Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns

2019-11-21T09:53:48Z

Burbaydur: /* Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? */

[[Category:Language_answers]]
This chapter of [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Language-comparisons Language comparisons] focuses on the comparison of pronouns.

'''Note: every “word” is in nominative case.'''

== How to indicate the speaker? ==
By the first-person singular pronoun.

== Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Amharic
|እኔ
|
|-
|Arabic
|أَنَا‎‎
|
|-
|Basque
|ni
|
|-
|Bengali
|আমি
|
|-
|English
|I
|
|-
|French
|je
|
|-
|German
|ich
|
|-
|Hausa
|ni
|
|-
|Hebrew
|אֲנִי
|
|-
|Hindi
|मैं; हम
|
|-
|Italian
|io
|
|-
|Javanese
|aku
|
|-
|Kabyle
|nekk
|
|-
|Kannada
|ನಾನು
|
|-
|Malayalam
|ഞാന്
|
|-
|Mandarin Chinese
|我
|
|-
|Marathi
|मी
|
|-
|Mon
|အဲ
|
|-
|Portuguese
|eu
|
|-
|Punjabi
|ਮੈਂ
|
|-
|Russian
|я
|
|-
|Spanish
|yo
|
|-
|Swahili
|mimi
|
|-
|Tamil
|நான்
|
|-
|Telugu
|నేను
|
|-
|Tigrinya
|ኣነ
|
|-
|Turkish
|ben
|
|-
|Urdu
|ہم; میں
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Burmese
|ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ်
|formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
|-
|Indonesian
|saya; aku
|formal; informal
|-
|Japanese
|私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺
|common; formal; informal; female; male
|-
|Khmer
|ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់
|common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
|-
|Korean
|나; 저
|common; formal
|-
|Malay
|saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta
|formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
|-
|Thai
|ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู
|male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
|-
|Tsafiki
|la; čiʰké; če
|adult male; adult female; immature
|-
|Vietnamese
|tôi; tớ; ta; mình
|common; informal; informal; intimate
|}

== How to indicate the listener? ==
By the second-person singular pronoun.

== Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|English
|you
|
|-
|Esperanto
|vi
|
|-
|Malayalam
|നീ
|
|-
|Mon
|ဗှ်ေ
|
|-
|Swahili
|wewe
|
|-
|Tibetan
|ཁྱེད་རང
|
|-
|Vietnamese
|bạn
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Amharic
|አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ
|to male; to female; formal
|-
|Arabic
|أَنْتَ‎‎ ; أَنْتِ‎‎ ; حَضْرَتَك‎‎ ; حَضْرَتِك‎‎
|to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
|-
|Bengali
|তুই; তুমি; আপনি
|informal; intimate; formal
|-
|Burmese
|နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင်
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
|-
|French
|tu; vous
|informal; formal
|-
|German
|du; Sie
|informal; formal
|-
|Hebrew
|אַתָּה; אַתְּ‎‎
|to male; to female
|-
|Hindi
|तू; तुम; आप
|informal; polite; more polite
|-
|Italian
|tu; lei
|informal; formal
|-
|Japanese
|貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様
|polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
|-
|Khmer
|លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក
|to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
|-
|Korean
|당신; 너; 네; 자네
|common; informal; informal; to low social strata
|-
|Malay
|kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau
|common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
|-
|Mandarin Chinese
|你; 您
|informal; formal
|-
|Portuguese
|tu; você
|familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
|-
|Russian
|ты; Вы; вы
|familiar; polite; polite
|-
|Spanish
|tú; usted; vos
|familiar; polite; familiar
|-
|Tamil
|நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள்
|familiar; polite; more polite
|-
|Telugu
|నీవు; మీరు
|familiar; polite
|-
|Thai
|คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา
|colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
|-
|Tigrinya
|ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን
|informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
|-
|Turkish
|sen; siz
|familiar; polite
|-
|Urdu
|آپ‎‎; تم‎‎; تو‎‎
|formal; less informal; informal
|-
|Yoruba
|ìwọ; ệyin
|informal; formal
|}

== How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener? ==
By the third-person singular pronoun.

== Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Hindi
|वह; यह
|
|-
|Persian
|او
|
|-
|Turkish
|o
|
|-
|Urdu
|وہ‎‎; يہ‎
|
|-
|Yue Chinese
|佢
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Amharic
|እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው
|male or non-human; female; polite
|-
|Arabic
|هُوَ; هِيَ‎‎
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
|-
|Burmese
|သူ; သူမ
|male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female
|-
|English
|he; she; it
|male; female; non-human
|-
|French
|il; elle; ce; ça
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human
|-
|German
|er; sie; es
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|-
|Hebrew
|הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human
|-
|Italian
|lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary
|-
|Japanese
|彼; 彼女
|male; female
|-
|Kannada
|ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು
|this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human
|-
|Khmer
|គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា
|polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank
|-
|Korean
|그; 그이; 그녀
|male or female; polite, male; female
|-
|Malay
|dia; ia; baginda; beliau
|male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people
|-
|Mandarin Chinese
|他; 她; 它
|male; female; non-human
|-
|Portuguese
|ele; ela
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
|-
|Russian
|он; она́; оно́
|male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|-
|Spanish
|él; ella; ello
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|-
|Tigrinya
|ንሱ; ንሳ
|male or non-human; female
|-
|Vietnamese
|anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó
|young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human
|}

== How to indicate things in languages without third-person non-human pronoun? ==
By demonstrative pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Japanese
|それ
|thing near the listener
|-
|Korean
|그것
|thing near the listener
|}

== How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener? ==
By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).

== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Amharic
|እኛ
|
|-
|Arabic
|نَحْنُ‎‎
|
|-
|Basque
|gu
|
|-
|Bengali
|আমরা
|
|-
|English
|we
|
|-
|German
|wir
|
|-
|Hausa
|múu
|
|-
|Hindi
|हम
|
|-
|Italian
|noi
|
|-
|Kannada
|ನಾವು
|
|-
|Khmer
|យើង
|
|-
|Malay
|kami
|
|-
|Mandarin Chinese
|我們/我们
|
|-
|Mon
|ပိုဲ
|
|-
|Russian
|мы
|
|-
|Swahili
|sisi
|
|-
|Tamil
|நாங்கள்
|
|-
|Telugu
|మేము
|
|-
|Tigrinya
|ንሕና
|
|-
|Turkish
|biz
|
|-
|Urdu
|ہم‎‎
|
|-
|Vietnamese
|chúng ta
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Bislama
|mitufala; mitrifala; mifala
|dual; trial; plural*
|-
|Burmese
|ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal
|-
|French
|nous; on
|formal; informal
|-
|Hawaiian
|māua; mākou
|dual; plural*
|-
|Hebrew
|אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ
|formal; informal
|-
|Japanese
|私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら
|common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used
|-
|Korean
|우리; 저희
|common; humble
|-
|Maori
|māua; mātou
|dual; plural*
|-
|Northern Sami
|moai; mii
|dual; plural*
|-
|Old Church Slavonic
|вѣ; мꙑ
|dual; plural*
|-
|Portuguese
|nós; a gente
|common; informal
|-
|Rapa Nui
|maua; matou
|dual; plural*
|-
|Spanish
|nosotros; nosotras
|masculine; feminine
|-
|Tok Pisin
|mitupela; mitripela; mipela
|dual; trial; plural*
|}
<nowiki>*“plural”</nowiki> in these languages means more than two or more than three.

== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener? ==
By the second-person plural pronoun.

== Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Amharic
|እናንተ
|
|-
|English
|you
|
|-
|French
|vous
|
|-
|Icelandic
|þið
|
|-
|Mandarin Chinese
|你們/你们
|
|-
|Malay
|kalian
|
|-
|Modern Greek
|εσείς
|
|-
|Pashto
|تاسې‎
|
|-
|Persian
|شما‎
|
|-
|Russian
|вы
|
|-
|Swahili
|ninyi
|
|-
|Ukrainian
|ви
|
|-
|Yue Chinese
|你哋
|
|-
|Zulu
|nina
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Arabic
|أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ‎; حَضْرَتْكُم
|common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal
|-
|Aramaic
|ܐܢܬܘܢ/אנתון‎; אנתין‎/ܐܢܬܝܢ‎
|masculine; feminine
|-
|Bengali
|তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা
|familiar; very familiar; polite; polite
|-
|Burmese
|နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့
|to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female
|-
|Danish
|I; De
|familiar; polite
|-
|German
|ihr; Sie
|familiar; polite
|-
|Hawaiian
|ʻolua; ʻoukou
|dual; plural
|-
|Hebrew
|אֲתֶּם‎; אֲתֶּן‎
|masculine; feminine
|-
|Hindi
|तुम; आप
|mid-polite; polite
|-
|Hungarian
|ti; önök
|familiar; polite
|-
|Japanese
|貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等
|generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting
|-
|Korean
|너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들
|generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates
|-
|Kyrgyz
|силер; сиздер
|familiar; polite
|}

== How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener? ==
By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).

== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Arabic
|نَحْنُ‎‎
|
|-
|French
|nous
|
|-
|Malay
|kita
|
|-
|Portuguese
|nós
|
|-
|Telugu
|మనము
|
|}

== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener? ==
By the third-person plural pronoun.

== Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Danish
|de
|
|-
|English
|they
|
|-
|German
|sie
|
|-
|Hungarian
|ők
|
|-
|Malay
|mereka
|
|-
|Rapa Nui
|raua
|
|-
|Russian
|они́
|
|-
|Swahili
|wao
|
|-
|Tok Pisin
|ol
|
|-
|Turkish
|onlar
|
|-
|Vietnamese
|họ
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Dalmatian
|jali; jale
|masculine; feminine
|-
|Faroese
|teir; tær; tey
|masculine; feminine; neuter
|-
|Galician
|elos; elas
|masculine; feminine
|-
|Hebrew
|הֵם‎; הֵן‎
|masculine; feminine
|-
|Icelandic
|þeir; þær; þau
|masculine; feminine; neuter
|-
|Korean
|그들; 그녀들
|common; female
|-
|Modern Greek
|αυτοί; αυτές; αυτά
|masculine; feminine; neuter
|-
|Scottish Gaelic
|iad; iadsan
|common; emphatic
|-
|Slovak
|oni; ony
|masculine; feminine or neuter
|-
|Slovene
|ôni; ône; ôna
|masculine; feminine; neuter
|-
|Spanish
|ellos; ellas
|masculine; feminine
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words? ==
1. No.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|English
|we
|
|-
|Finnish
|me
|
|-
|German
|wir
|
|-
|Mandarin Chinese
|我們/我们
|
|}

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Bislama
|yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala
|inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural
|-
|Hawaiian
|kāua; kākou; māua; mākou
|inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural
|-
|Vietnamese
|chúng ta; chúng tôi
|inclusive; exclusive
|}

== Is there any plural form the same as or similar to the polite singular form? ==
1. No.

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Bashkir
|һеҙ
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite
|-
|Estonian
|teie / te
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite
|-
|French
|vous
|second-person plural, second-person (singular or plural) polite
|-
|German
|sie; Sie
|third-person plural; second-person singular polite
|-
|Hindi
|वे
|third-person plural, third-person singular polite
|-
|Latvian
|jūs
|second-person plural, second-person (singular or plural) polite
|-
|Lithuanian
|jūs
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite
|-
|Mongolian
|та
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite
|}

== Is there any pronoun the same as or similar to a determiner? ==
1. No.

2. Yes.
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!word
!note
|-
|Danish
|de
|third-person plural nominative pronoun, plural demonstrative pronoun or plural definite article
|-
|Kannada
|ಅವರು; ಅವುಗಳು; ಅವು
|masculine or feminine plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun; neuter plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun; neuter plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun
|-
|Modern Greek
|αυτοί; αυτές; αυτά
|third-person masculine plural personal pronoun or determiner; third-person feminine plural personal pronoun or determiner; third-person neuter plural personal pronoun or determiner
|-
|Norwegian
|de
|third-person plural nominative pronoun, plural demonstrative pronoun or plural definite article
|}

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Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns