Polyglot Club WIKI - User contributions [en]

Language/English/Vocabulary/Parts-of-the-Body

2021-10-16T17:29:36Z

Chongjasmine: added tooth, finger, toe to body parts.

[[File:Wiki English Teaching.jpg]]

Here is a lesson about the English names of body parts (man).

<blockquote>'''Legend''': ''English (Pronunciation): Comment''</blockquote>

# '''Face''' (fās): The front part of a person's head from the forehead to the chin
# '''Neck''' (nek)
# '''Chest''' (chest): In the case of a woman the word would be "breasts (bres-ts)." However "breasts" is plural because they refer to both breasts (unless a woman happens to have one breast this is the correct form). Here is an example sentence: "I have back problems because of my huge breasts."
# '''Nipples''' (ˈnipəls): This word is in plural form
# '''Belly button''' (bell·lē but·tun)
# '''Hand''' (hand)
# '''Fingers''' (fēn-gurs)
# '''Stomach''' (stum-ik): This word can either be used to refer to a person's midsection or digestive organ.
# '''Knee''' (nē): This word begins with a silent "k"
# '''Crotch''' (kroch; grōēn (pē-nis/ tes-ti-culz; bolz): The words "crotch" and "groin" are words that refer to this general area and are slightly more polite. They can be used to describe either men or women, but are more commonly used to describe men. "Penis" and "testicles" are the English scientific terms for the male sex organs and are considered inappropriate depending on the situation. For example, the most common appropriate situations to use these words are for medical reasons, comedy, etc.. "Balls" is slang for "testicles" and is more inappropriate than the words previously mentioned but less crude than a curse word. The female sex organ is called a "vagina (vu-jai-nu)."
# '''Head''' (hed)
# '''Shoulders''' (ˈshōldərz)
# '''Arm''' (arm)
# '''Back''' (bak)
# '''Elbow''' (el-bō)
# '''Butt''' (but) or '''buttocks''': Refers to the general area
# '''Thigh''' (thī)
# '''Leg''' (leg)
# '''Ankle''' (ānkul): The area right above the foot
# '''Foot''' (fo͝ot): The plural of foot is irregular. "Feet"
# '''Tooth''': The plural of tooth is teeth.
# '''Finger''': The plural of finger is fingers.
# '''Toe''': The plural of toe is toes.

[[File:English-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

Language/English/Grammar/Nouns

2021-10-16T17:19:30Z

Chongjasmine: Added more examples to the nouns!

[[File:English-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]

<div style="font-size:300%">Nouns – English Grammar</div>

Nouns are words used to designate beings, people, animals, objects, places or more abstract notions. A noun can be subject or object in a sentence. It is often accompanied by an article or a determinant and it may be completed with an adjective. Nouns can also sometimes be replaced by pronouns.

Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns:
==Common Nouns==
Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, or things.

===Examples===
Here are more words for people:
* actor
* lawyer
* policeman
* doctor

Here are more words for animals:
* cat
* cow
* rabbit
* lion

Here are more words for places:
* airport
* market
* theatre

Here are more words for things:
* bag
* box
* pencil
==Proper Nouns==

Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or things. They always begin with a capital letter.

===Examples===
Here are some nouns for people:
* Harry Potter
* Pinocchio
* Einstein

Here are some nouns for places:
* Paris
* Los Angeles
* Beijing
* Tokyo

Here are some nouns for things:
* Moon
* Earth
* Sun

==Sources==
*https://english.lingolia.com/fr/grammaire/noms

Language/English/Vocabulary/Astronomy

2021-10-16T17:16:26Z

Chongjasmine: Added planets in the solar system

[[File:English-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
In today's lesson, we are going to learn some vocabulary related to astronomy. Please edit this wiki page to complete it 😊

== The Earth ==
The planet you are on now. See '''''Planet'''''.

== Space ==
Everything that exists outside of The Earth and its atmosphere. Note that we do not use the definite article with "Space".

== The Universe ==
Everything that exists in space plus the Earth.

== Galaxy ==
A system of millions of stars held together by gravity.

== Star ==
A star is a type of astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity. The sun is the star closest to our planet.

== The Sun ==
The star which is closest to our planet and which we can easily observe in the sky, especially during daytime.

== Solar System ==
Any collection of planets and their moons orbiting around a star; "Our Solar System" consists of eight planets (the Earth included), some of them with one or more moons, asteroids and our sun.

== Solar Wind ==
The high energy particles emitted from the Sun as a result of heating and nuclear fusion. These have enough energy to escape the Sun's gravity.

== Asteriod ==
A celestial body smaller than a planet moving in an elliptical orbit around a star. Another term used for an asteriod is a planetoid.

== Meteor ==
An asteroid which is pulled towards a planet or moon and then heats up in its atmosphere.

== Meteorite ==
A meteor or a piece of one which has landed on the Earth, another planet or moon which has not completely been evapourated during its passage through an atmosphere after heating up.

== Orbit ==
The path of a celestial object which it takes around another celestial body. For example, the orbit of the Earth around the Sun takes exactly 1 year.

== Comet ==
A type of meteorite which consists of ice, dust and rocky matter and possibly carbon compounds with a highly elliptic orbit. When it comes close to the sun, it heats up because of solar wind and then emits a tail of gas and dust which points away from the sun. These can sometimes be seen from the Earth.

== Planet ==
A heavy celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star. The more technical details are that it has enough mass to assume a nearly spherical shape as a result of achieving hydrostatic equalibrium, it has cleared its neighbouring orbital region of other bodies.

== Dwarf Planet ==
A celestial body which is "almost a planet". The most famous example is Pluto, which is no longer classified as a planet. Technically speaking, it fulfills just about all the definitions of a planet, but might miss or nearly miss one or two. In the case of Pluto, it has been unable to substantially clear all the asteriods and other celestial bodies which it comes across in the neighbourhood of its orbit around the Sun.

== Black Hole ==
A celestial body from which nothing can escape from its gravitation pull, not even light. These often occur at the centre of galaxies.

== Moon ==
A natural satellite orbiting a planet. "The Moon" refers to the Earth's own natural satellite.

== Saturn, Uranus, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, Neptune ==
These are planets in the solar system.

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Vocabulary/Airport

2021-10-16T17:08:00Z

Chongjasmine: Add example sentences for airport, plane and passport.

[[File:Airport-learn-chinese-vocabulary-lesson.jpg|thumb]]

When you are at the airport in China and in a hurry, actually it's enough when you know only English, because almost all the signs are with English translation and nearly all the ground services know basic English.

But if you want to learn something about Chinese, I think airport is a very good place for you to learn these vocabulary and short sentences, but at first I suggest you to learn Pinyin, so that you can read and spell the following Pinyin correctly.

''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Attention: '''-''' means the first tone, '''/''' means second tone, '''v''' means the third and '''\''' means the fourth. And if there ant any of the four tones, that menas a light tone.''

==vocabulary==

*airport: ji- chang v 机场 (我要去机场。）

*plane: fei- ji- 飞机（他坐飞机起美国。）

*flight: hang/ ban- 航班

*gate/ departure gate/ boarding gate: deng- ji- kou v 登机口 (maybe you have just found that the second character is the same with the "airport"'s first character, they are the same character（机）, it means maschine, and fei-(飞) means fly, so "fei- ji-" (plane) means "fly maschine")

*boarding pass: deng- ji- pai/ 登机牌

*passport: hu\ zhao\ 护照（请给我看一下你的护照。）

*luggage: xing/ li v 行李

*consignment: tuo- yun\ 托运

*prohibited goods: wei/ jin\ pin v 违禁品（In chinese airport some goods can not be brought into the plane, you should take attention to it.）

*passport control immigration hu\ zhao\ jian v cha/ chu\ 护照检查处

*China Customs: Zhong- guo/(China) hai v guan- (Customs) 中国海关

*transfer: Zhong- zhuan v 中转

*delayed: yan/ wu\ 延误

*take off: qi v fei- 起飞

*departure lounge: hou\ ji- shi\ 候机室

*terminal: hang/ zhan\ lou/ 航站楼

*1st: yi- hao\ 1号

*2nd: er\ hao\ 2号

*3rd: san- hao\ 3号

*4th: si\ hao\ 4号

*5th: wu v hao\ 5号

6、7、8、9、10 liu\ qi- ba- jiu v shi/ (I hope that it wont be more than 10 terminals)

*luggage claim: xing/ li v ling/ qu v chu\ 行李领取处

*toilet: ce\ suo v 厕所

==short sentences==

*Could you please tell me: qing v wen\ 请问

*where is: na/ li v shi\ 哪里是（哪里有）

*Can you speak English？: nin v neng/ shuo- ying- yu v ma-: 您能说英语吗？

*Can you show me: nin v neng/ dai\ wo v qu\: 您能带我去

*How much: duo- shao v qian/ 多少钱

*In some cases you may need to print your boarding pass yourself in the airport, you can ask:

*Where can I print : wo v yao\ qu\ na/ li v da v yin\ 我要去哪里打印

So much for today, thank you for reading, if you have questions plz contact me, I will reply as soon as possible.

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation-Pinyin

2021-10-16T17:04:08Z

Chongjasmine: Added history of pinyin.

<div style="font-size:300%">Pinyin</div>

Pinyin is the phonetic system of Mandarin Chinese. It consists of Roman alphabet. It is a great tool for helping you learn how to properly pronounce Mandarin Chinese. It is also good for inputting Chinese characters on your computer or smartphone.

Like English phonetic symbols, Pinyin also uses the modern alphabet to build its system. However, you need to learn how to read Pinyin, as the pronunciation of Pinyin differs from English. Furthermore, Mandarin also contains some sounds that do NOT exist in English phonetic symbols.

The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.

'''History of Pinyin'''

In 1958, China embarked on a language reform that replaced China’s original 1919 zhuyin alphabet with the Roman alphabet. Pinyin uses Roman alphabet to represent the sound of Zhuyin alphabet letters. Pinyin also uses the Zhuyin tone mark systems. China changed from Zhuyin to Pinyin because they wanted to use alphabet system, that is already familiar with the rest of the world. Furthermore, Chinese scholars realized that it is important to standardize the pronunciation of Chinese characters, because there are 56 ethnic groups speaking different dialects all across China. So Pinyin was created as a replacement of Zhuyin to help people pronounce Chinese characters in a united way. This standardization of Pinyin also makes it much easier for Chinese learners around the world to read Mandarin Chinese.

==Pronunciation==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Pinyin'''
!'''IPA'''
!'''English Approximant'''
|-
|''b''
|[p]
|unaspirated '''p''', as in s'''p'''ark
|-
|''p''
|[pʰ]
|strongly aspirated '''p''', as in '''p'''it
|-
|''m''
|[m]
|as in English '''m'''u'''mm'''y
|-
|''f''
|[f]
|as in English '''f'''un
|-
|''d''
|[t]
|unaspirated '''t''', as in s'''t'''op
|-
|''t''
|[tʰ]
|strongly aspirated '''t''', as in '''t'''op
|-
|''n''
|[n]
|as in English '''n'''it
|-
|''l''
|[l]
|as in English '''l'''ove
|-
|''g''
|[k]
|unaspirated '''k''', as in s'''k'''ill
|-
|''k''
|[kʰ]
|strongly aspirated '''k''', as in '''k'''ill
|-
|''h''
|[x], [h]
|Varies between '''h'''at and Scottish lo'''ch'''.
|-
|''j''
|[tɕ]
|Alveo-palatal. No equivalent in English, but similar to an unaspirated "-chy-" sound when said quickly. Like ''q'', but unaspirated. Is similar to the English name of the letter ''G'', but curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth.
|-
|''q''
|[tɕʰ]
|Alveo-palatal. No equivalent in English. Like pun'''ch y'''ourself, with the lips spread wide as when one says ''ee''. Curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth and strongly aspirate.
|-
|''x''
|[ɕ]
|Alveo-palatal. No equivalent in English. Like '''-sh y-''', with the lips spread as when one says ''ee'' and with the tip of the tongue curled downwards and stuck to the back of the teeth.
|-
|''zh''
|[ʈʂ]
|Unaspirated '''ch'''. Similar to ha'''tch'''ing but retroflex, or mar'''ch'''ing in American English. Voiced in a toneless syllable.
|-
|''ch''
|[ʈʂʰ]
|Similar to '''ch'''in, but retroflex.
|-
|''sh''
|[ʂ]
|Similar to '''sh'''oe but retroflex, or mar'''sh''' in American English.
|-
|''r''
|[ɻ~ʐ]
|No equivalent in English, but similar to a sound between '''r''' in '''r'''educe and '''s''' in mea'''s'''ure but with the tongue curled upward against the top of the mouth (i.e. retroflex).
|-
|''z''
|[ts]
|unaspirated '''c''', similar to something between su'''ds''' but voiceless, unless in a toneless syllable.
|-
|''c''
|[tsʰ]
|like the English '''ts''' in ca'''ts''', but strongly aspirated, very similar to the Czech, Polish, Esperanto, and Slovak '''c'''.
|-
|''s''
|[s]
|as in '''s'''un
|-
|''w''
|[w]
|as in '''w'''ater. Before an '''e''' or '''a''' it is sometimes pronounced like v as in '''v'''iolin.*
|-
|''y''
|[j], [ɥ]
|as in '''y'''es. Before a ''u'', pronounced with rounded lips, as if pronouncing German ü.*
|}

==4 tones + Neutral==
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone
!Tone Mark
!Example using
tone mark
!Example using
number
!IPA
|-
|First
|macron ( ◌̄ )
|mā
|ma<sup>1</sup>
|ma˥
|-
|Second
|acute accent ( ◌́ )
|má
|ma<sup>2</sup>
|ma˧˥
|-
|Third
|caron ( ◌̌ )
|mǎ
|ma<sup>3</sup>
|ma˨˩˦
|-
|Fourth
|grave accent ( ◌̀ )
|mà
|ma<sup>4</sup>
|ma˥˩
|-
|Neutral
|No mark or middle dot before syllable ( ·◌ )
|ma
·ma
|ma
ma<sup>5</sup>
ma<sup>0</sup>
|ma
|}

===Example===
[[File:Pinyin-Tones-PolyglotClub.jpg]]

===More information about Chinese Tones===
https://polyglotclub.com/help/language-learning-tips/chinese-tones

==Sources==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin

Language/English/Vocabulary/Airport

2021-10-16T11:39:51Z

Chongjasmine: I add some examples.

[[File:memphis-airport-fedex.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%;">Essential Airport English Vocabulary Words</div>

Summer’s just around the corner. School’s almost finished for the year and many workers will be going on vacation. Maybe you’re going back home to your home country.
Or maybe you’ll be heading (going) abroad (to another country).
There are many different ways of visiting another country.
You can travel by car, coach, train or ferry, but the most popular and quickest way to travel is by plane.
And when you travel by plane, you have to obviously go to the airport.
And no matter where you are, English is used at every single airport.
Any airport can be really stressful, even if it’s in your own country.
So imagine having to speak another language while you’re there!

'''Whether you’re an ESL student or someone who uses English professionally, we hope this blog post can help you improve your English so that you can start your vacation on a high note!'''

==Airline (N)==
The airline or carrier you fly with is the name of the company that owns the airplane e.g. Singapore Airlines, British Airways.

*''I need to book a flight to Berlin next week. Which airline do you suggest I fly with?''
*''The cheapest airline that flies to Germany is Lufthansa. It’s a German carrier.''

==Arrivals (N)==
When your plane arrives at the airport, your family and friends will meet you at arrivals.

*''Jane, I’ll meet you in the arrivals lounge. I’ll be holding a sign to tell you I’m looking for you.''

==Board (V)==
To board (a plane) means to go onto it.
*''All passengers on Belle Air flight 2216 must go to the gate. The plane will begin boarding in 10 minutes.''
*Susan is in a hurry to board the plane.

==Boarding pass (N)==
After you have notified the airline you are at the airport and you’ve checked your luggage, you will be given a boarding pass that shows you where the plane will be boarding and it will also show your seat number.

*''Sir, this is your boarding pass. You will be boarding at gate 22 at 6.35.''
*Susan submits her boarding pass in order to board the plane.

==Boarding time (N)==
Your boarding time is the time that people will be allowed to start entering the plane.

*''Boarding will begin in approximately 5 minutes. We ask all families with young children to move to the front of the line.''

==Book (a ticket) (V)==
When you book a ticket it means that you have reserved your place and paid for it.

*''Hi, how can I help you?''
*''I’d like to book a return ticket to Paris, please.''

==Business class (N)==
Business class is the area where people who are traveling for business purposes sit. It’s towards the front of the plane and the tickets are more expensive than normal tickets.

*''We’d like to invite all our passengers flying in business class to start boarding.''

==Carry on (luggage) (N)==
Your carry on luggage is the small piece of hand luggage that you are allowed to take with you onto the plane. These bags usually have to be a certain size and weigh less than 8kg.

*''I’m sorry, but your carry on is too heavy. You will have to check it.''

==Check in (V/N)==
When you check in, you notify the airline you have arrived at the airport. They will take your suitcase and give you a boarding pass. The area where you do this action is also called check-in.

*''How many passengers are checking in with you?''
*''It’s a large school group. We have 45 people in our party (group).''

==Conveyor belt/carousel/baggage claim (N)==
When your plane arrives, your bags and suitcases come out on the moving conveyor belt. Another word that you might hear for this is a ''carousel'' or ''baggage claim''.

*''All passengers arriving from New York can pick up their luggage from carousel 4.''

==Customs (N)==
Before you’re allowed to enter the country, you must go through customs where you will be met by a customs officer. Here they will check if you’re bringing anything illegal into the country such as firearms (guns), drugs or too much money and they will ask you if you “''have anything to declare?”'' If you’re not carrying anything that is forbidden, you should answer “''no.”''

==Delayed (Adj)==
If your flight has been delayed, it means that it’s late. Maybe it has been delayed because of bad weather, too much air traffic, or technical problems.

*''Ladies and gentlemen, this is an announcement that flight NZ245 has been delayed. Your new departure time is 2.25.''

==Departures (N)==
When you are leaving to go on a trip, you will need to go to the departures lounge where you will wait to board your flight.

*''All passengers flying to Istanbul are kindly requested to go to the departures lounge.''

==Economy class (N)==
Most people who travel by plane travel in economy class because the price is much cheaper.

*''I’d like to book an economy class ticket to Rome next Friday.''
*''Would you like to make it return or one-way?''
*''A return ticket. I’d like to come back the following Friday.''
*''Okay then, for one week?''

==First class (N)==
First class is the most expensive area of the plane. There is a lot of space to move. The seats are bigger and the service is better.

*''Next time I want to fly first class.''
*''Why? It’s so expensive!''
*''I’m just too tall. I have no leg room in economy.''

== Passport ==
A small book from your government that lets you travel abroad.

== International flight ==
A flight that starts in one country and goes to another country. A trip that takes you to different country.

*''The American went on an international flight to Tokyo.''

== Domestic flight ==
A flight that starts in one country and ends in the same country. A trip that stays within the same country.

*''The man took a domestic flight from Los Angeles to New York.''

== Terminal ==
Different sections of the airport where flights leave from and arrive at. These are sometimes divided into international terminals (going outside the country) or domestic terminals (for flights staying in the country. Larger airports have a lot of terminals that are divided up by airlines.

*'' My flight flies out of Terminal 1. It is the terminal for international departures.''

Language/Mandarin-chinese/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation-Pinyin

2021-10-16T11:32:45Z

Chongjasmine: Created page with "Introduction to Pinyin Pinyin is the phonetic system of Mandarin Chinese. It consists of Roman alphabet. It is a great tool for helping you learn how to properly pronounce Ma..."

Introduction to Pinyin

Pinyin is the phonetic system of Mandarin Chinese. It consists of Roman alphabet. It is a great tool for helping you learn how to properly pronounce Mandarin Chinese. It is also good for inputting Chinese characters on your computer or smartphone.

Like English phonetic symbols, Pinyin also uses the modern alphabet to build its system. However, you need to learn how to read Pinyin, as the pronunciation of Pinyin differs from English. Furthermore, Mandarin also contains some sounds that do NOT exist in English phonetic symbols.