):

===Examples===
*兩個人/两个人 liǎng ge ren
<blockquote>two people</blockquote>

*兩個小時/两个小时 liǎng ge xiǎoshí
<blockquote>two hours</blockquote>

*兩點/两点 liǎng diǎn
<blockquote>two o'clock</blockquote>

*兩分鐘/两分钟 liǎng fēnzhōng
<blockquote>two minutes</blockquote>

*兩秒/两秒 liǎng miǎo
<blockquote>two seconds</blockquote>

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Animal

2022-04-07T07:18:40Z

DiegoWang:

=== '''ANIMALS 动物'''（dòng wù) ===
{|class="wikitable"
!'''ENGLISH'''
!'''中文'''
|-
|BIRD
|鸟 niǎo
|-
|CAT
|猫 māo
|-
|COW(CATTLE)
|牛 niú
|-
|DOG
|狗 gǒu
|-
|FROG
|（青）蛙 (qīng wā)
|-
|HEN
|母鸡 mǔ jī
|-
|HORSE
|马 mǎ
|-
|LION
|狮（子） shī (zi)
|-
|MOUSE(RAT)
|（老）鼠 (lǎo) shǔ
|-
|PIG
|猪 zhū
|-
|RABBIT
|兔（子） tù (zi)
|-
|ROOSTER
|公鸡 gōng jī
|-
|SNAKE
|蛇 shé
|-
|TIGER
|（老）虎 (lǎo) hǔ
|}

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Animal

2022-04-02T10:19:23Z

DiegoWang: Created page with "=== '''ANIMALS 动物'''（dòng wù）: === === ''ENGLISH'' ''中文'' === === DOG 狗 gǒu === === CAT..."

=== '''ANIMALS 动物'''（dòng wù）: ===

=== ''ENGLISH'' ''中文'' ===

=== DOG 狗 gǒu ===

=== CAT 猫 māo ===

=== BIRD 鸟 niǎo ===

=== PIG 猪 zhū ===

=== COW(CATTLE) 牛 niú ===

=== HORSE 马 mǎ ===

=== MOUSE(RAT) （老）鼠 (lǎo) shǔ ===

=== HEN 母鸡 mǔ jī ===

=== ROOSTER 公鸡 gōng jī ===

=== LION 狮（子） shī (zi) ===

=== TIGER （老）虎 (lǎo) hǔ ===

=== FROG （青）蛙 (qīng wā) ===

=== RABBIT 兔（子） tù (zi) ===

=== SNAKE 蛇 shé ===